diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 94a9b3315..7b498d13d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -86,5 +86,5 @@ auth.json
 /writable/logs/*.log
 /writable/debugbar/*.json
 /app/Database/database.sql
-/writable/cache/settings
+/writable/cache/*
 /.env.bak
diff --git a/app/Config/Filters.php b/app/Config/Filters.php
index ac6a94b4a..f33d2944e 100644
--- a/app/Config/Filters.php
+++ b/app/Config/Filters.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Config;
 
+use App\Filters\Throttle;
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Filters as BaseFilters;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\Cors;
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\CSRF;
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ class Filters extends BaseFilters
         'forcehttps'    => ForceHTTPS::class,
         'pagecache'     => PageCache::class,
         'performance'   => PerformanceMetrics::class,
+        'throttle'      => Throttle::class,
     ];
 
     /**
@@ -107,7 +109,9 @@ class Filters extends BaseFilters
      *
      * @var array<string, array<string, list<string>>>
      */
-    public array $filters = [];
+    public array $filters = [
+        'throttle' => ['before' => ['login', 'migrate']],
+    ];
 
     /**
      * Constructor to conditionally disable CSRF filter in testing environment
diff --git a/app/Controllers/Login.php b/app/Controllers/Login.php
index df88371b5..f5184f4d0 100644
--- a/app/Controllers/Login.php
+++ b/app/Controllers/Login.php
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class Login extends BaseController
             ];
 
             if (!$this->validate($rules, $messages)) {
-                $data['has_errors'] = !empty($validation->getErrors());
+                $data['hasErrors'] = !empty($validation->getErrors());
 
                 return view('login', $data);
             }
diff --git a/app/Filters/Throttle.php b/app/Filters/Throttle.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3567763ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/Filters/Throttle.php
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace App\Filters;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
+use Config\Services;
+
+/**
+ * Rate limits login/migrate POST attempts, keyed by IP and by submitted
+ * username, to mitigate brute-force and credential-stuffing attacks
+ * (GHSA-hm9c-xchj-xgcp). Backed by CodeIgniter's cache-based Throttler,
+ * so limits are per-server (not shared across nodes on file cache).
+ */
+class Throttle implements FilterInterface
+{
+    private const CAPACITY = 5;
+    private const SECONDS  = 60;
+
+    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        if ($request->getMethod() !== 'POST') {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $throttler = Services::throttler();
+
+        $ipKey       = 'login-ip-' . $request->getIPAddress();
+        $username    = strtolower((string) $request->getPost('username'));
+        $usernameKey = $username !== '' ? 'login-user-' . $username : null;
+
+        $ipOk       = $throttler->check($ipKey, self::CAPACITY, self::SECONDS);
+        $usernameOk = $usernameKey === null || $throttler->check($usernameKey, self::CAPACITY, self::SECONDS);
+
+        if (!$ipOk || !$usernameOk) {
+            log_message('warning', 'Login throttled for IP {ip} (username: {username})', [
+                'ip'       => $request->getIPAddress(),
+                'username' => $username !== '' ? $username : '(none)',
+            ]);
+
+            return service('response')
+                ->setStatusCode(429)
+                ->setJSON([
+                    'success' => false,
+                    'message' => lang('Login.too_many_attempts'),
+                ]);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
+    {
+        return null;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/app/Language/ar-EG/Login.php b/app/Language/ar-EG/Login.php
index de16724d1..e2c0c4864 100644
--- a/app/Language/ar-EG/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ar-EG/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "كلمة السر",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'تم تجاوز عدد المحاولات المسموح بها. يرجى الانتظار قليلاً ثم المحاولة مرة أخرى.',
     "username"                            => "اسم المستخدم",
     "welcome"                             => "مرحباً بك في{0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ar-LB/Login.php b/app/Language/ar-LB/Login.php
index f0cc3b4f8..badb896c9 100644
--- a/app/Language/ar-LB/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ar-LB/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "كلمة السر",
     "required_username"                   => "خانة أسم المستخدم مطلوبة.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'عدد كبير جدًا من المحاولات. يرجى الانتظار لحظة والمحاولة مرة أخرى.',
     "username"                            => "اسم المستخدم",
     "welcome"                             => "مرحباً بك في{0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/az/Login.php b/app/Language/az/Login.php
index 692713e28..cd5905d3d 100644
--- a/app/Language/az/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/az/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Şifrə",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Həddindən artıq cəhd. Zəhmət olmasa bir az gözləyib yenidən cəhd edin.',
     "username"                            => "İstifadəçi",
