LocalAI/docs/content/features/distributed-mode.md

+++ disableToc = false title = "Distributed Mode" weight = 14 url = "/features/distributed-mode/" +++

Distributed mode enables horizontal scaling of LocalAI across multiple machines using PostgreSQL for state and node registry, and NATS for real-time coordination. Unlike the [P2P/federation approach]({{% relref "features/distributed_inferencing" %}}), distributed mode is designed for production deployments and Kubernetes environments where you need centralized management, health monitoring, and deterministic routing.

{{% notice note %}} Distributed mode requires authentication enabled with a PostgreSQL database — SQLite is not supported. This is because the node registry, job store, and other distributed state are stored in PostgreSQL tables. {{% /notice %}}

Architecture Overview

                    ┌─────────────────┐
                    │   Load Balancer  │
                    └────────┬────────┘
                             │
              ┌──────────────┼──────────────┐
              │              │              │
      ┌───────▼──────┐ ┌────▼─────┐ ┌─────▼──────┐
      │  Frontend #1 │ │ Frontend │ │ Frontend #N│
      │  (LocalAI)   │ │  #2      │ │  (LocalAI) │
      └──────┬───────┘ └────┬─────┘ └─────┬──────┘
             │              │              │
     ┌───────▼──────────────▼──────────────▼───────┐
     │              PostgreSQL + NATS               │
     │  (node registry, jobs, coordination)         │
     └───────┬──────────────┬──────────────┬───────┘
             │              │              │
      ┌──────▼──────┐ ┌────▼─────┐ ┌─────▼──────┐
      │  Worker #1  │ │ Worker   │ │ Worker #N  │
      │  (generic)  │ │ #2       │ │  (generic) │
      └─────────────┘ └──────────┘ └────────────┘

Frontends are stateless LocalAI instances that receive API requests and route them to worker nodes via the SmartRouter. All frontends share state through PostgreSQL and coordinate via NATS.

Workers are generic processes that self-register with a frontend. They don't have a fixed backend type — the SmartRouter dynamically installs the required backend via NATS backend.install events when a model request arrives.

Scheduling Algorithm

The SmartRouter uses idle-first scheduling with preemptive eviction:

1. If the model is already loaded on a node → use it (per-model gRPC address)
2. If no node has the model → prefer nodes with enough free VRAM
3. Fall back to idle nodes (zero models), then least-loaded nodes
4. If no node has capacity → evict the least-recently-used model with zero in-flight requests to free a node
5. If all models are busy → wait (with timeout) for a model to become idle, then evict
6. Send backend.install NATS event with backend name + model ID → worker starts a new gRPC process on a dynamic port
7. SmartRouter calls gRPC LoadModel on the model-specific port, records in DB

Each model gets its own gRPC backend process, so a single worker can serve multiple models simultaneously (e.g., a chat model and an embedding model).

Prerequisites

• PostgreSQL (with pgvector extension recommended for RAG) — used for node registry, job store, auth, and shared state
• NATS server — used for real-time backend lifecycle events and file staging
• All services must be on the same network (or reachable via configured URLs)

Quick Start with Docker Compose

The easiest way to try distributed mode locally is with the provided Docker Compose file:

docker compose -f docker-compose.distributed.yaml up

This starts PostgreSQL, NATS, a LocalAI frontend, and one worker node. When you send an inference request, the SmartRouter automatically installs the needed backend on the worker and loads the model. See the file for details on adding GPU support, shared volumes, and additional workers.

