
---
title: "Realtime API"
weight: 37
---

![The realtime voice loop: VAD to STT to LLM to TTS, over WebSocket or WebRTC](/images/diagrams/realtime-pipeline.png)

LocalAI supports the [OpenAI Realtime API](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/realtime) which enables low-latency, multi-modal conversations (voice and text) over WebSocket.

To use the Realtime API, you need to configure a pipeline model that defines the components for Voice Activity Detection (VAD), Transcription (STT), Language Model (LLM), and Text-to-Speech (TTS).

## Configuration

Create a model configuration file (e.g., `gpt-realtime.yaml`) in your models directory. For a complete reference of configuration options, see [Model Configuration]({{%relref "advanced/model-configuration" %}}).

```yaml
name: gpt-realtime
pipeline:
  vad: silero-vad-ggml
  transcription: whisper-large-turbo
  llm: qwen3-4b
  tts: tts-1
```

This configuration links the following components:
- **vad**: The Voice Activity Detection model (e.g., `silero-vad-ggml`) to detect when the user is speaking.
- **transcription**: The Speech-to-Text model (e.g., `whisper-large-turbo`) to transcribe user audio.
- **llm**: The Large Language Model (e.g., `qwen3-4b`) to generate responses.
- **tts**: The Text-to-Speech model (e.g., `tts-1`) to synthesize the audio response.

Make sure all referenced models (`silero-vad-ggml`, `whisper-large-turbo`, `qwen3-4b`, `tts-1`) are also installed or defined in your LocalAI instance.

### Streaming the pipeline

By default each stage runs to completion before the next begins: the whole utterance is transcribed, the full LLM reply is generated, then it is synthesized. Each stage can instead be streamed incrementally, which lowers the time-to-first-audio of a turn:

```yaml
name: gpt-realtime
pipeline:
  vad: silero-vad-ggml
  transcription: whisper-large-turbo
  llm: qwen3-4b
  tts: tts-1
  streaming:
    llm: true             # stream LLM tokens as transcript deltas
    tts: true             # emit audio deltas per synthesized chunk
    transcription: true   # stream transcript text deltas of the user's speech
    clause_chunking: true # synthesize each clause as soon as it completes
```

- **streaming.tts**: emit a `response.output_audio.delta` per audio chunk the TTS backend produces (requires a backend that supports streaming synthesis), instead of one delta for the whole utterance. Falls back to a single unary delta otherwise.
- **streaming.transcription**: stream `conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.delta` events as the transcript is produced (requires a transcription backend that supports streaming).
- **streaming.llm**: stream the LLM reply token-by-token as `response.output_audio_transcript.delta` events. The full reply is buffered and synthesized once it is complete - streamed as audio chunks when `streaming.tts` is enabled (and the TTS backend supports it), otherwise as a single unary delta. Reasoning/thinking is always stripped from the spoken transcript. Tool calls are supported while streaming when the LLM uses its tokenizer template (`use_tokenizer_template: true`): the backend's autoparser then delivers content and tool calls separately, so the spoken transcript never leaks tool-call tokens. Grammar-based function calling keeps the buffered path.
- **streaming.clause_chunking**: instead of buffering the whole reply before TTS, split it into speakable clauses and synthesize each as soon as it completes, lowering the time-to-first-audio. The splitter is script-aware: it uses Unicode sentence segmentation (so it handles CJK `。！？` with no whitespace), CJK clause punctuation (`，、；：`), and Thai/Lao spaces - it does **not** rely on whitespace sentence boundaries, so it works for languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Thai where the old per-sentence approach degraded to whole-message buffering. Requires `streaming.llm`; scripts that genuinely need a dictionary (e.g. Khmer, Burmese) simply stay buffered until a space or end-of-message. Off by default.

All streaming flags are off by default, so existing pipelines are unaffected.

### Model warm-up (cold start)

Without warm-up the pipeline's models are loaded into memory only on first use *within* a session: the VAD on the first audio chunk, transcription at the first end-of-speech, the LLM on the first reply, and TTS on the first spoken output. On a cold session this staggers a load delay across those first few interactions - and a model that fails to load (missing weights, wrong backend, out of memory) only fails part-way through the first turn.

To avoid that, LocalAI **warms the pipeline by default**: it loads the VAD, transcription, LLM and TTS backends into memory *before* the session is announced, and the session start **blocks until they are all ready**. The loads run concurrently, so the wait is the slowest single model, not the sum. This means:

- The first turn pays no cold-start cost - every backend is already resident.
- **Model-load errors surface at session start.** If any stage fails to load, the session is not started and the client receives a `model_load_error` instead of `session.created`, so a broken pipeline fails fast and visibly rather than mid-call.