     "welcome"                             => "{0} -ə xoş gəlmisiniz!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/bg/Login.php b/app/Language/bg/Login.php
index c2a94c8c4..ba8fb67ae 100644
--- a/app/Language/bg/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/bg/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Password",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Твърде много опити. Моля, изчакайте малко и опитайте отново.',
     "username"                            => "Username",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/bs/Login.php b/app/Language/bs/Login.php
index 7ab8c5b47..e7e2fdfc0 100644
--- a/app/Language/bs/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/bs/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Lozinka",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Previše pokušaja. Molimo pričekajte trenutak i pokušajte ponovo.',
     "username"                            => "Korisničko ime",
     "welcome"                             => "Dobrodošli u {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ckb/Login.php b/app/Language/ckb/Login.php
index 387cd9e35..773210f7d 100644
--- a/app/Language/ckb/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ckb/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "وشەی نهێنی",
     "required_username"                   => "خانەی ناوی بەکارهێنەر پێویستە.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'هەوڵدانی زۆر زیادە. تکایە کەمێک چاوەڕێ بکە و دووبارە هەوڵ بدەرەوە.',
     "username"                            => "ناوی بەکارهێنەر",
     "welcome"                             => "بەخێربێن بۆ {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/cs/Login.php b/app/Language/cs/Login.php
index bfc6ec15c..70865477a 100644
--- a/app/Language/cs/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/cs/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Heslo",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Příliš mnoho pokusů. Počkejte chvíli a zkuste to znovu.',
     "username"                            => "Uživatelské jméno",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/da/Login.php b/app/Language/da/Login.php
index 8dd4517d3..5f73f74e7 100644
--- a/app/Language/da/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/da/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'For mange forsøg. Vent et øjeblik, og prøv igen.',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/de-CH/Login.php b/app/Language/de-CH/Login.php
index 43cdbee87..d7ba28728 100644
--- a/app/Language/de-CH/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/de-CH/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Datenbank-Migrationen werden ausgeführt...",
     "password"                            => "Passwort",
     "required_username"                   => "Das Feld Benutzername ist erforderlich.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Zu viele Versuche. Bitte warten Sie einen Moment und versuchen Sie es erneut.',
     "username"                            => "Benutzername",
     "welcome"                             => "Willkommen bei {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/de-DE/Login.php b/app/Language/de-DE/Login.php
index fad409933..dcfdc3fa2 100644
--- a/app/Language/de-DE/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/de-DE/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Datenbank-Migrationen werden ausgeführt...",
     "password"                            => "Passwort",
     "required_username"                   => "Das Feld Benutzername ist erforderlich.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Zu viele Versuche. Bitte warten Sie einen Moment und versuchen Sie es erneut.',
     "username"                            => "Benutzername",
     "welcome"                             => "Willkommen bei {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/el/Login.php b/app/Language/el/Login.php
index 19f7b296e..1da7f2419 100644
--- a/app/Language/el/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/el/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Πάρα πολλές προσπάθειες. Παρακαλώ περιμένετε λίγο και δοκιμάστε ξανά.',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/en-GB/Login.php b/app/Language/en-GB/Login.php
index 6ee49d47d..7aaa5cc64 100644
--- a/app/Language/en-GB/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/en-GB/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Running database migrations...",
     "password"                            => "Password",
     "required_username"                   => "The username field is required.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Too many attempts. Please wait a moment and try again.',
     "username"                            => "Username",
     "welcome"                             => "Welcome to {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/en/Login.php b/app/Language/en/Login.php
index f6a5cb8a8..1cbccb34e 100644
--- a/app/Language/en/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/en/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Running database migrations...",
     "password"                            => "Password",
     "required_username"                   => "The username field is required.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Too many attempts. Please wait a moment and try again.',
     "username"                            => "Username",
