diff --git a/src/browser/StyleManager.zig b/src/browser/StyleManager.zig
index 5e7d2548e..445f16a2d 100644
--- a/src/browser/StyleManager.zig
+++ b/src/browser/StyleManager.zig
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ fn addRawRule(self: *StyleManager, build_arena: Allocator, selector_text: []cons
         const name = decl.name;
         const val = decl.value;
         if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(name, "display")) {
-            props.display_none = std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(val, "none");
+            props.display = Display.parse(val);
         } else if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(name, "visibility")) {
             props.visibility_hidden = std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(val, "hidden") or std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(val, "collapse");
         } else if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(name, "opacity")) {
@@ -611,8 +611,13 @@ pub fn isHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, cache: ?*VisibilityCache, opt
 /// Honors the UA stylesheet rules per HTML Rendering §15.3.1 "Hidden elements"
 /// via `isElementHidden`.
 pub fn hasDisplayNone(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, comptime access: InlineAccess) bool {
-    self.rebuildIfDirty() catch return false;
-    return self.isElementHidden(el, .{}, access);
+    return self.display(el, access) == .none;
+}
+
+/// Own property, no ancestor walk; honors the UA hidden-element rules.
+pub fn display(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, comptime access: InlineAccess) Display {
+    self.rebuildIfDirty() catch return .other;
+    return self.resolve(el, .{}, access).display orelse .other;
 }
 
 /// Computed display:none coming only from inline style or an author stylesheet
@@ -676,25 +681,34 @@ pub fn hasVisibilityHiddenInherited(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element) bool {
 
 /// Check if a single element (not ancestors) is hidden.
 fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOptions, comptime access: InlineAccess) bool {
+    return self.resolve(el, options, access).hidden();
+}
+
+const Resolved = struct {
+    display: ?Display = null,
+    visibility_hidden: ?bool = null,
+    opacity_zero: ?bool = null,
+
+    fn hidden(self: Resolved) bool {
+        return self.display == .none or (self.visibility_hidden orelse false) or (self.opacity_zero orelse false);
+    }
+};
+
+/// A hiding inline value returns early, so only `hidden()` is exact then.
+fn resolve(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOptions, comptime access: InlineAccess) Resolved {
     // Track best match per property (value + priority)
     // Initialize priority to INLINE_PRIORITY for properties we don't care about - this makes
     // the loop naturally skip them since no stylesheet rule can have priority >= INLINE_PRIORITY
-    var display_none: ?bool = null;
+    var r: Resolved = .{};
     var display_priority: u64 = 0;
-
-    var visibility_hidden: ?bool = null;
     var visibility_priority: u64 = 0;
-
-    var opacity_zero: ?bool = null;
     var opacity_priority: u64 = 0;
 
     // Check inline styles FIRST - they use INLINE_PRIORITY so no stylesheet can beat them
     if (options.check_display) {
         if (inlineValue(el, comptime .wrap("display"), access, self.frame)) |value| {
-            if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "none")) {
-                return true; // Early exit for hiding value
-            }
-            display_none = false;
+            r.display = Display.parse(value);
+            if (r.display == .none) return r;
             display_priority = INLINE_PRIORITY;
         }
     } else {
@@ -705,9 +719,10 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
     if (options.check_visibility) {
         if (inlineValue(el, comptime .wrap("visibility"), access, self.frame)) |value| {
             if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "hidden") or std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "collapse")) {
-                return true;
+                r.visibility_hidden = true;
+                return r;
             }
-            visibility_hidden = false;
+            r.visibility_hidden = false;
             visibility_priority = INLINE_PRIORITY;
         }
     } else {
@@ -720,9 +735,10 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
     if (options.check_opacity) {
         if (inlineValue(el, comptime .wrap("opacity"), access, self.frame)) |value| {
             if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "0")) {
-                return true;
+                r.opacity_zero = true;
+                return r;
             }
-            opacity_zero = false;
+            r.opacity_zero = false;
             opacity_priority = INLINE_PRIORITY;
         }
     } else {
@@ -730,16 +746,14 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
     }
 
     if (display_priority == INLINE_PRIORITY and visibility_priority == INLINE_PRIORITY and opacity_priority == INLINE_PRIORITY) {
-        return false;
+        return r;
     }
 
