firmware/test

Native Unit Tests — Authoring Guide

This directory contains C++ unit tests that run on the host machine via PlatformIO's native environment. Tests use the Unity framework.

Running Tests

# All test suites
pio test -e native

# Single suite
pio test -e native -f test_your_module

# Verbose (shows build errors in detail)
pio test -e native -f test_your_module -vvv

Never pipe through | tail -N to shorten output. PlatformIO prints build errors at the top of output and test results at the bottom; tail will show stale cached results from a prior successful build while hiding the compile error that caused the current run to fail.

Preferred pattern — redirect to file, then grep:

# Redirect all output to a file; grep for errors and results after it exits
pio test -e native -f test_your_module > /tmp/test_out.txt 2>&1
echo "exit: $?"
grep -E 'error:|PASS|FAIL|succeeded|failed' /tmp/test_out.txt
tail -15 /tmp/test_out.txt

Why: piping through | grep line-buffers the output and suppresses all progress until the process exits, making it look hung. The redirect approach lets the build stream normally while still giving you filtered results afterwards.

Viewing verbose test output without truncation (e.g. TEST_MESSAGE group headers):

/tmp/meshtastic-pio-venv/bin/python -m platformio test -e coverage --filter test_mesh_beacon -vv 2>&1 | grep -v "[[:space:]]SKIPPED$"

The -vv flag makes Unity emit INFO: lines from TEST_MESSAGE calls; piping through grep -v SKIPPED removes the noise from platform feature gates while keeping all PASS/FAIL/INFO lines visible.

externally-managed-environment error on Ubuntu/Debian:

If pio test fails immediately with error: externally-managed-environment, the system pio binary is using the OS Python which newer distros lock down. Use PlatformIO's own venv instead:

~/.platformio/penv/bin/python -m platformio test -e native -f test_your_module > /tmp/test_out.txt 2>&1
grep -E 'error:|PASS|FAIL|succeeded|failed' /tmp/test_out.txt
tail -15 /tmp/test_out.txt

Helper Scripts (Useful Shortcuts)

These wrappers are handy when local host dependencies are missing or when you want repeatable commands.

# Run native tests in Docker (recommended on macOS / non-Linux hosts)
./bin/test-native-docker.sh

# Pass normal PlatformIO test args through to Dockerized test run
./bin/test-native-docker.sh -f test_your_module

# Force Docker image rebuild (after dependency changes)
./bin/test-native-docker.sh --rebuild

# Run simulator integration check (build native first)
pio run -e native && ./bin/test-simulator.sh

# Build and run meshtasticd natively
./bin/native-run.sh

# Build and run under gdbserver on localhost:2345
./bin/native-gdbserver.sh

# Build native release artifact into ./release/
./bin/build-native.sh native

Notes:

• The repository script name is ./bin/test-simulator.sh (there is no test-native-simulator.sh).
• ./bin/test-native-docker.sh is the closest match to CI behavior for native tests and avoids host package setup.

System Dependencies (Ubuntu/Debian)

The native build requires several system libraries. Install them all at once:

sudo apt-get install -y \
  libbluetooth-dev libgpiod-dev libyaml-cpp-dev libjsoncpp-dev openssl libssl-dev \
  libulfius-dev liborcania-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev libi2c-dev libuv1-dev

See .github/actions/setup-native/action.yml for the canonical list.

Creating a New Test Suite

1. Directory Structure

test/test_your_module/test_main.cpp

One file per suite. No per-test platformio.ini is needed — tests build under the [env:native] environment defined in the root platformio.ini.

2. File Skeleton

#include "MeshTypes.h"      // Include BEFORE TestUtil.h (provides NodeNum, etc.)
#include "TestUtil.h"        // initializeTestEnvironment(), testDelay()
#include <unity.h>

#if YOUR_FEATURE_GUARD       // Same #if guard as the module under test

#include "FSCommon.h"
#include "gps/RTC.h"
#include "mesh/NodeDB.h"
#include "modules/YourModule.h"
#include <cstdio>    // required for printf() — used for blank-line group separators
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>