     "welcome"                             => "Welcome to {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/es-ES/Login.php b/app/Language/es-ES/Login.php
index e9a06a4b4..f490ff86f 100644
--- a/app/Language/es-ES/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/es-ES/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Ejecutando migraciones de base de datos...",
     "password"                            => "Contraseña",
     "required_username"                   => "El campo de nombre de usuario es obligatorio.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Demasiados intentos. Por favor, espere un momento e inténtelo de nuevo.',
     "username"                            => "Usuario",
     "welcome"                             => "Bienvenido a {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/es-MX/Login.php b/app/Language/es-MX/Login.php
index 941820097..cf76ab113 100644
--- a/app/Language/es-MX/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/es-MX/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Ejecutando migraciones de base de datos...",
     "password"                            => "Contraseña",
     "required_username"                   => "El nombre de usuario es obligatorio.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Demasiados intentos. Por favor espera un momento e intenta de nuevo.',
     "username"                            => "Usuario",
     "welcome"                             => "Bienvenido a {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/fa/Login.php b/app/Language/fa/Login.php
index 8c55d51aa..59f13e3df 100644
--- a/app/Language/fa/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/fa/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "کلمه عبور",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'تعداد تلاش‌ها بیش از حد مجاز است. لطفاً کمی صبر کنید و دوباره امتحان کنید.',
     "username"                            => "نام کاربری",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/fr/Login.php b/app/Language/fr/Login.php
index 075a4421e..83ef24a80 100644
--- a/app/Language/fr/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/fr/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Exécution des migrations de la base de données...",
     "password"                            => "Mot de passe",
     "required_username"                   => "Le champ nom utilisateur est obligatoire.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Trop de tentatives. Veuillez patienter un instant et réessayer.',
     "username"                            => "Nom d'utilisateur",
     "welcome"                             => "Bienvenue à {0} !"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/he/Login.php b/app/Language/he/Login.php
index f5081488e..50147ebbd 100644
--- a/app/Language/he/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/he/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "סיסמה",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'יותר מדי ניסיונות. אנא המתן רגע ונסה שוב.',
     "username"                            => "שם משתמש",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/hr-HR/Login.php b/app/Language/hr-HR/Login.php
index 4bec7a41f..a844d55ab 100644
--- a/app/Language/hr-HR/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/hr-HR/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Lozinka",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Previše pokušaja. Pričekajte trenutak i pokušajte ponovno.',
     "username"                            => "Korisničko ime",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/hu/Login.php b/app/Language/hu/Login.php
index b76d4f8f4..d13684daa 100644
--- a/app/Language/hu/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/hu/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Jelszó",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Túl sok próbálkozás. Kérjük, várjon egy kicsit, majd próbálja újra.',
     "username"                            => "Felhasználó név",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/hy/Login.php b/app/Language/hy/Login.php
index 743fcbb5a..267b222bb 100644
--- a/app/Language/hy/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/hy/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Չափազանց շատ փորձեր: Խնդրում ենք սպասել մի փոքր և կրկին փորձել:',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/id/Login.php b/app/Language/id/Login.php
index 54996b524..8977cea59 100644
--- a/app/Language/id/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/id/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Kata kunci",
     "required_username"                   => "Kolom nama pengguna wajib diisi.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Terlalu banyak percobaan. Harap tunggu sebentar dan coba lagi.',
     "username"                            => "Nama Anda",
     "welcome"                             => "Selamat Datang di {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/it/Login.php b/app/Language/it/Login.php
index 718782aa0..237ba0e3e 100644
--- a/app/Language/it/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/it/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Esecuzione migrazioni database...",
     "password"                            => "Password",
     "required_username"                   => "Il campo nome utente è obbligatorio.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Troppi tentativi. Attendere un momento e riprovare.',
     "username"                            => "Username",
