🔖 Release 0.33.0, including Pydantic 0.30.0

📝 Update release notes
⬆️ Upgrade Pydantic to 0.30 (#384 )
2025-12-24 06:39:31 -05:00 · 2019-07-12 19:01:27 -05:00 · 2019-07-12 18:58:09 -05:00 · 2019-07-12 18:56:25 -05:00 · 2019-07-12 18:32:30 -05:00 · 2019-07-12 18:30:54 -05:00
542 changed files with 25365 additions and 2739 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+title: "[BUG]"
+labels: bug
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+**Describe the bug**
+A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
+
+**To Reproduce**
+Steps to reproduce the behavior:
+1. Create a file with '...'
+2. Add a path operation function with '....'
+3. Open the browser and call it with a payload of '....'
+4. See error
+
+**Expected behavior**
+A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+
+**Screenshots**
+If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+
+**Environment:**
+ - OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
+ - FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+
+```Python
+import fastapi
+print(fastapi.__version__)
+```
+
+- Python version, get it with:
+
+```bash
+python --version
+```
+
+**Additional context**
+Add any other context about the problem here.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+name: Feature request
+about: Suggest an idea for this project
+title: "[FEATURE]"
+labels: enhancement
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
+A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+
+**Describe the solution you'd like**
+A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+
+**Describe alternatives you've considered**
+A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+
+**Additional context**
+Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+---
+name: Question
+about: Ask a question
+title: "[QUESTION]"
+labels: question
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+**Description**
+
+How can I [...]?
+
+Is it possible to [...]?
+
+**Additional context**
+Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -10,3 +10,6 @@ site
 .coverage
 coverage.xml
 .netlify
+test.db
+log.txt
+Pipfile.lock
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,17 +1,26 @@
+dist: xenial
+
 language: python

 cache: pip

 python:
    - "3.6"
-    - "3.7-dev"
+    - "3.7"

 install:
    - pip install flit
-    - flit install
+    - flit install --symlink

 script:
    - bash scripts/test.sh

 after_script:
    - bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
+
+deploy:
+  provider: script
+  script: bash scripts/deploy.sh
+  on:
+    tags: true
+    python: "3.6"
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Please read the [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/) guidelines in the documentation site.
--- a/15
+++ b/15
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ verify_ssl = true

 [dev-packages]
 mypy = "*"
-jedi = "*"
 black = "*"
-prospector = "*"
-rope = "*"
 jupyter = "*"
 better-exceptions = "*"
 pytest = "*"
@@ -20,10 +17,18 @@ mkdocs = "*"
 mkdocs-material = "*"
 markdown-include = "*"
 autoflake = "*"
+email-validator = "*"
+ujson = "*"
+flake8 = "*"
+python-multipart = "*"
+sqlalchemy = "*"
+uvicorn = "*"

 [packages]
-starlette = "*"
-pydantic = "*"
+starlette = "==0.12.0"
+pydantic = "==0.30.0"
+databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
+hypercorn = "*"

 [requires]
 python_version = "3.6"
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,845 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "deb42eb176158abbd62d0af06fc60f571ae7da3012f7baafb1bcca08c363273b"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.6"
-        },
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "dataclasses": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:454a69d788c7fda44efd71e259be79577822f5e3f53f029a22d08004e951dc9f",
-                "sha256:6988bd2b895eef432d562370bb707d540f32f7360ab13da45340101bc2307d84"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7'",
-            "version": "==0.6"
-        },
-        "pydantic": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:51f879ca4b1d114c9f892737a0d65233251fb00fcd2b6da2be0d277b8ba7d28d",
-                "sha256:c90c9e5ae2a6a3f59efdcb1505ddfb18be6dc5648b536bf33782269460954cc2"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.16.1"
-        },
-        "starlette": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a7b24496638b9e755bc31a72b0596939f3dd0e6eb1878ff55da5647be026a9e3"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.9.8"
-        }
-    },
-    "develop": {
-        "appdirs": {
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-                "sha256:d8b24664561d0d34ddfaec54636d502d7cea6e29c3eaf68f3df6180863e2166e"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.4.3"
-        },
-        "astroid": {
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-                "sha256:c7013d119ec95eb626f7a2011f0b63d0c9a095df9ad06d8507b37084eada1a8d"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2.0.4"
-        },
-        "atomicwrites": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:ec9ae8adaae229e4f8446952d204a3e4b5fdd2d099f9be3aaf556120135fb3ee"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.2.1"
-        },
-        "attrs": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:ca4be454458f9dec299268d472aaa5a11f67a4ff70093396e1ceae9c76cf4bbb"
-            ],
-            "version": "==18.2.0"
-        },
-        "autoflake": {
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-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==1.2"
-        },
-        "backcall": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:bbbf4b1e5cd2bdb08f915895b51081c041bac22394fdfcfdfbe9f14b77c08bf2"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.1.0"
-        },
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-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.2.1"
-        },
-        "black": {
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-                "sha256:e030a9a28f542debc08acceb273f228ac422798e5215ba2a791a6ddeaaca22a5"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==18.9b0"
-        },
-        "bleach": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:73d26f018af5d5adcdabf5c1c974add4361a9c76af215fe32fdec8a6fc5fb9b9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.2"
-        },
-        "certifi": {
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-                "sha256:993f830721089fef441cdfeb4b2c8c9df86f0c63239f06bd025a76a7daddb033"
-            ],
-            "version": "==2018.11.29"
-        },
-        "chardet": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:fc323ffcaeaed0e0a02bf4d117757b98aed530d9ed4531e3e15460124c106691"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.4"
-        },
-        "click": {
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-                "sha256:5b94b49521f6456670fdb30cd82a4eca9412788a93fa6dd6df72c94d5a8ff2d7"
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-            "version": "==7.0"
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-        "coverage": {
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-                "sha256:02abbbebc6e9d5abe13cd28b5e963dedb6ffb51c146c916d17b18f141acd9947",
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-                "sha256:210c02f923df33a8d0e461c86fdcbbb17228ff4f6d92609fc06370a98d283c2d",
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-                "sha256:35d7a013874a7c927ce997350d314144ffc5465faf787bb4e46e6c4f381ef562",
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-                "sha256:48440b25ba6cda72d4c638f3a9efa827b5b87b489c96ab5f4ff597d976413156",
-                "sha256:4dac8dfd1acf6a3ac657475dfdc66c621f291b1b7422a939cc33c13ac5356473",
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-                "sha256:551f10ddfeff56a1325e5a34eff304c5892aa981fd810babb98bfee77ee2fb17",
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-                "sha256:b6a5478c904236543c0347db8a05fac6fc0bd574c870e7970faa88e1d9890044",
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-                "sha256:c705ab445936457359b1424ef25ccc0098b0491b26064677c39f1d14a539f056",
-                "sha256:d95a363d663ceee647291131dbd213af258df24f41350246842481ec3709bd33",
-                "sha256:e27265eb80cdc5dab55a40ef6f890e04ecc618649ad3da5265f128b141f93f78",
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-                "sha256:c5cc52d16c06dc2521340d69adda78a8e1031705924e103c0eb8fc8af861d810",
-                "sha256:d612e9833a89e8177f8c1dc68d7b4ff98d3186cd331acd616b01bbdab67d3a7b",
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-                "sha256:ebf8b800d42d217e4710d1582b0c8bff20cdcb4faad7c7213e52644034300924"
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-                "sha256:bc1ba15f50c29ed50f1268ad823bb6543be263c18dd093b80495e9df63b003ac"
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-        "requests": {
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-                "sha256:7bf2a778576d825600030a110f3c0e3e8edc51dfaafe1c146e39a2027784957b"
-            ],
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-            "version": "==2.21.0"
-        },
-        "requirements-detector": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:9fbc4b24e8b7c3663aff32e3eba34596848c6b91bd425079b386973bd8d08931"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.6"
-        },
-        "rope": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a108c445e1cd897fe19272ab7877d172e7faf3d4148c80e7d20faba42ea8f7b2"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.11.0"
-        },
-        "send2trash": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:60001cc07d707fe247c94f74ca6ac0d3255aabcb930529690897ca2a39db28b2",
-                "sha256:f1691922577b6fa12821234aeb57599d887c4900b9ca537948d2dac34aea888b"
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-        "setoptconf": {
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-        "six": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:d16a0141ec1a18405cd4ce8b4613101da75da0e9a7aec5bdd4fa804d0e0eba73"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.12.0"
-        },
-        "snowballstemmer": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:919f26a68b2c17a7634da993d91339e288964f93c274f1343e3bbbe2096e1128",
-                "sha256:9f3bcd3c401c3e862ec0ebe6d2c069ebc012ce142cce209c098ccb5b09136e89"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.2.1"
-        },
-        "terminado": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:55abf9ade563b8f9be1f34e4233c7b7bde726059947a593322e8a553cc4c067a",
-                "sha256:65011551baff97f5414c67018e908110693143cfbaeb16831b743fe7cad8b927"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.8.1"
-        },
-        "testpath": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:46c89ebb683f473ffe2aab0ed9f12581d4d078308a3cb3765d79c6b2317b0109",
-                "sha256:b694b3d9288dbd81685c5d2e7140b81365d46c29f5db4bc659de5aa6b98780f8"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.4.2"
-        },
-        "toml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:229f81c57791a41d65e399fc06bf0848bab550a9dfd5ed66df18ce5f05e73d5c",
-                "sha256:235682dd292d5899d361a811df37e04a8828a5b1da3115886b73cf81ebc9100e"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.10.0"
-        },
-        "tornado": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0662d28b1ca9f67108c7e3b77afabfb9c7e87bde174fbda78186ecedc2499a9d",
-                "sha256:4e5158d97583502a7e2739951553cbd88a72076f152b4b11b64b9a10c4c49409",
-                "sha256:732e836008c708de2e89a31cb2fa6c0e5a70cb60492bee6f1ea1047500feaf7f",
-                "sha256:8154ec22c450df4e06b35f131adc4f2f3a12ec85981a203301d310abf580500f",
-                "sha256:8e9d728c4579682e837c92fdd98036bd5cdefa1da2aaf6acf26947e6dd0c01c5",
-                "sha256:d4b3e5329f572f055b587efc57d29bd051589fb5a43ec8898c77a47ec2fa2bbb",
-                "sha256:e5f2585afccbff22390cddac29849df463b252b711aa2ce7c5f3f342a5b3b444"
-            ],
-            "version": "==5.1.1"
-        },
-        "traitlets": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:9c4bd2d267b7153df9152698efb1050a5d84982d3384a37b2c1f7723ba3e7835",
-                "sha256:c6cb5e6f57c5a9bdaa40fa71ce7b4af30298fbab9ece9815b5d995ab6217c7d9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==4.3.2"
-        },
-        "typed-ast": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0948004fa228ae071054f5208840a1e88747a357ec1101c17217bfe99b299d58",
-                "sha256:10703d3cec8dcd9eef5a630a04056bbc898abc19bac5691612acba7d1325b66d",
-                "sha256:1f6c4bd0bdc0f14246fd41262df7dfc018d65bb05f6e16390b7ea26ca454a291",
-                "sha256:25d8feefe27eb0303b73545416b13d108c6067b846b543738a25ff304824ed9a",
-                "sha256:29464a177d56e4e055b5f7b629935af7f49c196be47528cc94e0a7bf83fbc2b9",
-                "sha256:2e214b72168ea0275efd6c884b114ab42e316de3ffa125b267e732ed2abda892",
-                "sha256:3e0d5e48e3a23e9a4d1a9f698e32a542a4a288c871d33ed8df1b092a40f3a0f9",
-                "sha256:519425deca5c2b2bdac49f77b2c5625781abbaf9a809d727d3a5596b30bb4ded",
-                "sha256:57fe287f0cdd9ceaf69e7b71a2e94a24b5d268b35df251a88fef5cc241bf73aa",
-                "sha256:668d0cec391d9aed1c6a388b0d5b97cd22e6073eaa5fbaa6d2946603b4871efe",
-                "sha256:68ba70684990f59497680ff90d18e756a47bf4863c604098f10de9716b2c0bdd",
-                "sha256:6de012d2b166fe7a4cdf505eee3aaa12192f7ba365beeefaca4ec10e31241a85",
-                "sha256:79b91ebe5a28d349b6d0d323023350133e927b4de5b651a8aa2db69c761420c6",
-                "sha256:8550177fa5d4c1f09b5e5f524411c44633c80ec69b24e0e98906dd761941ca46",
-                "sha256:898f818399cafcdb93cbbe15fc83a33d05f18e29fb498ddc09b0214cdfc7cd51",
-                "sha256:94b091dc0f19291adcb279a108f5d38de2430411068b219f41b343c03b28fb1f",
-                "sha256:a26863198902cda15ab4503991e8cf1ca874219e0118cbf07c126bce7c4db129",
-                "sha256:a8034021801bc0440f2e027c354b4eafd95891b573e12ff0418dec385c76785c",
-                "sha256:bc978ac17468fe868ee589c795d06777f75496b1ed576d308002c8a5756fb9ea",
-                "sha256:c05b41bc1deade9f90ddc5d988fe506208019ebba9f2578c622516fd201f5863",
-                "sha256:c9b060bd1e5a26ab6e8267fd46fc9e02b54eb15fffb16d112d4c7b1c12987559",
-                "sha256:edb04bdd45bfd76c8292c4d9654568efaedf76fe78eb246dde69bdb13b2dad87",
-                "sha256:f19f2a4f547505fe9072e15f6f4ae714af51b5a681a97f187971f50c283193b6"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7' and implementation_name == 'cpython'",
-            "version": "==1.1.0"
-        },
-        "urllib3": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:61bf29cada3fc2fbefad4fdf059ea4bd1b4a86d2b6d15e1c7c0b582b9752fe39",
-                "sha256:de9529817c93f27c8ccbfead6985011db27bd0ddfcdb2d86f3f663385c6a9c22"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.24.1"
-        },
-        "wcwidth": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:3df37372226d6e63e1b1e1eda15c594bca98a22d33a23832a90998faa96bc65e",
-                "sha256:f4ebe71925af7b40a864553f761ed559b43544f8f71746c2d756c7fe788ade7c"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.1.7"
-        },
-        "webencodings": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:a0af1213f3c2226497a97e2b3aa01a7e4bee4f403f95be16fc9acd2947514a78",
-                "sha256:b36a1c245f2d304965eb4e0a82848379241dc04b865afcc4aab16748587e1923"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.5.1"
-        },
-        "widgetsnbextension": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:14b2c65f9940c9a7d3b70adbe713dbd38b5ec69724eebaba034d1036cf3d4740",
-                "sha256:fa618be8435447a017fd1bf2c7ae922d0428056cfc7449f7a8641edf76b48265"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.4.2"
-        },
-        "wrapt": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:d4d560d479f2c21e1b5443bbd15fe7ec4b37fe7e53d335d3b9b0a7b1226fe3c6"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.10.11"
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,45 +1,70 @@
 <p align="center">
-  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal-vector.svg" alt='FastAPI'></a>
+  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" alt="FastAPI"></a>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
    <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi">
+<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
 </a>
-<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi">
+<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage">
 </a>
-<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi">
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://badge.fury.io/py/fastapi.svg" alt="Package version">
 </a>
+<a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://badges.gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi.svg" alt="Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi">
+</a>
 </p>

 ---

-**Documentation**: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com)
+**Documentation**: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com</a>

-**Source Code**: [https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)
+**Source Code**: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>

 ---

-FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+.
+FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+ based on standard Python type hints.

 The key features are:

-* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic).
+* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).

 * **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300% *.
-* **Less bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
+* **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
 * **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
 * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
-* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Less bugs.
+* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
 * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
-* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.

 <small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>

+## Opinions
+
+"*[...] I'm using **FastAPI** a ton these days. [...] I'm actually planning to use it for all of my team's **ML services at Microsoft**. Some of them are getting integrated into the core **Windows** product and some **Office** products.*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kabir Khan - <strong>Microsoft</strong> <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*I’m over the moon excited about **FastAPI**. It’s so fun!*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Brian Okken - <strong><a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">Python Bytes</a> podcast host</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/brianokken/status/1112220079972728832" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*Honestly, what you've built looks super solid and polished. In many ways, it's what I wanted **Hug** to be - it's really inspiring to see someone build that.*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Timothy Crosley - <strong><a href="http://www.hug.rest/" target="_blank">Hug</a> creator</strong> <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19455465" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+
+

 ## Requirements

@@ -57,7 +82,7 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 $ pip install fastapi
 ```

-You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">uvicorn</a>.
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.

 ```bash
 $ pip install uvicorn
@@ -65,6 +90,8 @@ $ pip install uvicorn

 ## Example

+### Create it
+
 * Create a file `main.py` with:

 ```Python
@@ -72,50 +99,79 @@ from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()

-@app.get('/')
+
+@app.get("/")
 def read_root():
-    return {'hello': 'world'}
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>

-Or if your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
+If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:

-```Python hl_lines="6"
+```Python hl_lines="7 12"
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()

-@app.get('/')
+
+@app.get("/")
 async def read_root():
-    return {'hello': 'world'}
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

-!!! note
-    If you don't know, check the section about [`async` and `await` in the docs](async.md).
+**Note**:
+    
+If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.

+</details>

-* Run the server with:
+### Run it
+
+Run the server with:

 ```bash
-uvicorn main:app --debug
+uvicorn main:app --reload
 ```

-!!! note
-    The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>About the command <code>uvicorn main:app --reload</code>...</summary>

-    * `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
-    * `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
-    * `--debug`: make the server restart after code changes. Only do this for development.
+The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
+
+* `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
+* `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
+* `--reload`: make the server restart after code changes. Only do this for development.
+
+</details>

 ### Check it

-Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>. 
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>. 

 You will see the JSON response as:

 ```JSON
-{"hello": "world"}
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
 ```

+You already created an API that:
+
+* Receives HTTP requests in the _paths_ `/` and `/items/{item_id}`.
+* Both _paths_ take `GET` <em>operations</em> (also known as HTTP _methods_).
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has a _path parameter_ `item_id` that should be an `int`.
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has an optional `str` _query parameter_ `q`.
+
 ### Interactive API docs

 Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>. 
@@ -135,14 +191,12 @@ You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https

 ## Example upgrade

-Now modify the file `main.py` to include:
+Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.

-* a path parameter `item_id`.
-* a body, declared using standard Python types (thanks to Pydantic).
-* an optional query parameter `q`.
+Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.


-```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 19"
+```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 24"
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel

@@ -155,23 +209,28 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
    is_offer: bool = None


-@app.get('/')
-async def read_root():
-    return {'hello': 'world'}
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}


-@app.post('/items/{item_id}')
-async def create_item(item_id: int, item: Item, q: str = None):
-    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id, "query": q}
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
 ```

-The server should reload automatically (because you added `--debug` to the `uvicorn` command above).
+The server should reload automatically (because you added `--reload` to the `uvicorn` command above).

 ### Interactive API docs upgrade

 Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.

-* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new query, and body:
+* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:

 ![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png)

@@ -223,7 +282,7 @@ item: Item
 * Validation of data:
    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
-* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network, to Python data and types. Reading from:
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
    * JSON.
    * Path parameters.
    * Query parameters.
@@ -245,20 +304,20 @@ item: Item

 Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:

-* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path.
-* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int`.
+* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int` for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
    * If it is not, the client will see a useful, clear error.
-* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`).
+* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`) for `GET` requests.
    * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
-    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body).
-* Read the body as JSON:
+    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
+* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
    * Check that is has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
 * Convert from and to JSON automatically.
-* Document everything as an OpenAPI schema, that can be used by:
-    * Interactive documentation sytems.
+* Document everything with OpenAPI, that can be used by:
+    * Interactive documentation systems.
    * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
 * Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.

@@ -270,7 +329,7 @@ We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
 Try changing the line with:

 ```Python
-    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id, "query": q}
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
 ```

 ...from:
@@ -290,12 +349,12 @@ Try changing the line with:
 ![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)


-For a more complete example including more features, [see the tutorial - user guide](tutorial/intro/).
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/intro/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.

 **Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:

 * Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
-* How to set **validation constrains** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
+* How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
 * A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
 * Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
 * More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
@@ -308,6 +367,11 @@ For a more complete example including more features, [see the tutorial - user gu
    * ...and more.


+## Performance
+
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.

 ## Optional Dependencies

@@ -332,7 +396,7 @@ Used by FastAPI / Starlette:

 * <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.

-You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[full]`.
+You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[all]`.

 ## License

--- a/dist/fastapi-0.1.0/pyproject.toml
+++ b/dist/fastapi-0.1.0/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[build-system]
-requires = ["flit"]
-build-backend = "flit.buildapi"
-
-[tool.flit.metadata]
-module = "fastapi"
-author = "Sebastián Ramírez"
-author-email = "tiangolo@gmail.com"
-home-page = "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi"
-classifiers = ["License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License"]
-requires = [
-    "starlette >=0.9.7",
-    "pydantic >=0.16"
-]
-requires-python = ">=3.6"
--- a/docs/alternatives.md
+++ b/docs/alternatives.md
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+What inspired **FastAPI**, how it compares to other alternatives and what it learned from them.
+
+## Intro
+
+**FastAPI** wouldn't exist if not for the previous work of others.
+
+There have been many tools created before that have helped inspire its creation.
+
+I have been avoiding the creation of a new framework for several years. First I tried to solve all the features covered by **FastAPI** using many different frameworks, plug-ins, and tools.
+
+But at some point, there was no other option than creating something that provided all these features, taking the best ideas from previous tools, and combining them in the best way possible, using language features that weren't even available before (Python 3.6+ type hints).
+
+## Previous tools
+
+### <a href="https://www.djangoproject.com/" target="_blank">Django</a>
+
+It's the most popular Python framework and is widely trusted. It is used to build systems like Instagram.
+
+It's relatively tightly coupled with relational databases (like MySQL or PostgreSQL), so, having a NoSQL database (like Couchbase, MongoDB, Cassandra, etc) as the main store engine is not very easy.
+
+It was created to generate the HTML in the backend, not to create APIs used by a modern frontend (like React, Vue.js and Angular) or by other systems (like <abbr title="Internet of Things">IoT</abbr> devices) communicating with it.
+
+### <a href="https://www.django-rest-framework.org/" target="_blank">Django REST Framework</a>
+
+Django REST framework was created to be a flexible toolkit for building Web APIs using Django underneath, to improve its API capabilities.
+
+It is used by many companies including Mozilla, Red Hat and Eventbrite.
+
+It was one of the first examples of **automatic API documentation**, and this was specifically one of the first ideas that inspired "the search for" **FastAPI**.
+
+!!! note
+    Django REST Framework was created by Tom Christie. The same creator of Starlette and Uvicorn, on which **FastAPI** is based.
+
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Have an automatic API documentation web user interface.
+
+### <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" target="_blank">Flask</a>
+
+Flask is a "microframework", it doesn't include database integrations nor many of the things that come by default in Django.
+
+This simplicity and flexibility allow doing things like using NoSQL databases as the main data storage system.
+
+As it is very simple, it's relatively intuitive to learn, although the documentation gets somewhat technical at some points.
+
+It is also commonly used for other applications that don't necessarily need a database, user management, or any of the many features that come pre-built in Django. Although many of these features can be added with plug-ins.
+
+This decoupling of parts, and being a "microframework" that could be extended to cover exactly what is needed was a key feature that I wanted to keep.
+
+Given the simplicity of Flask, it seemed like a good match for building APIs. The next thing to find was a "Django REST Framework" for Flask.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Be a micro-framework. Making it easy to mix and match the tools and parts needed.
+
+    Have a simple and easy to use routing system.
+
+
+### <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" target="_blank">Requests</a>
+
+**FastAPI** is not actually an alternative to **Requests**. Their scope is very different.
+
+It would actually be common to use Requests *inside* of a FastAPI application.
+
+But still, FastAPI got quite some inspiration from Requests.
+
+**Requests** is a library to *interact* with APIs (as a client), while **FastAPI** is a library to *build* APIs (as a server).
+
+They are, more or less, at opposite ends, complementing each other.
+
+Requests has a very simple and intuitive design, it's very easy to use, with sensible defaults. But at the same time, it's very powerful and customizable.
+
+That's why, as said in the official website:
+
+> Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages of all time
+
+The way you use it is very simple. For example, to do a `GET` request, you would write:
+
+```Python
+response = requests.get("http://example.com/some/url")
+```
+
+The FastAPI counterpart API path operation could look like:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+@app.get("/some/url")
+def read_url():
+    return {"message": "Hello World"}
+```
+
+See the similarities in `requests.get(...)` and `@app.get(...)`.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    * Have a simple and intuitive API.
+    * Use HTTP method names (operations) directly, in a straightforward and intuitive way.
+    * Have sensible defaults, but powerful customizations.
+
+
+### <a href="https://swagger.io/" target="_blank">Swagger</a> / <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a>
+
+The main feature I wanted from Django REST Framework was the automatic API documentation.
+
+Then I found that there was a standard to document APIs, using JSON (or YAML, an extension of JSON) called Swagger.
+
+And there was a web user interface for Swagger APIs already created. So, being able to generate Swagger documentation for an API would allow using this web user interface automatically.
+
+At some point, Swagger was given to the Linux Foundation, to be renamed OpenAPI.
+
+That's why when talking about version 2.0 it's common to say "Swagger", and for version 3+ "OpenAPI".
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Adopt and use an open standard for API specifications, instead of a custom schema.
+
+    And integrate standards-based user interface tools:
+
+    * <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>
+    * <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>
+
+    These two were chosen for being fairly popular and stable, but doing a quick search, you could find dozens of additional alternative user interfaces for OpenAPI (that you can use with **FastAPI**).
+
+### Flask REST frameworks
+
+There are several Flask REST frameworks, but after investing the time and work into investigating them, I found that many are discontinued or abandoned, with several standing issues that made them unfit.
+
+### <a href="https://marshmallow.readthedocs.io/en/3.0/" target="_blank">Marshmallow</a>
+
+One of the main features needed by API systems is data "<abbr title="also called marshalling, conversion">serialization</abbr>" which is taking data from the code (Python) and converting it into something that can be sent through the network. For example, converting an object containing data from a database into a JSON object. Converting `datetime` objects into strings, etc.
+
+Another big feature needed by APIs is data validation, making sure that the data is valid, given certain parameters. For example, that some field is an `int`, and not some random string. This is especially useful for incoming data.
+
+Without a data validation system, you would have to do all the checks by hand, in code.
+
+These features are what Marshmallow was built to provide. It is a great library, and I have used it a lot before.
+
+But it was created before there existed Python type hints. So, to define every <abbr title="the definition of how data should be formed">schema</abbr> you need to use specific utils and classes provided by Marshmallow.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Use code to define "schemas" that provide data types and validation, automatically.
+
+### <a href="https://webargs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Webargs</a>
+
+Another big feature required by APIs is <abbr title="reading and converting to Python data">parsing</abbr> data from incoming requests.
+
+Webargs is a tool that was made to provide that on top of several frameworks, including Flask.
+
+It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same guys.
+
+It's a great tool and I have used it a lot too, before having **FastAPI**.
+
+!!! info
+    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Have automatic validation of incoming request data.
+
+### <a href="https://apispec.readthedocs.io/en/stable/" target="_blank">APISpec</a>
+
+Marshmallow and Webargs provide validation, parsing and serialization as plug-ins.
+
+But documentation is still missing. Then APISpec was created.
+
+It is a plug-in for many frameworks (and there's a plug-in for Starlette too).
+
+The way it works is that you write the definition of the schema using YAML format inside the docstring of each function handling a route.
+
+And it generates OpenAPI schemas.
+
+That's how it works in Flask, Starlette, Responder, etc.
+
+But then, we have again the problem of having a micro-syntax, inside of a Python string (a big YAML).
+
+The editor can't help much with that. And if we modify parameters or Marshmallow schemas and forget to also modify that YAML docstring, the generated schema would be obsolete.
+
+!!! info
+    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Support the open standard for APIs, OpenAPI.
+
+### <a href="https://flask-apispec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Flask-apispec</a>
+
+It's a Flask plug-in, that ties together Webargs, Marshmallow and APISpec.
+
+It uses the information from Webargs and Marshmallow to automatically generate OpenAPI schemas, using APISpec.
+
+It's a great tool, very under-rated. It should be way more popular than many Flask plug-ins out there. It might be due to its documentation being too concise and abstract.
+
+This solved having to write YAML (another syntax) inside of Python docstrings.
+
+This combination of Flask, Flask-apispec with Marshmallow and Webargs was my favorite backend stack until building **FastAPI**.
+
+Using it led to the creation of several Flask full-stack generators. These are the main stack I (and several external teams) have been using up to now:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchbase" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchbase</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchdb" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchdb</a>
+
+And these same full-stack generators were the base of the <a href="/project-generation/" target="_blank">**FastAPI** project generator</a>.
+
+!!! info
+    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Generate the OpenAPI schema automatically, from the same code that defines serialization and validation.
+
+### <a href="https://nestjs.com/" target="_blank">NestJS</a> (and <a href="https://angular.io/" target="_blank">Angular</a>)
+
+This isn't even Python, NestJS is a JavaScript (TypeScript) NodeJS framework inspired by Angular.
+
+It achieves something somewhat similar to what can be done with Flask-apispec.
+
+It has an integrated dependency injection system, inspired by Angular two. It requires pre-registering the "injectables" (like all the other dependency injection systems I know), so, it adds to the verbosity and code repetition.
+
+As the parameters are described with TypeScript types (similar to Python type hints), editor support is quite good.
+
+But as TypeScript data is not preserved after compilation to JavaScript, it cannot rely on the types to define validation, serialization and documentation at the same time. Due to this and some design decisions, to get validation, serialization and automatic schema generation, it's needed to add decorators in many places. So, it becomes quite verbose.
+
+It can't handle nested models very well. So, if the JSON body in the request is a JSON object that has inner fields that in turn are nested JSON objects, it cannot be properly documented and validated.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Use Python types to have great editor support.
+
+    Have a powerful dependency injection system. Find a way to minimize code repetition.
+
+### <a href="https://sanic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Sanic</a>
+
+It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It was made to be very similar to Flask.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    It used <a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop" target="_blank">`uvloop`</a> instead of the default Python `asyncio` loop. That's what made it so fast.
+
+    It <a href="https://github.com/huge-success/sanic/issues/761" target="_blank">still doesn't implement the ASGI spec for Python asynchronous web development</a>, but it clearly inspired Uvicorn and Starlette, that are currently faster than Sanic in open benchmarks.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Find a way to have a crazy performance.
+    
+    That's why **FastAPI** is based on Starlette, as it is the fastest framework available (tested by third-party benchmarks).
+
+### <a href="https://falconframework.org/" target="_blank">Falcon</a>
+
+Falcon is another high performance Python framework, it is designed to be minimal, and work as the foundation of other frameworks like Hug.
+
+It uses the previous standard for Python web frameworks (WSGI) which is synchronous, so it can't handle WebSockets and other use cases. Nevertheless, it also has a very good performance.
+
+It is designed to have functions that receive two parameters, one "request" and one "response". Then you "read" parts from the request, and "write" parts to the response. Because of this design, it is not possible to declare request parameters and bodies with standard Python type hints as function parameters.
+
+So, data validation, serialization, and documentation, have to be done in code, not automatically. Or they have to be implemented as a framework on top of Falcon, like Hug. This same distinction happens in other frameworks that are inspired by Falcon's design, of having one request object and one response object as parameters.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Find ways to get great performance.
+
+    Along with Hug (as Hug is based on Falcon) inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions.
+
+    Although in FastAPI it's optional, and is used mainly to set headers, cookies, and alternative status codes.
+
+### <a href="https://moltenframework.com/" target="_blank">Molten</a>
+
+I discovered Molten in the first stages of building **FastAPI**. And it has quite similar ideas:
+
+* Based on Python type hints.
+* Validation and documentation from these types.
+* Dependency Injection system.
+
+It doesn't use a data validation, serialization and documentation third-party library like Pydantic, it has its own. So, these data type definitions would not be reusable as easily.
+
+It requires a little bit more verbose configurations. And as it is based on WSGI (instead of ASGI), it is not designed to take advantage of the high-performance provided by tools like Uvicorn, Starlette and Sanic.
+
+The dependency injection system requires pre-registration of the dependencies and the dependencies are solved based on the declared types. So, it's not possible to declare more than one "component" that provides a certain type.
+
+Routes are declared in a single place, using functions declared in other places (instead of using decorators that can be placed right on top of the function that handles the endpoint). This is closer to how Django does it than to how Flask (and Starlette) does it. It separates in the code things that are relatively tightly coupled.
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Define extra validations for data types using the "default" value of model attributes. This improves editor support, and it was not available in Pydantic before.
+
+    This actually inspired updating parts of Pydantic, to support the same validation declaration style (all this functionality is now already available in Pydantic).
+
+### <a href="http://www.hug.rest/" target="_blank">Hug</a>
+
+Hug was one of the first frameworks to implement the declaration of API parameter types using Python type hints. This was a great idea that inspired other tools to do the same.
+
+It used custom types in its declarations instead of standard Python types, but it was still a huge step forward.
+
+It also was one of the first frameworks to generate a custom schema declaring the whole API in JSON.
+
+It was not based on a standard like OpenAPI and JSON Schema. So it wouldn't be straightforward to integrate it with other tools, like Swagger UI. But again, it was a very innovative idea.
+
+It has an interesting, uncommon feature: using the same framework, it's possible to create APIs and also CLIs.
+
+As it is based on the previous standard for synchronous Python web frameworks (WSGI), it can't handle Websockets and other things, although it still has high performance too.
+
+!!! info
+    Hug was created by Timothy Crosley, the same creator of <a href="https://github.com/timothycrosley/isort" target="_blank">`isort`</a>, a great tool to automatically sort imports in Python files.
+
+!!! check "Ideas inspired in **FastAPI**"
+    Hug inspired parts of APIStar, and was one of the tools I found most promising, alongside APIStar.
+
+    Hug helped inspiring **FastAPI** to use Python type hints to declare parameters, and to generate a schema defining the API automatically.
+
+    Hug inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions to set headers and cookies.
+
+### <a href="https://github.com/encode/apistar" target="_blank">APIStar</a> (<= 0.5)
+
+Right before deciding to build **FastAPI** I found **APIStar** server. It had almost everything I was looking for and had a great design.
+
+It was one of the first implementations of a framework using Python type hints to declare parameters and requests that I ever saw (before NestJS and Molten). I found it more or less at the same time as Hug. But APIStar used the OpenAPI standard.
+
+It had automatic data validation, data serialization and OpenAPI schema generation based on the same type hints in several places.
+
+Body schema definitions didn't use the same Python type hints like Pydantic, it was a bit more similar to Marshmallow, so, editor support wouldn't be as good, but still, APIStar was the best available option.
+
+It had the best performance benchmarks at the time (only surpassed by Starlette).
+
+At first, it didn't have an automatic API documentation web UI, but I knew I could add Swagger UI to it.
+
+It had a dependency injection system. It required pre-registration of components, as other tools discussed above. But still, it was a great feature.
+
+I was never able to use it in a full project, as it didn't have security integration, so, I couldn't replace all the features I was having with the full-stack generators based on Flask-apispec. I had in my backlog of projects to create a pull request adding that functionality.
+
+But then, the project's focus shifted.
+
+It was no longer an API web framework, as the creator needed to focus on Starlette.
+
+Now APIStar is a set of tools to validate OpenAPI specifications, not a web framework.
+
+!!! info
+    APIStar was created by Tom Christie. The same guy that created:
+
+    * Django REST Framework
+    * Starlette (in which **FastAPI** is based)
+    * Uvicorn (used by Starlette and **FastAPI**)
+
+!!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
+    Exist.
+
+    The idea of declaring multiple things (data validation, serialization and documentation) with the same Python types, that at the same time provided great editor support, was something I considered a brilliant idea.
+    
+    And after searching for a long time for a similar framework and testing many different alternatives, APIStar was the best option available.
+
+    Then APIStar stopped to exist as a server and Starlette was created, and was a new better foundation for such a system. That was the final inspiration to build **FastAPI**.
+
+    I consider **FastAPI** a "spiritual successor" to APIStar, while improving and increasing the features, typing system, and other parts, based on the learnings from all these previous tools.
+
+## Used by **FastAPI**
+
+### <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic</a>
+
+Pydantic is a library to define data validation, serialization and documentation (using JSON Schema) based on Python type hints.
+
+That makes it extremely intuitive.
+
+It is comparable to Marshmallow. Although it's faster than Marshmallow in benchmarks. And as it is based on the same Python type hints, the editor support is great.
+
+!!! check "**FastAPI** uses it to"
+    Handle all the data validation, data serialization and automatic model documentation (based on JSON Schema).
+
+    **FastAPI** then takes that JSON Schema data and puts it in OpenAPI, apart from all the other things it does.
+
+### <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">Starlette</a>
+
+Starlette is a lightweight <abbr title="The new standard for building asynchronous Python web">ASGI</abbr> framework/toolkit, which is ideal for building high-performance asyncio services.
+
+It is very simple and intuitive. It's designed to be easily extensible, and have modular components.
+
+It has:
+
+* Seriously impressive performance.
+* WebSocket support.
+* GraphQL support.
+* In-process background tasks.
+* Startup and shutdown events.
+* Test client built on requests.
+* CORS, GZip, Static Files, Streaming responses.
+* Session and Cookie support.
+* 100% test coverage.
+* 100% type annotated codebase.
+* Zero hard dependencies.
+
+Starlette is currently the fastest Python framework tested. Only surpassed by Uvicorn, which is not a framework, but a server.
+
+Starlette provides all the basic web microframework functionality.
+
+But it doesn't provide automatic data validation, serialization or documentation.
+
+That's one of the main things that **FastAPI** adds on top, all based on Python type hints (using Pydantic). That, plus the dependency injection system, security utilities, OpenAPI schema generation, etc.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    ASGI is a new "standard" being developed by Django core team members. It is still not a "Python standard" (a PEP), although they are in the process of doing that.
+
+    Nevertheless, it is already being used as a "standard" by several tools. This greatly improves interoperability, as you could switch Uvicorn for any other ASGI server (like Daphne or Hypercorn), or you could add ASGI compatible tools, like `python-socketio`.
+
+!!! check "**FastAPI** uses it to"
+    Handle all the core web parts. Adding features on top.
+
+    The class `FastAPI` itself inherits directly from the class `Starlette`.
+    
+    So, anything that you can do with Starlette, you can do it directly with **FastAPI**, as it is basically Starlette on steroids.
+
+### <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>
+
+Uvicorn is a lightning-fast ASGI server, built on uvloop and httptools.
+
+It is not a web framework, but a server. For example, it doesn't provide tools for routing by paths. That's something that a framework like Starlette (or **FastAPI**) would provide on top.
+
+It is the recommended server for Starlette and **FastAPI**.
+
+!!! check "**FastAPI** recommends it as"
+    The main web server to run **FastAPI** applications.
+
+    You can combine it with Gunicorn, to have an asynchronous multi-process server.
+
+    Check more details in the <a href="/deployment/" target="_blank">Deployment</a> section.
+
+## Benchmarks and speed
+
+To understand, compare, and see the difference between Uvicorn, Starlette and FastAPI, check the section about [Benchmarks](/benchmarks/).
--- a/docs/async.md
+++ b/docs/async.md
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ So, about the egg and the chicken, how do you call the first `async` function?

 If you are working with **FastAPI** you don't have to worry about that, because that "first" function will be your path operation function, and FastAPI will know how to do the right thing.

-But if you want to use `async` / `await` without FastAPI, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutine" target="_blank">check the official Python docs</a>
+But if you want to use `async` / `await` without FastAPI, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutine" target="_blank">check the official Python docs</a>.


 ### Other forms of asynchronous code
@@ -362,3 +362,43 @@ Let's see the same phrase from above:
 That should make more sense now.

 All that is what powers FastAPI (through Starlette) and what makes it have such an impressive performance.
+
+
+## Very Technical Details
+
+!!! warning
+    You can probably skip this.
+    
+    These are very technical details of how **FastAPI** works underneath.
+    
+    If you have quite some technical knowledge (co-routines, threads, blocking, etc) and are curious about how FastAPI handles `async def` vs normal `def`, go ahead.
+
+### Path operation functions
+
+When you declare a *path operation function* with normal `def` instead of `async def`, it is run in an external threadpool that is then awaited, instead of being called directly (as it would block the server).
+
+If you are coming from another async framework that does not work in the way described above and you are used to define trivial compute-only *path operation functions* with plain `def` for a tiny performance gain (about 100 nanoseconds), please note that in **FastAPI** the effect would be quite opposite. In these cases, it's better to use `async def` unless your *path operation functions* use code that performs blocking <abbr title="Input/Output: disk reading or writing, network communications.">IO</abbr>.
+
+Still, in both situations, chances are that **FastAPI** will <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/#performance" target="_blank">still be faster</a> than (or at least comparable to) your previous framework.
+
+### Dependencies
+
+The same applies for dependencies. If a dependency is a standard `def` function instead of `async def`, it is run in the external threadpool.
+
+### Sub-dependencies
+
+You can have multiple dependencies and sub-dependencies requiring each other (as parameters of the function definitions), some of them might be created with `async def` and some with normal `def`. It would still work, and the ones created with normal `def` would be called on an external thread instead of being "awaited".
+
+### Other utility functions
+
+Any other utility function that you call directly can be created with normal `def` or `async def` and FastAPI won't affect the way you call it.
+
+This is in contrast to the functions that FastAPI calls for you: *path operation functions* and dependencies.
+
+If your utility function is a normal function with `def`, it will be called directly (as you write it in your code), not in a threadpool, if the function is created with `async def` then you should await for that function when you call it in your code.
+
+---
+
+Again, these are very technical details that would probably be useful if you came searching for them.
+
+Otherwise, you should be good with the guidelines from the section above: <a href="#in-a-hurry">In a hurry?</a>.
--- a/docs/benchmarks.md
+++ b/docs/benchmarks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+
+But when checking benchmarks and comparisons you should have the following in mind.
+
+## Benchmarks and speed
+
+When you check the benchmarks, it is common to see several tools of different types compared as equivalent.
+
+Specifically, to see Uvicorn, Starlette and FastAPI compared together (among many other tools).
+
+The simplest the problem solved by the tool, the better performance it will get. And most of the benchmarks don't test the additional features provided by the tool.
+
+The hierarchy is like:
+
+* **Uvicorn**: an ASGI server
+    * **Starlette**: (uses Uvicorn) a web microframework
+        * **FastAPI**: (uses Starlette) an API microframework with several additional features for building APIs, with data validation, etc.
+
+* **Uvicorn**:
+    * Will have the best performance, as it doesn't have much extra code apart from the server itself.
+    * You wouldn't write an application in Uvicorn directly. That would mean that your code would have to include more or less, at least, all the code provided by Starlette (or **FastAPI**). And if you did that, your final application would have the same overhead as having used a framework and minimizing your app code and bugs.
+    * If you are comparing Uvicorn, compare it against Daphne, Hypercorn, uWSGI, etc. Application servers.
+* **Starlette**:
+    * Will have the next best performance, after Uvicorn. In fact, Starlette uses Uvicorn to run. So, it probably can only get "slower" than Uvicorn by having to execute more code.
+    * But it provides you the tools to build simple web applications, with routing based on paths, etc.
+    * If you are comparing Starlette, compare it against Sanic, Flask, Django, etc. Web frameworks (or microframeworks).
+* **FastAPI**:
+    * The same way that Starlette uses Uvicorn and cannot be faster than it, **FastAPI** uses Starlette, so it cannot be faster than it.
+    * FastAPI provides more features on top of Starlette. Features that you almost always need when building APIs, like data validation and serialization. And by using it, you get automatic documentation for free (the automatic documentation doesn't even add overhead to running applications, it is generated on startup).
+    * If you didn't use FastAPI and used Starlette directly (or another tool, like Sanic, Flask, Responder, etc) you would have to implement all the data validation and serialization yourself. So, your final application would still have the same overhead as if it was built using FastAPI. And in many cases, this data validation and serialization is the biggest amount of code written in applications.
+    * So, by using FastAPI you are saving development time, bugs, lines of code, and you would probably get the same performance (or better) you would if you didn't use it (as you would have to implement it all in your code).
+    * If you are comparing FastAPI, compare it against a web application framework (or set of tools) that provides data validation, serialization and documentation, like Flask-apispec, NestJS, Molten, etc. Frameworks with integrated automatic data validation, serialization and documentation.
--- a/docs/contributing.md
+++ b/docs/contributing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+First, you might want to see the basic ways to <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/" target="_blank">help FastAPI and get help</a>.
+
+## Developing
+
+If you already cloned the repository and you know that you need to deep dive in the code, here are some guidelines to set up your environment.
+
+
+### Pipenv
+
+If you are using <a href="https://pipenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Pipenv</a>, you can create a virtual environment and install the packages with:
+
+```bash
+pipenv install --dev
+```
+
+Then you can activate that virtual environment with:
+
+```bash
+pipenv shell
+```
+
+
+### No Pipenv
+
+If you are not using Pipenv, you can create a virtual environment with your preferred tool, and install the packages listed in the file `Pipfile`.
+
+
+### Flit
+
+**FastAPI** uses <a href="https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html" target="_blank">Flit</a> to build, package and publish the project.
+
+If you installed the development dependencies with one of the methods above, you already have the `flit` command.
+
+To install your local version of FastAPI as a package in your local environment, run:
+
+```bash
+flit install --symlink
+```
+
+It will install your local FastAPI in your local environment.
+
+
+#### Using your local FastAPI
+
+If you create a Python file that imports and uses FastAPI, and run it with the Python from your local environment, it will use your local FastAPI source code.
+
+And if you update that local FastAPI source code, as it is installed with `--symlink`, when you run that Python file again, it will use the fresh version of FastAPI you just edited.
+
+That way, you don't have to "install" your local version to be able to test every change.
+
+
+### Format
+
+There is a script that you can run that will format and clean all your code:
+
+```bash
+bash scripts/lint.sh
+```
+
+It will also auto-sort all your imports.
+
+For it to sort them correctly, you need to have FastAPI installed locally in your environment, with the command in the section above:
+
+```bash
+flit install --symlink
+```
+
+
+### Docs
+
+The documentation uses <a href="https://www.mkdocs.org/" target="_blank">MkDocs</a>.
+
+All the documentation is in Markdown format in the directory `./docs`.
+
+Many of the tutorials have blocks of code.
+
+In most of the cases, these blocks of code are actual complete applications that can be run as is.
+
+In fact, those blocks of code are not written inside the Markdown, they are Python files in the `./docs/src/` directory.
+
+And those Python files are included/injected in the documentation when generating the site.
+
+
+#### Docs for tests
+
+Most of the tests actually run against the example source files in the documentation.
+
+This helps making sure that:
+
+* The documentation is up to date.
+* The documentation examples can be run as is.
+* Most of the features are covered by the documentation, ensured by the coverage tests.
+
+During local development, there is a script that builds the site and checks for any changes, live-reloading:
+
+```bash
+bash scripts/docs-live.sh
+```
+
+It will serve the documentation on `http://0.0.0.0:8008`.
+
+That way, you can edit the documentation/source files and see the changes live.
+
+#### Apps and docs at the same time
+
+And if you run the examples with, e.g.:
+
+```bash
+uvicorn tutorial001:app --reload
+```
+
+as Uvicorn by default will use the port `8000`, the documentation on port `8008` won't clash.
+
+
+### Tests
+
+There is a script that you can run locally to test all the code and generate coverage reports in HTML:
+
+```bash
+bash scripts/test-cov-html.sh
+```
+
+This command generates a directory `./htmlcov/`, if you open the file `./htmlcov/index.html` in your browser, you can explore interactively the regions of code that are covered by the tests, and notice if there is any region missing.
--- a/docs/deployment.md
+++ b/docs/deployment.md
@@ -1 +1,274 @@
-Coming soon...
+You can use <a href="https://www.docker.com/" target="_blank">**Docker**</a> for deployment. It has several advantages like security, replicability, development simplicity, etc.
+
+In this section you'll see instructions and links to guides to know how to:
+
+* Make your **FastAPI** application a Docker image/container with maximum performance. In about **5 min**.
+* (Optionally) understand what you, as a developer, need to know about HTTPS.
+* Set up a Docker Swarm mode cluster with automatic HTTPS, even on a simple $5 USD/month server. In about **20 min**.
+* Generate and deploy a full **FastAPI** application, using your Docker Swarm cluster, with HTTPS, etc. In about **10 min**.
+
+---
+
+You can also easily use **FastAPI** in a standard server directly too (without Docker).
+
+
+## Docker
+
+If you are using Docker, you can use the official Docker image:
+
+### <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>
+
+This image has an "auto-tuning" mechanism included, so that you can just add your code and get very high performance automatically. And without making sacrifices.
+
+But you can still change and update all the configurations with environment variables or configuration files.
+
+!!! tip
+    To see all the configurations and options, go to the Docker image page: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>.
+
+
+### Create a `Dockerfile`
+
+* Go to your project directory.
+* Create a `Dockerfile` with:
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.7
+
+COPY ./app /app
+```
+
+#### Bigger Applications
+
+If you followed the section about creating <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/" target="_blank">Bigger Applications with Multiple Files
+</a>, your `Dockerfile` might instead look like:
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.7
+
+COPY ./app /app/app
+```
+
+#### Raspberry Pi and other architectures
+
+If you are running Docker in a Raspberry Pi (that has an ARM processor) or any other architecture, you can create a `Dockerfile` from scratch, based on a Python base image (that is multi-architecture) and use Uvicorn alone.
+
+In this case, your `Dockerfile` could look like:
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM python:3.7
+
+RUN pip install fastapi uvicorn
+
+EXPOSE 80
+
+COPY ./app /app
+
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+```
+
+### Create the **FastAPI** Code
+
+* Create an `app` directory and enter in it.
+* Create a `main.py` file with:
+
+```Python
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+* You should now have a directory structure like:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   └── main.py
+└── Dockerfile
+```
+
+### Build the Docker image
+
+* Go to the project directory (in where your `Dockerfile` is, containing your `app` directory).
+* Build your FastAPI image:
+
+```bash
+docker build -t myimage .
+```
+
+### Start the Docker container
+
+* Run a container based on your image:
+
+```bash
+docker run -d --name mycontainer -p 80:80 myimage
+```
+
+Now you have an optimized FastAPI server in a Docker container. Auto-tuned for your current server (and number of CPU cores).
+
+
+### Check it
+
+You should be able to check it in your Docker container's URL, for example: <a href="http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
+
+You will see something like:
+
+```JSON
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
+```
+
+
+### Interactive API docs
+
+Now you can go to <a href="http://192.168.99.100/docs" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/docs</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/docs</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
+
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
+
+
+### Alternative API docs
+
+And you can also go to <a href="http://192.168.99.100/redoc" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/redoc</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/redoc</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
+
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
+
+
+## HTTPS
+
+### About HTTPS
+
+It is easy to assume that HTTPS is something that is just "enabled" or not.
+
+But it is way more complex than that.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you are in a hurry or don't care, continue with the next section for step by step instructions to set everything up.
+
+To learn the basics of HTTPS, from a consumer perspective, check <a href="https://howhttps.works/" target="_blank">https://howhttps.works/</a>.
+
+Now, from a developer's perspective, here are several things to have in mind while thinking about HTTPS:
+
+* For HTTPS, the server needs to have "certificates" generated by a third party.
+    * Those certificates are actually acquired from the third-party, not "generated".
+* Certificates have a lifetime.
+    * They expire.
+    * And then they need to be renewed, acquired again from the third party.
+* The encryption of the connection happens at the TCP level.
+    * That's one layer below HTTP.
+    * So, the certificate and encryption handling is done before HTTP.
+* TCP doesn't know about "domains". Only about IP addresses.
+    * The information about the specific domain requested goes in the HTTP data.
+* The HTTPS certificates "certificate" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
+* By default, that would mean that you can only have one HTTPS certificate per IP address.
+    * No matter how big is your server and how small each application you have there might be. But...
+* There's an extension to the TLS protocol (the one handling the encryption at the TCP level, before HTTP) called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" target="_blank"><abbr title="Server Name Indication">SNI</abbr></a>.
+    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and server multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
+    * For this to work, a single component (program) running in the server, listening in the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
+* After having a secure connection, the communication protocol is the same HTTP.
+    * It goes encrypted, but the encrypted contents are the same HTTP protocol.
+
+
+It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running in the server (the machine, host, etc) and managing all the HTTPS parts, sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is ofter called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.
+
+
+### Let's Encrypt
+
+Up to some years ago, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.
+
+The process to acquire one of these certificates used to be cumbersome, require quite some paperwork and the certificates were quite expensive.
+
+But then <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a> was created.
+
+It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so, the security is actually increased, by reducing their lifespan.
+
+The domain's are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automatizing the renewal of these certificates.
+
+The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, free, forever.
+
+
+### Traefik
+
+<a href="https://traefik.io/" target="_blank">Traefik</a> is a high performance reverse proxy / load balancer. It can do the "TLS Termination Proxy" job (apart from other features).
+
+It has integration with Let's Encrypt. So, it can handle all the HTTPS parts, including certificate acquisition and renewal.
+
+It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application, all automatically. Without requiring any change in its configuration.
+
+---
+
+With this information and tools, continue with the next section to combine everything.
+
+
+## Docker Swarm mode cluster with Traefik and HTTPS
+
+You can have a Docker Swarm mode cluster set up in minutes (about 20 min) with a main Traefik handling HTTPS (including certificate acquisition and renewal).
+
+By using Docker Swarm mode, you can start with a "cluster" of a single machine (it can even be a $5 USD / month server) and then you can grow as much as you need adding more servers.
+
+To set up a Docker Swarm Mode cluster with Traefik and HTTPS handling, follow this guide:
+
+### <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo/docker-swarm-mode-and-traefik-for-a-https-cluster-20328dba6232" target="_blank">Docker Swarm Mode and Traefik for an HTTPS cluster</a>.
+
+
+### Deploy a FastAPI application
+
+The easiest way to set everything up, would be using the <a href="/project-generation/" target="_blank">FastAPI project generator</a>.
+
+It is designed to be integrated with this Docker Swarm cluster with Traefik and HTTPS described above.
+
+You can generate a project in about 2 min.
+
+The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes other 2 min.
+
+
+## Alternatively, deploy **FastAPI** without Docker
+
+You can deploy **FastAPI** directly without Docker too.
+
+You just need to install an ASGI compatible server like:
+
+* <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>, a lightning-fast ASGI server, built on uvloop and httptools.
+
+```bash
+pip install uvicorn
+```
+
+* <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>, an ASGI server also compatible with HTTP/2.
+
+```bash
+pip install hypercorn
+```
+
+...or any other ASGI server.
+
+And run your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but without the `--reload` option, e.g.:
+
+```bash
+uvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 80
+```
+
+or with Hypercorn:
+
+```bash
+hypercorn main:app --bind 0.0.0.0:80
+```
+
+You might want to set up some tooling to make sure it is restarted automatically if it stops.
+
+You might also want to install <a href="https://gunicorn.org/" target="_blank">Gunicorn</a> and <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/#running-with-gunicorn" target="_blank">use it as a manager for Uvicorn</a>, or use Hypercorn with multiple workers.
+
+Making sure to fine-tune the number of workers, etc.
+
+But if you are doing all that, you might just use the Docker image that does it automatically.
--- a/docs/external-links.md
+++ b/docs/external-links.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+**FastAPI** has a great community constantly growing.
+
+There are many posts, articles, tools, and projects, related to **FastAPI**.
+
+Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you have an article, project, tool, or anything related to **FastAPI** that is not yet listed here, create a <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/external-links.md" target="_blank">Pull Request adding it</a>.
+
+## Articles
+
+### English
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59" target="_blank">FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes" target="_blank">William Hayes</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-google-as-an-external-authentication-provider-3a527672cf33" target="_blank">FastAPI — Google as an external authentication provider</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-how-to-add-basic-and-cookie-authentication-a45c85ef47d3" target="_blank">FastAPI — How to add basic and cookie authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://dev.to/errietta/introduction-to-the-fastapi-python-framework-2n10" target="_blank">Introduction to the fastapi python framework</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/errietta" target="_blank">Errieta Kostala</a>.
+
+* <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/api,/scikit-learn/2019/01/10/scikit-fastapi.html" target="_blank">FastAPI and Scikit-Learn: Easily Deploy Models</a> by <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/" target="_blank">Nick Cortale</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-authentication-revisited-enabling-api-key-authentication-122dc5975680" target="_blank">FastAPI authentication revisited: Enabling API key authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/fastapi-logging-on-the-fly/" target="_blank">FastAPI, a simple use case on logging</a> by <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+
+### Japanese
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru/items/59958ed385b3571d50de" target="_blank">python製の最新APIフレームワーク FastAPI を触ってみた</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru" target="_blank">@ryoryomaru</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/0e1f5dbbe62efc612a78" target="_blank">FastAPIでCORSを回避</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/4fbc1a4e2b33fa2237d2" target="_blank">FastAPIをMySQLと接続してDockerで管理してみる</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/8a458a8952f50b73f420" target="_blank">FastAPIでPOSTされたJSONのレスポンスbodyを受け取る</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
+
+### Chinese
+
+* <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
+
+### Vietnamese
+
+* <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.
+
+### Russian
+
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
+
+## Podcasts
+
+* <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.
--- a/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/features.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Interactive API documentation and exploration web user interfaces. As the framew

 It's all based on standard **Python 3.6 type** declarations (thanks to Pydantic). No new syntax to learn. Just standard modern Python.

-If you need a 2 minute refresher of how to use Python types (even if you don't use FastAPI), check the tutorial section: [Python types](tutorial/python-types.md).
+If you need a 2 minute refresher of how to use Python types (even if you don't use FastAPI), check the tutorial section: [Python types](python-types.md).

 You write standard Python with types:

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from datetime import date

 from pydantic import BaseModel

-# Declare a variable as an str
+# Declare a variable as a str
 # and get editor support inside the function
 def main(user_id: str):
    return user_id
@@ -61,18 +61,17 @@ second_user_data = {
    "joined": "2018-11-30",
 }

-
-# **second_user_data means: 
-# pass the keys and values of the dict 
-# directly as key-value arguments
-# equivalent to:
-# id=4, name="Mary", joined="2018-11-30"
 my_second_user: User = User(**second_user_data)
 ```

+!!! info
+    `**second_user_data` means:
+    
+    Pass the keys and values of the `second_user_data` dict directly as key-value arguments, equivalent to: `User(id=4, name="Mary", joined="2018-11-30")`
+
 ### Editor support

-All the framework was designed to be easy and intuitive to use, all the decisons where tested on multiple editors even before starting development, to ensure the best development experience.
+All the framework was designed to be easy and intuitive to use, all the decisions where tested on multiple editors even before starting development, to ensure the best development experience.

 In the last Python developer survey it was clear <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/research/python-developers-survey-2017/#tools-and-features" target="_blank">that the most used feature is "autocompletion"</a>. 

@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ Here's how your editor might help you:

 ![editor support](img/pycharm-completion.png)

-You will get completion in code you might even consider imposible before. As for example, the `price` key inside a JSON body (that could have been nested) that comes from a request.
+You will get completion in code you might even consider impossible before. As for example, the `price` key inside a JSON body (that could have been nested) that comes from a request.

 No more typing the wrong key names, coming back and forth between docs, or scrolling up and down to find if you finally used `username` or `user_name`.

@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ Any integration is designed to be so simple to use (with dependencies) that you

 ### Tested

-* 100% <abbr title="The amount of code that is automatically tested">test coverage</abbr> (* not yet, in a couple days).
+* 100% <abbr title="The amount of code that is automatically tested">test coverage</abbr>.
 * 100% <abbr title="Python type annotations, with this your editor and external tools can give you better support">type annotated</abbr> code base.
 * Used in production applications.

@@ -202,4 +201,4 @@ With **FastAPI** you get all of **Pydantic**'s features (as FastAPI is based on
    * You can have deeply **nested JSON** objects and have them all validated and annotated.
 * **Extendible**:
    * Pydantic allows custom data types to be defined or you can extend validation with methods on a model decorated with the validator decorator.
-* 100% test coverage.
+* 100% test coverage.
--- a/docs/help-fastapi.md
+++ b/docs/help-fastapi.md
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+Are you liking **FastAPI**?
+
+Would you like to help FastAPI, other users, and the author?
+
+Or would you like to get help with **FastAPI**?
+
+There are very simple ways to help (several involve just one or two clicks).
+
+And there are several ways to get help too.
+
+
+## Star **FastAPI** in GitHub
+
+You can "star" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the star button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+
+By adding a star, other users will be able to find it more easily and see that it has been already useful for others.
+
+
+## Watch the GitHub repository for releases
+
+You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+
+There you can select "Releases only".
+
+Doing it, you will receive notifications (in your email) whenever there's a new release (a new version) of **FastAPI** with bug fixes and new features.
+
+## Join the chat
+
+<a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://badges.gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi.svg" alt="Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi">
+</a>
+
+Join the chat on Gitter: <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+
+There you can ask quick questions, help others, share ideas, etc.
+
+## Connect with the author
+
+You can connect with <a href="https://tiangolo.com" target="_blank">me (Sebastián Ramírez / `tiangolo`)</a>, the author.
+
+You can:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo" target="_blank">Follow me on **GitHub**</a>.
+    * See other Open Source projects I have created that could help you.
+    * Follow me to see when I create a new Open Source project.
+* <a href="https://twitter.com/tiangolo" target="_blank">Follow me on **Twitter**</a>.
+    * Tell me how you use FastAPI (I love to hear that).
+    * Ask questions.
+* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" target="_blank">Connect with me on **Linkedin**</a>.
+    * Talk to me.
+    * Endorse me or recommend me :)
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" target="_blank">Read what I write (or follow me) on **Medium**</a>.
+    * Read other ideas, articles and tools I have created.
+    * Follow me to see when I publish something new.
+
+
+## Tweet about **FastAPI**
+
+<a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=I'm loving FastAPI because... https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi cc @tiangolo" target="_blank">Tweet about **FastAPI**</a> and let me and others why you like it.
+
+## Let me know how are you using **FastAPI**
+
+I love to hear about how **FastAPI** is being used, what have you liked in it, in which project/company are you using it, etc.
+
+You can let me know:
+
+* <a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=Hey @tiangolo, I'm using FastAPI at..." target="_blank">On **Twitter**</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" target="_blank">On **Linkedin**</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" target="_blank">On **Medium**</a>.
+
+## Vote for FastAPI
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python/pull/1209" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-python`</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in Slant</a>.
+
+## Help others with issues in GitHub
+
+You can see <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues" target="_blank">existing issues</a> and try and help others.
+
+## Watch the GitHub repository
+
+You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+
+If you select "Watching" instead of "Releases only", you will receive notifications when someone creates a new issue.
+
+Then you can try and help them solving those issues.
+
+## Create issues
+
+You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" target="_blank">create a new issue</a> in the GitHub repository, for example to:
+
+* Report a bug/issue.
+* Suggest a new feature.
+* Ask a question.
+
+## Create a Pull Request
+
+You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">create a Pull Request</a>, for example:
+
+* To fix a typo you found on the documentation.
+* To propose new documentation sections.
+* To fix an existing issue/bug.
+* To add a new feature.
+
+---
+
+Thanks!
--- a/docs/history-design-future.md
+++ b/docs/history-design-future.md
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+Some time ago, <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/3#issuecomment-454956920" target="_blank">a **FastAPI** user asked</a>:
+
+> What’s the history of this project? It seems to have come from nowhere to awesome in a few weeks [...]
+
+Here's a little bit of that history.
+
+
+## Alternatives
+
+I have been creating APIs with complex requirements for several years (Machine Learning, distributed systems, asynchronous jobs, NoSQL databases, etc), leading several teams of developers.
+
+As part of that, I needed to investigate, test and use many alternatives.
+
+The history of **FastAPI** is in great part the history of its predecessors.
+
+As said in the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/" target="_blank">Alternatives</a>:
+
+<blockquote markdown="1">
+
+**FastAPI** wouldn't exist if not for the previous work of others.
+
+There have been many tools created before that have helped inspire its creation.
+
+I have been avoiding the creation of a new framework for several years. First I tried to solve all the features covered by **FastAPI** using many different frameworks, plug-ins, and tools.
+
+But at some point, there was no other option than creating something that provided all these features, taking the best ideas from previous tools, and combining them in the best way possible, using language features that weren't even available before (Python 3.6+ type hints).
+
+</blockquote>
+
+
+## Investigation
+
+By using all the previous alternatives I had the chance to learn from all of them, take ideas, and combine them in the best way I could find for myself and the teams of developers I have worked with.
+
+For example, it was clear that ideally it should be based on standard Python type hints.
+
+Also, the best approach was to use already existing standards.
+
+So, before even starting to code **FastAPI**, I spent several months studying the specs for OpenAPI, JSON Schema, OAuth2, etc. Understanding their relationship, overlap, and differences.
+
+
+## Design
+
+Then I spent some time designing the developer "API" I wanted to have as a user (as a developer using FastAPI).
+
+I tested several ideas in the most popular Python editors: PyCharm, VS Code, Jedi based editors.
+
+By the last <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/research/python-developers-survey-2018/#development-tools" target="_blank">Python Developer Survey</a>, that covers about 80% of the users.
+
+It means that **FastAPI** was specifically tested with the editors used by 80% of the Python developers. And as most of the other editors tend to work similarly, all its benefits should work for virtually all editors.
+
+That way I could find the best ways to reduce code duplication as much as possible, to have completion everywhere, type and error checks, etc.
+
+All in a way that provided the best development experience for all the developers.
+
+
+## Requirements
+
+After testing several alternatives, I decided that I was going to use <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">**Pydantic**</a> for its advantages.
+
+Then I contributed to it, to make it fully compliant with JSON Schema, to support different ways to define constraint declarations, and to improve editor support (type checks, autocompletion) based on the tests in several editors.
+
+During the development, I also contributed to <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">**Starlette**</a>, the other key requirement.
+
+
+## Development
+
+By the time I started creating **FastAPI** itself, most of the pieces were already in place, the design was defined, the requirements and tools were ready, and the knowledge about the standards and specifications was clear and fresh.
+
+
+## Future
+
+By this point, it's already clear that **FastAPI** with its ideas is being useful for many people.
+
+It is being chosen over previous alternatives for suiting many use cases better.
+
+Many developers and teams already depend on **FastAPI** for their projects (including me and my team).
+
+But still, there are many improvements and features to come.
+
+**FastAPI** has a great future ahead.
+
+And <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/" target="_blank">your help</a> is greatly appreciated.
--- a/docs/img/icon-transparent-bg.png
+++ b/docs/img/icon-transparent-bg.png
--- a/docs/img/icon-white-bg.png
+++ b/docs/img/icon-white-bg.png
--- a/docs/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png
+++ b/docs/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png
--- a/docs/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png
+++ b/docs/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png
--- a/docs/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png
+++ b/docs/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png
--- a/docs/img/index/index-04-swagger-03.png
+++ b/docs/img/index/index-04-swagger-03.png
--- a/docs/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png
+++ b/docs/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png
--- a/docs/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png
+++ b/docs/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png
--- a/docs/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png
+++ b/docs/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png
--- a/docs/img/logo-margin/logo-white-bg.png
+++ b/docs/img/logo-margin/logo-white-bg.png
--- a/docs/img/pycharm-completion.png
+++ b/docs/img/pycharm-completion.png
--- a/docs/img/python-types/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/python-types/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/python-types/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/python-types/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/python-types/image03.png
+++ b/docs/img/python-types/image03.png
--- a/docs/img/python-types/image04.png
+++ b/docs/img/python-types/image04.png
--- a/docs/img/python-types/image05.png
+++ b/docs/img/python-types/image05.png
--- a/docs/img/python-types/image06.png
+++ b/docs/img/python-types/image06.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/additional-responses/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/additional-responses/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/application-configuration/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/application-configuration/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/async-sql-databases/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/async-sql-databases/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/body-schema/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/body-schema/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/debugging/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/debugging/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/dependencies/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/dependencies/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/graphql/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/graphql/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/path-params/image03.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/path-params/image03.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image03.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image03.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image04.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image04.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image05.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image05.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image06.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image06.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image07.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image07.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image08.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image08.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image09.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image09.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image10.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image10.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image11.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image11.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image12.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image12.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/sub-applications/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/sub-applications/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/sub-applications/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/sub-applications/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image02.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image02.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image03.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image03.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image04.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/websockets/image04.png
--- a/docs/img/vscode-completion.png
+++ b/docs/img/vscode-completion.png
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -1,45 +1,70 @@
 <p align="center">
-  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal-vector.svg" alt='FastAPI'></a>
+  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" alt="FastAPI"></a>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
    <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi">
+<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
 </a>
-<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi">
+<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage">
 </a>
-<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi">
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi" target="_blank">
    <img src="https://badge.fury.io/py/fastapi.svg" alt="Package version">
 </a>
+<a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://badges.gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi.svg" alt="Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi">
+</a>
 </p>

 ---

-**Documentation**: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com)
+**Documentation**: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com</a>

-**Source Code**: [https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)
+**Source Code**: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>

 ---

-FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+.
+FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+ based on standard Python type hints.

 The key features are:

-* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic).
+* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).

 * **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300% *.
-* **Less bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
+* **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
 * **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
 * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
-* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Less bugs.
+* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
 * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
-* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.

 <small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>

+## Opinions
+
+"*[...] I'm using **FastAPI** a ton these days. [...] I'm actually planning to use it for all of my team's **ML services at Microsoft**. Some of them are getting integrated into the core **Windows** product and some **Office** products.*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kabir Khan - <strong>Microsoft</strong> <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*I’m over the moon excited about **FastAPI**. It’s so fun!*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Brian Okken - <strong><a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">Python Bytes</a> podcast host</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/brianokken/status/1112220079972728832" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*Honestly, what you've built looks super solid and polished. In many ways, it's what I wanted **Hug** to be - it's really inspiring to see someone build that.*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Timothy Crosley - <strong><a href="http://www.hug.rest/" target="_blank">Hug</a> creator</strong> <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19455465" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+
+

 ## Requirements

@@ -57,7 +82,7 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 $ pip install fastapi
 ```

-You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">uvicorn</a>.
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.

 ```bash
 $ pip install uvicorn
@@ -65,6 +90,8 @@ $ pip install uvicorn

 ## Example

+### Create it
+
 * Create a file `main.py` with:

 ```Python
@@ -72,50 +99,79 @@ from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()

-@app.get('/')
+
+@app.get("/")
 def read_root():
-    return {'hello': 'world'}
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>

-Or if your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
+If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:

-```Python hl_lines="6"
+```Python hl_lines="7 12"
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()

-@app.get('/')
+
+@app.get("/")
 async def read_root():
-    return {'hello': 'world'}
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

-!!! note
-    If you don't know, check the section about [`async` and `await` in the docs](async.md).
+**Note**:
+    
+If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.

+</details>

-* Run the server with:
+### Run it
+
+Run the server with:

 ```bash
-uvicorn main:app --debug
+uvicorn main:app --reload
 ```

-!!! note
-    The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>About the command <code>uvicorn main:app --reload</code>...</summary>

-    * `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
-    * `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
-    * `--debug`: make the server restart after code changes. Only do this for development.
+The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
+
+* `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
+* `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
+* `--reload`: make the server restart after code changes. Only do this for development.
+
+</details>

 ### Check it

-Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>. 
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>. 

 You will see the JSON response as:

 ```JSON
-{"hello": "world"}
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
 ```

+You already created an API that:
+
+* Receives HTTP requests in the _paths_ `/` and `/items/{item_id}`.
+* Both _paths_ take `GET` <em>operations</em> (also known as HTTP _methods_).
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has a _path parameter_ `item_id` that should be an `int`.
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has an optional `str` _query parameter_ `q`.
+
 ### Interactive API docs

 Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>. 
@@ -135,14 +191,12 @@ You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https

 ## Example upgrade

-Now modify the file `main.py` to include:
+Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.

-* a path parameter `item_id`.
-* a body, declared using standard Python types (thanks to Pydantic).
-* an optional query parameter `q`.
+Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.


-```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 19"
+```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 24"
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel

@@ -155,23 +209,28 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
    is_offer: bool = None


-@app.get('/')
-async def read_root():
-    return {'hello': 'world'}
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}


-@app.post('/items/{item_id}')
-async def create_item(item_id: int, item: Item, q: str = None):
-    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id, "query": q}
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
 ```

-The server should reload automatically (because you added `--debug` to the `uvicorn` command above).
+The server should reload automatically (because you added `--reload` to the `uvicorn` command above).

 ### Interactive API docs upgrade

 Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.

-* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new query, and body:
+* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:

 ![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png)

@@ -223,7 +282,7 @@ item: Item
 * Validation of data:
    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
-* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network, to Python data and types. Reading from:
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
    * JSON.
    * Path parameters.
    * Query parameters.
@@ -245,20 +304,20 @@ item: Item

 Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:

-* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path.
-* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int`.
+* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int` for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
    * If it is not, the client will see a useful, clear error.
-* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`).
+* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`) for `GET` requests.
    * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
-    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body).
-* Read the body as JSON:
+    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
+* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
    * Check that is has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
 * Convert from and to JSON automatically.
-* Document everything as an OpenAPI schema, that can be used by:
-    * Interactive documentation sytems.
+* Document everything with OpenAPI, that can be used by:
+    * Interactive documentation systems.
    * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
 * Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.

@@ -270,7 +329,7 @@ We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
 Try changing the line with:

 ```Python
-    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id, "query": q}
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
 ```

 ...from:
@@ -290,12 +349,12 @@ Try changing the line with:
 ![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)


-For a more complete example including more features, [see the tutorial - user guide](tutorial/intro/).
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/intro/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.

 **Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:

 * Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
-* How to set **validation constrains** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
+* How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
 * A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
 * Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
 * More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
@@ -308,6 +367,11 @@ For a more complete example including more features, [see the tutorial - user gu
    * ...and more.


+## Performance
+
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.

 ## Optional Dependencies

@@ -332,7 +396,7 @@ Used by FastAPI / Starlette:

 * <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.

-You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[full]`.
+You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[all]`.

 ## License

--- a/docs/project-generation.md
+++ b/docs/project-generation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+There is a project generator that you can use to get started, with a lot of the initial set up, security, database and first API endpoints already done for you.
+
+
+## Full-Stack-FastAPI-PostgreSQL
+
+GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql</a>
+
+### Features
+
+* Full **Docker** integration (Docker based).
+* Docker Swarm Mode deployment.
+* **Docker Compose** integration and optimization for local development
+* **Production ready** Python web server using Uvicorn and Gunicorn.
+* Python **[FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)** backend:
+    * **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic).
+    * **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+    * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
+    * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration.
+    * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
+    * **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+    * [**Many other features**](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi) including automatic validation, serialization, interactive documentation, authentication with OAuth2 JWT tokens, etc.
+* **Secure password** hashing by default.
+* **JWT token** authentication.
+* **SQLAlchemy** models (independent of Flask extensions, so they can be used with Celery workers directly).
+* Basic starting models for users (modify and remove as you need).
+* **Alembic** migrations.
+* **CORS** (Cross Origin Resource Sharing).
+* **Celery** worker that can import and use models and code from the rest of the backend selectively (you don't have to install the complete app in each worker).
+* REST backend tests based on **Pytest**, integrated with Docker, so you can test the full API interaction, independent on the database. As it runs in Docker, it can build a new data store from scratch each time (so you can use ElasticSearch, MongoDB, CouchDB, or whatever you want, and just test that the API works).
+* Easy Python integration with **Jupyter Kernels** for remote or in-Docker development with extensions like Atom Hydrogen or Visual Studio Code Jupyter.
+* **Vue** frontend:
+    * Generated with Vue CLI.
+    * **JWT Authentication** handling.
+    * Login view.
+    * After login, main dashboard view.
+    * Main dashboard with user creation and edition.
+    * Self user edition.
+    * **Vuex**.
+    * **Vue-router**.
+    * **Vuetify** for beautiful material design components.
+    * **TypeScript**.
+    * Docker server based on **Nginx** (configured to play nicely with Vue-router).
+    * Docker multi-stage building, so you don't need to save or commit compiled code.
+    * Frontend tests ran at build time (can be disabled too).
+    * Made as modular as possible, so it works out of the box, but you can re-generate with Vue CLI or create it as you need, and re-use what you want.
+* **PGAdmin** for PostgreSQL database, you can modify it to use PHPMyAdmin and MySQL easily.
+* **Flower** for Celery jobs monitoring.
+* Load balancing between frontend and backend with **Traefik**, so you can have both under the same domain, separated by path, but served by different containers.
+* Traefik integration, including Let's Encrypt **HTTPS** certificates automatic generation.
+* GitLab **CI** (continuous integration), including frontend and backend testing.
+
+
+
+## Full-Stack-FastAPI-Couchbase
+
+GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase</a>
+
+### Features
+
+* Full **Docker** integration (Docker based).
+* Docker Swarm Mode deployment.
+* **Docker Compose** integration and optimization for local development.
+* **Production ready** Python web server using Uvicorn and Gunicorn.
+* Python **[FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)** backend:
+    * **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic).
+    * **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+    * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
+    * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration.
+    * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
+    * **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+    * [**Many other features**](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi) including automatic validation, serialization, interactive documentation, authentication with OAuth2 JWT tokens, etc.
+* **Secure password** hashing by default.
+* **JWT token** authentication.
+* **CORS** (Cross Origin Resource Sharing).
+* **Celery** worker that can import and use code from the rest of the backend selectively (you don't have to install the complete app in each worker).
+* **NoSQL Couchbase** database that supports direct synchronization via Couchbase Sync Gateway for offline-first applications.
+* **Full Text Search** integrated, using Couchbase.
+* REST backend tests based on Pytest, integrated with Docker, so you can test the full API interaction, independent on the database. As it runs in Docker, it can build a new data store from scratch each time (so you can use ElasticSearch, MongoDB, or whatever you want, and just test that the API works).
+* Easy Python integration with **Jupyter** Kernels for remote or in-Docker development with extensions like Atom Hydrogen or Visual Studio Code Jupyter.
+* **Email notifications** for account creation and password recovery, compatible with:
+    * Mailgun
+    * SparkPost
+    * SendGrid
+    * ...any other provider that can generate standard SMTP credentials.
+* **Vue** frontend:
+    * Generated with Vue CLI.
+    * **JWT Authentication** handling.
+    * Login view.
+    * After login, main dashboard view.
+    * Main dashboard with user creation and edition.
+    * Self user edition.
+    * **Vuex**.
+    * **Vue-router**.
+    * **Vuetify** for beautiful material design components.
+    * **TypeScript**.
+    * Docker server based on **Nginx** (configured to play nicely with Vue-router).
+    * Docker multi-stage building, so you don't need to save or commit compiled code.
+    * Frontend tests ran at build time (can be disabled too).
+    * Made as modular as possible, so it works out of the box, but you can re-generate with Vue CLI or create it as you need, and re-use what you want.
+* **Flower** for Celery jobs monitoring.
+* Load balancing between frontend and backend with **Traefik**, so you can have both under the same domain, separated by path, but served by different containers.
+* Traefik integration, including Let's Encrypt **HTTPS** certificates automatic generation.
+* GitLab **CI** (continuous integration), including frontend and backend testing.
--- a/docs/python-types.md
+++ b/docs/python-types.md
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+**Python 3.6+** has support for optional "type hints".
+
+These **"type hints"** are a new syntax (since Python 3.6+) that allow declaring the <abbr title="for example: str, int, float, bool">type</abbr> of a variable.
+
+By declaring types for your variables, editors and tools can give you better support.
+
+This is just a **quick tutorial / refresher** about Python type hints. It covers only the minimum necessary to use them with **FastAPI**... which is actually very little.
+
+**FastAPI** is all based on these type hints, they give it many advantages and benefits.
+
+But even if you never use **FastAPI**, you would benefit from learning a bit about them.
+
+!!! note
+    If you are a Python expert, and you already know everything about type hints, skip to the next chapter.
+
+## Motivation
+
+Let's start with a simple example:
+
+```Python
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+Calling this program outputs:
+
+```
+John Doe
+```
+
+The function does the following: 
+
+* Takes a `first_name` and `last_name`.
+* Converts the first letter of each one to upper case with `title()`.
+* <abbr title="Puts them together, as one. With the contents of one after the other.">Concatenates</abbr> them with a space in the middle.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Edit it
+
+It's a very simple program.
+
+But now imagine that you were writing it from scratch.
+
+At some point you would have started the definition of the function, you had the parameters ready...
+
+But then you have to call "that method that converts the first letter to upper case".
+
+Was it `upper`? Was it `uppercase`? `first_uppercase`? `capitalize`?
+
+Then, you try with the old programmer's friend, editor autocompletion.
+
+You type the first parameter of the function, `first_name`, then a dot (`.`) and then hit `Ctrl+Space` to trigger the completion.
+
+But, sadly, you get nothing useful:
+
+<img src="/img/python-types/image01.png">
+
+### Add types
+
+Let's modify a single line from the previous version.
+
+We will change exactly this fragment, the parameters of the function, from:
+
+```Python
+    first_name, last_name
+```
+
+to:
+
+```Python
+    first_name: str, last_name: str
+```
+
+That's it.
+
+Those are the "type hints":
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+That is not the same as declaring default values like would be with:
+
+```Python
+    first_name="john", last_name="doe"
+```
+
+It's a different thing.
+
+We are using colons (`:`), not equals (`=`).
+
+And adding type hints normally doesn't change what happens from what would happen without them.
+
+But now, imagine you are again in the middle of creating that function, but with type hints.
+
+At the same point, you try to trigger the autocomplete with `Ctrl+Space` and you see:
+
+<img src="/img/python-types/image02.png">
+
+With that, you can scroll, seeing the options, until you find the one that "rings a bell":
+
+<img src="/img/python-types/image03.png">
+
+## More motivation
+
+Check this function, it already has type hints:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+Because the editor knows the types of the variables, you don't only get completion, you also get error checks:
+
+<img src="/img/python-types/image04.png">
+
+Now you know that you have to fix it, convert `age` to a string with `str(age)`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+
+## Declaring types
+
+You just saw the main place to declare type hints. As function parameters.
+
+This is also the main place you would use them with **FastAPI**.
+
+### Simple types
+
+You can declare all the standard Python types, not only `str`.
+
+You can use, for example:
+
+* `int`
+* `float`
+* `bool`
+* `bytes`
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+### Types with subtypes
+
+There are some data structures that can contain other values, like `dict`, `list`, `set` and `tuple`. And the internal values can have their own type too.
+
+To declare those types and the subtypes, you can use the standard Python module `typing`.
+
+It exists specifically to support these type hints.
+
+#### Lists
+
+For example, let's define a variable to be a `list` of `str`.
+
+From `typing`, import `List` (with a capital `L`):
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+Declare the variable, with the same colon (`:`) syntax.
+
+As the type, put the `List`.
+
+As the list is a type that takes a "subtype", you put the subtype in square brackets:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+That means: "the variable `items` is a `list`, and each of the items in this list is a `str`".
+
+By doing that, your editor can provide support even while processing items from the list.
+
+Without types, that's almost impossible to achieve:
+
+<img src="/img/python-types/image05.png">
+
+Notice that the variable `item` is one of the elements in the list `items`.
+
+And still, the editor knows it is a `str`, and provides support for that.
+
+#### Tuples and Sets
+
+You would do the same to declare `tuple`s and `set`s:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 4"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+This means:
+
+* The variable `items_t` is a `tuple`, and each of its items is an `int`.
+* The variable `items_s` is a `set`, and each of its items is of type `bytes`.
+
+#### Dicts
+
+To define a `dict`, you pass 2 subtypes, separated by commas.
+
+The first subtype is for the keys of the `dict`.
+
+The second subtype is for the values of the `dict`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 4"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+This means:
+
+* The variable `prices` is a `dict`:
+    * The keys of this `dict` are of type `str` (let's say, the name of each item).
+    * The values of this `dict` are of type `float` (let's say, the price of each item).
+
+
+### Classes as types
+
+You can also declare a class as the type of a variable.
+
+Let's say you have a class `Person`, with a name:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 2 3"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
+```
+
+Then you can declare a variable to be of type `Person`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6"
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
+```
+
+And then, again, you get all the editor support:
+
+<img src="/img/python-types/image06.png">
+
+
+## Pydantic models
+
+<a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> is a Python library to perform data validation.
+
+You declare the "shape" of the data as classes with attributes.
+
+And each attribute has a type.
+
+Then you create an instance of that class with some values and it will validate the values, convert them to the appropriate type (if that's the case) and give you an object with all the data.
+
+And you get all the editor support with that resulting object.
+
+Taken from the official Pydantic docs:
+
+```Python
+{!./src/python_types/tutorial010.py!}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    To learn more about <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic, check its docs</a>.
+
+**FastAPI** is all based on Pydantic.
+
+You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the <a href="/tutorial/intro/" target="_blank">Tutorial - User Guide</a> (the next section).
+
+
+## Type hints in **FastAPI**
+
+**FastAPI** takes advantage of these type hints to do several things.
+
+With **FastAPI** you declare parameters with type hints and you get:
+
+* **Editor support**.
+* **Type checks**.
+
+...and **FastAPI** uses the same declarations to:
+
+* **Define requirements**: from request path parameters, query parameters, headers, bodies, dependencies, etc.
+* **Convert data**: from the request to the required type.
+* **Validate data**: coming from each request:
+    * Generating **automatic errors** returned to the client when the data is invalid.
+* **Document** the API using OpenAPI:
+    * which is then used by the automatic interactive documentation user interfaces.
+
+This might all sound abstract. Don't worry. You'll see all this in action in the <a href="/tutorial/intro/" target="_blank">Tutorial - User Guide</a> (the next section).
+
+The important thing is that by using standard Python types, in a single place (instead of adding more classes, decorators, etc), **FastAPI** will do a lot of the work for you.
+
+!!! info
+    If you already went through all the tutorial and came back to see more about types, a good resource is <a href="https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html" target="_blank">the "cheat sheet" from `mypy`</a>.
--- a/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/release-notes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+## Latest changes
+
+## 0.33.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic version to `0.30.0`. PR [#384](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/384) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.32.0
+
+* Fix typo in docs for features. PR [#380](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/380) by [@MartinoMensio](https://github.com/MartinoMensio).
+
+* Fix source code `limit` for example in [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/). PR [#366](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/366) by [@Smashman](https://github.com/Smashman).
+
+* Update wording in docs about [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/). PR [#371](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/371) by [@cjw296](https://github.com/cjw296).
+
+* Update docs for `Enum`s to inherit from `str` and improve Swagger UI rendering. PR [#351](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/351).
+
+* Fix regression, add Swagger UI deep linking again. PR [#350](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/350).
+
+* Add test for having path templates in `prefix` of `.include_router`. PR [#349](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/349).
+
+* Add note to docs: [Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-the-same-router-multiple-times-with-different-prefix). PR [#348](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/348).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI/JSON Schema generation for two functions with the same name (in different modules) with the same composite bodies.
+    * Composite bodies' IDs are now based on path, not only on route name, as the auto-generated name uses the function names, that can be duplicated in different modules.
+    * The same new ID generation applies to response models.
+    * This also changes the generated title for those models.
+    * Only composite bodies and response models are affected because those are generated dynamically, they don't have a module (a Python file).
+    * This also adds the possibility of using `.include_router()` with the same `APIRouter` *multiple*  times, with different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v2` and `/api/latest`, and it will now work correctly.
+    * PR [#347](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/347).
+
+## 0.31.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic supported version to `0.29.0`.
+    * New supported version range is `"pydantic >=0.28,<=0.29.0"`.
+    * This adds support for Pydantic [Generic Models](https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#generic-models), kudos to [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+    * PR [#344](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/344).
+
+## 0.30.1
+
+* Add section in docs about [External Links and Articles](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [#341](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/341).
+
+* Remove `Pipfile.lock` from the repository as it is only used by FastAPI contributors (developers of FastAPI itself). See the PR for more details. PR [#340](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/340).
+
+* Update section about [Help FastAPI - Get Help](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/). PR [#339](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/339).
+
+* Refine internal type declarations to improve/remove Mypy errors in users' code. PR [#338](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/338).
+
+* Update and clarify [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#331](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/331) by [@mariacamilagl](https://github.com/mariacamilagl).
+
+* Add SQLite [online viewers to the docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#interact-with-the-database-directly). PR [#330](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/330) by [@cyrilbois](https://github.com/cyrilbois).
+
+## 0.30.0
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's ORM mode:
+    * Updated documentation about SQL with SQLAlchemy, using Pydantic models with ORM mode, SQLAlchemy models with relations, separation of files, simplification of code and other changes. New docs: [SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/).
+    * The new support for ORM mode fixes issues/adds features related to ORMs with lazy-loading, hybrid properties, dynamic/getters (using `@property` decorators) and several other use cases.
+    * This applies to ORMs like SQLAlchemy, Peewee, Tortoise ORM, GINO ORM and virtually any other.
+    * If your *path operations* return an arbitrary object with attributes (e.g. `my_item.name` instead of `my_item["name"]`) AND you use a `response_model`, make sure to update the Pydantic models with `orm_mode = True` as described in the docs (link above).
+    * New documentation about receiving plain `dict`s as request bodies: [Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-nested-models/#bodies-of-arbitrary-dicts).
+    * New documentation about returning arbitrary `dict`s in responses: [Response with arbitrary `dict`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/#response-with-arbitrary-dict).
+    * **Technical Details**:
+        * When declaring a `response_model` it is used directly to generate the response content, from whatever was returned from the *path operation function*.
+        * Before this, the return content was first passed through `jsonable_encoder` to ensure it was a "jsonable" object, like a `dict`, instead of an arbitrary object with attributes (like an ORM model). That's why you should make sure to update your Pydantic models for objects with attributes to use `orm_mode = True`.
+        * If you don't have a `response_model`, the return object will still be passed through `jsonable_encoder` first.
+        * When a `response_model` is declared, the same `response_model` type declaration won't be used as is, it will be "cloned" to create an new one (a cloned Pydantic `Field` with all the submodels cloned as well).
+        * This avoids/fixes a potential security issue: as the returned object is passed directly to Pydantic, if the returned object was a subclass of the `response_model` (e.g. you return a `UserInDB` that inherits from `User` but contains extra fields, like `hashed_password`, and `User` is used in the `response_model`), it would still pass the validation (because `UserInDB` is a subclass of `User`) and the object would be returned as-is, including the `hashed_password`. To fix this, the declared `response_model` is cloned, if it is a Pydantic model class (or contains Pydantic model classes in it, e.g. in a `List[Item]`), the Pydantic model class(es) will be a different one (the "cloned" one). So, an object that is a subclass won't simply pass the validation and returned as-is, because it is no longer a sub-class of the cloned `response_model`. Instead, a new Pydantic model object will be created with the contents of the returned object. So, it will be a new object (made with the data from the returned one), and will be filtered by the cloned `response_model`, containing only the declared fields as normally.
+    * PR [#322](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/322).
+
+* Remove/clean unused RegEx code in routing. PR [#314](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/314) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Use default response status code descriptions for additional responses. PR [#313](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/313) by [@duxiaoyao](https://github.com/duxiaoyao).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic support to `0.28`. PR [#320](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/320) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.29.1
+
+* Fix handling an empty-body request with a required body param. PR [#311](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/311).
+
+* Fix broken link in docs: [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/). PR [#306](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/306) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Fix docs discrepancy in docs for [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/). PR [#288](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/288) by [@awiddersheim](https://github.com/awiddersheim).
+
+## 0.29.0
+
+* Add support for declaring a `Response` parameter:
+    * This allows declaring:
+        * [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/).
+        * [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/).
+        * An HTTP Status Code different than the default: [Response - Change Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-change-status-code/).
+    * All of this while still being able to return arbitrary objects (`dict`, DB model, etc).
+    * Update attribution to Hug, for inspiring the `response` parameter pattern.
+    * PR [#294](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/294).
+
+## 0.28.0
+
+* Implement dependency cache per request.
+    * This avoids calling each dependency multiple times for the same request.
+    * This is useful while calling external services, performing costly computation, etc.
+    * This also means that if a dependency was declared as a *path operation decorator* dependency, possibly at the router level (with `.include_router()`) and then it is declared again in a specific *path operation*, the dependency will be called only once.
+    * The cache can be disabled per dependency declaration, using `use_cache=False` as in `Depends(your_dependency, use_cache=False)`.
+    * Updated docs at: [Using the same dependency multiple times](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies/#using-the-same-dependency-multiple-times).
+    * PR [#292](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/292).
+
+* Implement dependency overrides for testing.
+    * This allows using overrides/mocks of dependencies during tests.
+    * New docs: [Testing Dependencies with Overrides](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing-dependencies/).
+    * PR [#291](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/291).
+
+## 0.27.2
+
+* Fix path and query parameters receiving `dict` as a valid type. It should be mapped to a body payload. PR [#287](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/287). Updated docs at: [Query parameter list / multiple values with defaults: Using `list`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#using-list).
+
+## 0.27.1
+
+* Fix `auto_error=False` handling in `HTTPBearer` security scheme. Do not `raise` when there's an incorrect `Authorization` header if `auto_error=False`. PR [#282](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/282).
+
+* Fix type declaration of `HTTPException`. PR [#279](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/279).
+
+## 0.27.0
+
+* Fix broken link in docs about OAuth 2.0 with scopes. PR [#275](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/275) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Refactor param extraction using Pydantic `Field`:
+    * Large refactor, improvement, and simplification of param extraction from *path operations*.
+    * Fix/add support for list *query parameters* with list defaults. New documentation: [Query parameter list / multiple values with defaults](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values-with-defaults).
+    * Add support for enumerations in *path operation* parameters. New documentation: [Path Parameters: Predefined values](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#predefined-values).
+    * Add support for type annotations using `Optional` as in `param: Optional[str] = None`. New documentation: [Optional type declarations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/#optional-type-declarations).
+    * PR [#278](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/278).
+
+## 0.26.0
+
+* Separate error handling for validation errors.
+    * This will allow developers to customize the exception handlers.
+    * Document better how to handle exceptions and use error handlers.
+    * Include `RequestValidationError` and `WebSocketRequestValidationError` (this last one will be useful once [encode/starlette#527](https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/527) or equivalent is merged).
+    * New documentation about exceptions handlers:
+        * [Install custom exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#install-custom-exception-handlers).
+        * [Override the default exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#override-the-default-exception-handlers).
+        * [Re-use **FastAPI's** exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#re-use-fastapis-exception-handlers).
+    * PR [#273](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/273).
+
+* Fix support for *paths* in *path parameters* without needing explicit `Path(...)`.
+    * PR [#256](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/256).
+    * Documented in PR [#272](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/272) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+    * New documentation at: [Path Parameters containing paths](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#path-parameters-containing-paths).
+
+* Update docs for testing FastAPI. Include using `POST`, sending JSON, testing headers, etc. New documentation: [Testing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/#testing-extended-example). PR [#271](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/271).
+
+* Fix type declaration of `response_model` to allow generic Python types as `List[Model]`. Mainly to fix `mypy` for users. PR [#266](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/266).
+
+## 0.25.0
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's `include`, `exclude`, `by_alias`.
+    * Update documentation: [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+    * Add docs for: [Body - updates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-updates/), using Pydantic's `skip_defaults`.
+    * Add method consistency tests.
+    * PR [#264](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/264).
+
+* Add `CONTRIBUTING.md` file to GitHub, to help new contributors. PR [#255](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/255) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's `skip_defaults`:
+    * There's a new *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_skip_defaults`.
+        * The name of the parameter will most probably change in a future version to `response_skip_defaults`, `model_skip_defaults` or something similar.
+    * New [documentation section about using `response_model_skip_defaults`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response-model-encoding-parameters).
+    * PR [#248](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/248) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+## 0.24.0
+
+* Add support for WebSockets with dependencies and parameters.
+    * Support included for:
+        * `Depends`
+        * `Security`
+        * `Cookie`
+        * `Header`
+        * `Path`
+        * `Query`
+        * ...as these are compatible with the WebSockets protocol (e.g. `Body` is not).
+    * [Updated documentation for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/).
+    * PR [#178](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/178) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+* Upgrade the compatible version of Pydantic to `0.26.0`.
+    * This includes JSON Schema support for IP address and network objects, bug fixes, and other features.
+    * PR [#247](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/247) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.23.0
+
+* Upgrade the compatible version of Starlette to `0.12.0`.
+    * This includes support for ASGI 3 (the latest version of the standard).
+    * It's now possible to use [Starlette's `StreamingResponse`](https://www.starlette.io/responses/#streamingresponse) with iterators, like [file-like](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-like-object) objects (as those returned by `open()`).
+    * It's now possible to use the low level utility `iterate_in_threadpool` from `starlette.concurrency` (for advanced scenarios).
+    * PR [#243](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/243).
+
+* Add OAuth2 redirect page for Swagger UI. This allows having delegated authentication in the Swagger UI docs. For this to work, you need to add `{your_origin}/docs/oauth2-redirect` to the allowed callbacks in your OAuth2 provider (in Auth0, Facebook, Google, etc).
+    * For example, during development, it could be `http://localhost:8000/docs/oauth2-redirect`.
+    * Have in mind that this callback URL is independent of whichever one is used by your frontend. You might also have another callback at `https://yourdomain.com/login/callback`.
+    * This is only to allow delegated authentication in the API docs with Swagger UI.
+    * PR [#198](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/198) by [@steinitzu](https://github.com/steinitzu).
+
+* Make Swagger UI and ReDoc route handlers (*path operations*) be `async` functions instead of lambdas to improve performance. PR [#241](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/241) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+
+* Make Swagger UI and ReDoc URLs parameterizable, allowing to host and serve local versions of them and have offline docs. PR [#112](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/112) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.22.0
+
+* Add support for `dependencies` parameter:
+    * A parameter in *path operation decorators*, for dependencies that should be executed but the return value is not important or not used in the *path operation function*.
+    * A parameter in the `.include_router()` method of FastAPI applications and routers, to include dependencies that should be executed in each *path operation* in a router.
+        * This is useful, for example, to require authentication or permissions in specific group of *path operations*.
+        * Different `dependencies` can be applied to different routers.
+    * These `dependencies` are run before the normal parameter dependencies. And normal dependencies are run too. They can be combined.
+    * Dependencies declared in a router are executed first, then the ones defined in *path operation decorators*, and then the ones declared in normal parameters. They are all combined and executed.
+    * All this also supports using `Security` with `scopes` in those `dependencies` parameters, for more advanced OAuth 2.0 security scenarios with scopes.
+    * New documentation about [dependencies in *path operation decorators*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+    * New documentation about [dependencies in the `include_router()` method](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+    * PR [#235](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/235).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI documentation of Starlette URL convertors. Specially useful when using `path` convertors, to take a whole path as a parameter, like `/some/url/{p:path}`. PR [#234](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/234) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Make default parameter utilities exported from `fastapi` be functions instead of classes (the new functions return instances of those classes). To be able to override the return types and fix `mypy` errors in FastAPI's users' code. Applies to `Path`, `Query`, `Header`, `Cookie`, `Body`, `Form`, `File`, `Depends`, and `Security`. PR [#226](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/226) and PR [#231](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/231).
+
+* Separate development scripts `test.sh`, `lint.sh`, and `format.sh`. PR [#232](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/232).
+
+* Re-enable `black` formatting checks for Python 3.7. PR [#229](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/229) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.21.0
+
+* On body parsing errors, raise `from` previous exception, to allow better introspection in logging code. PR [#192](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/195) by [@ricardomomm](https://github.com/ricardomomm).
+
+* Use Python logger named "`fastapi`" instead of root logger. PR [#222](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/222) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic to version 0.25. PR [#225](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/225) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Fix typo in routing. PR [#221](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/221) by [@djlambert](https://github.com/djlambert).
+
+## 0.20.1
+
+* Add typing information to package including file `py.typed`. PR [#209](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/209) by [@meadsteve](https://github.com/meadsteve).
+
+* Add FastAPI bot for Gitter. To automatically announce new releases. PR [#189](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/189).
+
+## 0.20.0
+
+* Upgrade OAuth2:
+    * Upgrade Password flow using Bearer tokens to use the correct HTTP status code 401 `UNAUTHORIZED`, with `WWW-Authenticate` headers.
+    * Update, simplify, and improve all the [security docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/intro/).
+    * Add new `scope_str` to `SecurityScopes` and update docs: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * Update docs, images, tests.
+    * PR [#188](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/188).
+
+* Include [Hypercorn](https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn) as an alternative ASGI server in the docs. PR [#187](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/187).
+
+* Add docs for [Static Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/static-files/) and [Templates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/templates/). PR [#186](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/186).
+
+* Add docs for handling [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/) and [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/). PR [#185](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/185).
+
+* Fix typos in docs. PR [#176](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/176) by [@chdsbd](https://github.com/chdsbd).
+
+## 0.19.0
+
+* Rename _path operation decorator_ parameter `content_type` to `response_class`. PR [#183](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/183).
+
+* Add docs:
+    * How to use the `jsonable_encoder` in [JSON compatible encoder](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/).
+    * How to [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/).
+    * Update how to use a [Custom Response Class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/).
+    * PR [#184](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/184).
+
+## 0.18.0
+
+* Add docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/). PR [#177](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/177).
+
+* Upgrade HTTP Basic Auth handling with automatic headers (automatic browser login prompt). PR [#175](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/175).
+
+* Update dependencies for security. PR [#174](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/174).
+
+* Add docs for [Middleware](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/middleware/). PR [#173](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/173).
+
+## 0.17.0
+
+* Make Flit publish from CI. PR [#170](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/170).
+
+* Add documentation about handling [CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/). PR [#169](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/169).
+
+* By default, encode by alias. This allows using Pydantic `alias` parameters working by default. PR [#168](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/168).
+
+## 0.16.0
+
+* Upgrade _path operation_ `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).
+
+* Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR [#164](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic to version `0.23`. PR [#160](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/160) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Fix typo in Tutorial about Extra Models. PR [#159](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/159) by [@danielmichaels](https://github.com/danielmichaels).
+
+* Fix [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/) URL examples in docs. PR [#157](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/157) by [@hayata-yamamoto](https://github.com/hayata-yamamoto).
+
+## 0.15.0
+
+* Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: [Multiple file uploads](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#multiple-file-uploads). PR [#158](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/158).
+
+* Add docs for: [Additional Status Codes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-status-codes/). PR [#156](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156).
+
+## 0.14.0
+
+* Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR [#155](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155).
+
+* Add docs for: [Testing **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/). PR [#151](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/151).
+
+* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR [#148](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+* Update development dependencies, `Pipfile.lock`. PR [#150](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/150).
+
+* Include Falcon and Hug in: [Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/).
+
+## 0.13.0
+
+* Improve/upgrade OAuth2 scopes support with `SecurityScopes`:
+    * `SecurityScopes` can be declared as a parameter like `Request`, to get the scopes of all super-dependencies/dependants.
+    * Improve `Security` handling, merging scopes when declaring `SecurityScopes`.
+    * Allow using `SecurityBase` (like `OAuth2`) classes with `Depends` and still document them. `Security` now is needed only to declare `scopes`.
+    * Updated docs about: [OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt/).
+    * New docs about: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * PR [#141](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/141).
+
+## 0.12.1
+
+* Fix bug: handling additional `responses` in `APIRouter.include_router()`. PR [#140](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/140).
+
+* Fix typo in SQL tutorial. PR [#138](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/138) by [@mostaphaRoudsari](https://github.com/mostaphaRoudsari).
+
+* Fix typos in section about nested models and OAuth2 with JWT. PR [#127](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/127) by [@mmcloud](https://github.com/mmcloud).
+
+## 0.12.0
+
+* Add additional `responses` parameter to _path operation decorators_ to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
+    * It also allows extending existing responses generated from `response_model`, declare other media types (like images), etc.
+    * The new documentation is here: [Additional Responses](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/).
+    * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses).
+    * PR [#97](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/97) originally initiated by [@barsi](https://github.com/barsi).
+* Update `scripts/test-cov-html.sh` to allow passing extra parameters like `-vv`, for development.
+
+## 0.11.0
+
+* Add `auto_error` parameter to security utility functions. Allowing them to be optional. Also allowing to have multiple alternative security schemes that are then checked in a single dependency instead of each one verifying and returning the error to the client automatically when not satisfied. PR [#134](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/134).
+
+* Update [SQL Tutorial](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#create-a-middleware-to-handle-sessions) to close database sessions even when there are exceptions. PR [#89](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/89) by [@alexiri](https://github.com/alexiri).
+
+* Fix duplicate dependency in `pyproject.toml`. PR [#128](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/128) by [@zxalif](https://github.com/zxalif).
+
+## 0.10.3
+
+* Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. [https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi](https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi) . PR [#117](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/117).
+
+* Add docs about [Extending OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/). PR [#126](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126).
+
+* Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR [#92](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/92) by [@blueyed](https://github.com/blueyed).
+
+* Fix duplicated param variable creation. PR [#123](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/123) by [@yihuang](https://github.com/yihuang).
+
