diff --git a/app/Controllers/Items.php b/app/Controllers/Items.php
index e99150f9c..0754aa6c2 100644
--- a/app/Controllers/Items.php
+++ b/app/Controllers/Items.php
@@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ class Items extends Secure_Controller
         foreach ($result as &$item) {
             if (isset($item['item_number']) && empty($item['item_number']) && $this->config['barcode_generate_if_empty']) {
                 if (isset($item['item_id'])) {
-                    $save_item = ['item_number' => $item['item_number']];
-                    $this->item->save_value($save_item, $item['item_id']);
-                }
+                     $save_item = ['item_number' => $item['item_number'], 'item_id' => $item['item_id']];
+                     $this->item->saveValue($save_item);
+                 }
             }
         }
         $data['items'] = $result;
@@ -663,7 +663,12 @@ class Items extends Secure_Controller
 
         $employee_id = $this->employee->get_logged_in_employee_info()->person_id;
 
-        if ($this->item->save_value($item_data, $item_id)) {
+        // For updates, include item_id in data array
+        if ($item_id !== NEW_ENTRY) {
+            $item_data['item_id'] = $item_id;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->item->saveValue($item_data)) {
             $success = true;
             $new_item = false;
 
@@ -826,8 +831,8 @@ class Items extends Secure_Controller
      */
     public function getRemoveLogo($item_id): ResponseInterface
     {
-        $item_data = ['pic_filename' => null];
-        $result = $this->item->save_value($item_data, $item_id);
+        $item_data = ['pic_filename' => null, 'item_id' => $item_id];
+        $result = $this->item->saveValue($item_data);
 
         return $this->response->setJSON(['success' => $result]);
     }
@@ -1039,7 +1044,7 @@ class Items extends Secure_Controller
                             return $value !== null && strlen($value);
                         });
 
-                        if (!$isFailedRow && $this->item->save_value($itemData, $itemId)) {
+                        if (!$isFailedRow && $this->item->saveValue($itemData)) {
                             $this->save_tax_data($row, $itemData);
                             $this->save_inventory_quantities($row, $itemData, $allowedStockLocations, $employeeId);
                             $csvAttributeValues = $this->extractAttributeData($row);
@@ -1312,8 +1317,8 @@ class Items extends Secure_Controller
                 $images = glob(FCPATH . "uploads/item_pics/$item->pic_filename.*");
                 if (sizeof($images) > 0) {
                     $new_pic_filename = pathinfo($images[0], PATHINFO_BASENAME);
-                    $item_data = ['pic_filename' => $new_pic_filename];
-                    $this->item->save_value($item_data, $item->item_id);
+                    $item_data = ['pic_filename' => $new_pic_filename, 'item_id' => $item->item_id];
+                    $this->item->saveValue($item_data);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/app/Models/Item.php b/app/Models/Item.php
index 3759810a0..1246d83b2 100644
--- a/app/Models/Item.php
+++ b/app/Models/Item.php
@@ -436,32 +436,39 @@ class Item extends Model
 
     /**
      * Inserts or updates an item
+     * 
+     * If the primary key (item_id) is present in the data array and the record exists,
+     * it will update the existing record. Otherwise, it will insert a new record.
+     * 
+     * @param array $data The item data to save (passed by reference to set item_id on insert)
+     * @return bool True on success, false on failure
      */
-    public function save_value(array &$item_data, int $item_id = NEW_ENTRY): bool    // TODO: need to bring this in line with parent or change the name
+    public function saveValue(array &$data): bool
     {
-        $builder = $this->db->table('items');
+        $primaryKey = $this->primaryKey;
+        $id = $data[$primaryKey] ?? NEW_ENTRY;
 