{{% notice tip %}} Use docker-compose.distributed.yaml for quick local testing. For production, deploy PostgreSQL and NATS as managed services and run frontends/workers on separate hosts. {{% /notice %}}

Frontend Configuration

The frontend is a standard LocalAI instance with distributed mode enabled. These flags are added to the local-ai run command:

Flag	Env Var	Default	Description
--distributed	LOCALAI_DISTRIBUTED	false	Enable distributed mode
--instance-id	LOCALAI_INSTANCE_ID	auto UUID	Unique instance ID for this frontend
--nats-url	LOCALAI_NATS_URL	(required)	NATS server URL (e.g., nats://localhost:4222)
--registration-token	LOCALAI_REGISTRATION_TOKEN	(empty)	Token that workers must provide to register
--auto-approve-nodes	LOCALAI_AUTO_APPROVE_NODES	false	Auto-approve new worker nodes (skip admin approval)
--auth	LOCALAI_AUTH	false	Must be true for distributed mode
--auth-database-url	LOCALAI_AUTH_DATABASE_URL	(required)	PostgreSQL connection URL
--backend-install-timeout	LOCALAI_NATS_BACKEND_INSTALL_TIMEOUT	15m	How long the frontend waits for a worker to acknowledge a backend install before considering the request stalled. Raise it when workers pull large backend images over slow links. If a worker takes longer than this, the operation shows as "still installing in background" in the admin UI and clears once the worker finishes.
--backend-upgrade-timeout	LOCALAI_NATS_BACKEND_UPGRADE_TIMEOUT	15m	Same as the install timeout, applied to backend upgrades (force-reinstall).
--expose-node-header	LOCALAI_EXPOSE_NODE_HEADER	false	When enabled, inference responses carry an X-LocalAI-Node header with the ID of the worker node that served the request. Coverage spans the OpenAI-compatible endpoints (chat completions, completions, embeddings, audio transcriptions, audio speech / TTS, image generations, image inpainting), the Jina rerank endpoint (/v1/rerank), the VAD endpoints (/v1/vad, /vad), and the Anthropic Messages (/v1/messages) and Ollama (/api/chat, /api/generate, /api/embed) shims. Useful for debugging, observability and load-balancer attribution. Off by default: the node ID reveals internal cluster topology and should not be exposed on a public endpoint. Best-effort: under heavy concurrency for the same model across multiple replicas, the header may reflect a recent routing decision rather than this exact request's. Acceptable for observability and debugging.

Optional: S3 Object Storage

For multi-host deployments where workers don't share a filesystem, S3-compatible storage enables distributed file transfer (model files, configs):

Flag	Env Var	Default	Description
--storage-url	LOCALAI_STORAGE_URL	(empty)	S3 endpoint URL (e.g., http://minio:9000)
--storage-bucket	LOCALAI_STORAGE_BUCKET	localai	S3 bucket name
--storage-region	LOCALAI_STORAGE_REGION	us-east-1	S3 region
--storage-access-key	LOCALAI_STORAGE_ACCESS_KEY	(empty)	S3 access key
--storage-secret-key	LOCALAI_STORAGE_SECRET_KEY	(empty)	S3 secret key

When S3 is not configured, model files are transferred directly from the frontend to workers via HTTP — no shared filesystem needed. Each worker runs a small HTTP file transfer server alongside the gRPC backend process. This is the default and works out of the box.

For high-throughput or very large model files, S3 can be more efficient since it avoids streaming through the frontend.

Watching Backend Installs

While a worker downloads a backend, the admin Operations Bar at the top of the UI shows real-time progress: current file, downloaded/total bytes, and percentage. This works the same as single-node mode.

When an install targets more than one worker, an N nodes chevron appears on the operation row. Click it to expand a per-node breakdown, with one row per worker showing:

• A status pill: Queued (gray), Downloading (blue), Worker busy (yellow), Done (green), or Failed (red).
• The file currently being downloaded with current/total bytes and percentage.
• A thin per-node progress bar.
• Any error returned by the worker.

The yellow Worker busy pill means the worker took longer than --backend-install-timeout to acknowledge but is most likely still working in the background. The admin UI clears it as soon as the worker finishes; no action is required from the operator.

If a worker is running an older LocalAI release that does not report progress, its row in the breakdown will still show terminal status (queued / done / failed / worker busy) but no per-file progress.