+* Add note in [Response Model docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/) about why using a function parameter instead of a function return type annotation. PR [#109](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/109) by [@JHSaunders](https://github.com/JHSaunders).
+
+* Fix event docs (startup/shutdown) function name. PR [#105](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/105) by [@stratosgear](https://github.com/stratosgear).
+
+## 0.10.2
+
+* Fix OpenAPI (JSON Schema) for declarations of Python `Union` (JSON Schema `additionalProperties`). PR [#121](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/121).
+
+* Update [Background Tasks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/) with a note on Celery.
+
+* Document response models using unions and lists, updated at: [Extra Models](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/). PR [#108](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/108).
+
+## 0.10.1
+
+* Add docs and tests for [encode/databases](https://github.com/encode/databases). New docs at: [Async SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/async-sql-databases/). PR [#107](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107).
+
+## 0.10.0
+
+* Add support for Background Tasks in _path operation functions_ and dependencies. New documentation about [Background Tasks is here](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/). PR [#103](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103).
+
+* Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR [#100](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* New docs section about [Events: startup - shutdown](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/events/). PR [#99](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99).
+
+## 0.9.1
+
+* Document receiving [Multiple values with the same query parameter](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values) and [Duplicate headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/header-params/#duplicate-headers). PR [#95](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/95).
+
+## 0.9.0
+
+* Upgrade compatible Pydantic version to `0.21.0`. PR [#90](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/90).
+
+* Add documentation for: [Application Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/application-configuration/).
+
+* Fix typo in docs. PR [#76](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76) by [@matthewhegarty](https://github.com/matthewhegarty).
+
+* Fix link in "Deployment" to "Bigger Applications".
+
+## 0.8.0
+
+* Make development scripts executable. PR [#76](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Add support for adding `tags` in `app.include_router()`. PR [#55](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/55) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10). Documentation updated in the section: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/).
+
+* Update docs related to Uvicorn to use new `--reload` option from version `0.5.x`. PR [#74](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/74).
+
+* Update `isort` imports and scripts to be compatible with newer versions. PR [#75](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/75).
+
+## 0.7.1
+
+* Update [technical details about `async def` handling](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#path-operation-functions) with respect to previous frameworks. PR [#64](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/64) by [@haizaar](https://github.com/haizaar).
+
+* Add [deployment documentation for Docker in Raspberry Pi](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#raspberry-pi-and-other-architectures) and other architectures.
+
+* Trigger Docker images build on Travis CI automatically. PR [#65](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/65).
+
+## 0.7.0
+
+* Add support for `UploadFile` in `File` parameter annotations.
+    * This includes a file-like interface.
+    * Here's the updated documentation for declaring [`File` parameters with `UploadFile`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#file-parameters-with-uploadfile).
+    * And here's the updated documentation for using [`Form` parameters mixed with `File` parameters, supporting `bytes` and `UploadFile`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-forms-and-files/) at the same time.
+    * PR [#63](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/63).
+
+## 0.6.4
+
+* Add [technical details about `async def` handling to docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#very-technical-details). PR [#61](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/61).
+
+* Add docs for [Debugging FastAPI applications in editors](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/debugging/).
+
+* Clarify [Bigger Applications deployed with Docker](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#bigger-applications).
+
+* Fix typos in docs.
+
+* Add section about [History, Design and Future](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/history-design-future/).
+
+* Add docs for using [WebSockets with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/). PR [#62](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62).
+
+## 0.6.3
+
+* Add Favicons to docs. PR [#53](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/53).
+
+## 0.6.2
+
+* Introduce new project generator based on FastAPI and PostgreSQL: [https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql](https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql). PR [#52](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52).
+
+* Update [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy, using `Depends` to improve editor support and reduce code repetition](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#52](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52).
+
+* Improve middleware naming in tutorial for SQL with SQLAlchemy [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/).
+
+## 0.6.1
+
+* Add docs for GraphQL: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/). PR [#48](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48).
+
+## 0.6.0
+
+* Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) using the new official `request.state`. PR [#45](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/45).
+
+* Upgrade Starlette to version `0.11.1` and add required compatibility changes. PR [#44](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/44).
+
+## 0.5.1
+
+* Add section about [helping and getting help with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/).
+
+* Add note about [path operations order in docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#order-matters).
+
+* Update [section about error handling](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/) with more information and make relation with Starlette error handling utilities more explicit. PR [#41](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/41).
+
+* Add <a href="" target="_blank">Development - Contributing section to the docs</a>. PR [#42](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/42).
+
+## 0.5.0
+
+* Add new `HTTPException` with support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/). PR [#35](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/35).
+
+* Add [documentation to use Starlette `Request` object](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/using-request-directly/) directly. Check [#25](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: [#34](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/34).
+
+* Update example for the SQLAlchemy tutorial at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) using middleware and database session attached to request.
+
+## 0.4.0
+
+* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/): [#26](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26) by [@kabirkhan](https://github.com/kabirkhan).
+
+* Update [docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) including note about _DB Browser for SQLite_.
+
+## 0.3.0
+
+* Fix/add SQLAlchemy support, including ORM, and update [docs for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/): [#30](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/30).
+
+## 0.2.1
+
+* Fix `jsonable_encoder` for Pydantic models with `Config` but without `json_encoders`: [#29](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/29).
+
+## 0.2.0
+
+* Fix typos in Security section: [#24](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/24) by [@kkinder](https://github.com/kkinder).
+
+* Add support for Pydantic custom JSON encoders: [#21](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/21) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.1.19
+
+* Upgrade Starlette version to the current latest `0.10.1`: [#17](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/17) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
--- a/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    value: str
+
+
+class Message(BaseModel):
+    message: str
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, responses={404: {"model": Message}})
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    if item_id == "foo":
+        return {"id": "foo", "value": "there goes my hero"}
+    else:
+        return JSONResponse(status_code=404, content={"message": "Item not found"})
--- a/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import FileResponse
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    value: str
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}",
+    response_model=Item,
+    responses={
+        200: {
+            "content": {"image/png": {}},
+            "description": "Return the JSON item or an image.",
+        }
+    },
+)
+async def read_item(item_id: str, img: bool = None):
+    if img:
+        return FileResponse("image.png", media_type="image/png")
+    else:
+        return {"id": "foo", "value": "there goes my hero"}
--- a/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    value: str
+
+
+class Message(BaseModel):
+    message: str
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}",
+    response_model=Item,
+    responses={
+        404: {"model": Message, "description": "The item was not found"},
+        200: {
+            "description": "Item requested by ID",
+            "content": {
+                "application/json": {
+                    "example": {"id": "bar", "value": "The bar tenders"}
+                }
+            },
+        },
+    },
+)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    if item_id == "foo":
+        return {"id": "foo", "value": "there goes my hero"}
+    else:
+        return JSONResponse(status_code=404, content={"message": "Item not found"})
--- a/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/additional_responses/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import FileResponse
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    value: str
+
+
+responses = {
+    404: {"description": "Item not found"},
+    302: {"description": "The item was moved"},
+    403: {"description": "Not enough privileges"},
+}
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}",
+    response_model=Item,
+    responses={**responses, 200: {"content": {"image/png": {}}}},
+)
+async def read_item(item_id: str, img: bool = None):
+    if img:
+        return FileResponse("image.png", media_type="image/png")
+    else:
+        return {"id": "foo", "value": "there goes my hero"}
--- a/docs/src/additional_status_codes/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/additional_status_codes/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.status import HTTP_201_CREATED
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+items = {"foo": {"name": "Fighters", "size": 6}, "bar": {"name": "Tenders", "size": 3}}
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+async def upsert_item(item_id: str, name: str = Body(None), size: int = Body(None)):
+    if item_id in items:
+        item = items[item_id]
+        item["name"] = name
+        item["size"] = size
+        return item
+    else:
+        item = {"name": name, "size": size}
+        items[item_id] = item
+        return JSONResponse(status_code=HTTP_201_CREATED, content=item)
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/init.py
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/main.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def read_main():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/main_b.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/main_b.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Header, HTTPException
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+fake_secret_token = "coneofsilence"
+
+fake_db = {
+    "foo": {"id": "foo", "title": "Foo", "description": "There goes my hero"},
+    "bar": {"id": "bar", "title": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders"},
+}
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_main(item_id: str, x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
+    if item_id not in fake_db:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
+    return fake_db[item_id]
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
+async def create_item(item: Item, x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
+    if item.id in fake_db:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Item already exists")
+    fake_db[item.id] = item
+    return item
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/test_main.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/test_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from .main import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_read_main():
+    response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/test_main_b.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/test_main_b.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from .main_b import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_read_item():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "id": "foo",
+        "title": "Foo",
+        "description": "There goes my hero",
+    }
+
+
+def test_read_item_bad_token():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "hailhydra"})
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Invalid X-Token header"}
+
+
+def test_read_inexistent_item():
+    response = client.get("/items/baz", headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"})
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item not found"}
+
+
+def test_create_item():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"},
+        json={"id": "foobar", "title": "Foo Bar", "description": "The Foo Barters"},
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "id": "foobar",
+        "title": "Foo Bar",
+        "description": "The Foo Barters",
+    }
+
+
+def test_create_item_bad_token():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "hailhydra"},
+        json={"id": "bazz", "title": "Bazz", "description": "Drop the bazz"},
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Invalid X-Token header"}
+
+
+def test_create_existing_token():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"},
+        json={
+            "id": "foo",
+            "title": "The Foo ID Stealers",
+            "description": "There goes my stealer",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item already exists"}
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def read_main():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_read_main():
+    response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def read_main():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+@app.websocket_route("/ws")
+async def websocket(websocket: WebSocket):
+    await websocket.accept()
+    await websocket.send_json({"msg": "Hello WebSocket"})
+    await websocket.close()
+
+
+def test_read_main():
+    client = TestClient(app)
+    response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+def test_websocket():
+    client = TestClient(app)
+    with client.websocket_connect("/ws") as websocket:
+        data = websocket.receive_json()
+        assert data == {"msg": "Hello WebSocket"}
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+items = {}
+
+
+@app.on_event("startup")
+async def startup_event():
+    items["foo"] = {"name": "Fighters"}
+    items["bar"] = {"name": "Tenders"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_items(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+def test_read_items():
+    with TestClient(app) as client:
+        response = client.get("/items/foo")
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert response.json() == {"name": "Fighters"}
--- a/docs/tutorial/src/application-configuration/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/tutorial/src/application-configuration/tutorial001.py
--- a/docs/tutorial/src/application-configuration/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/tutorial/src/application-configuration/tutorial002.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI

-app = FastAPI(
-    title="My Super Project", version="2.5.0", openapi_url="/api/v1/openapi.json"
-)
+app = FastAPI(openapi_url="/api/v1/openapi.json")


@app.get("/items/")
--- a/docs/src/application_configuration/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/application_configuration/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI(docs_url="/documentation", redoc_url=None)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"name": "Foo"}]
--- a/docs/src/async_sql_databases/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/async_sql_databases/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from typing import List
+
+import databases
+import sqlalchemy
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
+DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
+# DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
+
+database = databases.Database(DATABASE_URL)
+
+metadata = sqlalchemy.MetaData()
+
+notes = sqlalchemy.Table(
+    "notes",
+    metadata,
+    sqlalchemy.Column("id", sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True),
+    sqlalchemy.Column("text", sqlalchemy.String),
+    sqlalchemy.Column("completed", sqlalchemy.Boolean),
+)
+
+
+engine = sqlalchemy.create_engine(
+    DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+)
+metadata.create_all(engine)
+
+
+class NoteIn(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    completed: bool
+
+
+class Note(BaseModel):
+    id: int
+    text: str
+    completed: bool
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.on_event("startup")
+async def startup():
+    await database.connect()
+
+
+@app.on_event("shutdown")
+async def shutdown():
+    await database.disconnect()
+
+
+@app.get("/notes/", response_model=List[Note])
+async def read_notes():
+    query = notes.select()
+    return await database.fetch_all(query)
+
+
+@app.post("/notes/", response_model=Note)
+async def create_note(note: NoteIn):
+    query = notes.insert().values(text=note.text, completed=note.completed)
+    last_record_id = await database.execute(query)
+    return {**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}
--- a/docs/src/background_tasks/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/background_tasks/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from fastapi import BackgroundTasks, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+def write_notification(email: str, message=""):
+    with open("log.txt", mode="w") as email_file:
+        content = f"notification for {email}: {message}"
+        email_file.write(content)
+
+
+@app.post("/send-notification/{email}")
+async def send_notification(email: str, background_tasks: BackgroundTasks):
+    background_tasks.add_task(write_notification, email, message="some notification")
+    return {"message": "Notification sent in the background"}
--- a/docs/src/background_tasks/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/background_tasks/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from fastapi import BackgroundTasks, Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+def write_log(message: str):
+    with open("log.txt", mode="a") as log:
+        log.write(message)
+
+
+def get_query(background_tasks: BackgroundTasks, q: str = None):
+    if q:
+        message = f"found query: {q}\n"
+        background_tasks.add_task(write_log, message)
+    return q
+
+
+@app.post("/send-notification/{email}")
+async def send_notification(
+    email: str, background_tasks: BackgroundTasks, q: str = Depends(get_query)
+):
+    message = f"message to {email}\n"
+    background_tasks.add_task(write_log, message)
+    return {"message": "Message sent"}
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/init.py
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/init.py
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/main.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Header, HTTPException
+
+from .routers import items, users
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+async def get_token_header(x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")
+
+
+app.include_router(users.router)
+app.include_router(
+    items.router,
+    prefix="/items",
+    tags=["items"],
+    dependencies=[Depends(get_token_header)],
+    responses={404: {"description": "Not found"}},
+)
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/routers/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/routers/init.py
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/routers/items.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/routers/items.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("/")
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"name": "Item Foo"}, {"name": "item Bar"}]
+
+
+@router.get("/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return {"name": "Fake Specific Item", "item_id": item_id}
+
+
+@router.put(
+    "/{item_id}",
+    tags=["custom"],
+    responses={403: {"description": "Operation forbidden"}},
+)
+async def update_item(item_id: str):
+    if item_id != "foo":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="You can only update the item: foo")
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "name": "The Fighters"}
--- a/docs/tutorial/src/bigger-applications/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/tutorial/src/bigger-applications/tutorial001.py
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ from fastapi import APIRouter
 router = APIRouter()


-@router.get("/users/")
+@router.get("/users/", tags=["users"])
 async def read_users():
    return [{"username": "Foo"}, {"username": "Bar"}]


-@router.get("/users/{username}")
-async def read_user(username: str):
-    return {"username": username}
-
-
-@router.get("/users/me")
+@router.get("/users/me", tags=["users"])
 async def read_user_me():
    return {"username": "fakecurrentuser"}
+
+
+@router.get("/users/{username}", tags=["users"])
+async def read_user(username: str):
+    return {"username": username}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Please read the [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/) guidelines in the documentation site.`