     // Helper to check a single rule
     const Ctx = struct {
-        display_none: *?bool,
+        r: *Resolved,
         display_priority: *u64,
-        visibility_hidden: *?bool,
         visibility_priority: *u64,
-        opacity_zero: *?bool,
         opacity_priority: *u64,
         el: *Element,
         frame: *Frame,
@@ -763,7 +777,7 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
                 }
 
                 // Logic for property dominance
-                const dominated = (props.display_none == null or p <= ctx.display_priority.*) and
+                const dominated = (props.display == null or p <= ctx.display_priority.*) and
                     (props.visibility_hidden == null or p <= ctx.visibility_priority.*) and
                     (props.opacity_zero == null or p <= ctx.opacity_priority.*);
 
@@ -771,16 +785,16 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
 
                 if (matchesSelector(ctx.el, selector, ctx.frame)) {
                     // Update best priorities
-                    if (props.display_none != null and p > ctx.display_priority.*) {
-                        ctx.display_none.* = props.display_none;
+                    if (props.display != null and p > ctx.display_priority.*) {
+                        ctx.r.display = props.display;
                         ctx.display_priority.* = p;
                     }
                     if (props.visibility_hidden != null and p > ctx.visibility_priority.*) {
-                        ctx.visibility_hidden.* = props.visibility_hidden;
+                        ctx.r.visibility_hidden = props.visibility_hidden;
                         ctx.visibility_priority.* = p;
                     }
                     if (props.opacity_zero != null and p > ctx.opacity_priority.*) {
-                        ctx.opacity_zero.* = props.opacity_zero;
+                        ctx.r.opacity_zero = props.opacity_zero;
                         ctx.opacity_priority.* = p;
                     }
                 }
@@ -788,11 +802,9 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
         }
     };
     const ctx = Ctx{
-        .display_none = &display_none,
+        .r = &r,
         .display_priority = &display_priority,
-        .visibility_hidden = &visibility_hidden,
         .visibility_priority = &visibility_priority,
-        .opacity_zero = &opacity_zero,
         .opacity_priority = &opacity_priority,
         .el = el,
         .frame = self.frame,
@@ -826,11 +838,11 @@ fn isElementHidden(self: *StyleManager, el: *Element, options: CheckVisibilityOp
     // `<div class="x" hidden>` must report visible.
     if (options.check_display and options.ua_display_none and display_priority == 0) {
         if (matchesUaDisplayNoneRule(el)) {
-            display_none = true;
+            r.display = .none;
         }
     }
 
-    return (display_none orelse false) or (visibility_hidden orelse false) or (opacity_zero orelse false);
+    return r;
 }
 
 /// Check if an element has pointer-events:none.
@@ -1048,7 +1060,7 @@ fn extractVisibilityProperties(style: *CSSStyleProperties) VisibilityProperties
     const decl = style.asCSSStyleDeclaration();
 
     if (decl.findProperty(comptime .wrap("display"))) |property| {
-        props.display_none = property._value.eqlSliceIgnoreCase("none");
+        props.display = Display.parse(property._value.str());
     }
 
     if (decl.findProperty(comptime .wrap("visibility"))) |property| {
@@ -1123,15 +1135,30 @@ fn matchesSelector(el: *Element, selector: Selector.Selector, frame: *Frame) boo
     return SelectorList.matches(node, selector, node, frame);
 }
 
+/// Only the values the dumpers act on; everything else is `other`.
+pub const Display = enum {
+    none,
+    flex,
+    grid,
+    other,
+
+    fn parse(value: []const u8) Display {
+        if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "none")) return .none;
+        if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "flex") or std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "inline-flex")) return .flex;
+        if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "grid") or std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(value, "inline-grid")) return .grid;
+        return .other;
+    }
+};
+
 const VisibilityProperties = struct {
-    display_none: ?bool = null,
+    display: ?Display = null,
     visibility_hidden: ?bool = null,
     opacity_zero: ?bool = null,
     pointer_events_none: ?bool = null,
 