Worker Configuration

Workers are started with the worker subcommand. Each worker is generic — it doesn't need a backend type at startup:

local-ai worker \
  --register-to http://frontend:8080 \
  --registration-token changeme \
  --nats-url nats://nats:4222

Flag	Env Var	Default	Description
--addr	LOCALAI_SERVE_ADDR	0.0.0.0:50051	gRPC listen address
--advertise-addr	LOCALAI_ADVERTISE_ADDR	(auto)	Address the frontend uses to reach this node (see below)
--http-addr	LOCALAI_HTTP_ADDR	gRPC port - 1	HTTP file transfer server bind address
--advertise-http-addr	LOCALAI_ADVERTISE_HTTP_ADDR	(auto)	HTTP address the frontend uses for file transfer
--register-to	LOCALAI_REGISTER_TO	(required)	Frontend URL for self-registration
--node-name	LOCALAI_NODE_NAME	hostname	Human-readable node name
--registration-token	LOCALAI_REGISTRATION_TOKEN	(empty)	Token to authenticate with the frontend
--heartbeat-interval	LOCALAI_HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL	10s	Interval between heartbeat pings
--nats-url	LOCALAI_NATS_URL	(required)	NATS URL for backend installation and file staging
--backends-path	LOCALAI_BACKENDS_PATH	./backends	Path to backend binaries
--models-path	LOCALAI_MODELS_PATH	./models	Path to model files

{{% notice tip %}} Advertise address: The --addr flag is the local bind address for gRPC. The --advertise-addr is the address the frontend stores and uses to reach the worker via gRPC. If not set, the worker auto-derives it by replacing 0.0.0.0 with the OS hostname (which in Docker is the container ID, resolvable via Docker DNS). Set --advertise-addr explicitly when the auto-detected hostname is not routable from the frontend (e.g., in Kubernetes, use the pod's service DNS name).

HTTP file transfer: Each worker also runs a small HTTP server for file transfer (model files, configs). By default it listens on the gRPC base port - 1 (e.g., if gRPC base is 50051, HTTP is on 50050). gRPC ports grow upward from the base port as additional models are loaded. Set --advertise-http-addr if the auto-detected address is not routable from the frontend. {{% /notice %}}

Worker Address Configuration

The simplest way to configure a worker's network address is with a single variable:

Variable	Description
LOCALAI_ADDR	Reachable address of this worker (host:port). The port is used as the base for gRPC backend processes, and port-1 for the HTTP file transfer server.

Example:

environment:
  LOCALAI_ADDR: "192.168.1.100:50051"
  LOCALAI_NATS_URL: "nats://frontend:4222"
  LOCALAI_REGISTER_TO: "http://frontend:8080"
  LOCALAI_REGISTRATION_TOKEN: "my-secret"

For advanced networking scenarios (NAT, load balancers, separate gRPC/HTTP ports), the following override variables are available:

Variable	Description	Default
LOCALAI_SERVE_ADDR	gRPC base port bind address	0.0.0.0:50051
LOCALAI_HTTP_ADDR	HTTP file transfer bind address	0.0.0.0:{gRPC port - 1}
LOCALAI_ADVERTISE_ADDR	Public gRPC address (if different from LOCALAI_ADDR)	Derived from LOCALAI_ADDR
LOCALAI_ADVERTISE_HTTP_ADDR	Public HTTP address (if different from gRPC host)	Derived from advertise host + HTTP port

NVIDIA GPU support

When running workers in a container, two runtime settings affect how VRAM usage is reported back to the frontend:

• NVIDIA_DRIVER_CAPABILITIES must include utility. Without it, the NVML library (and therefore nvidia-smi) is not available inside the container. CUDA compute still works, but the worker cannot query free VRAM and the Nodes page will show the node as fully used. Set NVIDIA_DRIVER_CAPABILITIES=compute,utility (or, with the NVIDIA CDI runtime, list capabilities: [gpu, utility] on the device reservation).

• Run the container with init: true (or docker run --init). The worker process becomes PID 1 in the container and cannot reap zombies on its own. Without an init, nvidia-smi calls can fail intermittently with waitid: no child processes, which briefly clears free-VRAM metrics.

Unified memory devices (Jetson, DGX Spark / GB10, Thor): these SoCs share one physical RAM between CPU and GPU. LocalAI detects them via /sys/devices/soc0/family and /sys/devices/soc0/soc_id (no nvidia-smi required) and reports system-RAM figures as VRAM. Free VRAM therefore tracks MemAvailable in /proc/meminfo.