// --- Test output helpers ---
// printf() writes directly to stdout and appears in -vv output as a plain line (no prefix).
// Use it for blank-line group separators: printf("\n");
// TEST_MESSAGE() emits a "file:line:INFO: <text>" line — visible at -vv and above.
// Use TEST_MSG_FMT for formatted diagnostic lines inside tests.
#define MSG_BUF_LEN 200
#define TEST_MSG_FMT(fmt, ...) do { \
    char _buf[MSG_BUF_LEN]; \
    snprintf(_buf, sizeof(_buf), fmt, __VA_ARGS__); \
    TEST_MESSAGE(_buf); \
} while(0)

// --- Tests ---

void test_example()
{
    TEST_MESSAGE("=== Example test ===");
    TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(true);
}

// --- Unity lifecycle ---

void setUp(void) { /* runs before every test */ }
void tearDown(void) { /* runs after every test */ }

void setup()
{
    initializeTestEnvironment();   // MUST call — sets up RTC, OSThread, console
    UNITY_BEGIN();

    printf("\n=== Example group ===\n");           // header line to help find tests

    RUN_TEST(test_example);
    exit(UNITY_END());             // exit() required — Unity runner expects it
}

void loop() {}

#else // !YOUR_FEATURE_GUARD

void setUp(void) {}
void tearDown(void) {}

void setup()
{
    initializeTestEnvironment();
    UNITY_BEGIN();
    exit(UNITY_END());
}

void loop() {}

#endif

3. Feature Guard

Wrap the entire test body in the same #if guard the module uses (e.g. #if HAS_VARIABLE_HOPS, #if !MESHTASTIC_EXCLUDE_GPS). When the feature is disabled, the #else branch produces an empty passing suite.

Common Patterns

MockNodeDB

Most module tests need to inject nodes with controlled hop distances and ages:

class MockNodeDB : public NodeDB
{
  public:
    void clearTestNodes()
    {
        testNodes.clear();
        numMeshNodes = 0;
    }

    void addTestNode(NodeNum num, uint8_t hopsAway, bool hasHops,
                     uint32_t ageSecs, bool viaMqtt = false)
    {
        meshtastic_NodeInfoLite node = meshtastic_NodeInfoLite_init_zero;
        node.num = num;
        node.has_hops_away = hasHops;
        node.hops_away = hopsAway;
        nodeInfoLiteSetBit(&node, NODEINFO_BITFIELD_VIA_MQTT_MASK, viaMqtt);
        node.last_heard = getTime() - ageSecs;
        testNodes.push_back(node);
        meshNodes = &testNodes;
        numMeshNodes = testNodes.size();
    }

    std::vector<meshtastic_NodeInfoLite> testNodes;
};

static MockNodeDB *mockNodeDB = nullptr;

Set nodeDB = mockNodeDB; in setUp().

Test Shim (Exposing Protected/Private Members)

Subclass the module under test to make protected methods callable and private members writable:

class YourModuleTestShim : public YourModule
{
  public:
    // Pull protected methods into public scope via using.
    // IMPORTANT: using requires the method to be protected (or public) in the base —
    // friend alone does NOT satisfy this. See pitfall #6.
    using YourModule::runOnce;
    using YourModule::someProtectedMethod;

    // Wrap private members with setter methods (friend grants direct access here).
    void setPrivateField(int x) { privateField = x; }
};

For methods you want to expose via using, use the conditional access-specifier pattern in the header — not plain friend:

// In YourModule.h, inside the class body:
#ifdef PIO_UNIT_TESTING
  protected:
#else
  private:
#endif
    bool someMethod();

For private member variables that a shim setter needs to touch directly, friend is sufficient (no using involved):

// In YourModule.h, inside the class body:
#ifdef PIO_UNIT_TESTING
    friend class YourModuleTestShim;
#endif

Global Singleton Lifecycle

Most modules use a global pointer (extern YourModule *yourModule;). Manage it carefully:

void setUp(void) {
    // ... setup ...
}

void tearDown(void) {
    yourModule = nullptr;   // prevent dangling pointer between tests
}

void test_something() {
    auto shim = std::unique_ptr<YourModuleTestShim>(new YourModuleTestShim());
    yourModule = shim.get();
    // ... test ...
    yourModule = nullptr;
}

Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

1. Persisted Filesystem State Leaks Between Tests

Modules that save state to /prefs/*.bin will have that state loaded by the next test's constructor via loadState(). This causes values from one test (e.g. rolling averages from a megamesh scenario) to bleed into unrelated tests.