     // return true if any field in VisibilityProperties is not null
     fn isRelevant(self: VisibilityProperties) bool {
-        return self.display_none != null or
+        return self.display != null or
             self.visibility_hidden != null or
             self.opacity_zero != null or
             self.pointer_events_none != null;
diff --git a/src/browser/markdown.zig b/src/browser/markdown.zig
index da701b028..1032e467e 100644
--- a/src/browser/markdown.zig
+++ b/src/browser/markdown.zig
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 
 const Frame = @import("Frame.zig");
+const StyleManager = @import("StyleManager.zig");
 const URL = @import("URL.zig");
 
 const Node = @import("webapi/Node.zig");
@@ -102,13 +103,19 @@ fn isSignificantText(node: *Node) bool {
 // Own state only; the dump root is exempt so a scoped dump of a hidden
 // subtree still renders it.
 fn isVisibleElement(el: *Element, frame: *Frame) bool {
+    return visibleDisplay(el, frame) != null;
+}
+
+/// Null when the element doesn't render.
+fn visibleDisplay(el: *Element, frame: *Frame) ?StyleManager.Display {
     const tag = el.getTag();
-    if (tag.isMetadata() or tag == .svg) return false;
-    if (frame._style_manager.hasDisplayNone(el, .scan)) return false;
+    if (tag.isMetadata() or tag == .svg) return null;
+    const display = frame._style_manager.display(el, .scan);
+    if (display == .none) return null;
     if (el.getAttributeSafe(comptime .wrap("aria-hidden"))) |v| {
-        if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(v, "true")) return false;
+        if (std.ascii.eqlIgnoreCase(v, "true")) return null;
     }
-    return true;
+    return display;
 }
 
 fn getAnchorLabel(el: *Element) ?[]const u8 {
@@ -167,7 +174,7 @@ const Context = struct {
     fn render(self: *Context, node: *Node) error{WriteFailed}!void {
         switch (node._type) {
             .document, .document_fragment => {
-                try self.renderChildren(node);
+                try self.renderChildren(node, false);
             },
             .element => {
                 try self.renderElement(node.subtype(Node.Element));
@@ -187,19 +194,44 @@ const Context = struct {
         }
     }
 
-    fn renderChildren(self: *Context, parent: *Node) !void {
+    /// `boxed`: flex/grid items are separate boxes however inline their tags
+    /// are, and the whitespace between them doesn't render.
+    fn renderChildren(self: *Context, parent: *Node, boxed: bool) error{WriteFailed}!void {
         var it = parent.childrenIterator();
+        var separate = false;
         while (it.next()) |child| {
-            try self.render(child);
+            if (!boxed) {
+                try self.render(child);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (child.is(Element)) |el| {
+                if (self.skips(el, self.force_slot)) continue;
+                if (separate and !el.getTag().isBlock() and !self.state.last_char_was_newline) {
+                    try self.writer.writeByte(' ');
+                }
+                try self.renderElement(el);
+            } else if (child.is(Node.CData.Text)) |_| {
+                const text = std.mem.trim(u8, child.subtype(Node.CData).getData().str(), &std.ascii.whitespace);
+                if (text.len == 0) continue;
+                if (separate and !self.state.last_char_was_newline) try self.writer.writeByte(' ');
+                try self.renderText(text);
+            } else continue;
+            separate = true;
         }
     }
 
+    fn skips(self: *Context, el: *Element, force_slot: bool) bool {
+        if (el.asNode() != self.root and !isVisibleElement(el, self.frame)) return true;
+        if (dump_html.shouldStripElement(el, self.strip, self.frame)) return true;
+        return !force_slot and el.getAttributeSafe(comptime .wrap("slot")) != null;
+    }
+
     // Render a <slot>'s assigned light-DOM nodes, or its own children as
     // fallback. Same as dump's dumpSlotContent.
     fn renderSlotContent(self: *Context, slot: *Slot) !void {
         const assigned = slot.assignedNodes(null, self.frame) catch return;
         if (assigned.len == 0) {
-            return self.renderChildren(slot.asNode());
+            return self.renderChildren(slot.asNode(), false);
         }
         for (assigned) |node| {
             // ensures that we don't skip this element when rending it.
@@ -215,16 +247,10 @@ const Context = struct {
 
         const tag = el.getTag();
 