-        if ($item_id < 1 || !$this->exists($item_id, true)) {
-            if ($builder->insert($item_data)) {
-                $item_data['item_id'] = (int)$this->db->insertID();
-                if ($item_id < 1) {
-                    $builder = $this->db->table('items');
-                    $builder->where('item_id', $item_data['item_id']);
-                    $builder->update(['low_sell_item_id' => $item_data['item_id']]);
-                }
-
-                return true;
-            }
-
-            return false;
-        } else {
-            $item_data['item_id'] = $item_id;
+        // If id > 0 and record exists, update it
+        if ($id > 0 && $this->exists($id, true)) {
+            $builder = $this->db->table('items');
+            $builder->where($primaryKey, $id);
+            return $builder->update($data);
         }
 
+        // Insert new record
         $builder = $this->db->table('items');
-        $builder->where('item_id', $item_id);
+        if ($builder->insert($data)) {
+            $data[$primaryKey] = (int)$this->db->insertID();
+            
+            // Update low_sell_item_id for new items
+            $builder = $this->db->table('items');
+            $builder->where($primaryKey, $data[$primaryKey]);
+            $builder->update(['low_sell_item_id' => $data[$primaryKey]]);
 
-        return $builder->update($item_data);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1079,9 +1086,9 @@ class Item extends Model
         $total_quantity = $old_total_quantity + $items_received;
         $average_price = bcdiv(bcadd(bcmul((string)$items_received, (string)$new_price), bcmul((string)$old_total_quantity, (string)$old_price)), (string)$total_quantity);
 
-        $data = ['cost_price' => $average_price];
+        $data = ['cost_price' => $average_price, 'item_id' => $item_id];
 
-        return $this->save_value($data, $item_id);
+        return $this->saveValue($data);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/Controllers/ItemsCsvImportTest.php b/tests/Controllers/ItemsCsvImportTest.php
index d322377b0..e9e88c703 100644
--- a/tests/Controllers/ItemsCsvImportTest.php
+++ b/tests/Controllers/ItemsCsvImportTest.php
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $row = $this->db->table('items')
             ->where('item_number', $itemData['item_number'])
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $locationId = 1;
         $quantity = 100;
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $inventoryData = [
             'trans_inventory' => 50,
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $taxesData = [
             ['name' => 'VAT', 'percent' => 20],
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
                 'deleted' => false
             ];
 
-            $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+            $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
         }
 
         $item1 = $this->item->get_info_by_id_or_number('ITEM-A');
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($originalData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($originalData));
 
         $updatedData = [
             'item_id' => $originalData['item_id'],
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($updatedData, $updatedData['item_id']));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($updatedData));
 
         $updatedItem = $this->item->get_info($updatedData['item_id']);
         $this->assertEquals('Updated Name', $updatedItem->name);
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($originalData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($originalData));
 
         $definitionData = [
             'definition_name' => 'Color',
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $definitionData = [
             'definition_name' => 'Color',
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         // Mock Attribute DROPDOWN
         $definitionData = [
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $locationId = 1;
 
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $savedItem = $this->item->get_info($itemData['item_id']);
         $this->assertEquals(-1, (int)$savedItem->reorder_level);
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
                 'deleted' => 0
             ];
 
-            $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+            $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
             $savedItem = $this->item->get_info($itemData['item_id']);
 
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $savedItem = $this->item->get_info($itemData['item_id']);
         $this->assertEquals('8471', $savedItem->hsn_code);
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $locations = [
             'Warehouse' => 100,
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $this->assertIsInt($itemData['item_id']);
         $this->assertGreaterThan(0, $itemData['item_id']);
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $exists = $this->item->exists($itemData['item_id']);
         $this->assertTrue($exists);
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $taxesData = [];
         if (is_numeric($csvRow['Tax 1 Percent']) && $csvRow['Tax 1 Name'] !== '') {
@@ -1032,7 +1032,7 @@ class ItemsCsvImportTest extends CIUnitTestCase
             'deleted' => 0
         ];
 
-        $this->assertTrue($this->item->save_value($itemData));
+        $this->assertTrue($this->item->saveValue($itemData));
 
         $uniqueId = uniqid();
         $locations = ['Warehouse' . $uniqueId, 'Store' . $uniqueId];