diff --git a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/egress_test.go b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/egress_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f0a530ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/egress_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+
+	kube "tailscale.com/k8s-operator"
+	tsapi "tailscale.com/k8s-operator/apis/v1alpha1"
+	"tailscale.com/tstest"
+)
+
+const egressPort = 80
+
+// See [TestMain] for test requirements.
+func TestEgress(t *testing.T) {
+	if tnClient == nil {
+		t.Skip("TestEgress requires a working tailnet client")
+	}
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("IPv4", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if !clusterIPv4Support {
+			t.Skip("cluster does not support IPv4")
+		}
+		svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+			"tailscale.com/tailnet-ip": tnTarget.ipv4,
+		})
+		createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+		waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, kube.SvcIsReady)
+		testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("IPv6", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if !clusterIPv6Support {
+			t.Skip("cluster does not support IPv6")
+		}
+		svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+			"tailscale.com/tailnet-ip": tnTarget.ipv6,
+		})
+		createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+		waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, kube.SvcIsReady)
+		testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FQDN", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+			"tailscale.com/tailnet-fqdn": tnTarget.fqdn,
+		})
+		createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+		waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, kube.SvcIsReady)
+		testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+	})
+}
+
+// See [TestMain] for test requirements.
+func TestHAEgress(t *testing.T) {
+	if tnClient == nil {
+		t.Skip("TestHAEgress requires a working tailnet client")
+	}
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	pg := &tsapi.ProxyGroup{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name: generateName("egress"),
+		},
+		Spec: tsapi.ProxyGroupSpec{
+			Type: tsapi.ProxyGroupTypeEgress,
+		},
+	}
+	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, pg)
+
+	t.Run("IPv4", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if !clusterIPv4Support {
+			t.Skip("cluster does not support IPv4")
+		}
+		svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+			"tailscale.com/tailnet-ip":  tnTarget.ipv4,
+			"tailscale.com/proxy-group": pg.Name,
+		})
+		createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+		waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, pgEgressReady)
+		testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("IPv6", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if !clusterIPv6Support {
+			t.Skip("cluster does not support IPv6")
+		}
+		svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+			"tailscale.com/tailnet-ip":  tnTarget.ipv6,
+			"tailscale.com/proxy-group": pg.Name,
+		})
+		createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+		waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, pgEgressReady)
+		testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FQDN", func(t *testing.T) {
+		svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+			"tailscale.com/tailnet-fqdn": tnTarget.fqdn,
+			"tailscale.com/proxy-group":  pg.Name,
+		})
+		createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+		waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, pgEgressReady)
+		testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+	})
+}
+
+// See [TestMain] for test requirements.
+func TestHAEgressMultiTailnet(t *testing.T) {
+	if tnClient == nil || secondTNClient == nil {
+		t.Skip("TestHAEgressMultiTailnet requires a working tailnet client for a first and second tailnet")
+	}
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	pg := &tsapi.ProxyGroup{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name: generateName("egress"),
+		},
+		Spec: tsapi.ProxyGroupSpec{
+			Type:    tsapi.ProxyGroupTypeEgress,
+			Tailnet: "second-tailnet",
+		},
+	}
+	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, pg)
+	if err := verifyProxyGroupTailnet(t, pg, secondTNClient); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("verifying ProxyGroup %s is registered to the correct tailnet: %v", pg.Name, err)
+	}
+
+	svc := egressService(generateName("test-egress"), map[string]string{
+		"tailscale.com/tailnet-fqdn": secondTNTarget.fqdn,
+		"tailscale.com/proxy-group":  pg.Name,
+	})
+	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, svc)
+	waitForEgress(t, svc.Name, pgEgressReady)
+	testEgressIsReachable(t, ns, svc.Name)
+}
+
+func egressService(name string, annotations map[string]string) *corev1.Service {
