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weewx/bin/weeutil/weeutil.py

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# This Python file uses the following encoding: utf-8
#
# Copyright (c) 2009-2018 Tom Keffer <tkeffer@gmail.com>
#
# See the file LICENSE.txt for your full rights.
#
"""Various handy utilities that don't belong anywhere else.
Works under Python 2 and Python 3.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import print_function
import calendar
import datetime
import math
import os
import shutil
import time
# Compatibility shims
import six
from six.moves import input
# For backwards compatibility:
from weeutil.config import accumulateLeaves, search_up
def convertToFloat(seq):
"""Convert a sequence with strings to floats, honoring 'Nones'"""
if seq is None:
return None
res = [None if s in ('None', 'none') else float(s) for s in seq]
return res
def option_as_list(option):
if option is None:
return None
return [option] if not isinstance(option, list) else option
def list_as_string(option):
"""Returns the argument as a string.
Useful for insuring that ConfigObj options are always returned
as a string, despite the presence of a comma in the middle.
Example:
>>> print(list_as_string('a string'))
a string
>>> print(list_as_string(['a', 'string']))
a, string
>>> print(list_as_string('Reno, NV'))
Reno, NV
"""
# Check if it's already a string.
if option is not None and not isinstance(option, six.string_types):
return ', '.join(option)
return option
def stampgen(startstamp, stopstamp, interval):
"""Generator function yielding a sequence of timestamps, spaced interval apart.
The sequence will fall on the same local time boundary as startstamp.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> startstamp = 1236560400
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(startstamp))
2009-03-08 18:00:00 PDT (1236560400)
>>> stopstamp = 1236607200
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(stopstamp))
2009-03-09 07:00:00 PDT (1236607200)
>>> for stamp in stampgen(startstamp, stopstamp, 10800):
... print(timestamp_to_string(stamp))
2009-03-08 18:00:00 PDT (1236560400)
2009-03-08 21:00:00 PDT (1236571200)
2009-03-09 00:00:00 PDT (1236582000)
2009-03-09 03:00:00 PDT (1236592800)
2009-03-09 06:00:00 PDT (1236603600)
Note that DST started in the middle of the sequence and that therefore the
actual time deltas between stamps is not necessarily 3 hours.
startstamp: The start of the sequence in unix epoch time.
stopstamp: The end of the sequence in unix epoch time.
interval: The time length of an interval in seconds.
yields a sequence of timestamps between startstamp and endstamp, inclusive.
"""
dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(startstamp)
stop_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(stopstamp)
if interval == 365.25 / 12 * 24 * 3600:
# Interval is a nominal month. This algorithm is
# necessary because not all months have the same length.
while dt <= stop_dt:
t_tuple = dt.timetuple()
yield time.mktime(t_tuple)
year = t_tuple[0]
month = t_tuple[1]
month += 1
if month > 12:
month -= 12
year += 1
dt = dt.replace(year=year, month=month)
else:
# This rather complicated algorithm is necessary (rather than just
# doing some time stamp arithmetic) because of the possibility that DST
# changes in the middle of an interval.
delta = datetime.timedelta(seconds=interval)
ts_last = 0
while dt <= stop_dt:
ts = int(time.mktime(dt.timetuple()))
# This check is necessary because time.mktime() cannot
# disambiguate between 2am ST and 3am DST. For example,
# time.mktime((2013, 3, 10, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)) and
# time.mktime((2013, 3, 10, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))
# both give the same value (1362909600)
if ts > ts_last:
yield ts
ts_last = ts
dt += delta
def startOfInterval(time_ts, interval):
"""Find the start time of an interval.
This algorithm assumes the day is divided up into
intervals of 'interval' length. Given a timestamp, it
figures out which interval it lies in, returning the start
time.
time_ts: A timestamp. The start of the interval containing this
timestamp will be returned.
interval: An interval length in seconds.
Returns: A timestamp with the start of the interval.
Examples:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> start_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:57:35", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 300))
'Thu Jul 4 01:55:00 2013'
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 300.0))
'Thu Jul 4 01:55:00 2013'
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 600))
'Thu Jul 4 01:50:00 2013'
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 900))
'Thu Jul 4 01:45:00 2013'
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 3600))
'Thu Jul 4 01:00:00 2013'
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 7200))
'Thu Jul 4 00:00:00 2013'
>>> start_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:00:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 300))
'Thu Jul 4 00:55:00 2013'
>>> start_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:00:01", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 300))
'Thu Jul 4 01:00:00 2013'
>>> start_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:04:59", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 300))
'Thu Jul 4 01:00:00 2013'
>>> start_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 00:00:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 300))
'Wed Jul 3 23:55:00 2013'
>>> start_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 07:51:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 60))
'Thu Jul 4 07:50:00 2013'
>>> start_ts += 0.1
>>> time.ctime(startOfInterval(start_ts, 60))
'Thu Jul 4 07:51:00 2013'
"""
interval_m = int(interval // 60)
interval_h = int(interval // 3600)
time_tt = time.localtime(time_ts)
m = int(time_tt.tm_min // interval_m * interval_m)
h = int(time_tt.tm_hour // interval_h * interval_h) if interval_h > 1 else time_tt.tm_hour
# Replace the hour, minute, and seconds with the start of the interval.
# Everything else gets retained:
start_interval_ts = time.mktime((time_tt.tm_year,
time_tt.tm_mon,
time_tt.tm_mday,
h, m, 0,
0, 0, time_tt.tm_isdst))
# Weewx uses the convention that the interval is exclusive on left, inclusive
# on the right. So, if the timestamp is at the beginning of the interval,
# it actually belongs to the previous interval.
if time_ts == start_interval_ts:
start_interval_ts -= interval
return start_interval_ts
def _ord_to_ts(_ord):
d = datetime.date.fromordinal(_ord)
t = int(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))
return t
# ===============================================================================
# What follows is a bunch of "time span" routines. Generally, time spans
# are used when start and stop times fall on calendar boundaries
# such as days, months, years. So, it makes sense to talk of "daySpans",
# "weekSpans", etc. They are generally not used between two random times.
# ===============================================================================
class TimeSpan(tuple):
"""Represents a time span, exclusive on the left, inclusive on the right."""