Set `disable_warmup: true` to restore the lazy "load on first use" behavior - session start no longer waits on loading and load errors surface on the first turn instead. Useful if you want idle sessions to avoid holding model memory they may never use:

```yaml
name: gpt-realtime
pipeline:
  vad: silero-vad-ggml
  transcription: whisper-large-turbo
  llm: qwen3-4b
  tts: tts-1
  disable_warmup: true   # lazily load each model on first use instead of at session start
```

#### Pre-loading a pipeline on demand

Warm-up only fires when a realtime session opens. To load a pipeline into memory ahead of time - e.g. to warm it right after boot, or when running with `disable_warmup: true` - POST the model name to the admin-only `/backend/load` endpoint. For a pipeline model it loads every configured sub-model (VAD, transcription, LLM, TTS, sound_detection, voice_recognition) concurrently:

```bash
curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/backend/load \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"model": "gpt-realtime"}'
```

The endpoint is not realtime-specific - it pre-loads any model. See [Backend Monitor]({{%relref "operations/backend-monitor" %}}) for the full request/response reference (it is the inverse of `/backend/shutdown`).

### Turn detection

Turn detection decides when the user has finished speaking and the pipeline should respond. Two modes are supported, matching the OpenAI session schema:

- **`server_vad`** (default): silence-based. The VAD model watches the audio and the turn commits after `silence_duration_ms` (default 500 ms) of silence. Simple and model-agnostic, but a fixed silence window must trade interrupting mid-sentence pauses against sluggish responses.
- **`semantic_vad`**: model-driven. The transcription model itself signals end-of-utterance and the silence window becomes dynamic: short right after the model emits its end-of-utterance token, much longer when it does not - so pausing to think no longer gets cut off, while finished sentences get a fast response.

`semantic_vad` requires a transcription model that emits an end-of-utterance token over a cache-aware streaming decode - currently `parakeet-cpp-realtime_eou_120m-v1` (the model is trained to distinguish "paused, expecting a reply" from "paused mid-thought"). The realtime pipeline feeds it the microphone audio live while the user speaks. With any other transcription backend the session degrades gracefully to silence-only detection using the eagerness timeout below (a warning is logged once). The model also emits a distinct end-of-backchannel token (`<EOB>`) for short acknowledgments like "uh-huh": those are transcribed but never treated as the user yielding the turn.

Sessions can opt in via `session.update` (`turn_detection: {"type": "semantic_vad", "eagerness": "medium"}`), or the pipeline can set a server-side default so clients need no changes:

```yaml
name: gpt-realtime
pipeline:
  vad: silero-vad-ggml
  transcription: parakeet-cpp-realtime_eou_120m-v1
  llm: qwen3-4b
  tts: tts-1
  turn_detection:
    type: semantic_vad   # default for sessions on this model (server_vad if unset)
    eagerness: medium    # low | medium | high | auto (auto == medium)
    retranscribe: false  # see below
```

A client `session.update` still overrides `type` and `eagerness` per session.

**Eagerness** sets the fallback silence window used when no end-of-utterance token was seen (the model missed it, or the user genuinely trails off): `low` waits 8 s, `medium`/`auto` 4 s, `high` 2 s - the same max-timeout semantics OpenAI documents. After the token is seen, the turn commits on the next VAD tick (~300 ms).

**Live captions**: while the user speaks, `semantic_vad` streams `conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.delta` events under the item id the commit will later reuse, so clients can render the words as they are recognized. The `completed` event at commit carries the authoritative transcript and replaces the partial text (with `retranscribe: true` it may differ from the captions); a turn discarded before commit emits `conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.failed` so clients can retract its captions.

**`retranscribe`** (server-side only, semantic_vad only) cross-checks the streaming decode against a batch decode at commit time:

- `false` (default): the transcript accumulated from the live stream is used as-is - the model runs once per utterance and the LLM starts immediately at commit.
- `true`: the committed audio is re-transcribed offline. If the batch decode also ends with the end-of-utterance token the turn proceeds (using the batch transcript); if it does **not**, the commit is cancelled and the session keeps listening - treating the streaming token as a false positive. Both transcripts are compared and logged, which makes this mode a useful diagnostic for how well the streaming and batch decodes align, at the cost of one extra decode per turn.

### Disabling thinking

For reasoning models, you can force the pipeline LLM's thinking off without editing the LLM model config:

```yaml
pipeline:
  llm: qwen3-4b
  disable_thinking: true   # maps to enable_thinking=false for the realtime LLM
```

This is applied only to the realtime session's copy of the LLM config, so it does not affect other users of the same model. Leave it unset to use the LLM model config's own reasoning settings.

### Conversation compaction (long sessions on CPU)

By default a realtime session feeds only the last `max_history_items` turns to the LLM; older turns are dropped and forgotten. On CPU, long calls also grow expensive as the prompt fills with verbatim history. Enable `compaction` to instead fold older turns into a rolling summary, so long calls stay cheap without losing earlier context.