+	return &corev1.Service{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:        name,
+			Namespace:   ns,
+			Annotations: annotations,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.ServiceSpec{
+			ExternalName: "placeholder",
+			Type:         corev1.ServiceTypeExternalName,
+			Ports: []corev1.ServicePort{
+				{
+					Name:     "http",
+					Protocol: corev1.ProtocolTCP,
+					Port:     egressPort,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func pgEgressReady(svc *corev1.Service) bool {
+	cond := kube.GetServiceCondition(svc, tsapi.EgressSvcReady)
+	return cond != nil && cond.Status == metav1.ConditionTrue
+}
+
+func waitForEgress(t *testing.T, svcName string, ready func(*corev1.Service) bool) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := tstest.WaitFor(5*time.Minute, func() error {
+		svc := &corev1.Service{ObjectMeta: objectMeta(ns, svcName)}
+		if err := get(t.Context(), kubeClient, svc); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if ready(svc) {
+			t.Logf("Service %s is ready", svcName)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("Service %s is not ready yet", svcName)
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("error waiting for Service %s to become ready: %v", svcName, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func testEgressIsReachable(t *testing.T, namespace, svcName string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("http://%s.%s.svc.cluster.local:%d", svcName, namespace, egressPort)
+	pod := &corev1.Pod{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      generateName("curl"),
+			Namespace: namespace,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.PodSpec{
+			RestartPolicy: corev1.RestartPolicyNever,
+			Containers: []corev1.Container{
+				{
+					Name:  "curl",
+					Image: "curlimages/curl",
+					Command: []string{"sh", "-c", fmt.Sprintf(
+						`for i in $(seq 1 10); do `+
+							`code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%%{http_code}" --max-time 5 %q); `+
+							`[ "$code" = "200" ] && exit 0; sleep 2; done; exit 1`, url)},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, pod)
+
+	if err := tstest.WaitFor(2*time.Minute, func() error {
+		p := &corev1.Pod{ObjectMeta: objectMeta(namespace, pod.Name)}
+		if err := get(t.Context(), kubeClient, p); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if p.Status.Phase == corev1.PodSucceeded {
+			t.Logf("curl pod %s succeeded", pod.Name)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("curl pod %s phase: %s", pod.Name, p.Status.Phase)
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("egress service %s/%s not reachable: %v",
+			namespace, svcName, err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/helpers.go b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/helpers.go
index e01821c23..b72a939cb 100644
--- a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/helpers.go
+++ b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/helpers.go
@@ -9,9 +9,15 @@
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
+	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
+	tsapi "tailscale.com/k8s-operator/apis/v1alpha1"
+	"tailscale.com/kube/kubetypes"
 	"tailscale.com/tsnet"
+	"tailscale.com/tstest"
 )
 
 func generateName(prefix string) string {
@@ -29,3 +35,53 @@ func newHTTPClient(cl *tsnet.Server) *http.Client {
 		},
 	}
 }
+
+// verifyProxyGroupTailnet verifies that a ProxyGroup is registered to the correct tailnet.
+// This is done by getting the expected tailnet domain for the tailnet client,
+// and comparing this with the actual device fqdn in the ProxyGroup state secret.
+func verifyProxyGroupTailnet(t *testing.T, pg *tsapi.ProxyGroup, cl *tsnet.Server) error {
+	t.Helper()
+	// Determine the expected tailnet Magic DNS Name.
+	lc, err := cl.LocalClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	status, err := lc.Status(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, expectedTailnet, ok := strings.Cut(strings.TrimSuffix(status.Self.DNSName, "."), ".")
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected DNSName format %q", status.Self.DNSName)
+	}
+	// Read the device FQDN from the first state secret for the ProxyGroup,
+	// and verify that this matches the expected tailnet.
+	if err := tstest.WaitFor(3*time.Minute, func() error {
+		var secrets corev1.SecretList
+		if err := kubeClient.List(t.Context(), &secrets,
+			client.InNamespace("tailscale"),
+			client.MatchingLabels{
+				kubetypes.LabelSecretType:            kubetypes.LabelSecretTypeState,
+				"tailscale.com/parent-resource-type": "proxygroup",
+				"tailscale.com/parent-resource":      pg.Name,
+			},
+		); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(secrets.Items) == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("no state secrets found for ProxyGroup %q yet", pg.Name)
+		}
+		fqdn := strings.TrimSuffix(string(secrets.Items[0].Data[kubetypes.KeyDeviceFQDN]), ".")
+		_, tailnet, ok := strings.Cut(fqdn, ".")
