Compile LMMS using C++17

This replaces `set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)` by `set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)`
wherever it is required.

Additionally:

* raise `CMAKE_MINIMUM_REQUIRED(VERSION ...)` to `3.8` (the minimum
  that supports C++17)
* `stdshims.h` is now unused and thus removed
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