Compaction works with two numbers:

- **`max_history_items`** is the *live window* - the recent turns kept verbatim in the prompt.
- **`compaction.trigger_items`** is the *high-water mark* - let the buffer grow to here, then summarize the overflow (everything above `max_history_items`) into a rolling memory and evict it. It must be greater than `max_history_items`; if it is not, it is clamped up.

The gap between the two controls how often summarization runs: a summary call fires roughly every `(trigger_items - max_history_items)` turns (here, about every 6 turns).

```yaml
pipeline:
  max_history_items: 6        # live window - recent turns kept verbatim
  compaction:
    enabled: true
    trigger_items: 12         # summarize overflow back down to max_history_items
    summary_model: ""         # optional: a small model for the summary (CPU); default = pipeline LLM
    max_summary_tokens: 512
```

{{% notice tip %}}
On CPU, set `summary_model` to a small, fast model so compaction never competes with the conversation LLM for compute. Left empty, the pipeline's own LLM produces the summary.
{{% /notice %}}

Clients can also manage history directly via the now-supported `conversation.item.delete`, `conversation.item.truncate`, and `input_audio_buffer.clear` realtime events.

## Transports

The Realtime API supports two transports: **WebSocket** and **WebRTC**.

### WebSocket

Connect to the WebSocket endpoint:

```
ws://localhost:8080/v1/realtime?model=gpt-realtime
```

Audio is sent and received as raw PCM in the WebSocket messages, following the OpenAI Realtime API protocol.

### WebRTC

The WebRTC transport enables browser-based voice conversations with lower latency. Connect by POSTing an SDP offer to the REST endpoint:

```
POST http://localhost:8080/v1/realtime?model=gpt-realtime
Content-Type: application/sdp

<SDP offer body>
```

The response contains the SDP answer to complete the WebRTC handshake.

#### Opus backend requirement

WebRTC uses the Opus audio codec for encoding and decoding audio on RTP tracks. The **opus** backend must be installed for WebRTC to work. Install it from the **Backends** page in the web UI, or from the backend gallery with the API:

```bash
curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/backends/apply \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"id": "opus"}'
```

For a local binary installation, you can instead use the CLI:

```bash
local-ai backends install opus
```

Or set the `EXTERNAL_GRPC_BACKENDS` environment variable if running a local build:

```bash
EXTERNAL_GRPC_BACKENDS=opus:/path/to/backend/go/opus/opus
```

The opus backend is loaded automatically when a WebRTC session starts. It does not require any model configuration file - just the backend binary.

#### WebRTC behind Docker host networking or NAT

By default pion gathers a host ICE candidate for every local interface. Under
Docker **host networking** that includes bridge addresses (`docker0`/`veth`,
`172.x`) that a remote browser cannot route to: the call typically connects on a
good candidate and then drops a few seconds later when ICE consent checks fail on
the unreachable ones. Two settings let you advertise only the reachable address:

```bash
# Advertise these IPs as the host ICE candidates (e.g. the host's LAN IP)
LOCALAI_WEBRTC_NAT_1TO1_IPS=192.168.1.10

# ...or restrict ICE gathering to specific interfaces
LOCALAI_WEBRTC_ICE_INTERFACES=eth0
```

{{% notice tip %}}
For a browser on another LAN machine talking to LocalAI in a host-networked
container, set `LOCALAI_WEBRTC_NAT_1TO1_IPS` to the host's LAN IP. This is the
most reliable fix for WebRTC connections that establish and then drop.
{{% /notice %}}

## Protocol

The API follows the OpenAI Realtime API protocol for handling sessions, audio buffers, and conversation items.

## Gating a realtime pipeline with voice recognition

A pipeline realtime model can require speaker verification before it responds. Add a `voice_recognition` block under `pipeline`. When present, each committed utterance is verified against authorized speakers; unauthorized utterances are dropped before the LLM runs (no LLM call, no tool execution, no TTS). The session stays open.

The same block also drives two optional, independent behaviors: an authorization gate (`enforce`) and speaker surfacing/personalization (`identity`). Set `enforce: false` to keep recognizing the speaker without ever rejecting a turn.

```yaml
name: my-realtime
pipeline:
  vad: silero-vad
  transcription: whisper
  llm: qwen
  tts: kokoro
  voice_recognition:
    model: speaker-recognition   # the speaker-recognition backend model
    mode: identify               # "identify" (registry) or "verify" (references)
    threshold: 0.25              # cosine distance; <= passes
    enforce: true                # authorization gate (default true)
    when: every                  # "every" (default) or "first"
    on_reject: drop_event        # "drop_event" (default) or "drop_silent"
    anti_spoofing: false         # optional liveness check (verify mode)

    # identify mode: authorized registry identities (multiple persons)
    allow:
      names: ["alice", "bob"]    # match registered speaker names
      labels: ["family"]         # OR any identity carrying this label
      # empty allow = any registered speaker within threshold passes

    # verify mode: reference speakers (multiple persons)
    references:
      - name: alice
        audio: /models/voices/alice.wav
      - name: bob
        audio: /models/voices/bob.wav
```