     "welcome"                             => "Benvenuto in {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/km/Login.php b/app/Language/km/Login.php
index 90168da35..9e1e33d50 100644
--- a/app/Language/km/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/km/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "ពាក្យសំងាត់",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'ការព្យាយាមច្រើនពេក។ សូមរង់ចាំបន្តិច ហើយព្យាយាមម្តងទៀត។',
     "username"                            => "ឈ្មោះ",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/lo/Login.php b/app/Language/lo/Login.php
index c5cbb85fe..f57c951aa 100644
--- a/app/Language/lo/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/lo/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Password",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'ພະຍາຍາມຫຼາຍເກີນໄປ. ກະລຸນາລໍຖ້າບຶດໜຶ່ງ ແລ້ວລອງໃໝ່ອີກຄັ້ງ.',
     "username"                            => "Username",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ml/Login.php b/app/Language/ml/Login.php
index 27bc82c3a..fcd730a72 100644
--- a/app/Language/ml/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ml/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'വളരെയധികം ശ്രമങ്ങൾ. ദയവായി അല്പസമയം കാത്തിരുന്ന് വീണ്ടും ശ്രമിക്കുക.',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/nb/Login.php b/app/Language/nb/Login.php
index ac66f1805..51e33629d 100644
--- a/app/Language/nb/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/nb/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'For mange forsøk. Vennligst vent litt og prøv igjen.',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/nl-BE/Login.php b/app/Language/nl-BE/Login.php
index 455d8a8e2..f8002d16e 100644
--- a/app/Language/nl-BE/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/nl-BE/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Databasemigraties uitvoeren...",
     "password"                            => "Paswoord",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Te veel pogingen. Wacht even en probeer het opnieuw.',
     "username"                            => "Gebruiker",
     "welcome"                             => "Welkom op {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/nl-NL/Login.php b/app/Language/nl-NL/Login.php
index b66121a29..c0a8be5e0 100644
--- a/app/Language/nl-NL/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/nl-NL/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Databasemigraties uitvoeren...",
     "password"                            => "Wachtwoord",
     "required_username"                   => "Het gebruikersnaam veld is verplicht.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Te veel pogingen. Wacht even en probeer het opnieuw.',
     "username"                            => "Gebruikersnaam",
     "welcome"                             => "Welkom bij {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/pl/Login.php b/app/Language/pl/Login.php
index 2c1fa8c32..10f680e0b 100644
--- a/app/Language/pl/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/pl/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Hasło",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Zbyt wiele prób. Proszę chwilę poczekać i spróbować ponownie.',
     "username"                            => "Nazwa użytkownika",
     "welcome"                             => "Witaj w {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/pt-BR/Login.php b/app/Language/pt-BR/Login.php
index aa208c506..fd4b96583 100644
--- a/app/Language/pt-BR/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/pt-BR/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Executando migrações do banco de dados...",
     "password"                            => "Senha",
     "required_username"                   => "O campo nome de usuário é obrigatório.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Muitas tentativas. Aguarde um momento e tente novamente.',
     "username"                            => "Usuário",
     "welcome"                             => "Bem-vindo ao {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ro/Login.php b/app/Language/ro/Login.php
index 75de2a599..c33f2a276 100644
--- a/app/Language/ro/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ro/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Prea multe încercări. Vă rugăm așteptați un moment și încercați din nou.',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ru/Login.php b/app/Language/ru/Login.php
index a584ca82e..9eb860d1d 100644
--- a/app/Language/ru/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ru/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Пароль",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Слишком много попыток. Пожалуйста, подождите немного и попробуйте снова.',
     "username"                            => "Имя пользователя",
     "welcome"                             => "Панель управления"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/sv/Login.php b/app/Language/sv/Login.php
index a7d4991bf..8415fdfca 100644
--- a/app/Language/sv/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/sv/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Kör databasmigrationer...",
     "password"                            => "Lösenord",
     "required_username"                   => "Fältet för användarnamn krävs.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'För många försök. Vänta en stund och försök igen.',
     "username"                            => "Användarnamn",