Fix: Delete state files at the start of setUp():

void setUp(void) {
    // ...
#ifdef FSCom
    FSCom.remove("/prefs/your_module.bin");
#endif
}

2. File-Scope Mutable Globals Persist Across Tests

Variables like static uint8_t someDenominator = 8; in the module .cpp file retain mutations from previous tests. This is distinct from member variables — it affects all instances.

Fix: Add a static void resetGlobal() method to the module and call it in setUp().

3. Randomness Breaks Determinism

If the module uses rand() for jitter or similar, test results become non-reproducible.

Fix: Add a static enable/disable flag:

// Module header:
static void setJitter(bool enabled) { s_jitterEnabled = enabled; }

// Test setUp:
YourModule::setJitter(false);

// Test tearDown:
YourModule::setJitter(true);

4. Time-Dependent Logic Produces Zeros

Rolling averages weighted by elapsedMs / ONE_HOUR_MS collapse to zero when tests complete in microseconds. Sample windows, EMA alphas, and interval-based accumulators all suffer from this.

Fix: Expose the timestamp via friend access and simulate realistic elapsed time:

// In test shim:
void setWindowStartMs(uint32_t ms) { windowStartMs = ms; }

// In test:
shim.setWindowStartMs(millis() - 3600000UL);  // pretend 1 hour elapsed

5. Capacity Limits Cause Cascading Failures

Fixed-size data structures (hash sets, ring buffers) overflow when tests inject more data than fits. This triggers early flushes with near-zero time fractions, compounding the time-dependent-zeros problem.

Fix: Simulate multiple realistic time windows rather than one massive burst. Let adaptive mechanisms (if any) self-tune over several rolls.

6. Granting test access to private/protected members

PlatformIO defines PIO_UNIT_TESTING during pio test builds. Several production headers (TransmitHistory.h, CryptoEngine.h, MQTT.h, RTC.h) use this to gate test-only visibility changes. PlatformIO also defines UNIT_TEST in the same builds for backward compatibility, but that spelling is deprecated — always use PIO_UNIT_TESTING in new code. The established pattern for exposing a private method to a test shim without widening production visibility:

#ifdef PIO_UNIT_TESTING
  protected:
#else
  private:
#endif
    bool myMethod();

Critical C++ rule: a using declaration in a derived class (e.g. using Base::myMethod) requires myMethod to be protected or public in the base — friend alone does not satisfy this. Adding friend class TestShim while leaving the method private will still fail to compile. Use the conditional access-specifier pattern above, not friend.

setUp/tearDown Checklist

• Create and clear MockNodeDB (if needed)
• Zero global configs: config, moduleConfig, myNodeInfo
• Set nodeDB = mockNodeDB
• Delete persisted state files (FSCom.remove(...))
• Reset file-scope mutable globals
• Reset mock clock to a safe base value (e.g. mockTime = ONE_HOUR_MS) — prevents unsigned subtraction underflow in time-dependent logic
• Disable randomness/jitter flags
• In tearDown: null the global singleton pointer, restore flags

Test Organization

A well-structured test suite follows this pattern:

1. Topology/scenario builders — static helper functions that set up specific test conditions
2. Injection helpers — simulate realistic traffic, time, or event patterns
3. Scenario tests — each builds a scenario, runs the module, asserts on outcomes
4. Lifecycle tests — state persistence, startup from blank, restart recovery
5. Summary test (optional) — emits a scenario table into the log for quick CI review

Existing Test Suites

Suite	Module Under Test
test_admin_radio	Admin + LoRa region config
test_atak	ATAK integration
test_crypto	CryptoEngine
test_default	Default configuration helpers
test_hop_scaling	Hop scaling algorithm
test_http_content_handler	HTTP handling
test_mac_from_string	MAC address parsing
test_mesh_module	Module framework
test_meshpacket_serializer	Packet serialization
test_mqtt	MQTT integration
test_packet_history	Packet history tracking
test_position_precision	Position precision helpers
test_radio	Radio interface
test_serial	Serial communication
test_traffic_management	Traffic management
test_transmit_history	Retransmission tracking
test_type_conversions	NodeDB v25 type conversions
test_utf8	UTF-8 utilities