Node Labels

Workers can declare labels at startup for scheduling constraints:

Variable	Description	Example
LOCALAI_NODE_LABELS	Comma-separated key=value labels	tier=premium,gpu=a100,zone=us-east

Labels can also be managed via the admin API (see Label Management API below).

The system automatically applies hardware-detected labels on registration:

• gpu.vendor -- GPU vendor (nvidia, amd, intel, vulkan)
• gpu.vram -- GPU VRAM bucket (8GB, 16GB, 24GB, 48GB, 80GB+)
• node.name -- The node's registered name

How Workers Operate

Workers start as generic processes with no backend installed. When the SmartRouter needs to load a model on a worker, it sends a NATS backend.install event with the backend name and model ID. The worker:

1. Installs the backend from the gallery (if not already installed)
2. Starts a new gRPC backend process on a dynamic port (each model gets its own process)
3. Replies with the allocated gRPC address
4. The SmartRouter calls LoadModel via direct gRPC to that address

Workers can run multiple models concurrently — each model gets its own gRPC process on a separate port. For example, an embedding model on port 50051 and a chat model on port 50052 can run simultaneously on the same worker.

When the SmartRouter needs to free capacity, it can unload models with zero in-flight requests without affecting other models on the same worker.

Node Management API

The API is split into two prefixes with distinct auth:

/api/node/ — Node self-service

Used by workers themselves (registration, heartbeat, etc.). Authenticated via the registration token, exempt from global auth.

Method	Path	Description
POST	/api/node/register	Register a new worker
POST	/api/node/:id/heartbeat	Update heartbeat timestamp
POST	/api/node/:id/drain	Mark self as draining
GET	/api/node/:id/models	Query own loaded models
DELETE	/api/node/:id	Deregister self

/api/nodes/ — Admin management

Used by the WebUI and admin API consumers. Requires admin authentication.

Method	Path	Description
GET	/api/nodes	List all registered workers
GET	/api/nodes/:id	Get a single worker by ID
GET	/api/nodes/:id/models	List models loaded on a worker
DELETE	/api/nodes/:id	Admin-delete a worker
POST	/api/nodes/:id/drain	Admin-drain a worker
POST	/api/nodes/:id/approve	Approve a pending worker node
POST	/api/nodes/:id/backends/install	Install a backend on a worker
POST	/api/nodes/:id/backends/delete	Delete a backend from a worker
POST	/api/nodes/:id/models/unload	Unload a model from a worker
POST	/api/nodes/:id/models/delete	Delete model files from a worker

The Nodes page in the React WebUI provides a visual overview of all registered workers, their statuses, and loaded models.

Node Approval

By default, new worker nodes start in pending status and must be approved by an admin before they can receive traffic. This prevents unknown machines from joining the cluster.

To approve a pending node via the API:

curl -X POST http://frontend:8080/api/nodes/<node-id>/approve \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer <admin-token>"

The Nodes page in the WebUI also shows pending nodes with an Approve button.

To skip manual approval and let nodes join immediately, set --auto-approve-nodes (or LOCALAI_AUTO_APPROVE_NODES=true) on the frontend. This is convenient for development and trusted environments.

Node Statuses

Status	Meaning
pending	Node registered but waiting for admin approval (when --auto-approve-nodes is false)
healthy	Node is active and responding to heartbeats
unhealthy	Node has missed heartbeats beyond the threshold (detected by the HealthMonitor)
offline	Node is temporarily offline (graceful shutdown or stale heartbeat). The node row is preserved so re-registration restores the previous approval status without requiring re-approval
draining	Node is shutting down gracefully — no new requests are routed to it, existing in-flight requests are allowed to complete

Agent Workers

Agent workers are dedicated processes for executing agent chats and MCP CI jobs. Unlike backend workers (which run gRPC model inference), agent workers use cogito to orchestrate multi-step conversations with tool calls.