def __new__(cls, *args):
if args[0] > args[1]:
raise ValueError("start time (%d) is greater than stop time (%d)" % (args[0], args[1]))
return tuple.__new__(cls, args)
@property
def start(self):
return self[0]
@property
def stop(self):
return self[1]
@property
def length(self):
return self[1] - self[0]
def includesArchiveTime(self, timestamp):
"""
Returns True if the span includes the time timestamp, otherwise False.
timestamp: The timestamp to be tested.
"""
return self.start < timestamp <= self.stop
def includes(self, span):
return self.start <= span.start <= self.stop and self.start <= span.stop <= self.stop
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.start == other.start and self.stop == other.stop
def __str__(self):
return "[%s -> %s]" % (timestamp_to_string(self.start),
timestamp_to_string(self.stop))
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.start) ^ hash(self.stop)
def __cmp__(self, other):
if self.start < other.start:
return - 1
return 0 if self.start == other.start else 1
def intervalgen(start_ts, stop_ts, interval):
"""Generator function yielding a sequence of time spans whose boundaries
are on constant local time.
Yields a sequence of TimeSpans. The start times of the timespans will
be on the same local time boundary as the start of the sequence. See the
example below.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> startstamp = 1236477600
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(startstamp))
2009-03-07 18:00:00 PST (1236477600)
>>> stopstamp = 1236538800
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(stopstamp))
2009-03-08 12:00:00 PDT (1236538800)
>>> for span in intervalgen(startstamp, stopstamp, 10800):
... print(span)
[2009-03-07 18:00:00 PST (1236477600) -> 2009-03-07 21:00:00 PST (1236488400)]
[2009-03-07 21:00:00 PST (1236488400) -> 2009-03-08 00:00:00 PST (1236499200)]
[2009-03-08 00:00:00 PST (1236499200) -> 2009-03-08 03:00:00 PDT (1236506400)]
[2009-03-08 03:00:00 PDT (1236506400) -> 2009-03-08 06:00:00 PDT (1236517200)]
[2009-03-08 06:00:00 PDT (1236517200) -> 2009-03-08 09:00:00 PDT (1236528000)]
[2009-03-08 09:00:00 PDT (1236528000) -> 2009-03-08 12:00:00 PDT (1236538800)]
(Note how in this example the local time boundaries are constant, despite
DST kicking in. The interval length is not constant.)
Another example, this one over the Fall DST boundary, and using 1 hour intervals:
>>> startstamp = 1257051600
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(startstamp))
2009-10-31 22:00:00 PDT (1257051600)
>>> stopstamp = 1257080400
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(stopstamp))
2009-11-01 05:00:00 PST (1257080400)
>>> for span in intervalgen(startstamp, stopstamp, 3600):
... print(span)
[2009-10-31 22:00:00 PDT (1257051600) -> 2009-10-31 23:00:00 PDT (1257055200)]
[2009-10-31 23:00:00 PDT (1257055200) -> 2009-11-01 00:00:00 PDT (1257058800)]
[2009-11-01 00:00:00 PDT (1257058800) -> 2009-11-01 01:00:00 PDT (1257062400)]
[2009-11-01 01:00:00 PDT (1257062400) -> 2009-11-01 02:00:00 PST (1257069600)]
[2009-11-01 02:00:00 PST (1257069600) -> 2009-11-01 03:00:00 PST (1257073200)]
[2009-11-01 03:00:00 PST (1257073200) -> 2009-11-01 04:00:00 PST (1257076800)]
[2009-11-01 04:00:00 PST (1257076800) -> 2009-11-01 05:00:00 PST (1257080400)]
start_ts: The start of the first interval in unix epoch time. In unix epoch time.
stop_ts: The end of the last interval will be equal to or less than this.
In unix epoch time.
interval: The time length of an interval in seconds.
yields: A sequence of TimeSpans. Both the start and end of the timespan
will be on the same time boundary as start_ts"""
dt1 = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(start_ts)
stop_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(stop_ts)
if interval == 365.25 / 12 * 24 * 3600:
