prober: support multiple probes running concurrently

Some probes might need to run for longer than their scheduling interval,
so this change relaxes the 1-at-a-time restriction, allowing us to
configure probe concurrency and timeout separately. The default values
remain the same (concurrency of 1; timeout of 80% of interval).

Updates tailscale/corp#25479

Signed-off-by: Anton Tolchanov <anton@tailscale.com>
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