🔖 Release version 0.140.2 (#16066)

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docs/en/docs/release-notes.md

@@ -7,6 +7,22 @@ hide:
 
 ## Latest Changes
 
+## 0.140.2 (2026-07-27)
+
+### Refactors
+
+* ⚡️ Stop retaining flat dependency trees. PR [#16065](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/16065) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 👷 Add new memory benchmark. PR [#16064](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/16064) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.140.1 (2026-07-27)
+
+### Refactors
+
+* ♻️ Update the lru_cache limit for dependencies to account for large apps. PR [#16062](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/16062) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
 ## 0.140.0 (2026-07-24)
 
 ### Refactors

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.140.0"
+__version__ = "0.140.2"
 
 from starlette import status as status
 

fastapi/dependencies/models.py

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ class Dependant:
 
 
 _UsesScopesCache = dict[int, tuple[Dependant, bool]]
+_CALLABLE_CLASSIFICATION_CACHE_SIZE = 4096
 
 
 class _CallIdentity:
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ def _get_security_dependencies(*, dependant: Dependant) -> list[Dependant]:
     return [dep for dep in dependant.dependencies if _is_security_scheme(dependant=dep)]
 
 
-@lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+@lru_cache(maxsize=_CALLABLE_CLASSIFICATION_CACHE_SIZE)
 def _is_gen_callable_cached(call_identity: _CallIdentity) -> bool:
     call = call_identity.call
     if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(_impartial(call)) or inspect.isgeneratorfunction(
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ def _is_gen_callable(call: Callable[..., Any] | None) -> bool:
     return _is_gen_callable_cached(_CallIdentity(call))
 
 
-@lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+@lru_cache(maxsize=_CALLABLE_CLASSIFICATION_CACHE_SIZE)
 def _is_async_gen_callable_cached(call_identity: _CallIdentity) -> bool:
     call = call_identity.call
     if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(_impartial(call)) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ def _is_async_gen_callable(call: Callable[..., Any] | None) -> bool:
     return _is_async_gen_callable_cached(_CallIdentity(call))
 
 
-@lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+@lru_cache(maxsize=_CALLABLE_CLASSIFICATION_CACHE_SIZE)
 def _is_coroutine_callable_cached(call_identity: _CallIdentity) -> bool:
     call = call_identity.call
     if inspect.isroutine(_impartial(call)) and iscoroutinefunction(_impartial(call)):

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ class APIWebSocketRoute(routing.WebSocketRoute):
         self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
         (
             self.dependant,
-            self._flat_dependant,
+            _,
             self._embed_body_fields,
         ) = _build_dependant_with_parameterless_dependencies(
             path=self.path_format,
@@ -944,7 +944,6 @@ class _APIRouteLike(Protocol):
     description: str
     response_fields: dict[int | str, ModelField]
     dependant: Dependant
-    _flat_dependant: Dependant
     _embed_body_fields: bool
     body_field: ModelField | None
     is_sse_stream: bool
@@ -1091,7 +1090,7 @@ def _populate_api_route_state(
     assert callable(endpoint), "An endpoint must be a callable"
     (
         route.dependant,
-        route._flat_dependant,
+        flat_dependant,
         route._embed_body_fields,
     ) = _build_dependant_with_parameterless_dependencies(
         path=route.path_format,
@@ -1099,7 +1098,7 @@ def _populate_api_route_state(
         dependencies=route.dependencies,
     )
     route.body_field = get_body_field(
-        flat_dependant=route._flat_dependant,
+        flat_dependant=flat_dependant,
         name=route.unique_id,
         embed_body_fields=route._embed_body_fields,
     )
@@ -1145,7 +1144,6 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
     description: str
     response_fields: dict[int | str, ModelField]
     dependant: Dependant
-    _flat_dependant: Dependant
     _embed_body_fields: bool
     body_field: ModelField | None
     is_sse_stream: bool
@@ -1410,7 +1408,6 @@ class _EffectiveRouteContext:
     description: str = ""
     response_fields: dict[int | str, ModelField] = field(default_factory=dict)
     dependant: Dependant | None = None
-    _flat_dependant: Dependant | None = None
     _embed_body_fields: bool = False
     body_field: ModelField | None = None
     is_sse_stream: bool = False
@@ -1486,7 +1483,7 @@ class _EffectiveRouteContext:
         )
         (
             context.dependant,
-            context._flat_dependant,
+            _,
             context._embed_body_fields,
         ) = _build_dependant_with_parameterless_dependencies(
             path="",
@@ -2080,7 +2077,7 @@ class _FrontendRouteGroup(BaseRoute):
         self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
         (
             self.dependant,
-            self._flat_dependant,
+            _,
             self._embed_body_fields,
         ) = _build_dependant_with_parameterless_dependencies(
             path="",

