Major changes:
- Remove exif_stripping_enabled checkbox, use multiselect only
- Feature is enabled when multiselect has selections
- Disabled when multiselect is empty
- Simplifies UI and logic
- Fix PHP implode() null issue
- Coerce null to empty array before implode (Config.php:398,399)
- Apply fix to both exif_fields_to_keep and image_allowed_types
- Fix GPS removal in Image_lib.php
- Remove GPS via ifd0.removeEntry() instead of incorrect setIfd(null)
- GPS INFO IFD POINTER now properly removed from IFD0
- Fix allowed_types array in Image_lib.php
- Remove unsupported 'image/bmp' and 'image/tiff'
- Return false instead of true for unhandled formats
- Add logging for EXIF stripping failures
- Log warnings when stripEXIF returns false
- Helps debugging without blocking uploads
- Fix migration consistency
- Remove exif_stripping_enabled config (no longer needed)
- Remove unused $forge variable
- Make defaults consistent: Copyright,Orientation,Software
- Update language strings
- Remove exif_stripping_enabled translations
- Clarify exif_fields_to_keep tooltip
Addresses all actionable comments from CodeRabbit review