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("ProxyGroup %q: device FQDN %q has no domain yet", pg.Name, fqdn)
+		}
+		if tailnet != expectedTailnet {
+			return fmt.Errorf("ProxyGroup %q on wrong tailnet: got domain %q, want %q", pg.Name, tailnet, expectedTailnet)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ProxyGroup %q not on expected tailnet: %v", pg.Name, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/ingress_test.go b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/ingress_test.go
index bef24ca5a..67dfd1b0b 100644
--- a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/ingress_test.go
+++ b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/ingress_test.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 	kube "tailscale.com/k8s-operator"
 	tsapi "tailscale.com/k8s-operator/apis/v1alpha1"
 	"tailscale.com/kube/kubetypes"
-	"tailscale.com/tsnet"
 	"tailscale.com/tstest"
 	"tailscale.com/util/httpm"
 )
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@ func TestL3Ingress(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestL3Ingress requires a working tailnet client")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Apply nginx
 	nginx := nginxDeployment(ns)
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ func TestL3HAIngress(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestL3HAIngress requires a working tailnet client")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Apply nginx.
 	nginx := nginxDeployment(ns)
@@ -187,6 +188,7 @@ func TestL7Ingress(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestL7Ingress requires a working tailnet client")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Apply nginx Deployment and Service.
 	nginx := nginxDeployment(ns)
@@ -229,6 +231,7 @@ func TestL7HAIngress(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestL7HAIngress requires a working tailnet client")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Apply nginx Deployment and Service.
 	nginx := nginxDeployment(ns)
@@ -282,6 +285,7 @@ func TestL7HAIngressMultiTailnet(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil || secondTNClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestL7HAIngressMultiTailnet requires a working tailnet client for a first and second tailnet")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Apply nginx Deployment and Service.
 	nginx := nginxDeployment(ns)
@@ -486,59 +490,6 @@ func testIngressIsReachable(t *testing.T, httpClient *http.Client, url string) e
 	}); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error trying to reach %s: %w", url, err)
 	}
-	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected status from %s: %d", url, resp.StatusCode)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// verifyProxyGroupTailnet verifies that a ProxyGroup is registered to the correct tailnet.
-// This is done by getting the expected tailnet domain for the tailnet client,
-// and comparing this with the actual device fqdn in the ProxyGroup state secret.
-func verifyProxyGroupTailnet(t *testing.T, pg *tsapi.ProxyGroup, cl *tsnet.Server) error {
-	t.Helper()
-	// Determine the expected tailnet Magic DNS Name.
-	lc, err := cl.LocalClient()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	status, err := lc.Status(t.Context())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	_, expectedTailnet, ok := strings.Cut(strings.TrimSuffix(status.Self.DNSName, "."), ".")
-	if !ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected DNSName format %q", status.Self.DNSName)
-	}
-	// Read the device FQDN from the first state secret for the ProxyGroup,
-	// and verify that this matches the expected tailnet.
-	if err := tstest.WaitFor(3*time.Minute, func() error {
-		var secrets corev1.SecretList
-		if err := kubeClient.List(t.Context(), &secrets,
-			client.InNamespace("tailscale"),
-			client.MatchingLabels{
-				kubetypes.LabelSecretType:            kubetypes.LabelSecretTypeState,
-				"tailscale.com/parent-resource-type": "proxygroup",
-				"tailscale.com/parent-resource":      pg.Name,
-			},
-		); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if len(secrets.Items) == 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("no state secrets found for ProxyGroup %q yet", pg.Name)
-		}
-		fqdn := strings.TrimSuffix(string(secrets.Items[0].Data[kubetypes.KeyDeviceFQDN]), ".")
-		_, tailnet, ok := strings.Cut(fqdn, ".")
-		if !ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("ProxyGroup %q: device FQDN %q has no domain yet", pg.Name, fqdn)
-		}
-		if tailnet != expectedTailnet {
-			return fmt.Errorf("ProxyGroup %q on wrong tailnet: got domain %q, want %q", pg.Name, tailnet, expectedTailnet)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("ProxyGroup %q not on expected tailnet: %v", pg.Name, err)
-	}
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxy_test.go b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxy_test.go
index 3caf1c91d..70ccdb21a 100644
--- a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxy_test.go
+++ b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxy_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ func TestProxy(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestProxy requires a working tailnet client")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create role and role binding to allow a group we'll impersonate to do stuff.
 	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, &rbacv1.Role{
diff --git a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxygrouppolicy_test.go b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxygrouppolicy_test.go
index 0e73394d5..72373dfba 100644
--- a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxygrouppolicy_test.go
+++ b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/proxygrouppolicy_test.go
@@ -20,12 +20,21 @@ func TestProxyGroupPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 	if tnClient == nil {
 		t.Skip("TestProxyGroupPolicy requires a working tailnet client")
 	}
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Run in a dedicated namespace so the ValidatingAdmissionPolicies the
+	// operator generates for our ProxyGroupPolicies don't affect Services/Ingresses
+	// created by the other parallel tests in the default namespace.