local-ai agent-worker \
  --register-to http://frontend:8080 \
  --nats-url nats://nats:4222 \
  --registration-token changeme

Agent workers:

• Execute agent chat messages dispatched via NATS
• Run MCP CI jobs (with access to MCP servers via docker)
• Handle MCP tool discovery and execution requests from the frontend
• Get auto-provisioned API keys during registration for calling the inference API

In the docker-compose setup, the agent worker mounts the Docker socket so it can run MCP stdio servers (e.g., docker run commands):

agent-worker-1:
  command: agent-worker
  volumes:
    - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock

MCP in Distributed Mode

MCP servers configured in model configs work in distributed mode. The frontend routes MCP operations through NATS to agent workers:

• MCP discovery (GET /v1/mcp/servers/:model): routed to agent workers which create sessions and return server info
• MCP tool execution (during /v1/chat/completions): tool calls are routed to agent workers via NATS request-reply
• MCP CI jobs: executed entirely on agent workers with access to docker for stdio-based MCP servers

vLLM Multi-Node (Data-Parallel)

A single vLLM model can span multiple GPU nodes via data parallelism: the head node serves the OpenAI API and runs the local DP ranks, follower nodes run vanilla vllm serve --headless and speak ZMQ directly to the head. LocalAI's role is starting the follower processes and surfacing them in the admin UI; the cross-rank tensor traffic is vLLM's own.

This mode is operator-launched — the head config and each follower's invocation must agree on the topology (data_parallel_size, data_parallel_size_local, data_parallel_address, data_parallel_rpc_port). The SmartRouter does not place follower ranks automatically.

Head node configuration

The head runs the existing single-node vLLM gRPC backend. Set engine_args to publish the DP topology vLLM expects:

backend: vllm
parameters:
  model: moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6-Instruct
engine_args:
  data_parallel_size: 4              # total ranks across all nodes
  data_parallel_size_local: 2        # ranks on the head node
  data_parallel_address: 10.0.0.1    # head's reachable IP
  data_parallel_rpc_port: 32100      # any free port; followers connect here
  enable_expert_parallel: true       # for MoE models

The head will start its 2 local ranks, listen on 10.0.0.1:32100, and wait for the remaining 2 ranks to handshake.

Follower nodes

Each follower runs local-ai p2p-worker vllm with matching topology, an explicit start rank, and the head's address:

local-ai p2p-worker vllm \
  moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6-Instruct \
  --data-parallel-size 4 \
  --data-parallel-size-local 2 \
  --start-rank 2 \
  --master-addr 10.0.0.1 \
  --master-port 32100 \
  --register-to http://frontend:8080 \
  --registration-token changeme

--register-to is optional but recommended — it makes the follower visible in the admin UI as an agent-type node tagged with node.role=vllm-follower. Without it the worker just runs vLLM and exits silently when vLLM does. The role label discourages SmartRouter from placing other models on the follower; pair it with model selectors like {"!node.role":"vllm-follower"} if you also run regular LocalAI models on the same fleet.

Worked example: 2-node Kimi-K2.6 deployment

Two A100 nodes (10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2), 8 GPUs total, data_parallel_size=8 with 4 ranks per node:

# /models/kimi.yaml on the head (10.0.0.1)
name: kimi-k2-6
backend: vllm
parameters:
  model: moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6-Instruct
engine_args:
  data_parallel_size: 8
  data_parallel_size_local: 4
  data_parallel_address: 10.0.0.1
  data_parallel_rpc_port: 32100
  enable_expert_parallel: true
  all2all_backend: deepep_high_throughput

# On 10.0.0.2 (follower)
local-ai p2p-worker vllm moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6-Instruct \
  --data-parallel-size 8 --data-parallel-size-local 4 --start-rank 4 \
  --master-addr 10.0.0.1 --master-port 32100 \
  --register-to http://10.0.0.1:8080 --registration-token changeme

A curl http://10.0.0.1:8080/v1/chat/completions ... against the head will then dispatch across all 8 ranks.