-        if (el.asNode() != self.root and !isVisibleElement(el, self.frame)) return;
+        const display = visibleDisplay(el, self.frame) orelse if (el.asNode() == self.root) StyleManager.Display.other else return;
         if (dump_html.shouldStripElement(el, self.strip, self.frame)) return;
-
-        if (!force_slot) {
-            if (el.getAttributeSafe(comptime .wrap("slot")) != null) {
-                // This element has a slot attribute, and we aren't forcing slot
-                // rendering (i.e. this is the light-DOM), skip it.
-                return;
-            }
-        }
+        if (!force_slot and el.getAttributeSafe(comptime .wrap("slot")) != null) return;
+        const boxed = display == .flex or display == .grid;
 
         // Ensure block elements start on a new line
         if (tag.isBlock() and !self.state.in_table) {
@@ -348,7 +374,7 @@ const Context = struct {
                 const href = if (href_raw) |h| URL.resolve(frame.local_arena, frame.base(), h, .{ .encoding = frame.charset }) catch h else null;
 
                 if (info.has_block) {
-                    try self.renderChildren(el.asNode());
+                    try self.renderChildren(el.asNode(), boxed);
                     if (href) |h| {
                         if (!self.state.last_char_was_newline) try self.writer.writeByte('\n');
                         try self.writer.writeByte('[');
@@ -367,7 +393,7 @@ const Context = struct {
                 }
                 try self.writer.writeByte('[');
                 if (info.has_visible) {
-                    try self.renderChildren(el.asNode());
+                    try self.renderChildren(el.asNode(), boxed);
                 } else {
                     try self.writer.writeAll(label orelse "");
                 }
@@ -404,9 +430,9 @@ const Context = struct {
         // early-return tags above can never be valid shadow hosts, so only this
         // generic path needs the check.
         if (el.hostedShadowRoot(self.frame)) |shadow| {
-            try self.renderChildren(shadow.asNode());
+            try self.renderChildren(shadow.asNode(), boxed);
         } else {
-            try self.renderChildren(el.asNode());
+            try self.renderChildren(el.asNode(), boxed);
         }
 
         switch (tag) {
@@ -617,6 +643,36 @@ test "browser.markdown: table" {
     );
 }
 
+test "browser.markdown: flex and grid items are separated" {
+    try testMarkdownHTML(
+        \\<a href="/p" style="display:flex">Title<b>Aug 04 2026</b></a>
+    , "[Title **Aug 04 2026**](http://localhost/p)\n");
+    try testMarkdownHTML(
+        \\<div style="display:grid"><span>a</span><span>b</span> <span style="display:none">x</span><span>c</span></div>
+    , "a b c\n");
+    try testMarkdownHTML(
+        \\<div style="display:inline-flex"> lead <b>x</b> tail </div>
+    , "lead **x** tail\n");
+    try testMarkdownHTML(
+        \\<div style="display:flex"><div>a</div><div>b</div></div>
+    , "a\nb\n");
+}
+
+test "browser.markdown: flex from a stylesheet" {
+    var page = try testing.pageTest("markdown_flex.html", .{});
+    defer page.close();
+    const frame = page.frame().?;
+
+    var aw: std.Io.Writer.Allocating = .init(testing.arena_allocator);
+    try dump(frame.window._document.asNode(), .{}, &aw.writer, frame);
+    try testing.expectString(
+        \\[Title **Aug 04 2026**](http://127.0.0.1:9582/p)
+        \\
+        \\Title**date**
+        \\
+    , aw.written());
+}
+
 test "browser.markdown: nested lists" {
     try testMarkdownHTML(
         \\<ul><li>Parent<ul><li>Child</li></ul></li></ul>
diff --git a/src/browser/tests/markdown_flex.html b/src/browser/tests/markdown_flex.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3b0f04a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/browser/tests/markdown_flex.html
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><style>.row{display:flex}</style></head><body><a href="/p" class="row">Title<b>Aug 04 2026</b></a><p>Title<b>date</b></p></body></html>