     "welcome"                             => "Välkommen till {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/sw-KE/Login.php b/app/Language/sw-KE/Login.php
index 331eb30a5..0e811d89a 100644
--- a/app/Language/sw-KE/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/sw-KE/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Nenosiri",
     "required_username"                   => "Jina la mtumiaji ni lazima.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Majaribio mengi mno. Tafadhali subiri kidogo kisha ujaribu tena.',
     "username"                            => "Jina la Mtumiaji",
     "welcome"                             => "Karibu kwenye {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/sw-TZ/Login.php b/app/Language/sw-TZ/Login.php
index 331eb30a5..0e811d89a 100644
--- a/app/Language/sw-TZ/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/sw-TZ/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Nenosiri",
     "required_username"                   => "Jina la mtumiaji ni lazima.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Majaribio mengi mno. Tafadhali subiri kidogo kisha ujaribu tena.',
     "username"                            => "Jina la Mtumiaji",
     "welcome"                             => "Karibu kwenye {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ta/Login.php b/app/Language/ta/Login.php
index b747bc221..bbeb19390 100644
--- a/app/Language/ta/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ta/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "கடவுச்சொல்",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'பல முறை முயற்சி செய்யப்பட்டது. தயவுசெய்து சிறிது நேரம் காத்திருந்து மீண்டும் முயற்சிக்கவும்.',
     "username"                            => "பயனர்பெயர்",
     "welcome"                             => "{0} க்கு வருக!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/th/Login.php b/app/Language/th/Login.php
index 72ed92fd4..40ef82cae 100644
--- a/app/Language/th/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/th/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "รหัสผ่าน",
     "required_username"                   => "จำเป็นต้องระบุชื่อผู้ใช้งาน",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'พยายามมากเกินไป กรุณารอสักครู่แล้วลองใหม่อีกครั้ง',
     "username"                            => "ชื่อผู้ใช้",
     "welcome"                             => "ยินดีต้อนรับสู่ {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/tl/Login.php b/app/Language/tl/Login.php
index 21855f250..390b3506f 100644
--- a/app/Language/tl/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/tl/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Password",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Masyadong maraming pagtatangka. Mangyaring maghintay sandali at subukang muli.',
     "username"                            => "Username",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/tr/Login.php b/app/Language/tr/Login.php
index 229fc4b40..f1119523b 100644
--- a/app/Language/tr/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/tr/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "Veritabanı göçleri çalışıyor...",
     "password"                            => "Parola",
     "required_username"                   => "Kullanıcı adı alanı gereklidir.",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Çok fazla deneme yapıldı. Lütfen bir süre bekleyip tekrar deneyin.',
     "username"                            => "Kullanıcı Adı",
     "welcome"                             => "{0}'e Hoş Geldiniz!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/uk/Login.php b/app/Language/uk/Login.php
index 43ff3872b..3515d2636 100644
--- a/app/Language/uk/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/uk/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Пароль",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Забагато спроб. Будь ласка, зачекайте трохи і спробуйте знову.',
     "username"                            => "Ім'я користувача",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/ur/Login.php b/app/Language/ur/Login.php
index b02422892..e75c5180f 100644
--- a/app/Language/ur/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/ur/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'بہت زیادہ کوششیں۔ براہ کرم تھوڑی دیر انتظار کریں اور دوبارہ کوشش کریں۔',
     "username"                            => "",
     "welcome"                             => ""
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/vi/Login.php b/app/Language/vi/Login.php
index d5dd21112..e8271f603 100644
--- a/app/Language/vi/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/vi/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "Mật khẩu",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => 'Quá nhiều lần thử. Vui lòng đợi một chút và thử lại.',
     "username"                            => "Tài khoản",
     "welcome"                             => "Chào mừng đến với {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/zh-Hans/Login.php b/app/Language/zh-Hans/Login.php
index 8fc3c4d66..5afd6ce89 100644
--- a/app/Language/zh-Hans/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/zh-Hans/Login.php
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ return [
     "migration_required"                  => "",
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "密码",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => '太多次尝试。请稍等片刻后重试。',
     "username"                            => "用户名",
     "welcome"                             => "欢迎来到 {0}!"