Intel Arc / XPU notes

vLLM XPU supports DP (vllm/platforms/xpu.py:198 handles world_size_across_dp > 1; ranks bind to xpu:{local_rank} in xpu_worker.py:62, with xccl as the collective backend). Each rank still needs a distinct discrete GPU — the iGPU on a hybrid host is not a viable second device.

Older XE-HPG GPUs (e.g. Arc A770) need to bypass the cutlass attention path:

engine_args:
  attention_backend: TRITON_ATTN

docker-compose.vllm-multinode.intel.yaml at the repo root is the Intel equivalent of docker-compose.vllm-multinode.yaml — uses /dev/dri passthrough, ZE_AFFINITY_MASK to pin each rank to one device, and latest-gpu-intel images. Run via ./tests/e2e/vllm-multinode/smoke.sh --intel.

Caveats

• Tensor parallel within a node only. vLLM v1 does not support TP across nodes; combine tensor_parallel_size (within a node, via engine_args) with data_parallel_size (across nodes).
• Followers don't host LocalAI gRPC. The follower process is vanilla vLLM, so /api/backend-logs/<modelId> does not stream follower output. Use journalctl / kubectl logs / compose logs for the follower's stderr.
• Network reachability. The head's data_parallel_rpc_port plus a range of ZMQ ports (typically data_parallel_rpc_port..+N) must be reachable from every follower. Open them in your firewall / security group.
• Topology must match exactly. A mismatch in --data-parallel-size between head and any follower will hang the handshake. Check the head's vLLM logs for waiting for N DP ranks if startup stalls.

Scaling

Adding worker capacity: Start additional worker instances pointing to the same frontend. They self-register automatically:

# Additional workers — no backend type needed
local-ai worker \
  --register-to http://frontend:8080 \
  --node-name worker-2 \
  --nats-url nats://nats:4222 \
  --registration-token changeme

local-ai worker \
  --register-to http://frontend:8080 \
  --node-name worker-3 \
  --nats-url nats://nats:4222 \
  --registration-token changeme

Multiple frontend replicas: Run multiple LocalAI frontends behind a load balancer. Since all state is in PostgreSQL and coordination is via NATS, frontends are fully stateless and interchangeable.

Model Scheduling

Model scheduling controls where models are placed and how many replicas are maintained. It combines two optional features:

Node Selectors

Pin models to nodes with specific labels. Only nodes matching all selector labels are eligible:

# Only schedule on NVIDIA nodes in the us-east zone
curl -X POST http://frontend:8080/api/nodes/scheduling \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"model_name": "llama3", "node_selector": {"gpu.vendor": "nvidia", "zone": "us-east"}}'

Without a node selector, models can schedule on any healthy node (default behavior).

Replica Auto-Scaling

Control the number of model replicas across the cluster:

Field	Description
min_replicas	Minimum replicas to maintain (0 = no minimum, single replica default)
max_replicas	Maximum replicas allowed (0 = unlimited)

Auto-scaling is only active when min_replicas > 0 or max_replicas > 0.

# Scale llama3 between 2 and 4 replicas on NVIDIA nodes
curl -X POST http://frontend:8080/api/nodes/scheduling \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "model_name": "llama3",
    "node_selector": {"gpu.vendor": "nvidia"},
    "min_replicas": 2,
    "max_replicas": 4
  }'

The Replica Reconciler runs as a background process on the frontend:

• Scale up: Adds replicas when all existing replicas are busy (have in-flight requests)
• Scale down: Removes idle replicas after 5 minutes of inactivity
• Maintain minimum: Ensures min_replicas are always loaded (recovers from node failures)
• Eviction protection: Models with auto-scaling enabled are never evicted below min_replicas
• Restart-safe: Per-model load metadata (backend type + ModelOptions) is persisted in the model_load_infos PostgreSQL table on the first successful dispatch, so a frontend restart or rolling upgrade does not require a fresh inference request to repopulate state before the reconciler can scale up replacement replicas.