# Interval is a nominal month. This algorithm is
# necessary because not all months have the same length.
while dt1 < stop_dt:
t_tuple = dt1.timetuple()
year = t_tuple[0]
month = t_tuple[1]
month += 1
if month > 12:
month -= 12
year += 1
dt2 = min(dt1.replace(year=year, month=month), stop_dt)
stamp1 = time.mktime(t_tuple)
stamp2 = time.mktime(dt2.timetuple())
yield TimeSpan(stamp1, stamp2)
dt1 = dt2
else:
# This rather complicated algorithm is necessary (rather than just
# doing some time stamp arithmetic) because of the possibility that DST
# changes in the middle of an interval
delta = datetime.timedelta(seconds=interval)
last_stamp1 = 0
while dt1 < stop_dt:
dt2 = min(dt1 + delta, stop_dt)
stamp1 = int(time.mktime(dt1.timetuple()))
stamp2 = int(time.mktime(dt2.timetuple()))
if stamp2 > stamp1 > last_stamp1:
yield TimeSpan(stamp1, stamp2)
last_stamp1 = stamp1
dt1 = dt2
def archiveHoursAgoSpan(time_ts, hours_ago=0, grace=1):
"""Returns a TimeSpan for x hours ago
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:57:35", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> print(archiveHoursAgoSpan(time_ts, hours_ago=0))
[2013-07-04 01:00:00 PDT (1372924800) -> 2013-07-04 02:00:00 PDT (1372928400)]
>>> print(archiveHoursAgoSpan(time_ts, hours_ago=2))
[2013-07-03 23:00:00 PDT (1372917600) -> 2013-07-04 00:00:00 PDT (1372921200)]
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(datetime.date(2013, 7, 4).timetuple())
>>> print(archiveHoursAgoSpan(time_ts, hours_ago=0))
[2013-07-03 23:00:00 PDT (1372917600) -> 2013-07-04 00:00:00 PDT (1372921200)]
>>> print(archiveHoursAgoSpan(time_ts, hours_ago=24))
[2013-07-02 23:00:00 PDT (1372831200) -> 2013-07-03 00:00:00 PDT (1372834800)]
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
time_ts -= grace
dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
hour_start_dt = dt.replace(minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0)
start_span_dt = hour_start_dt - datetime.timedelta(hours=hours_ago)
stop_span_dt = start_span_dt + datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
return TimeSpan(time.mktime(start_span_dt.timetuple()),
time.mktime(stop_span_dt.timetuple()))
def archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, time_delta=0, hour_delta=0, day_delta=0, week_delta=0, month_delta=0, year_delta=0):
""" Returns a TimeSpan for the last xxx seconds where xxx equals
time_delta sec + hour_delta hours + day_delta days + week_delta weeks + month_delta months + year_delta years
Note: For month_delta, 1 month = 30 days, For year_delta, 1 year = 365 days
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Australia/Brisbane'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2015-07-21 09:05:35", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, time_delta=3600))
[2015-07-21 08:05:35 AEST (1437429935) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, hour_delta=6))
[2015-07-21 03:05:35 AEST (1437411935) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, day_delta=1))
[2015-07-20 09:05:35 AEST (1437347135) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, time_delta=3600, day_delta=1))
[2015-07-20 08:05:35 AEST (1437343535) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, week_delta=4))
[2015-06-23 09:05:35 AEST (1435014335) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, month_delta=1))
[2015-06-21 09:05:35 AEST (1434841535) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, year_delta=1))
[2014-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1405897535) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
>>> print(archiveSpanSpan(time_ts))
[2015-07-21 09:05:34 AEST (1437433534) -> 2015-07-21 09:05:35 AEST (1437433535)]
Example over a DST boundary. Because Brisbane does not observe DST, we need to
switch timezones.
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = 1457888400
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(time_ts))
2016-03-13 10:00:00 PDT (1457888400)
>>> span = archiveSpanSpan(time_ts, day_delta=1)
>>> print(span)
[2016-03-12 10:00:00 PST (1457805600) -> 2016-03-13 10:00:00 PDT (1457888400)]
Note that there is not 24 hours of time over this span:
>>> print((span.stop - span.start) / 3600.0)
23.0
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
# Use a datetime.timedelta so that it can take DST into account:
time_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
time_dt -= datetime.timedelta(weeks=week_delta, days=day_delta, hours=hour_delta, seconds=time_delta)
# Now add the deltas for months and years. Because these can be variable in length,
# some special arithmetic is needed. Start by calculating the number of
# months since 0 AD:
total_months = 12 * time_dt.year + time_dt.month - 1 - 12 * year_delta - month_delta
# Convert back from total months since 0 AD to year and month:
year = total_months // 12
month = total_months % 12 + 1
# Apply the delta to our datetime object
start_dt = time_dt.replace(year=year, month=month)
# Finally, convert to unix epoch time
start_ts = int(time.mktime(start_dt.timetuple()))
if start_ts == time_ts:
start_ts -= 1
return TimeSpan(start_ts, time_ts)
def isMidnight(time_ts):
"""Is the indicated time on a midnight boundary, local time?
NB: This algorithm does not work in countries that switch to DST
at midnight, such as Brazil.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:57:35", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> print(isMidnight(time_ts))
False
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 00:00:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> print(isMidnight(time_ts))
True
"""
time_tt = time.localtime(time_ts)
return time_tt.tm_hour == 0 and time_tt.tm_min == 0 and time_tt.tm_sec == 0
def isStartOfDay(time_ts):
"""Is the indicated time at the start of the day, local time?
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 01:57:35", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> print(isStartOfDay(time_ts))
False
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2013-07-04 00:00:00", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
>>> print(isStartOfDay(time_ts))
True
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Sao_Paulo'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = 1541300400
>>> print(isStartOfDay(time_ts))
True
>>> print(isStartOfDay(time_ts - 1))
False
"""
# Test the date of the time against the date a tenth of a second before.
# If they do not match, the time must have been the start of the day
dt1 = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
dt2 = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts - .1)
return not dt1 == dt2
def archiveDaySpan(time_ts, grace=1, days_ago=0):
"""Returns a TimeSpan representing a day that includes a given time.
Midnight is considered to actually belong in the previous day if
grace is greater than zero.
time_ts: The day will include this timestamp.
grace: This many seconds past midnight marks the start of the next
day. Set to zero to have midnight be included in the
following day. [Optional. Default is 1 second.]
days_ago: Which day we want. 0=today, 1=yesterday, etc.
returns: A TimeSpan object one day long.
Example, which spans the end-of-year boundary
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = time.mktime(time.strptime("2014-01-01 01:57:35", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
As for today:
>>> print(archiveDaySpan(time_ts))
[2014-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1388563200) -> 2014-01-02 00:00:00 PST (1388649600)]
Ask for yesterday:
>>> print(archiveDaySpan(time_ts, days_ago=1))
[2013-12-31 00:00:00 PST (1388476800) -> 2014-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1388563200)]
Day before yesterday
>>> print(archiveDaySpan(time_ts, days_ago=2))
[2013-12-30 00:00:00 PST (1388390400) -> 2013-12-31 00:00:00 PST (1388476800)]
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
time_ts -= grace
_day_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
_day_ord = _day_date.toordinal()
return TimeSpan(_ord_to_ts(_day_ord - days_ago), _ord_to_ts(_day_ord - days_ago + 1))
# For backwards compatibility. Not sure if anyone is actually using this
archiveDaysAgoSpan = archiveDaySpan
def archiveWeekSpan(time_ts, startOfWeek=6, grace=1, weeks_ago=0):
"""Returns a TimeSpan representing a week that includes a given time.
The time at midnight at the end of the week is considered to
actually belong in the previous week.
time_ts: The week will include this timestamp.
startOfWeek: The start of the week (0=Monday, 1=Tues, ..., 6 = Sun).
grace: This many seconds past midnight marks the start of the next
week. Set to zero to have midnight be included in the
following week. [Optional. Default is 1 second.]
weeks_ago: Which week we want. 0=this week, 1=last week, etc.
returns: A TimeSpan object one week long that contains time_ts. It will
start at midnight of the day considered the start of the week, and be
one week long.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = 1483429962
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(time_ts))
2017-01-02 23:52:42 PST (1483429962)
>>> print(archiveWeekSpan(time_ts))
[2017-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1483257600) -> 2017-01-08 00:00:00 PST (1483862400)]
>>> print(archiveWeekSpan(time_ts, weeks_ago=1))
[2016-12-25 00:00:00 PST (1482652800) -> 2017-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1483257600)]
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
time_ts -= grace
_day_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
_day_of_week = _day_date.weekday()
_delta = _day_of_week - startOfWeek
if _delta < 0:
_delta += 7
_sunday_date = _day_date - datetime.timedelta(days=(_delta + 7 * weeks_ago))
_next_sunday_date = _sunday_date + datetime.timedelta(days=7)
return TimeSpan(int(time.mktime(_sunday_date.timetuple())),
int(time.mktime(_next_sunday_date.timetuple())))
def archiveMonthSpan(time_ts, grace=1, months_ago=0):
"""Returns a TimeSpan representing a month that includes a given time.
Midnight of the 1st of the month is considered to actually belong
in the previous month.
time_ts: The month will include this timestamp.
grace: This many seconds past midnight marks the start of the next
month. Set to zero to have midnight be included in the
following month. [Optional. Default is 1 second.]
months_ago: Which month we want. 0=this month, 1=last month, etc.
returns: A TimeSpan object one month long that contains time_ts.
It will start at midnight of the start of the month, and end at midnight
of the start of the next month.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = 1483429962
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(time_ts))
2017-01-02 23:52:42 PST (1483429962)
>>> print(archiveMonthSpan(time_ts))
[2017-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1483257600) -> 2017-02-01 00:00:00 PST (1485936000)]
>>> print(archiveMonthSpan(time_ts, months_ago=1))
[2016-12-01 00:00:00 PST (1480579200) -> 2017-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1483257600)]
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
time_ts -= grace
# First find the first of the month
day_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
start_of_month_date = day_date.replace(day=1)
# Total number of months since 0AD
total_months = 12 * start_of_month_date.year + start_of_month_date.month - 1
# Adjust for the requested delta:
total_months -= months_ago
# Now rebuild the date
start_year = total_months // 12
start_month = total_months % 12 + 1
start_date = datetime.date(year=start_year, month=start_month, day=1)
# Advance to the start of the next month. This will be the end of the time span.
total_months += 1
stop_year = total_months // 12
stop_month = total_months % 12 + 1
stop_date = datetime.date(year=stop_year, month=stop_month, day=1)
return TimeSpan(int(time.mktime(start_date.timetuple())),
int(time.mktime(stop_date.timetuple())))
def archiveYearSpan(time_ts, grace=1, years_ago=0):
"""Returns a TimeSpan representing a year that includes a given time.
Midnight of the 1st of the January is considered to actually belong
in the previous year.
time_ts: The year will include this timestamp.
grace: This many seconds past midnight marks the start of the next
year. Set to zero to have midnight be included in the
following year. [Optional. Default is 1 second.]
years_ago: Which year we want. 0=this year, 1=last year, etc.
returns: A TimeSpan object one year long that contains time_ts. It will
begin and end at midnight 1-Jan.
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
time_ts -= grace
_day_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
return TimeSpan(int(time.mktime((_day_date.year - years_ago, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))),
int(time.mktime((_day_date.year - years_ago + 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))))
def archiveRainYearSpan(time_ts, sory_mon, grace=1):
"""Returns a TimeSpan representing a rain year that includes a given time.
Midnight of the 1st of the month starting the rain year is considered to
actually belong in the previous rain year.
time_ts: The rain year will include this timestamp.
sory_mon: The month the rain year starts.
grace: This many seconds past midnight marks the start of the next
rain year. Set to zero to have midnight be included in the
following rain year. [Optional. Default is 1 second.]
returns: A TimeSpan object one year long that contains time_ts. It will
begin on the 1st of the month that starts the rain year.
"""
if time_ts is None:
return None
time_ts -= grace
_day_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
_year = _day_date.year if _day_date.month >= sory_mon else _day_date.year - 1
return TimeSpan(int(time.mktime((_year, sory_mon, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))),
int(time.mktime((_year + 1, sory_mon, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))))
def genHourSpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
"""Generator function that generates start/stop of hours in an inclusive range.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> start_ts = 1204796460
>>> stop_ts = 1204818360
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(start_ts))
2008-03-06 01:41:00 PST (1204796460)
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(stop_ts))
2008-03-06 07:46:00 PST (1204818360)
>>> for span in genHourSpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
... print(span)
[2008-03-06 01:00:00 PST (1204794000) -> 2008-03-06 02:00:00 PST (1204797600)]
[2008-03-06 02:00:00 PST (1204797600) -> 2008-03-06 03:00:00 PST (1204801200)]
[2008-03-06 03:00:00 PST (1204801200) -> 2008-03-06 04:00:00 PST (1204804800)]
[2008-03-06 04:00:00 PST (1204804800) -> 2008-03-06 05:00:00 PST (1204808400)]
[2008-03-06 05:00:00 PST (1204808400) -> 2008-03-06 06:00:00 PST (1204812000)]
[2008-03-06 06:00:00 PST (1204812000) -> 2008-03-06 07:00:00 PST (1204815600)]
[2008-03-06 07:00:00 PST (1204815600) -> 2008-03-06 08:00:00 PST (1204819200)]
start_ts: A time stamp somewhere in the first day.
stop_ts: A time stamp somewhere in the last day.
yields: Instance of TimeSpan, where the start is the time stamp
of the start of the day, the stop is the time stamp of the start
of the next day.
"""
_stop_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(stop_ts)
_start_hour = int(start_ts / 3600)
_stop_hour = int(stop_ts / 3600)
if (_stop_dt.minute, _stop_dt.second) == (0, 0):
_stop_hour -= 1
for _hour in range(_start_hour, _stop_hour + 1):
yield TimeSpan(_hour * 3600, (_hour + 1) * 3600)
def genDaySpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
"""Generator function that generates start/stop of days in an inclusive range.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> start_ts = 1204796460
>>> stop_ts = 1205265720
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(start_ts))
2008-03-06 01:41:00 PST (1204796460)
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(stop_ts))
2008-03-11 13:02:00 PDT (1205265720)
>>> for span in genDaySpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
... print(span)
[2008-03-06 00:00:00 PST (1204790400) -> 2008-03-07 00:00:00 PST (1204876800)]
[2008-03-07 00:00:00 PST (1204876800) -> 2008-03-08 00:00:00 PST (1204963200)]
[2008-03-08 00:00:00 PST (1204963200) -> 2008-03-09 00:00:00 PST (1205049600)]
[2008-03-09 00:00:00 PST (1205049600) -> 2008-03-10 00:00:00 PDT (1205132400)]
[2008-03-10 00:00:00 PDT (1205132400) -> 2008-03-11 00:00:00 PDT (1205218800)]
[2008-03-11 00:00:00 PDT (1205218800) -> 2008-03-12 00:00:00 PDT (1205305200)]
Note that a daylight savings time change happened 8 March 2009.
start_ts: A time stamp somewhere in the first day.
stop_ts: A time stamp somewhere in the last day.
yields: Instance of TimeSpan, where the start is the time stamp
of the start of the day, the stop is the time stamp of the start
of the next day.
"""
_start_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(start_ts)
_stop_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(stop_ts)
_start_ord = _start_dt.toordinal()
_stop_ord = _stop_dt.toordinal()
if (_stop_dt.hour, _stop_dt.minute, _stop_dt.second) == (0, 0, 0):
_stop_ord -= 1
for _ord in range(_start_ord, _stop_ord + 1):
yield TimeSpan(_ord_to_ts(_ord), _ord_to_ts(_ord + 1))
def genMonthSpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
"""Generator function that generates start/stop of months in an
inclusive range.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> start_ts = 1196705700
>>> stop_ts = 1206101100
>>> print("start time is %s" % timestamp_to_string(start_ts))
start time is 2007-12-03 10:15:00 PST (1196705700)
>>> print("stop time is %s" % timestamp_to_string(stop_ts))
stop time is 2008-03-21 05:05:00 PDT (1206101100)
>>> for span in genMonthSpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
... print(span)
[2007-12-01 00:00:00 PST (1196496000) -> 2008-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1199174400)]
[2008-01-01 00:00:00 PST (1199174400) -> 2008-02-01 00:00:00 PST (1201852800)]
[2008-02-01 00:00:00 PST (1201852800) -> 2008-03-01 00:00:00 PST (1204358400)]
[2008-03-01 00:00:00 PST (1204358400) -> 2008-04-01 00:00:00 PDT (1207033200)]
Note that a daylight savings time change happened 8 March 2009.
start_ts: A time stamp somewhere in the first month.
stop_ts: A time stamp somewhere in the last month.
yields: Instance of TimeSpan, where the start is the time stamp
of the start of the month, the stop is the time stamp of the start
of the next month.
"""
if None in (start_ts, stop_ts):
return
_start_dt = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(start_ts)
_stop_date = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(stop_ts)
_start_month = 12 * _start_dt.year + _start_dt.month
_stop_month = 12 * _stop_date.year + _stop_date.month
if (_stop_date.day, _stop_date.hour, _stop_date.minute, _stop_date.second) == (1, 0, 0, 0):
_stop_month -= 1
for month in range(_start_month, _stop_month + 1):
_this_yr, _this_mo = divmod(month, 12)
_next_yr, _next_mo = divmod(month + 1, 12)
yield TimeSpan(time.mktime((_this_yr, _this_mo, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)),
time.mktime((_next_yr, _next_mo, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)))
def genYearSpans(start_ts, stop_ts):
if None in (start_ts, stop_ts):
return
_start_date = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(start_ts)
_stop_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(stop_ts)
_start_year = _start_date.year
_stop_year = _stop_dt.year
if (_stop_dt.month, _stop_dt.day, _stop_dt.hour,
_stop_dt.minute, _stop_dt.second) == (1, 1, 0, 0, 0):
_stop_year -= 1
for year in range(_start_year, _stop_year + 1):
yield TimeSpan(time.mktime((year, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)),
time.mktime((year + 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)))
def startOfDay(time_ts):
"""Calculate the unix epoch time for the start of a (local time) day.
time_ts: A timestamp somewhere in the day for which the start-of-day
is desired.
returns: The timestamp for the start-of-day (00:00) in unix epoch time.
"""
_time_tt = time.localtime(time_ts)
_bod_ts = time.mktime((_time_tt.tm_year,
_time_tt.tm_mon,
_time_tt.tm_mday,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))
return int(_bod_ts)
def startOfGregorianDay(date_greg):
"""Given a Gregorian day, returns the start of the day in unix epoch time.
date_greg: A date as an ordinal Gregorian day.
returns: The local start of the day as a unix epoch time.
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> date_greg = 735973 # 10-Jan-2016
>>> print(startOfGregorianDay(date_greg))
1452412800
"""
date_dt = datetime.datetime.fromordinal(date_greg)
date_tt = date_dt.timetuple()
sod_ts = int(time.mktime(date_tt))
return sod_ts
def toGregorianDay(time_ts):
"""Return the Gregorian day a timestamp belongs to.
time_ts: A time in unix epoch time.
returns: The ordinal Gregorian day that contains that time
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time_ts = 1452412800 # Midnight, 10-Jan-2016
>>> print(toGregorianDay(time_ts))
735972
>>> time_ts = 1452412801 # Just after midnight, 10-Jan-2016
>>> print(toGregorianDay(time_ts))
735973
"""
date_dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time_ts)
date_greg = date_dt.toordinal()
if date_dt.hour == date_dt.minute == date_dt.second == 0:
# Midnight actually belongs to the previous day
date_greg -= 1
return date_greg
def startOfDayUTC(time_ts):
"""Calculate the unix epoch time for the start of a UTC day.
time_ts: A timestamp somewhere in the day for which the start-of-day
is desired.
returns: The timestamp for the start-of-day (00:00) in unix epoch time.
"""
_time_tt = time.gmtime(time_ts)
_bod_ts = calendar.timegm((_time_tt.tm_year,
_time_tt.tm_mon,
_time_tt.tm_mday,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))
return int(_bod_ts)
def startOfArchiveDay(time_ts, grace=1):
"""Given an archive time stamp, calculate its start of day.
similar to startOfDay(), except that an archive stamped at midnight
actually belongs to the *previous* day.
time_ts: A timestamp somewhere in the day for which the start-of-day
is desired.
grace: The number of seconds past midnight when the following
day is considered to start [Optional. Default is 1 second]
returns: The timestamp for the start-of-day (00:00) in unix epoch time."""
return startOfDay(time_ts - grace)
def getDayNightTransitions(start_ts, end_ts, lat, lon):
"""Return the day-night transitions between the start and end times.
start_ts: A timestamp (UTC) indicating the beginning of the period
end_ts: A timestamp (UTC) indicating the end of the period
returns: indication of whether the period from start to first transition
is day or night, plus array of transitions (UTC).
"""
from weeutil import Sun
first = None
values = []
for t in range(start_ts - 3600 * 24, end_ts + 3600 * 24 + 1, 3600 * 24):
x = startOfDayUTC(t)
x_tt = time.gmtime(x)
y, m, d = x_tt[:3]
(sunrise_utc, sunset_utc) = Sun.sunRiseSet(y, m, d, lon, lat)
daystart_ts = calendar.timegm((y, m, d, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))
sunrise_ts = int(daystart_ts + sunrise_utc * 3600.0 + 0.5)
sunset_ts = int(daystart_ts + sunset_utc * 3600.0 + 0.5)
if start_ts < sunrise_ts < end_ts:
values.append(sunrise_ts)
if first is None:
first = 'night'
if start_ts < sunset_ts < end_ts:
values.append(sunset_ts)
if first is None:
first = 'day'
return first, values
def secs_to_string(secs):
"""Convert seconds to a string with days, hours, and minutes"""
str_list = []
for (label, interval) in (('day', 86400), ('hour', 3600), ('minute', 60)):
amt = int(secs / interval)
plural = u'' if amt == 1 else u's'
str_list.append(u"%d %s%s" % (amt, label, plural))
secs %= interval
ans = ', '.join(str_list)
return ans
def timestamp_to_string(ts, format_str="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z"):
"""Return a string formatted from the timestamp
Example:
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(1196705700))
2007-12-03 10:15:00 PST (1196705700)
>>> print(timestamp_to_string(None))
******* N/A ******* ( N/A )
"""
if ts is not None:
return "%s (%d)" % (time.strftime(format_str, time.localtime(ts)), ts)
else:
return "******* N/A ******* ( N/A )"
def timestamp_to_gmtime(ts):
"""Return a string formatted for GMT
>>> print(timestamp_to_gmtime(1196705700))
2007-12-03 18:15:00 UTC (1196705700)
>>> print(timestamp_to_gmtime(None))
******* N/A ******* ( N/A )
"""
if ts:
return "%s (%d)" % (time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S UTC", time.gmtime(ts)), ts)
else:
return "******* N/A ******* ( N/A )"
def utc_to_ts(y, m, d, hrs_utc):
"""Converts from a UTC tuple-time to unix epoch time.
y,m,d: The year, month, day for which the conversion is desired.
hrs_tc: Floating point number with the number of hours since midnight in UTC.
Returns: The unix epoch time.
>>> print(utc_to_ts(2009, 3, 27, 14.5))
1238164200
"""
# Construct a time tuple with the time at midnight, UTC:
daystart_utc_tt = (y, m, d, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)
# Convert the time tuple to a time stamp and add on the number of seconds since midnight:
time_ts = int(calendar.timegm(daystart_utc_tt) + hrs_utc * 3600.0 + 0.5)
return time_ts
def utc_to_local_tt(y, m, d, hrs_utc):
"""Converts from a UTC time to a local time.
y,m,d: The year, month, day for which the conversion is desired.
hrs_tc: Floating point number with the number of hours since midnight in UTC.
Returns: A timetuple with the local time.
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'America/Los_Angeles'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> tt=utc_to_local_tt(2009, 3, 27, 14.5)
>>> print(tt.tm_year, tt.tm_mon, tt.tm_mday, tt.tm_hour, tt.tm_min)
2009 3 27 7 30
"""
# Get the UTC time:
time_ts = utc_to_ts(y, m, d, hrs_utc)
# Convert to local time:
time_local_tt = time.localtime(time_ts)
return time_local_tt
def latlon_string(ll, hemi, which, format_list=None):
"""Decimal degrees into a string for degrees, and one for minutes.
ll: The decimal latitude or longitude
hemi: A tuple holding strings representing positive or negative values. E.g.: ('N', 'S')
which: 'lat' for latitude, 'long' for longitude
format_list: A list or tuple holding the format strings to be used. These are [whole degrees latitude,
whole degrees longitude, minutes]
Returns:
A 3-way tuple holding (latlon whole degrees, latlon minutes, hemisphere designator).
Example: (022, 08.3, 'N') """
labs = abs(ll)
(frac, deg) = math.modf(labs)
minutes = frac * 60.0
if format_list is None:
format_list = ["%02d", "%03d", "%05.2f"]
return ((format_list[0] if which == 'lat' else format_list[1]) % (deg,), format_list[2] % (minutes,),
hemi[0] if ll >= 0 else hemi[1])
def _get_object(module_class):
"""Given a string with a module class name, it imports and returns the class."""
# Split the path into its parts
parts = module_class.split('.')
# Strip off the classname:
module = '.'.join(parts[:-1])
# Import the top level module
mod = __import__(module)
# Recursively work down from the top level module to the class name.
# Be prepared to catch an exception if something cannot be found.
try:
for part in parts[1:]:
mod = getattr(mod, part)
except AttributeError:
# Can't find something. Give a more informative error message:
raise AttributeError(
"Module '%s' has no attribute '%s' when searching for '%s'" % (mod.__name__, part, module_class))
return mod
class GenWithPeek(object):
"""Generator object which allows a peek at the next object to be returned.
Sometimes Python solves a complicated problem with such elegance! This is
one of them.
Example of usage:
>>> # Define a generator function:
>>> def genfunc(N):
... for j in range(N):
... yield j
>>>
>>> # Now wrap it with the GenWithPeek object:
>>> g_with_peek = GenWithPeek(genfunc(5))
>>> # We can iterate through the object as normal:
>>> for i in g_with_peek:
... print(i)
... # Every second object, let's take a peek ahead
... if i%2:
... # We can get a peek at the next object without disturbing the wrapped generator:
... print("peeking ahead, the next object will be: %s" % g_with_peek.peek())
0
1
peeking ahead, the next object will be: 2
2
3
peeking ahead, the next object will be: 4
4
"""
def __init__(self, generator):
"""Initialize the generator object.
generator: A generator object to be wrapped
"""
self.generator = generator
self.have_peek = False
self.peek_obj = None
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
"""Advance to the next object"""
if self.have_peek:
self.have_peek = False
return self.peek_obj
else:
return next(self.generator)
# For Python 2:
next = __next__
def peek(self):
"""Take a peek at the next object"""
if not self.have_peek:
self.peek_obj = next(self.generator)
self.have_peek = True
return self.peek_obj
# For Python 3 compatiblity
__next__ = next
def tobool(x):
"""Convert an object to boolean.
Examples:
>>> print(tobool('TRUE'))
True
>>> print(tobool(True))
True
>>> print(tobool(1))
True
>>> print(tobool('FALSE'))
False
>>> print(tobool(False))
False
>>> print(tobool(0))
False
>>> print(tobool('Foo'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Unknown boolean specifier: 'Foo'.
>>> print(tobool(None))
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Unknown boolean specifier: 'None'.
"""
try:
if x.lower() in ['true', 'yes']:
return True
elif x.lower() in ['false', 'no']:
return False
except AttributeError:
pass
try:
return bool(int(x))
except (ValueError, TypeError):
pass
raise ValueError("Unknown boolean specifier: '%s'." % x)
to_bool = tobool
def to_int(x):
"""Convert an object to an integer, unless it is None
Examples:
>>> print(to_int(123))
123
>>> print(to_int('123'))
123
>>> print(to_int(-5.2))
-5
>>> print(to_int(None))
None
"""
if isinstance(x, str) and x.lower() == 'none':
x = None
try:
return int(x) if x is not None else None
except ValueError:
# Perhaps it's a string, holding a floating point number?
return int(float(x))
def to_float(x):
"""Convert an object to a float, unless it is None
Examples:
>>> print(to_float(12.3))
12.3
>>> print(to_float('12.3'))
12.3
>>> print(to_float(None))
None
"""
if isinstance(x, str) and x.lower() == 'none':
x = None
return float(x) if x is not None else None
def min_with_none(x_seq):
"""Find the minimum in a (possibly empty) sequence, ignoring Nones"""
xmin = None
for x in x_seq:
if xmin is None:
xmin = x
elif x is not None:
xmin = min(x, xmin)
return xmin
def max_with_none(x_seq):
"""Find the maximum in a (possibly empty) sequence, ignoring Nones.
While this function is not necessary under Python 2, under Python 3 it is.
"""
xmax = None
for x in x_seq:
if xmax is None:
xmax = x
elif x is not None:
xmax = max(x, xmax)
return xmax
def move_with_timestamp(filepath):
"""Save a file to a path with a timestamp."""
import shutil
# Sometimes the target has a trailing '/'. This will take care of it:
filepath = os.path.normpath(filepath)
newpath = filepath + time.strftime(".%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
# Check to see if this name already exists
if os.path.exists(newpath):
# It already exists. Stick a version number on it:
version = 1
while os.path.exists(newpath + '-' + str(version)):
version += 1
newpath = newpath + '-' + str(version)
shutil.move(filepath, newpath)
return newpath
class ListOfDicts(dict):
"""A list of dictionaries, that are searched in order.
It assumes only that any inserted dictionaries support a keyed
lookup using the syntax obj[key].
Example:
# Try an empty dictionary:
>>> lod = ListOfDicts()
>>> print(lod['b'])
Traceback (most recent call last):
KeyError: 'b'
>>> # Now initialize it with a starting dictionary:
>>> lod = ListOfDicts({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3})
>>> print(lod['b'])
2
>>> # Look for a non-existent key
>>> print(lod['d'])
Traceback (most recent call last):
KeyError: 'd'
>>> # Now extend the dictionary:
>>> lod.extend({'d':4, 'e':5})
>>> # And try the lookup:
>>> print(lod['d'])
4
>>> # Explicitly add a new key to the dictionary:
>>> lod['f'] = 6
>>> # Try it:
>>> print(lod['f'])
6
"""
def __init__(self, starting_dict=None):
if starting_dict:
super(ListOfDicts, self).__init__(starting_dict)
self.dict_list = []
def __getitem__(self, key):
for this_dict in self.dict_list:
try:
return this_dict[key]
except KeyError:
pass
return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
def get(self, key, default=None):
try:
return self[key]
except KeyError:
return default
def extend(self, new_dict):
self.dict_list.append(new_dict)
class KeyDict(dict):
"""A dictionary that returns the key for an unsuccessful lookup."""
def __missing__(self, key):
return key
def to_sorted_string(rec):
import locale
return ", ".join(["%s: %s" % (k, rec.get(k)) for k in sorted(rec, key=locale.strxfrm)])
def y_or_n(msg, noprompt=False):
"""Prompt and look for a 'y' or 'n' response"""
# If noprompt is truthy, always return 'y'
if noprompt:
return 'y'
ans = None
while ans not in ['y', 'n']:
ans = input(msg)
return ans
def deep_copy_path(path, dest_dir):
"""Copy a path to a destination, making any subdirectories along the way.
The source path is relative to the current directory.
Returns the number of files copied
"""
ncopy = 0
# Are we copying a directory?
if os.path.isdir(path):
# Yes. Walk it
for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(path):
for f in filenames:
# For each source file found, call myself recursively:
ncopy += deep_copy_path(os.path.join(dirpath, f), dest_dir)
else:
# path is a file. Get the directory it's in.
d = os.path.dirname(os.path.join(dest_dir, path))
# Make the destination directory, wrapping it in a try block in
# case it already exists:
try:
os.makedirs(d)
except OSError:
pass
# This version of copy does not copy over modification time,
# so it will look like a new file, causing it to be (for
# example) ftp'd to the server:
shutil.copy(path, d)
ncopy += 1
return ncopy
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
if not doctest.testmod().failed:
print("PASSED")
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