+	pgPolicyNs := &corev1.Namespace{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: generateName("test-pgpolicy")},
+	}
+	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, pgPolicyNs)
 
 	// Apply deny-all policy
 	denyAllPolicy := &tsapi.ProxyGroupPolicy{
 		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
 			Name:      "deny-all",
-			Namespace: metav1.NamespaceDefault,
+			Namespace: pgPolicyNs.Name,
 		},
 		Spec: tsapi.ProxyGroupPolicySpec{
 			Ingress: []string{},
@@ -36,12 +45,12 @@ func TestProxyGroupPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 	createAndCleanup(t, kubeClient, denyAllPolicy)
 	<-time.After(time.Second * 2)
 
-	// Attempt to create an egress Service within the default namespace, the above policy should
+	// Attempt to create an egress Service within the namespace, the above policy should
 	// reject it.
 	egressService := &corev1.Service{
 		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
 			Name:      "egress-to-proxy-group",
-			Namespace: metav1.NamespaceDefault,
+			Namespace: pgPolicyNs.Name,
 			Annotations: map[string]string{
 				"tailscale.com/tailnet-fqdn": "test.something.ts.net",
 				"tailscale.com/proxy-group":  "test",
@@ -69,12 +78,12 @@ func TestProxyGroupPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error when creating egress service")
 	}
 
-	// Attempt to create an ingress Service within the default namespace, the above policy should
+	// Attempt to create an ingress Service within the namespace, the above policy should
 	// reject it.
 	ingressService := &corev1.Service{
 		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
 			Name:      "ingress-to-proxy-group",
-			Namespace: metav1.NamespaceDefault,
+			Namespace: pgPolicyNs.Name,
 			Annotations: map[string]string{
 				"tailscale.com/proxy-group": "test",
 			},
@@ -101,11 +110,11 @@ func TestProxyGroupPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected error when creating ingress service")
 	}
 
-	// Attempt to create an Ingress within the default namespace, the above policy should reject it
+	// Attempt to create an Ingress within the namespace, the above policy should reject it
 	ingress := &networkingv1.Ingress{
 		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
 			Name:      "ingress-to-proxy-group",
-			Namespace: metav1.NamespaceDefault,
+			Namespace: pgPolicyNs.Name,
 			Annotations: map[string]string{
 				"tailscale.com/proxy-group": "test",
 			},
@@ -142,7 +151,7 @@ func TestProxyGroupPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 	allowTestPolicy := &tsapi.ProxyGroupPolicy{
 		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
 			Name:      "allow-test",
-			Namespace: metav1.NamespaceDefault,
+			Namespace: pgPolicyNs.Name,
 		},
 		Spec: tsapi.ProxyGroupPolicySpec{
 			Ingress: []string{"test"},
diff --git a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/setup.go b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/setup.go
index 0d4ca80ad..c6fadc7da 100644
--- a/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/setup.go
+++ b/cmd/k8s-operator/e2e/setup.go
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@
 	"crypto/x509"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@
 	"sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
 	klog "sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/log"
 	kzap "sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/log/zap"
+	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/apis/config/v1alpha4"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cluster/nodeutils"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/kind/pkg/cmd"
@@ -73,11 +77,15 @@
 var (
 	tsClient           *tailscale.Client // For API calls to control.
 	tnClient           *tsnet.Server     // For testing real tailnet traffic on first tailnet.
+	tnTarget           tailnetTarget     // Egress target on the first tailnet.
 	secondTSClient     *tailscale.Client // For API calls to the secondary tailnet (_second_tailnet).
 	secondTNClient     *tsnet.Server     // For testing real tailnet traffic on second tailnet.
+	secondTNTarget     tailnetTarget     // Egress target on the second tailnet.
 	restCfg            *rest.Config      // For constructing a client-go client if necessary.
 	kubeClient         client.WithWatch  // For k8s API calls.
 	clusterLoginServer string
+	clusterIPv4Support bool // whether the test cluster supports IPv4.
+	clusterIPv6Support bool // whether the test cluster supports IPv6.