### Identifying speakers without gating

To recognize who is speaking and surface it to the client and the LLM without ever rejecting a turn, set `enforce: false` and add an `identity` block. The `identity` block works with or without the gate; when it is set, the speaker is resolved on every turn even if `when: first`.

```yaml
name: my-realtime
pipeline:
  vad: silero-vad
  transcription: whisper
  llm: qwen
  tts: kokoro
  voice_recognition:
    model: speaker-recognition
    mode: identify
    threshold: 0.25
    # Authorization gate. Defaults to enforcing (rejects unauthorized speakers).
    # Set enforce:false to identify the speaker WITHOUT rejecting anyone.
    enforce: false
    when: every
    # Surface the recognized speaker to the client and the LLM. Works with or
    # without enforce; when set, identity is resolved on every turn even if
    # when:first.
    identity:
      announce: true            # emit the conversation.item.speaker event
      announce_unknown: false   # also emit it when there is no confident match
      personalize: true         # tell the LLM who is speaking
      inject_name: true         # set the per-message OpenAI name field
      inject_system_note: true  # append a "current speaker" line to the system message
      note_unknown: false       # append a "speaker is unknown" note when unidentified
```

| Field | Meaning |
|-------|---------|
| `model` | Speaker-recognition backend model name. |
| `mode` | `identify` matches against speakers registered via `/v1/voice/register`; `verify` matches against the `references` audios. |
| `threshold` | Maximum cosine distance that still counts as a match (default ~0.25). |
| `enforce` | Authorization gate. `true` (or omitted) rejects unauthorized speakers (the gating behavior above). `false` resolves and surfaces the speaker without ever dropping a turn. |
| `when` | `every` verifies each utterance; `first` verifies once then trusts the session. When an `identity` block is set, the speaker is still resolved on every turn even with `first`. |
| `on_reject` | `drop_event` drops and emits a `speaker_not_authorized` error event; `drop_silent` drops quietly. |
| `anti_spoofing` | Verify mode only: runs the backend liveness check (slower). |
| `allow.names` / `allow.labels` | identify mode: which registry identities are authorized. Empty = any registered speaker. |
| `references` | verify mode: authorized reference speakers; the utterance passes if it matches any. |
| `identity.announce` | Emit the `conversation.item.speaker` event to the client (see below). |
| `identity.announce_unknown` | Also emit that event when there is no confident match. By default the event is emitted only on a match. |
| `identity.personalize` | Inform the LLM who is speaking. |
| `identity.inject_name` | Set the per-message OpenAI `name` field on each user turn. |
| `identity.inject_system_note` | Append a `The current speaker is <Name>.` line to the system message. |
| `identity.note_unknown` | When unidentified, append `The current speaker is unknown.` (lets the model ask who it is talking to). |

`identify` mode requires the voice registry (speakers registered through `/v1/voice/register`). `verify` mode needs no registry: reference audios are embedded once at model load.

### The `conversation.item.speaker` event

When `identity.announce` is enabled, the server emits a `conversation.item.speaker` event after the user conversation item, naming the recognized speaker:

```json
{
  "type": "conversation.item.speaker",
  "item_id": "item_abc",
  "speaker": { "name": "Jeremy", "id": "spk_1", "labels": { "role": "owner" }, "confidence": 92.0, "distance": 0.1, "matched": true }
}
```

`confidence` is a 0-100 score, `distance` is the cosine distance, and `matched` is `true` when a confident match was found. `labels` carries any labels attached to the registered speaker (identify mode); it is omitted when the speaker has none. The `name` and `id` fields are omitted when empty. By default the event is emitted only on a match; set `identity.announce_unknown: true` to also emit it (with `matched: false`) when no speaker is identified.

This event is a LocalAI extension to the OpenAI Realtime API and is server-emitted only. Standard OpenAI Realtime clients ignore event types they do not recognize, so enabling it is non-breaking.

## Examples

- [Realtime voice assistant demo (Go)](https://github.com/localai-org/localai-realtime-demo): a minimal Go client for the Realtime (WebSocket) API with a full talk-back voice loop and an example tool call. Ships a `docker compose` setup that brings up a realtime-capable LocalAI for you.
- [Realtime voice assistant example (Python)](https://github.com/mudler/LocalAI-examples/tree/main/realtime): thin-client architecture (Silero VAD on the client, heavy lifting on LocalAI), suited to running the client on a Raspberry Pi.