 ];
diff --git a/app/Language/zh-Hant/Login.php b/app/Language/zh-Hant/Login.php
index cc8614fdc..dc77b0c80 100644
--- a/app/Language/zh-Hant/Login.php
+++ b/app/Language/zh-Hant/Login.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ return [
     "migration_running"                   => "",
     "password"                            => "密碼",
     "required_username"                   => "",
+    'too_many_attempts'                   => '嘗試次數過多。請稍候片刻後再試一次。',
     "username"                            => "帳號",
     "welcome"                             => "歡迎來到 {0}！"
 ];
diff --git a/tests/Controllers/LoginTest.php b/tests/Controllers/LoginTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8378f98e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Controllers/LoginTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Controllers;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\DatabaseTestTrait;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\FeatureTestTrait;
+
+/**
+ * Test suite for the Login controller, including the CI Throttler
+ * mitigation for brute-force/credential-stuffing (GHSA-hm9c-xchj-xgcp).
+ */
+class LoginTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    use DatabaseTestTrait;
+    use FeatureTestTrait;
+
+    protected $migrate     = true;
+    protected $migrateOnce = true;
+    protected $refresh     = false;
+    protected $namespace   = null;
+
+    private array $usedKeys = [];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        Services::session()->destroy();
+        $this->clearThrottleState();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $this->clearThrottleState();
+
+        parent::tearDown();
+    }
+
+    private function clearThrottleState(): void
+    {
+        $throttler = Services::throttler();
+
+        foreach ($this->usedKeys as $key) {
+            $throttler->remove($key);
+        }
+
+        $this->usedKeys = [];
+
+        Services::resetSingle('throttler');
+    }
+
+    private function trackThrottleKeys(string $username = ''): void
+    {
+        $this->usedKeys[] = 'login-ip-' . Services::request()->getIPAddress();
+
+        if ($username !== '') {
+            $this->usedKeys[] = 'login-user-' . strtolower($username);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Login::index() redirects to 'login' and runs a migration when the
+     * app's migration state isn't current, bypassing credential checks
+     * entirely. Skip credential-dependent assertions in that case so this
+     * test only exercises login logic when the DB is actually current
+     * (throttling itself is verified independently and runs before this
+     * branch, so it's unaffected).
+     */
+    private function skipIfMigrationRequired(\CodeIgniter\Test\TestResponse $response): void
+    {
+        $redirectUrl = $response->getRedirectUrl();
+
+        if ($redirectUrl !== null && str_ends_with(rtrim(strtolower($redirectUrl), '/'), '/login')) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('App migration state is not current in this environment; skipping credential-path assertions.');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testValidCredentialsLogsIn(): void
+    {
+        $response = $this->post('/login', [
+            'username' => 'admin',
+            'password' => 'pointofsale',
+        ]);
+        $this->trackThrottleKeys('admin');
+
+        $this->skipIfMigrationRequired($response);
+
+        $response->assertRedirectTo('home');
+    }
+
+    public function testInvalidCredentialsShowsError(): void
+    {
+        $response = $this->post('/login', [
+            'username' => 'admin',
+            'password' => 'wrongpassword',
+        ]);
+        $this->trackThrottleKeys('admin');
+
+        $this->skipIfMigrationRequired($response);
+
+        $response->assertStatus(200);
+        $response->assertSee(lang('Login.invalid_username_and_password'));
+    }
+
+    public function testSixthFailedAttemptIsThrottled(): void
+    {
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
+            $this->post('/login', [
+                'username' => 'wronguser',
+                'password' => 'wrongpassword',
+            ]);
+            $this->trackThrottleKeys('wronguser');
+        }
+
+        $response = $this->post('/login', [
+            'username' => 'wronguser',
+            'password' => 'wrongpassword',
+        ]);
+        $this->trackThrottleKeys('wronguser');
+
+        $response->assertStatus(429);
+        $result = json_decode($response->getJSON(), true);
+        $this->assertFalse($result['success']);
+        $this->assertSame(lang('Login.too_many_attempts'), $result['message']);
+    }
+
+    public function testCorrectLoginStillWorksUnderThrottleCapacity(): void
+    {