 
 	//go:embed certs/pebble.minica.crt
 	pebbleMiniCACert []byte
@@ -136,6 +144,11 @@ func runTests(m *testing.M) (int, error) {
 
 		if !slices.Contains(clusters, kindClusterName) {
 			if err := kindProvider.Create(kindClusterName,
+				cluster.CreateWithV1Alpha4Config(&v1alpha4.Cluster{
+					Networking: v1alpha4.Networking{
+						IPFamily: v1alpha4.DualStackFamily,
+					},
+				}),
 				cluster.CreateWithWaitForReady(5*time.Minute),
 				cluster.CreateWithKubeconfigPath(kubeconfig),
 				cluster.CreateWithNodeImage("kindest/node:v1.35.0"),
@@ -161,6 +174,10 @@ func runTests(m *testing.M) (int, error) {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("error creating Kubernetes client: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	if err := detectClusterIPFamilies(ctx, logger, kubeClient); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("error detecting cluster IP families: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	var (
 		clientID, clientSecret string   // OAuth client for the first tailnet (for the operator to use).
 		caPaths                []string // Extra CA cert file paths to add to images.
@@ -514,6 +531,10 @@ func runTests(m *testing.M) (int, error) {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	defer tnClient.Close()
+	tnTarget, err = startTailnetHTTPServer(ctx, tnClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to start tailnet HTTP server on first tailnet: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	secondTNClient = &tsnet.Server{
 		ControlURL: secondTSClient.BaseURL.String(),
@@ -527,6 +548,10 @@ func runTests(m *testing.M) (int, error) {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	defer secondTNClient.Close()
+	secondTNTarget, err = startTailnetHTTPServer(ctx, secondTNClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to start tailnet HTTP server on second tailnet: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	// Create the tailnet Secret in the tailscale namespace.
 	secret := &corev1.Secret{
@@ -842,6 +867,88 @@ func createOrUpdate(ctx context.Context, cl client.Client, obj client.Object) er
 	return nil
 }
 
+// detectClusterIPFamilies determines which IP families the cluster supports by
+// creating a throwaway ClusterIP Service with PreferDualStack and reading back
+// the IP families the API server assigns.
+func detectClusterIPFamilies(ctx context.Context, logger *zap.SugaredLogger, cl client.Client) error {
+	svc := &corev1.Service{
+		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
+			Name:      generateName("ipfamily-probe"),
+			Namespace: ns,
+		},
+		Spec: corev1.ServiceSpec{
+			Type:           corev1.ServiceTypeClusterIP,
+			IPFamilyPolicy: new(corev1.IPFamilyPolicyPreferDualStack),
+			Ports: []corev1.ServicePort{
+				{Name: "probe", Protocol: corev1.ProtocolTCP, Port: 80},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	if err := cl.Create(ctx, svc); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create IP family Service: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := cl.Delete(ctx, svc); err != nil {
+			logger.Warnf("failed to clean up IP family Service %s/%s: %v", svc.Namespace, svc.Name, err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for _, ip := range svc.Spec.IPFamilies {
+		switch ip {
+		case corev1.IPv4Protocol:
+			clusterIPv4Support = true
+		case corev1.IPv6Protocol:
+			clusterIPv6Support = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !clusterIPv4Support && !clusterIPv6Support {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Service %s/%s reported no IP families", svc.Namespace, svc.Name)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// tailnetTarget holds the FQDN, IPv4, and IPv6 addresses of the tailnet
+// HTTP server used as the egress target.
+type tailnetTarget struct {
+	fqdn, ipv4, ipv6 string
+}
+
+// startTailnetHTTPServer starts an HTTP server that returns the tailnet FQDN, IPv4,
+// and IPv6 addresses of the created node. Used as an egress target in tests.
+func startTailnetHTTPServer(ctx context.Context, cl *tsnet.Server) (tailnetTarget, error) {
+	ln, err := cl.Listen("tcp", ":80")
+	if err != nil {
+		return tailnetTarget{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to listen on tailnet: %w", err)
+	}
+	go func() {
+		if err := http.Serve(ln, http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+		})); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
+			log.Printf("tailnet HTTP server exited: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	lc, err := cl.LocalClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return tailnetTarget{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get local client: %w", err)
+	}
+	status, err := lc.StatusWithoutPeers(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tailnetTarget{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get status: %w", err)
+	}
+	target := tailnetTarget{fqdn: strings.TrimSuffix(status.Self.DNSName, ".")}
+	for _, ip := range status.TailscaleIPs {
+		if ip.Is4() {
+			target.ipv4 = ip.String()
+		} else {
+			target.ipv6 = ip.String()
+		}
+	}
+	return target, nil
+}
+
 // createTailnet creates a new tailnet and returns a tailscale.Client
 // authenticated against it using the bootstrap credentials included in the
 // creation response.