All fields are optional and composable:

• Node selector only: pin model to matching nodes, single replica
• Replicas only: auto-scale across all nodes
• Both: auto-scale on matching nodes only

Label Management API

Method	Path	Description
GET	/api/nodes/:id/labels	Get labels for a node
PUT	/api/nodes/:id/labels	Replace all labels (JSON object)
PATCH	/api/nodes/:id/labels	Merge labels (add/update)
DELETE	/api/nodes/:id/labels/:key	Remove a single label

Scheduling API

Method	Path	Description
GET	/api/nodes/scheduling	List all scheduling configs
GET	/api/nodes/scheduling/:model	Get config for a model
POST	/api/nodes/scheduling	Create/update config
DELETE	/api/nodes/scheduling/:model	Remove config

Comparison with P2P

	P2P / Federation	Distributed Mode
Discovery	Automatic via libp2p token	Self-registration to frontend URL
State storage	In-memory / ledger	PostgreSQL
Coordination	Gossip protocol	NATS messaging
Node management	Automatic	REST API + WebUI
Health monitoring	Peer heartbeats	Centralized HealthMonitor
Backend management	Manual per node	Dynamic via NATS backend.install
Best for	Ad-hoc clusters, community sharing	Production, Kubernetes, managed infrastructure
Setup complexity	Minimal (share a token)	Requires PostgreSQL + NATS

Troubleshooting

Worker not registering:

• Verify the frontend URL is reachable from the worker (curl http://frontend:8080/api/node/register)
• Check that --registration-token matches on both frontend and worker
• Ensure auth is enabled on the frontend (LOCALAI_AUTH=true)

NATS connection errors:

• Confirm NATS is running and reachable (nats-server --signal ldm or check port 4222)
• Check that --nats-url uses the correct hostname/IP from the worker's network perspective

PostgreSQL connection errors:

• Verify the connection URL format: postgresql://user:password@host:5432/dbname?sslmode=disable
• Ensure the database exists and the user has CREATE TABLE permissions (for auto-migration)
• Check that pgvector extension is installed if using RAG features

Node shows as unhealthy or offline:

• The HealthMonitor marks nodes offline when heartbeats are missed. Check network connectivity between worker and frontend.
• Verify --heartbeat-interval is not set too high
• Offline nodes automatically restore to healthy when they re-register (no re-approval needed)

Backend not installing:

• Check the worker logs for backend.install events

Port conflicts on workers:

• Each model gets its own gRPC process on an incrementing port (50051, 50052, ...)
• The HTTP file transfer server runs on the base port - 1 (default: 50050)
• Ensure the port range is not blocked by firewalls or used by other services
• Verify the backend gallery configuration is correct
• The worker needs network access to download backends from the gallery

Roadmap: Routing and Caching Enhancements

The scheduling algorithm above is load-based (least in-flight, then least-recently-used). Work is underway to make routing prefix-cache-aware: bias each request toward the replica that already holds the relevant KV/prefix cache (multi-turn conversations and shared system prompts), so backends reuse cache instead of recomputing it. The first step is a router-side radix tree of prompt-prefix hashes mapped to nodes, with longest-prefix match, a load guard that preserves round-robin behavior under imbalance, and NATS sync across frontends. It is purely a routing-layer hint (no backend changes) and never routes worse than today's round-robin.

Further enhancements, surfaced from a survey of SGLang, vLLM production-stack, Ray Serve, llm-d, AIBrix, and NVIDIA Dynamo, are tracked under the routing roadmap epic (#10063):

• Reported/precise KV-event mode (#10064): subscribe to actual backend KV-cache events for exact residency instead of inferring it from routing history.
• Multi-tier cache-overlap scoring (#10065): credit GPU/CPU/disk cache tiers separately.
• Pluggable scorer/filter/picker pipeline (#10066): composable multi-signal routing (cache, queue depth, KV utilization, latency).
• Load-shaping (#10067): anti-herding (softmax/temperature) and dispatch-time freshness.
• Prefill/decode disaggregation routing (#10068): route prefill and decode to separate pools with KV transfer.
• Per-user fairness (VTC) (#10069): balance per-user token usage against pod load.
• Minor tuning + MCP parity (#10070): per-model TTL override, probabilistic LRU updates, and MCP scheduling-config tool parity.