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 3; $i++) {
+            $this->post('/login', [
+                'username' => 'admin',
+                'password' => 'wrongpassword',
+            ]);
+            $this->trackThrottleKeys('admin');
+        }
+
+        $response = $this->post('/login', [
+            'username' => 'admin',
+            'password' => 'pointofsale',
+        ]);
+        $this->trackThrottleKeys('admin');
+
+        $this->skipIfMigrationRequired($response);
+
+        $response->assertRedirectTo('home');
+    }
+
+    public function testGetRequestToLoginIsNeverThrottled(): void
+    {
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
+            $response = $this->get('/login');
+            $this->skipIfMigrationRequired($response);
+            $response->assertStatus(200);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Filters/ThrottleTest.php b/tests/Filters/ThrottleTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6cfb8e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Filters/ThrottleTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Filters;
+
+use App\Filters\Throttle;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\Services;
+
+class ThrottleTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    private Throttle $filter;
+    private array $usedKeys = [];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        $this->filter = new Throttle();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $throttler = Services::throttler();
+
+        foreach ($this->usedKeys as $key) {
+            $throttler->remove($key);
+        }
+
+        parent::tearDown();
+    }
+
+    private function makeRequest(string $method, string $ip, ?string $username = null): IncomingRequest
+    {
+        $request = $this->createMock(IncomingRequest::class);
+
+        $request->method('getMethod')->willReturn($method);
+        $request->method('getIPAddress')->willReturn($ip);
+        $request->method('getPost')->with('username')->willReturn($username);
+
+        $this->usedKeys[] = 'login-ip-' . $ip;
+
+        if ($username !== null && $username !== '') {
+            $this->usedKeys[] = 'login-user-' . strtolower($username);
+        }
+
+        return $request;
+    }
+
+    public function testGetRequestsAreNotThrottled(): void
+    {
+        $request = $this->makeRequest('GET', '203.0.113.1', 'admin');
+
+        $result = $this->filter->before($request);
+
+        $this->assertNull($result);
+    }
+
+    public function testAllowsAttemptsUnderCapacity(): void
+    {
+        $ip = '203.0.113.2';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
+            $request = $this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, 'employee1');
+            $result  = $this->filter->before($request);
+
+            $this->assertNull($result, "Attempt {$i} should not be throttled");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public function testBlocksAfterCapacityExceededByIp(): void
+    {
+        $ip = '203.0.113.3';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
+            $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, "user{$i}"));
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, 'user-final'));
+
+        $this->assertNotNull($result);
+        $this->assertSame(429, $result->getStatusCode());
+    }
+
+    public function testBlocksAfterCapacityExceededByUsername(): void
+    {
+        $username = 'sameuser';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
+            $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', "203.0.113.{$i}", $username));
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', '203.0.113.99', $username));
+
+        $this->assertNotNull($result);
+        $this->assertSame(429, $result->getStatusCode());
+    }
+
+    public function testThrottledResponseIsJsonWithMessage(): void
+    {
+        $ip = '203.0.113.4';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
+            $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, 'someone'));
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, 'someone'));
+
+        $body = json_decode($result->getJSON(), true);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($body['success']);
+        $this->assertSame(lang('Login.too_many_attempts'), $body['message']);
+    }
+
+    public function testMissingUsernameOnlyThrottlesByIp(): void
+    {
+        $ip = '203.0.113.5';
+
+        for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
+            $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, null));
+        }
+
+        $result = $this->filter->before($this->makeRequest('POST', $ip, null));
+
+        $this->assertNotNull($result);
+        $this->assertSame(429, $result->getStatusCode());
+    }
+}