graph TB
  :feature:firmware[firmware]:::kmp-feature

classDef android-application fill:#CAFFBF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef android-application-compose fill:#CAFFBF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef compose-desktop-application fill:#CAFFBF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef android-feature fill:#FFD6A5,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef android-library fill:#9BF6FF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef android-library-compose fill:#9BF6FF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef android-test fill:#A0C4FF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef jvm-library fill:#BDB2FF,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef kmp-feature fill:#FFD6A5,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef kmp-library-compose fill:#FFC1CC,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef kmp-library fill:#FFC1CC,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;
classDef unknown fill:#FFADAD,stroke:#000,stroke-width:2px,color:#000;

Firmware Update System

The :feature:firmware module provides a unified interface for updating Meshtastic devices across different platforms and connection types.

Supported Platforms & Methods

Meshtastic-Android supports three primary firmware update flows:

1. ESP32 Unified OTA (WiFi & BLE)

Used for modern ESP32 devices (e.g., Heltec V3, T-Beam S3). This method utilizes the Unified OTA Protocol, which enables high-speed transfers over TCP (port 3232) or BLE. The BLE transport uses the Kable multiplatform library for architectural consistency and modern coroutine support.

Key Features:

Pre-shared Hash Verification: The app sends the firmware SHA256 hash in an initial AdminMessage trigger. The device stores this in NVS and verifies the incoming stream against it.
Connection Retry: Robust logic to wait for the device to reboot and start the OTA listener.
Automatic MTU Handling & Fragmentation: The BLE transport automatically detects the negotiated MTU and fragments data chunks into packets that fit. It carefully manages acknowledgments for each fragmented packet to ensure reliability even on congested connections.

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Android App
    participant Radio as Mesh Node (Admin)
    participant OTA as ESP32 OTA Mode

    Note over App: Phase 1: Preparation
    App->>App: Calculate SHA256 Hash

    Note over App, Radio: Phase 2: Trigger Reboot
    App->>Radio: AdminMessage (ota_request = mode + hash)
    Radio->>Radio: Store Hash in NVS & Reboot

    Note over App, OTA: Phase 3: Connection & Update
    App->>OTA: Connect (TCP:3232 or BLE)
    App->>OTA: Handshake & Version Check
    App->>OTA: Start OTA (Size + Hash)
    loop Streaming
        App->>OTA: Stream Data Chunks
        OTA-->>App: ACK
    end
    App->>OTA: REBOOT Command

2. nRF52 BLE DFU

The standard update method for nRF52-based devices (e.g., RAK4631). Uses a pure KMP Nordic Secure DFU implementation built on Kable — no dependency on the Nordic DFU library. The protocol stack (SecureDfuTransport, SecureDfuProtocol, SecureDfuHandler) handles DFU ZIP parsing, init packet validation, firmware streaming with CRC verification, and PRN-based flow control.

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Android App
    participant Radio as Mesh Node
    participant DFU as nRF DFU Bootloader

    App->>Radio: Trigger DFU Mode
    Radio->>Radio: Reboot into Bootloader
    App->>DFU: Connect via BLE
    App->>DFU: Initialize DFU Transaction
    loop Transfer
        App->>DFU: Stream ZIP Segments
        DFU-->>App: Progress
    end
    DFU->>DFU: Verify, Swap & Reboot

3. USB / UF2 (RP2040, nRF52, STM32)

For devices supporting USB Mass Storage updates. The app triggers the device into its native bootloader mode, then guides the user to save the UF2 firmware file to the mounted drive.

sequenceDiagram
    participant App as Android App
    participant Radio as Mesh Node
    participant USB as USB Mass Storage

    App->>Radio: rebootToDfu()
    Radio->>Radio: Mounts as MESH_DRIVE
    App->>App: Prompt User to Save UF2
    App->>USB: Write firmware.uf2
    USB->>USB: Auto-Flash & Reboot

Key Classes

FirmwareUpdateManager.kt: Top-level orchestrator for all firmware update flows.
FirmwareUpdateViewModel.kt: UI state management (MVI pattern) for the firmware update screen.
FirmwareRetriever.kt: Handles downloading and extracting firmware assets (ZIP/BIN/UF2) with manifest-based ESP32 resolution.
Esp32OtaUpdateHandler.kt: Orchestrates the Unified OTA flow for ESP32 devices.
WifiOtaTransport.kt: Implements the TCP transport logic for ESP32 OTA.
BleOtaTransport.kt: Implements the BLE transport logic for ESP32 OTA using Kable.
UnifiedOtaProtocol.kt: Shared OTA protocol framing (handshake, streaming, acknowledgment).
SecureDfuHandler.kt: Orchestrates the nRF52 Secure DFU flow (bootloader entry, DFU ZIP parsing, firmware transfer).
SecureDfuProtocol.kt: Low-level Nordic Secure DFU protocol operations (init packet, data transfer, CRC verification).
SecureDfuTransport.kt: BLE transport layer for Secure DFU using Kable (control/data point characteristics, PRN flow control).
DfuZipParser.kt: Parses Nordic DFU ZIP archives (manifest, init packet, firmware binary).
UsbUpdateHandler.kt: Handles USB/UF2 firmware updates across platforms.