all: update to Go 1.20, use strings.CutPrefix/Suffix instead of our fork

Updates #7123
Updates #5309

Change-Id: I90bcd87a2fb85a91834a0dd4be6e03db08438672
Signed-off-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@tailscale.com>
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Internal Server Error - Gitea: Git with a cup of tea
500 Internal Server Error

Gitea Version: 1.28.0+dev-477-g8b6ad49a5f