tests/memory_benchmarks/test_route_dependency_graph.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Annotated, Any
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+
+if "--codspeed" not in sys.argv:
+    pytest.skip(
+        "Benchmark tests are skipped by default; run with --codspeed.",
+        allow_module_level=True,
+    )
+
+LAST_DEPENDENCY_INDEX = 100
+ROUTE_COUNT = 20
+ROUTE_PATH_PREFIX = "/route-"
+
+
+def _create_app() -> FastAPI:
+    app = FastAPI()
+    dependencies: dict[int, Callable[..., Any]] = {}
+
+    def create_dependency(index: int) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        if index == LAST_DEPENDENCY_INDEX:
+
+            def dependency() -> str:
+                return str(index)
+
+            dependency.__name__ = f"dependency_{index}"
+            return dependency
+
+        next_dependency = dependencies[index + 1]
+
+        async def dependency(
+            sub_dependency: Annotated[str, Depends(next_dependency)],
+        ) -> str:
+            return f"{index} -> {sub_dependency}"
+
+        dependency.__name__ = f"dependency_{index}"
+        return dependency
+
+    for index in reversed(range(LAST_DEPENDENCY_INDEX + 1)):
+        dependencies[index] = create_dependency(index)
+
+    async def endpoint(
+        value: Annotated[str, Depends(dependencies[0])],
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return {"value": value}
+
+    for index in range(ROUTE_COUNT):
+        app.add_api_route(f"{ROUTE_PATH_PREFIX}{index}", endpoint)
+
+    return app
+
+
+def test_route_dependency_graph(benchmark) -> None:
+    app = benchmark(_create_app)
+    api_routes = [
+        route
+        for route in app.routes
+        if isinstance(route, APIRoute) and route.path.startswith(ROUTE_PATH_PREFIX)
+    ]
+    assert len(api_routes) == ROUTE_COUNT

tests/test_dependency_models.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Generator
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Callable, Generator
 from typing import Any
 
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import (
@@ -93,7 +93,27 @@ def test_callable_classification_is_shared_by_call() -> None:
         cache_info = cached_function.cache_info()
         assert cache_info.hits == 1
         assert cache_info.misses == 1
-        assert cache_info.maxsize == 1024
+        assert cache_info.maxsize == 4096
+
+
+def test_callable_classification_cache_supports_large_apps() -> None:
+    callables: list[Callable[[], None]] = [lambda: None for _ in range(3000)]
+
+    for classifier, cached_classifier in (
+        (_is_gen_callable, _is_gen_callable_cached),
+        (_is_async_gen_callable, _is_async_gen_callable_cached),
+        (_is_coroutine_callable, _is_coroutine_callable_cached),
+    ):
+        cached_classifier.cache_clear()
+
+        for _ in range(2):
+            assert all(not classifier(call) for call in callables)
+
+        cache_info = cached_classifier.cache_info()
+        assert cache_info.hits == len(callables)
+        assert cache_info.misses == len(callables)
+        assert cache_info.maxsize == 4096
+        cached_classifier.cache_clear()
 
 
 def test_unhashable_callable_classification() -> None: