🔖 Release version 0.41.0

📝 Update release notes
⬆️ Upgrade Starlette to 0.12.9 and add State (#593 )
2025-12-24 14:48:35 -05:00 · 2019-10-07 06:44:07 -05:00 · 2019-10-05 13:19:10 -05:00 · 2019-10-05 13:17:15 -05:00 · 2019-10-04 20:21:53 -05:00 · 2019-10-04 19:23:34 -05:00
254 changed files with 11130 additions and 2107 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ coverage.xml
 .netlify
 test.db
 log.txt
+Pipfile.lock
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ cache: pip
 python:
    - "3.6"
    - "3.7"
+    - "3.8-dev"
+    - "nightly"
+
+matrix:
+    allow_failures:
+        - python: "3.8-dev"
+        - python: "nightly"

 install:
    - pip install flit
@@ -20,6 +27,7 @@ after_script:

 deploy:
  provider: script
-  script: bash scripts/trigger-docker.sh
+  script: bash scripts/deploy.sh
  on:
-    branch: master
+    tags: true
+    python: "3.6"
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Please read the [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/) guidelines in the documentation site.
--- a/6
+++ b/6
@@ -25,9 +25,11 @@ sqlalchemy = "*"
 uvicorn = "*"

 [packages]
-starlette = "==0.11.1"
-pydantic = "==0.23.0"
+starlette = "==0.12.9"
+pydantic = "==0.32.2"
 databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
+hypercorn = "*"
+orjson = "*"

 [requires]
 python_version = "3.6"
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,881 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "02367d250c6327eac80dfcd8e5ccfa49bcdca0332bc757d527c3db27643baa0d"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.6"
-        },
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "aiocontextvars": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:885daf8261818767d8f7cbd79f9d4482d118f024b6586ef6e67980236a27bfa3",
-                "sha256:f027372dc48641f683c559f247bd84962becaacdc9ba711d583c3871fb5652aa"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.2.2"
-        },
-        "aiosqlite": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:ad84fbd7516ca7065d799504fc41d6845c938e5306d1b7dd960caaeda12e22a9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.10.0"
-        },
-        "contextvars": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:f38c908aaa59c14335eeea12abea5f443646216c4e29380d7bf34d2018e2c39e"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7'",
-            "version": "==2.4"
-        },
-        "databases": {
-            "extras": [
-                "sqlite"
-            ],
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:da819f7e00dc7d8c2f0585ec53aa49bae63b366f800506097db2e87972a4d44f"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.2.1"
-        },
-        "dataclasses": {
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-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7'",
-            "version": "==0.6"
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-        "immutables": {
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-            ],
-            "version": "==0.9"
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-        "pydantic": {
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-            ],
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-            ],
-            "version": "==1.3.3"
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-            ],
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-                "sha256:9e60ef9426efab601dd9aa120e4ff560f4461cf8442e9c0a2b92548d52800699",
-                "sha256:af5fbdde0690c7da68e841d7fc2632345d570768ea7406a9434446d7b33b0ee1",
-                "sha256:b64efdbdf3bbb1377562c179f167f3bf301251411eb5ac77dec6b7d32bcda463",
-                "sha256:bac5f444c118aeb456fac1b0b5d14c6a71ea2a42069b09c176f75e9bd4c186f6",
-                "sha256:bda9068aafb73859491e13b99b682bd299c1b5fd50644d697533775828a28ee0",
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-            ],
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-        },
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-        "urllib3": {
-            "hashes": [
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-        "uvicorn": {
-            "hashes": [
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-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.7.0b2"
-        },
-        "uvloop": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0fcd894f6fc3226a962ee7ad895c4f52e3f5c3c55098e21efb17c071849a0573",
-                "sha256:2f31de1742c059c96cb76b91c5275b22b22b965c886ee1fced093fa27dde9e64",
-                "sha256:459e4649fcd5ff719523de33964aa284898e55df62761e7773d088823ccbd3e0",
-                "sha256:67867aafd6e0bc2c30a079603a85d83b94f23c5593b3cc08ec7e58ac18bf48e5",
-                "sha256:8c200457e6847f28d8bb91c5e5039d301716f5f2fce25646f5fb3fd65eda4a26",
-                "sha256:958906b9ca39eb158414fbb7d6b8ef1b7aee4db5c8e8e5d00fcbb69a1ce9dca7",
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-                "sha256:b284c22d8938866318e3b9d178142b8be316c52d16fcfe1560685a686718a021",
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-                "sha256:fefc3b2b947c99737c348887db2c32e539160dcbeb7af9aa6b53db7a283538fe"
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-                "sha256:b36a1c245f2d304965eb4e0a82848379241dc04b865afcc4aab16748587e1923"
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-                "sha256:08e3c3e0535befa4f0c4443824496c03ecc25062debbcf895874f8a0b4c97c9f",
-                "sha256:10d89d4326045bf5e15e83e9867c85d686b612822e4d8f149cf4840aab5f46e0",
-                "sha256:232fac8a1978fc1dead4b1c2fa27c7756750fb393eb4ac52f6bc87ba7242b2fa",
-                "sha256:4bf4c8097440eff22bc78ec76fe2a865a6e658b6977a504679aaf08f02c121da",
-                "sha256:51642ea3a00772d1e48fb0c492f0d3ae3b6474f34d20eca005a83f8c9c06c561",
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-                "sha256:564d2675682bd497b59907d2205031acbf7d3fadf8c763b689b9ede20300b215",
-                "sha256:5d13bf5197a92149dc0badcc2b699267ff65a867029f465accfca8abab95f412",
-                "sha256:5eda665f6789edb9b57b57a159b9c55482cbe5b046d7db458948370554b16439",
-                "sha256:5edb2524d4032be4564c65dc4f9d01e79fe8fad5f966e5b552f4e5164fef0885",
-                "sha256:79691794288bc51e2a3b8de2bc0272ca8355d0b8503077ea57c0716e840ebaef",
-                "sha256:7fcc8681e9981b9b511cdee7c580d5b005f3bb86b65bde2188e04a29f1d63317",
-                "sha256:8e447e05ec88b1b408a4c9cde85aa6f4b04f06aa874b9f0b8e8319faf51b1fee",
-                "sha256:90ea6b3e7787620bb295a4ae050d2811c807d65b1486749414f78cfd6fb61489",
-                "sha256:9e13239952694b8b831088431d15f771beace10edfcf9ef230cefea14f18508f",
-                "sha256:d40f081187f7b54d7a99d8a5c782eaa4edc335a057aa54c85059272ed826dc09",
-                "sha256:e1df1a58ed2468c7b7ce9a2f9752a32ad08eac2bcd56318625c3647c2cd2da6f",
-                "sha256:e98d0cec437097f09c7834a11c69d79fe6241729b23f656cfc227e93294fc242",
-                "sha256:f8d59627702d2ff27cb495ca1abdea8bd8d581de425c56e93bff6517134e0a9b",
-                "sha256:fc30cdf2e949a2225b012a7911d1d031df3d23e99b7eda7dfc982dc4a860dae9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==7.0"
-        },
-        "widgetsnbextension": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:14b2c65f9940c9a7d3b70adbe713dbd38b5ec69724eebaba034d1036cf3d4740",
-                "sha256:fa618be8435447a017fd1bf2c7ae922d0428056cfc7449f7a8641edf76b48265"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.4.2"
-        }
-    }
-}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:

 ---

+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"

+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"

+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---

 ## Requirements

@@ -82,7 +93,7 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 $ pip install fastapi
 ```

-You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">uvicorn</a>.
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.

 ```bash
 $ pip install uvicorn
--- a/docs/alternatives.md
+++ b/docs/alternatives.md
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It

 Falcon is another high performance Python framework, it is designed to be minimal, and work as the foundation of other frameworks like Hug.

-It uses the previous standard for Python web frameworks (WSGI) which is synchronous, so it can't handle Websockets and other use cases. Nevertheless, it also has a very good performance.
+It uses the previous standard for Python web frameworks (WSGI) which is synchronous, so it can't handle WebSockets and other use cases. Nevertheless, it also has a very good performance.

 It is designed to have functions that receive two parameters, one "request" and one "response". Then you "read" parts from the request, and "write" parts to the response. Because of this design, it is not possible to declare request parameters and bodies with standard Python type hints as function parameters.

@@ -249,6 +249,10 @@ So, data validation, serialization, and documentation, have to be done in code,
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
    Find ways to get great performance.

+    Along with Hug (as Hug is based on Falcon) inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions.
+
+    Although in FastAPI it's optional, and is used mainly to set headers, cookies, and alternative status codes.
+
 ### <a href="https://moltenframework.com/" target="_blank">Molten</a>

 I discovered Molten in the first stages of building **FastAPI**. And it has quite similar ideas:
@@ -292,6 +296,7 @@ As it is based on the previous standard for synchronous Python web frameworks (W

    Hug helped inspiring **FastAPI** to use Python type hints to declare parameters, and to generate a schema defining the API automatically.

+    Hug inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions to set headers and cookies.

 ### <a href="https://github.com/encode/apistar" target="_blank">APIStar</a> (<= 0.5)

--- a/docs/deployment.md
+++ b/docs/deployment.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-It is recommended to use <a href="https://www.docker.com/" target="_blank">**Docker**</a> for security, replicability, development simplicity, etc.
+You can use <a href="https://www.docker.com/" target="_blank">**Docker**</a> for deployment. It has several advantages like security, replicability, development simplicity, etc.

 In this section you'll see instructions and links to guides to know how to:

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ But then <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a> wa

 It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so, the security is actually increased, by reducing their lifespan.

-The domain's are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automatizing the renewal of these certificates.
+The domains are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automatizing the renewal of these certificates.

 The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, free, forever.

@@ -237,7 +237,21 @@ The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes other 2 min.

 You can deploy **FastAPI** directly without Docker too.

-You just need to install <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> (or any other ASGI server).
+You just need to install an ASGI compatible server like:
+
+* <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>, a lightning-fast ASGI server, built on uvloop and httptools.
+
+```bash
+pip install uvicorn
+```
+
+* <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>, an ASGI server also compatible with HTTP/2.
+
+```bash
+pip install hypercorn
+```
+
+...or any other ASGI server.

 And run your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but without the `--reload` option, e.g.:

@@ -245,9 +259,15 @@ And run your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but withou
 uvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 80
 ```

+or with Hypercorn:
+
+```bash
+hypercorn main:app --bind 0.0.0.0:80
+```
+
 You might want to set up some tooling to make sure it is restarted automatically if it stops.

-You might also want to install <a href="https://gunicorn.org/" target="_blank">Gunicorn</a> and <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/#running-with-gunicorn" target="_blank">use it as a manager for Uvicorn</a>.
+You might also want to install <a href="https://gunicorn.org/" target="_blank">Gunicorn</a> and <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/#running-with-gunicorn" target="_blank">use it as a manager for Uvicorn</a>, or use Hypercorn with multiple workers.

 Making sure to fine-tune the number of workers, etc.

--- a/docs/external-links.md
+++ b/docs/external-links.md
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+**FastAPI** has a great community constantly growing.
+
+There are many posts, articles, tools, and projects, related to **FastAPI**.
+
+Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you have an article, project, tool, or anything related to **FastAPI** that is not yet listed here, create a <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/external-links.md" target="_blank">Pull Request adding it</a>.
+
+## Articles
+
+### English
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59" target="_blank">FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes" target="_blank">William Hayes</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-google-as-an-external-authentication-provider-3a527672cf33" target="_blank">FastAPI — Google as an external authentication provider</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-how-to-add-basic-and-cookie-authentication-a45c85ef47d3" target="_blank">FastAPI — How to add basic and cookie authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://dev.to/errietta/introduction-to-the-fastapi-python-framework-2n10" target="_blank">Introduction to the fastapi python framework</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/errietta" target="_blank">Errieta Kostala</a>.
+
+* <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/api,/scikit-learn/2019/01/10/scikit-fastapi.html" target="_blank">FastAPI and Scikit-Learn: Easily Deploy Models</a> by <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/" target="_blank">Nick Cortale</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-authentication-revisited-enabling-api-key-authentication-122dc5975680" target="_blank">FastAPI authentication revisited: Enabling API key authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/fastapi-logging-on-the-fly/" target="_blank">FastAPI, a simple use case on logging</a> by <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915" target="_blank">Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann" target="_blank">Nico Axtmann</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://geekflare.com/python-asynchronous-web-frameworks/" target="_blank">Top 5 Asynchronous Web Frameworks for Python</a> by <a href="https://geekflare.com/author/ankush/" target="_blank">Ankush Thakur</a> on <a href="https://geekflare.com" target="_blank">GeekFlare</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@gntrm/jwt-authentication-with-fastapi-and-aws-cognito-1333f7f2729e" target="_blank">JWT Authentication with FastAPI and AWS Cognito</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/gntrm" target="_blank">Johannes Gontrum</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-deploy-a-machine-learning-model-dc51200fe8cf" target="_blank">How to Deploy a Machine Learning Model</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mgrootendorst/" target="_blank">Maarten Grootendorst</a> on <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/" target="_blank">Towards Data Science</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank">Uber: Ludwig v0.2 Adds New Features and Other Improvements to its Deep Learning Toolbox [including a FastAPI server]</a> on <a href="https://eng.uber.com" target="_blank">Uber Engineering</a>.
+
+### Japanese
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru/items/59958ed385b3571d50de" target="_blank">python製の最新APIフレームワーク FastAPI を触ってみた</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru" target="_blank">@ryoryomaru</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/0e1f5dbbe62efc612a78" target="_blank">FastAPIでCORSを回避</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/4fbc1a4e2b33fa2237d2" target="_blank">FastAPIをMySQLと接続してDockerで管理してみる</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/8a458a8952f50b73f420" target="_blank">FastAPIでPOSTされたJSONのレスポンスbodyを受け取る</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
+
+### Chinese
+
+* <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
+
+### Vietnamese
+
+* <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.
+
+### Russian
+
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
+
+## Podcasts
+
+* <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.
--- a/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/features.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from datetime import date

 from pydantic import BaseModel

-# Declare a variable as an str
+# Declare a variable as a str
 # and get editor support inside the function
 def main(user_id: str):
    return user_id
--- a/docs/help-fastapi.md
+++ b/docs/help-fastapi.md
@@ -70,10 +70,8 @@ You can let me know:

 ## Vote for FastAPI

-You can vote to include FastAPI in several "awesome lists":
-
 * <a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python/pull/1209" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-python`</a>.
-* <a href="https://github.com/timofurrer/awesome-asyncio/pull/43" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-asyncio`</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in Slant</a>.

 ## Help others with issues in GitHub

--- a/docs/img/tutorial/path-params/image03.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/path-params/image03.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image03.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image03.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/security/image12.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/security/image12.png
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:

 ---

+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"

+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"

+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---

 ## Requirements

@@ -82,7 +93,7 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 $ pip install fastapi
 ```

-You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">uvicorn</a>.
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.

 ```bash
 $ pip install uvicorn
--- a/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/release-notes.md
@@ -1,34 +1,402 @@
-## Next release
+## Latest changes
+
+## 0.41.0
+
+* Upgrade required Starlette to `0.12.9`, the new range is `>=0.12.9,<=0.12.9`.
+    * Add `State` to FastAPI apps at `app.state`.
+    * PR [#593](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/593).
+* Improve handling of custom classes for `Request`s and `APIRoute`s.
+    * This helps to more easily solve use cases like:
+        * Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
+        * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
+        * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
+        * Processing a response after being generated by *path operation functions* but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
+    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-request-and-route/).
+    * PR [#589](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/589) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR [#538](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/538) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.40.0
+
+* Add notes to docs about installing `python-multipart` when using forms. PR [#574](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/574) by [@sliptonic](https://github.com/sliptonic).
+* Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR [#554](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/554) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Add support for truncating docstrings from *path operation functions*.
+    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
+    * PR [#556](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/556) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `DOCTYPE` in HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR [#537](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/537) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+* Fix handling `4XX` responses overriding default `422` validation error responses. PR [#517](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/517) by [@tsouvarev](https://github.com/tsouvarev).
+* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Fix incorrect documentation example in [first steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/). PR [#511](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/511) by [@IgnatovFedor](https://github.com/IgnatovFedor).
+* Add support for Swagger UI [initOauth](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/master/docs/usage/oauth2.md) settings with the parameter `swagger_ui_init_oauth`. PR [#499](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/499) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.39.0
+
+* Allow path parameters to have default values (e.g. `None`) and discard them instead of raising an error.
+    * This allows declaring a parameter like `user_id: str = None` that can be taken from a query parameter, but the same path operation can be included in a router with a path `/users/{user_id}`, in which case will be taken from the path and will be required.
+    * PR [#464](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/464) by [@jonathanunderwood](https://github.com/jonathanunderwood).
+* Add support for setting a `default_response_class` in the `FastAPI` instance or in `include_router`. Initial PR [#467](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/467) by [@toppk](https://github.com/toppk).
+* Add support for type annotations using strings and `from __future__ import annotations`. PR [#451](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/451) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.38.1
+
+* Fix incorrect `Request` class import. PR [#493](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/493) by [@kamalgill](https://github.com/kamalgill).
+
+## 0.38.0
+
+* Add recent articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) and recent opinions. PR [#490](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/490).
+* Upgrade support range for Starlette to include `0.12.8`. The new range is `>=0.11.1,<=0.12.8"`. PR [#477](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/477) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Upgrade support to Pydantic version 0.32.2 and update internal code to use it (breaking change). PR [#463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/463) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.37.0
+
+* Add support for custom route classes for advanced use cases. PR [#468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/468) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow disabling Google fonts in ReDoc. PR [#481](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/481) by [@b1-luettje](https://github.com/b1-luettje).
+* Fix security issue: when returning a sub-class of a response model and using `skip_defaults` it could leak information. PR [#485](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/485) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Enable tests for Python 3.8-dev. PR [#465](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/465) by [@Jamim](https://github.com/Jamim).
+* Add support and tests for Pydantic dataclasses in `response_model`. PR [#454](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/454) by [@dconathan](https://github.com/dconathan).
+* Fix typo in OAuth2 JWT tutorial. PR [#447](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/447) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Use the `media_type` parameter in `Body()` params to set the media type in OpenAPI for `requestBody`. PR [#439](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/439) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Add article [Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI](https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915) by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann](Nico Axtmann). PR [#438](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/438) by [@naxty](https://github.com/naxty).
+* Allow setting custom `422` (validation error) response/schema in OpenAPI.
+    * And use media type from response class instead of fixed `application/json` (the default).
+    * PR [#437](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/437) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Fix using `"default"` extra response with status codes at the same time. PR [#489](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/489).
+* Allow additional responses to use status code ranges (like `5XX` and `4XX`) and `"default"`. PR [#435](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/435) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+
+## 0.36.0
+
+* Fix implementation for `skip_defaults` when returning a Pydantic model. PR [#422](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/422) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix OpenAPI generation when using the same dependency in multiple places for the same *path operation*. PR [#417](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/417) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow having empty paths in *path operations* used with `include_router` and a `prefix`.
+    * This allows having a router for `/cats` and all its *path operations*, while having one of them for `/cats`.
+    * Now it doesn't have to be only `/cats/` (with a trailing slash).
+    * To use it, declare the path in the *path operation* as the empty string (`""`).
+    * PR [#415](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/415) by [@vitalik](https://github.com/vitalik).
+* Fix mypy error after merging PR #415. PR [#462](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/462).
+
+## 0.35.0
+
+* Fix typo in routing `assert`. PR [#419](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/419) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Fix typo in docs. PR [#411](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/411) by [@bronsen](https://github.com/bronsen).
+* Fix parsing a body type declared with `Union`. PR [#400](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/400) by [@koxudaxi](https://github.com/koxudaxi).
+
+## 0.34.0
+
+* Upgrade Starlette supported range to include the latest `0.12.7`. The new range is `0.11.1,<=0.12.7`. PR [#367](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/367) by [@dedsm](https://github.com/dedsm).
+
+* Add test for OpenAPI schema with duplicate models from PR [#333](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/333) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu). PR [#385](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/385).
+
+## 0.33.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic version to `0.30.0`. PR [#384](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/384) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.32.0
+
+* Fix typo in docs for features. PR [#380](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/380) by [@MartinoMensio](https://github.com/MartinoMensio).
+
+* Fix source code `limit` for example in [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/). PR [#366](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/366) by [@Smashman](https://github.com/Smashman).
+
+* Update wording in docs about [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/). PR [#371](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/371) by [@cjw296](https://github.com/cjw296).
+
+* Update docs for `Enum`s to inherit from `str` and improve Swagger UI rendering. PR [#351](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/351).
+
+* Fix regression, add Swagger UI deep linking again. PR [#350](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/350).
+
+* Add test for having path templates in `prefix` of `.include_router`. PR [#349](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/349).
+
+* Add note to docs: [Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-the-same-router-multiple-times-with-different-prefix). PR [#348](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/348).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI/JSON Schema generation for two functions with the same name (in different modules) with the same composite bodies.
+    * Composite bodies' IDs are now based on path, not only on route name, as the auto-generated name uses the function names, that can be duplicated in different modules.
+    * The same new ID generation applies to response models.
+    * This also changes the generated title for those models.
+    * Only composite bodies and response models are affected because those are generated dynamically, they don't have a module (a Python file).
+    * This also adds the possibility of using `.include_router()` with the same `APIRouter` *multiple*  times, with different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v2` and `/api/latest`, and it will now work correctly.
+    * PR [#347](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/347).
+
+## 0.31.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic supported version to `0.29.0`.
+    * New supported version range is `"pydantic >=0.28,<=0.29.0"`.
+    * This adds support for Pydantic [Generic Models](https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#generic-models), kudos to [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+    * PR [#344](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/344).
+
+## 0.30.1
+
+* Add section in docs about [External Links and Articles](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [#341](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/341).
+
+* Remove `Pipfile.lock` from the repository as it is only used by FastAPI contributors (developers of FastAPI itself). See the PR for more details. PR [#340](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/340).
+
+* Update section about [Help FastAPI - Get Help](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/). PR [#339](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/339).
+
+* Refine internal type declarations to improve/remove Mypy errors in users' code. PR [#338](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/338).
+
+* Update and clarify [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#331](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/331) by [@mariacamilagl](https://github.com/mariacamilagl).
+
+* Add SQLite [online viewers to the docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#interact-with-the-database-directly). PR [#330](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/330) by [@cyrilbois](https://github.com/cyrilbois).
+
+## 0.30.0
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's ORM mode:
+    * Updated documentation about SQL with SQLAlchemy, using Pydantic models with ORM mode, SQLAlchemy models with relations, separation of files, simplification of code and other changes. New docs: [SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/).
+    * The new support for ORM mode fixes issues/adds features related to ORMs with lazy-loading, hybrid properties, dynamic/getters (using `@property` decorators) and several other use cases.
+    * This applies to ORMs like SQLAlchemy, Peewee, Tortoise ORM, GINO ORM and virtually any other.
+    * If your *path operations* return an arbitrary object with attributes (e.g. `my_item.name` instead of `my_item["name"]`) AND you use a `response_model`, make sure to update the Pydantic models with `orm_mode = True` as described in the docs (link above).
+    * New documentation about receiving plain `dict`s as request bodies: [Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-nested-models/#bodies-of-arbitrary-dicts).
+    * New documentation about returning arbitrary `dict`s in responses: [Response with arbitrary `dict`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/#response-with-arbitrary-dict).
+    * **Technical Details**:
+        * When declaring a `response_model` it is used directly to generate the response content, from whatever was returned from the *path operation function*.
+        * Before this, the return content was first passed through `jsonable_encoder` to ensure it was a "jsonable" object, like a `dict`, instead of an arbitrary object with attributes (like an ORM model). That's why you should make sure to update your Pydantic models for objects with attributes to use `orm_mode = True`.
+        * If you don't have a `response_model`, the return object will still be passed through `jsonable_encoder` first.
+        * When a `response_model` is declared, the same `response_model` type declaration won't be used as is, it will be "cloned" to create an new one (a cloned Pydantic `Field` with all the submodels cloned as well).
+        * This avoids/fixes a potential security issue: as the returned object is passed directly to Pydantic, if the returned object was a subclass of the `response_model` (e.g. you return a `UserInDB` that inherits from `User` but contains extra fields, like `hashed_password`, and `User` is used in the `response_model`), it would still pass the validation (because `UserInDB` is a subclass of `User`) and the object would be returned as-is, including the `hashed_password`. To fix this, the declared `response_model` is cloned, if it is a Pydantic model class (or contains Pydantic model classes in it, e.g. in a `List[Item]`), the Pydantic model class(es) will be a different one (the "cloned" one). So, an object that is a subclass won't simply pass the validation and returned as-is, because it is no longer a sub-class of the cloned `response_model`. Instead, a new Pydantic model object will be created with the contents of the returned object. So, it will be a new object (made with the data from the returned one), and will be filtered by the cloned `response_model`, containing only the declared fields as normally.
+    * PR [#322](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/322).
+
+* Remove/clean unused RegEx code in routing. PR [#314](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/314) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Use default response status code descriptions for additional responses. PR [#313](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/313) by [@duxiaoyao](https://github.com/duxiaoyao).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic support to `0.28`. PR [#320](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/320) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.29.1
+
+* Fix handling an empty-body request with a required body param. PR [#311](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/311).
+
+* Fix broken link in docs: [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/). PR [#306](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/306) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Fix docs discrepancy in docs for [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/). PR [#288](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/288) by [@awiddersheim](https://github.com/awiddersheim).
+
+## 0.29.0
+
+* Add support for declaring a `Response` parameter:
+    * This allows declaring:
+        * [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/).
+        * [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/).
+        * An HTTP Status Code different than the default: [Response - Change Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-change-status-code/).
+    * All of this while still being able to return arbitrary objects (`dict`, DB model, etc).
+    * Update attribution to Hug, for inspiring the `response` parameter pattern.
+    * PR [#294](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/294).
+
+## 0.28.0
+
+* Implement dependency cache per request.
+    * This avoids calling each dependency multiple times for the same request.
+    * This is useful while calling external services, performing costly computation, etc.
+    * This also means that if a dependency was declared as a *path operation decorator* dependency, possibly at the router level (with `.include_router()`) and then it is declared again in a specific *path operation*, the dependency will be called only once.
+    * The cache can be disabled per dependency declaration, using `use_cache=False` as in `Depends(your_dependency, use_cache=False)`.
+    * Updated docs at: [Using the same dependency multiple times](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies/#using-the-same-dependency-multiple-times).
+    * PR [#292](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/292).
+
+* Implement dependency overrides for testing.
+    * This allows using overrides/mocks of dependencies during tests.
+    * New docs: [Testing Dependencies with Overrides](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing-dependencies/).
+    * PR [#291](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/291).
+
+## 0.27.2
+
+* Fix path and query parameters receiving `dict` as a valid type. It should be mapped to a body payload. PR [#287](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/287). Updated docs at: [Query parameter list / multiple values with defaults: Using `list`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#using-list).
+
+## 0.27.1
+
+* Fix `auto_error=False` handling in `HTTPBearer` security scheme. Do not `raise` when there's an incorrect `Authorization` header if `auto_error=False`. PR [#282](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/282).
+
+* Fix type declaration of `HTTPException`. PR [#279](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/279).
+
+## 0.27.0
+
+* Fix broken link in docs about OAuth 2.0 with scopes. PR [#275](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/275) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Refactor param extraction using Pydantic `Field`:
+    * Large refactor, improvement, and simplification of param extraction from *path operations*.
+    * Fix/add support for list *query parameters* with list defaults. New documentation: [Query parameter list / multiple values with defaults](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values-with-defaults).
+    * Add support for enumerations in *path operation* parameters. New documentation: [Path Parameters: Predefined values](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#predefined-values).
+    * Add support for type annotations using `Optional` as in `param: Optional[str] = None`. New documentation: [Optional type declarations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/#optional-type-declarations).
+    * PR [#278](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/278).
+
+## 0.26.0
+
+* Separate error handling for validation errors.
+    * This will allow developers to customize the exception handlers.
+    * Document better how to handle exceptions and use error handlers.
+    * Include `RequestValidationError` and `WebSocketRequestValidationError` (this last one will be useful once [encode/starlette#527](https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/527) or equivalent is merged).
+    * New documentation about exceptions handlers:
+        * [Install custom exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#install-custom-exception-handlers).
+        * [Override the default exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#override-the-default-exception-handlers).
+        * [Re-use **FastAPI's** exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#re-use-fastapis-exception-handlers).
+    * PR [#273](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/273).
+
+* Fix support for *paths* in *path parameters* without needing explicit `Path(...)`.
+    * PR [#256](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/256).
+    * Documented in PR [#272](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/272) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+    * New documentation at: [Path Parameters containing paths](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#path-parameters-containing-paths).
+
+* Update docs for testing FastAPI. Include using `POST`, sending JSON, testing headers, etc. New documentation: [Testing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/#testing-extended-example). PR [#271](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/271).
+
+* Fix type declaration of `response_model` to allow generic Python types as `List[Model]`. Mainly to fix `mypy` for users. PR [#266](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/266).
+
+## 0.25.0
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's `include`, `exclude`, `by_alias`.
+    * Update documentation: [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+    * Add docs for: [Body - updates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-updates/), using Pydantic's `skip_defaults`.
+    * Add method consistency tests.
+    * PR [#264](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/264).
+
+* Add `CONTRIBUTING.md` file to GitHub, to help new contributors. PR [#255](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/255) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's `skip_defaults`:
+    * There's a new *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_skip_defaults`.
+        * The name of the parameter will most probably change in a future version to `response_skip_defaults`, `model_skip_defaults` or something similar.
+    * New [documentation section about using `response_model_skip_defaults`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response-model-encoding-parameters).
+    * PR [#248](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/248) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+## 0.24.0
+
+* Add support for WebSockets with dependencies and parameters.
+    * Support included for:
+        * `Depends`
+        * `Security`
+        * `Cookie`
+        * `Header`
+        * `Path`
+        * `Query`
+        * ...as these are compatible with the WebSockets protocol (e.g. `Body` is not).
+    * [Updated documentation for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/).
+    * PR [#178](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/178) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+* Upgrade the compatible version of Pydantic to `0.26.0`.
+    * This includes JSON Schema support for IP address and network objects, bug fixes, and other features.
+    * PR [#247](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/247) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.23.0
+
+* Upgrade the compatible version of Starlette to `0.12.0`.
+    * This includes support for ASGI 3 (the latest version of the standard).
+    * It's now possible to use [Starlette's `StreamingResponse`](https://www.starlette.io/responses/#streamingresponse) with iterators, like [file-like](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-like-object) objects (as those returned by `open()`).
+    * It's now possible to use the low level utility `iterate_in_threadpool` from `starlette.concurrency` (for advanced scenarios).
+    * PR [#243](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/243).
+
+* Add OAuth2 redirect page for Swagger UI. This allows having delegated authentication in the Swagger UI docs. For this to work, you need to add `{your_origin}/docs/oauth2-redirect` to the allowed callbacks in your OAuth2 provider (in Auth0, Facebook, Google, etc).
+    * For example, during development, it could be `http://localhost:8000/docs/oauth2-redirect`.
+    * Have in mind that this callback URL is independent of whichever one is used by your frontend. You might also have another callback at `https://yourdomain.com/login/callback`.
+    * This is only to allow delegated authentication in the API docs with Swagger UI.
+    * PR [#198](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/198) by [@steinitzu](https://github.com/steinitzu).
+
+* Make Swagger UI and ReDoc route handlers (*path operations*) be `async` functions instead of lambdas to improve performance. PR [#241](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/241) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+
+* Make Swagger UI and ReDoc URLs parameterizable, allowing to host and serve local versions of them and have offline docs. PR [#112](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/112) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.22.0
+
+* Add support for `dependencies` parameter:
+    * A parameter in *path operation decorators*, for dependencies that should be executed but the return value is not important or not used in the *path operation function*.
+    * A parameter in the `.include_router()` method of FastAPI applications and routers, to include dependencies that should be executed in each *path operation* in a router.
+        * This is useful, for example, to require authentication or permissions in specific group of *path operations*.
+        * Different `dependencies` can be applied to different routers.
+    * These `dependencies` are run before the normal parameter dependencies. And normal dependencies are run too. They can be combined.
+    * Dependencies declared in a router are executed first, then the ones defined in *path operation decorators*, and then the ones declared in normal parameters. They are all combined and executed.
+    * All this also supports using `Security` with `scopes` in those `dependencies` parameters, for more advanced OAuth 2.0 security scenarios with scopes.
+    * New documentation about [dependencies in *path operation decorators*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+    * New documentation about [dependencies in the `include_router()` method](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+    * PR [#235](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/235).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI documentation of Starlette URL convertors. Specially useful when using `path` convertors, to take a whole path as a parameter, like `/some/url/{p:path}`. PR [#234](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/234) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Make default parameter utilities exported from `fastapi` be functions instead of classes (the new functions return instances of those classes). To be able to override the return types and fix `mypy` errors in FastAPI's users' code. Applies to `Path`, `Query`, `Header`, `Cookie`, `Body`, `Form`, `File`, `Depends`, and `Security`. PR [#226](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/226) and PR [#231](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/231).
+
+* Separate development scripts `test.sh`, `lint.sh`, and `format.sh`. PR [#232](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/232).
+
+* Re-enable `black` formatting checks for Python 3.7. PR [#229](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/229) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.21.0
+
+* On body parsing errors, raise `from` previous exception, to allow better introspection in logging code. PR [#192](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/195) by [@ricardomomm](https://github.com/ricardomomm).
+
+* Use Python logger named "`fastapi`" instead of root logger. PR [#222](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/222) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic to version 0.25. PR [#225](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/225) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Fix typo in routing. PR [#221](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/221) by [@djlambert](https://github.com/djlambert).
+
+## 0.20.1
+
+* Add typing information to package including file `py.typed`. PR [#209](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/209) by [@meadsteve](https://github.com/meadsteve).
+
+* Add FastAPI bot for Gitter. To automatically announce new releases. PR [#189](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/189).
+
+## 0.20.0
+
+* Upgrade OAuth2:
+    * Upgrade Password flow using Bearer tokens to use the correct HTTP status code 401 `UNAUTHORIZED`, with `WWW-Authenticate` headers.
+    * Update, simplify, and improve all the [security docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/intro/).
+    * Add new `scope_str` to `SecurityScopes` and update docs: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * Update docs, images, tests.
+    * PR [#188](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/188).
+
+* Include [Hypercorn](https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn) as an alternative ASGI server in the docs. PR [#187](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/187).
+
+* Add docs for [Static Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/static-files/) and [Templates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/templates/). PR [#186](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/186).
+
+* Add docs for handling [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/) and [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/). PR [#185](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/185).
+
+* Fix typos in docs. PR [#176](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/176) by [@chdsbd](https://github.com/chdsbd).
+
+## 0.19.0
+
+* Rename _path operation decorator_ parameter `content_type` to `response_class`. PR [#183](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/183).
+
+* Add docs:
+    * How to use the `jsonable_encoder` in [JSON compatible encoder](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/).
+    * How to [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/).
+    * Update how to use a [Custom Response Class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/).
+    * PR [#184](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/184).
+
+## 0.18.0
+
+* Add docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/). PR [#177](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/177).
+
+* Upgrade HTTP Basic Auth handling with automatic headers (automatic browser login prompt). PR [#175](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/175).
+
+* Update dependencies for security. PR [#174](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/174).
+
+* Add docs for [Middleware](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/middleware/). PR [#173](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/173).
+
+## 0.17.0
+
+* Make Flit publish from CI. PR [#170](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/170).
+
+* Add documentation about handling [CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/). PR [#169](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/169).
+
+* By default, encode by alias. This allows using Pydantic `alias` parameters working by default. PR [#168](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/168).

 ## 0.16.0

-* Upgrade *path operation* `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring" target="_blank">Path Operation Configuration</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163" target="_blank">#163</a>.
+* Upgrade _path operation_ `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).

-* Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164" target="_blank">#164</a>.
+* Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR [#164](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164).

-* Upgrade Pydantic to version `0.23`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/160" target="_blank">#160</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Upgrade Pydantic to version `0.23`. PR [#160](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/160) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* Fix typo in Tutorial about Extra Models. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/159" target="_blank">#159</a> by <a href="https://github.com/danielmichaels" target="_blank">@danielmichaels</a>.
+* Fix typo in Tutorial about Extra Models. PR [#159](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/159) by [@danielmichaels](https://github.com/danielmichaels).

-* Fix <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/" target="_blank">Query Parameters</a> URL examples in docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/157" target="_blank">#157</a> by <a href="https://github.com/hayata-yamamoto" target="_blank">@hayata-yamamoto</a>.
+* Fix [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/) URL examples in docs. PR [#157](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/157) by [@hayata-yamamoto](https://github.com/hayata-yamamoto).

 ## 0.15.0

-* Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#multiple-file-uploads" target="_blank">Multiple file uploads</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/158" target="_blank">#158</a>.
+* Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: [Multiple file uploads](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#multiple-file-uploads). PR [#158](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/158).

-* Add docs for: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-status-codes/" target="_blank">Additional Status Codes</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156" target="_blank">#156</a>.
+* Add docs for: [Additional Status Codes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-status-codes/). PR [#156](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156).

 ## 0.14.0

-* Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155" target="_blank">#155</a>.
+* Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR [#155](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155).

-* Add docs for: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/" target="_blank">Testing **FastAPI**</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/151" target="_blank">#151</a>.
+* Add docs for: [Testing **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/). PR [#151](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/151).

-* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148" target="_blank">#148</a> by <a href="https://github.com/wshayes" target="_blank">@wshayes</a>.
+* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR [#148](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).

-* Update development dependencies, `Pipfile.lock`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/150" target="_blank">#150</a>.
+* Update development dependencies, `Pipfile.lock`. PR [#150](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/150).

-* Include Falcon and Hug in: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/" target="_blank">Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons</a>.
+* Include Falcon and Hug in: [Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/).

 ## 0.13.0

@@ -36,187 +404,185 @@
    * `SecurityScopes` can be declared as a parameter like `Request`, to get the scopes of all super-dependencies/dependants.
    * Improve `Security` handling, merging scopes when declaring `SecurityScopes`.
    * Allow using `SecurityBase` (like `OAuth2`) classes with `Depends` and still document them. `Security` now is needed only to declare `scopes`.
-    * Updated docs about: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt/" target="_blank">OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens</a>.
-    * New docs about: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/" target="_blank">OAuth2 scopes</a>.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/141" target="_blank">#141</a>.
+    * Updated docs about: [OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt/).
+    * New docs about: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * PR [#141](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/141).

 ## 0.12.1

-* Fix bug: handling additional `responses` in `APIRouter.include_router()`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/140" target="_blank">#140</a>.
+* Fix bug: handling additional `responses` in `APIRouter.include_router()`. PR [#140](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/140).

-* Fix typo in SQL tutorial. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/138" target="_blank">#138</a> by <a href="https://github.com/mostaphaRoudsari" target="_blank">@mostaphaRoudsari</a>.
+* Fix typo in SQL tutorial. PR [#138](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/138) by [@mostaphaRoudsari](https://github.com/mostaphaRoudsari).

-* Fix typos in section about nested models and OAuth2 with JWT. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/127" target="_blank">#127</a> by <a href="https://github.com/mmcloud" target="_blank">@mmcloud</a>.
+* Fix typos in section about nested models and OAuth2 with JWT. PR [#127](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/127) by [@mmcloud](https://github.com/mmcloud).

 ## 0.12.0

-* Add additional `responses` parameter to *path operation decorators* to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
+* Add additional `responses` parameter to _path operation decorators_ to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
    * It also allows extending existing responses generated from `response_model`, declare other media types (like images), etc.
-    * The new documentation is here: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">Additional Responses</a>.
-    * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses" target="_blank">Bigger Applications</a>.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/97" target="_blank">#97</a> originally initiated by <a href="https://github.com/barsi" target="_blank">@barsi</a>.
-
+    * The new documentation is here: [Additional Responses](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/).
+    * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses).
+    * PR [#97](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/97) originally initiated by [@barsi](https://github.com/barsi).
 * Update `scripts/test-cov-html.sh` to allow passing extra parameters like `-vv`, for development.

 ## 0.11.0

-* Add `auto_error` parameter to security utility functions. Allowing them to be optional. Also allowing to have multiple alternative security schemes that are then checked in a single dependency instead of each one verifying and returning the error to the client automatically when not satisfied. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/134" target="_blank">#134</a>.
+* Add `auto_error` parameter to security utility functions. Allowing them to be optional. Also allowing to have multiple alternative security schemes that are then checked in a single dependency instead of each one verifying and returning the error to the client automatically when not satisfied. PR [#134](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/134).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#create-a-middleware-to-handle-sessions" target="_blank">SQL Tutorial</a> to close database sessions even when there are exceptions. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/89" target="_blank">#89</a> by <a href="https://github.com/alexiri" target="_blank">@alexiri</a>.
+* Update [SQL Tutorial](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#create-a-middleware-to-handle-sessions) to close database sessions even when there are exceptions. PR [#89](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/89) by [@alexiri](https://github.com/alexiri).

-* Fix duplicate dependency in `pyproject.toml`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/128" target="_blank">#128</a> by <a href="https://github.com/zxalif" target="_blank">@zxalif</a>.
+* Fix duplicate dependency in `pyproject.toml`. PR [#128](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/128) by [@zxalif](https://github.com/zxalif).

 ## 0.10.3

-* Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi
-</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/117" target="_blank">#117</a>.
+* Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. [https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi](https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi) . PR [#117](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/117).

-* Add docs about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/" target="_blank">Extending OpenAPI</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126" target="_blank">#126</a>.
+* Add docs about [Extending OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/). PR [#126](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126).

-* Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/92" target="_blank">#92</a> by <a href="https://github.com/blueyed" target="_blank">@blueyed</a>.
+* Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR [#92](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/92) by [@blueyed](https://github.com/blueyed).

-* Fix duplicated param variable creation. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/123" target="_blank">#123</a> by <a href="https://github.com/yihuang" target="_blank">@yihuang</a>.
+* Fix duplicated param variable creation. PR [#123](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/123) by [@yihuang](https://github.com/yihuang).

-* Add note in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/" target="_blank">Response Model docs</a> about why using a function parameter instead of a function return type annotation. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/109" target="_blank">#109</a> by <a href="https://github.com/JHSaunders" target="_blank">@JHSaunders</a>.
+* Add note in [Response Model docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/) about why using a function parameter instead of a function return type annotation. PR [#109](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/109) by [@JHSaunders](https://github.com/JHSaunders).

-* Fix event docs (startup/shutdown) function name. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/105" target="_blank">#105</a> by <a href="https://github.com/stratosgear" target="_blank">@stratosgear</a>.
+* Fix event docs (startup/shutdown) function name. PR [#105](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/105) by [@stratosgear](https://github.com/stratosgear).

 ## 0.10.2

-* Fix OpenAPI (JSON Schema) for declarations of Python `Union` (JSON Schema `additionalProperties`). PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/121" target="_blank">#121</a>.
+* Fix OpenAPI (JSON Schema) for declarations of Python `Union` (JSON Schema `additionalProperties`). PR [#121](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/121).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/" target="_blank">Background Tasks</a> with a note on Celery.
+* Update [Background Tasks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/) with a note on Celery.

-* Document response models using unions and lists, updated at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/" target="_blank">Extra Models</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/108" target="_blank">#108</a>.
+* Document response models using unions and lists, updated at: [Extra Models](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/). PR [#108](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/108).

 ## 0.10.1

-* Add docs and tests for <a href="https://github.com/encode/databases" target="_blank">encode/databases</a>. New docs at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/async-sql-databases/" target="_blank">Async SQL (Relational) Databases</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107" target="_blank">#107</a>.
+* Add docs and tests for [encode/databases](https://github.com/encode/databases). New docs at: [Async SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/async-sql-databases/). PR [#107](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107).

 ## 0.10.0

-* Add support for Background Tasks in *path operation functions* and dependencies. New documentation about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/" target="_blank">Background Tasks is here</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103" target="_blank">#103</a>.
+* Add support for Background Tasks in _path operation functions_ and dependencies. New documentation about [Background Tasks is here](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/). PR [#103](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103).

-* Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100" target="_blank">#100</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR [#100](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* New docs section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/events/" target="_blank">Events: startup - shutdown</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99" target="_blank">#99</a>.
+* New docs section about [Events: startup - shutdown](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/events/). PR [#99](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99).

 ## 0.9.1

-* Document receiving <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values" target="_blank">Multiple values with the same query parameter</a> and <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/header-params/#duplicate-headers" target="_blank">Duplicate headers</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/95" target="_blank">#95</a>.
+* Document receiving [Multiple values with the same query parameter](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values) and [Duplicate headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/header-params/#duplicate-headers). PR [#95](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/95).

 ## 0.9.0

-* Upgrade compatible Pydantic version to `0.21.0`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/90" target="_blank">#90</a>.
+* Upgrade compatible Pydantic version to `0.21.0`. PR [#90](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/90).

-* Add documentation for: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/application-configuration/" target="_blank">Application Configuration</a>.
+* Add documentation for: [Application Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/application-configuration/).

-* Fix typo in docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76" target="_blank">#76</a> by <a href="https://github.com/matthewhegarty" target="_blank">@matthewhegarty</a>.
+* Fix typo in docs. PR [#76](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76) by [@matthewhegarty](https://github.com/matthewhegarty).

 * Fix link in "Deployment" to "Bigger Applications".

 ## 0.8.0

-* Make development scripts executable. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76" target="_blank">#76</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Make development scripts executable. PR [#76](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* Add support for adding `tags` in `app.include_router()`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/55" target="_blank">#55</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>. Documentation updated in the section: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/" target="_blank">Bigger Applications</a>.
+* Add support for adding `tags` in `app.include_router()`. PR [#55](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/55) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10). Documentation updated in the section: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/).

-* Update docs related to Uvicorn to use new `--reload` option from version `0.5.x`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/74" target="_blank">#74</a>.
+* Update docs related to Uvicorn to use new `--reload` option from version `0.5.x`. PR [#74](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/74).

-* Update `isort` imports and scripts to be compatible with newer versions. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/75" target="_blank">#75</a>.
+* Update `isort` imports and scripts to be compatible with newer versions. PR [#75](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/75).

 ## 0.7.1

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#path-operation-functions" target="_blank">technical details about `async def` handling</a> with respect to previous frameworks. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/64" target="_blank">#64</a> by <a href="https://github.com/haizaar" target="_blank">@haizaar</a>.
+* Update [technical details about `async def` handling](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#path-operation-functions) with respect to previous frameworks. PR [#64](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/64) by [@haizaar](https://github.com/haizaar).

-* Add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#raspberry-pi-and-other-architectures" target="_blank">deployment documentation for Docker in Raspberry Pi</a> and other architectures.
+* Add [deployment documentation for Docker in Raspberry Pi](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#raspberry-pi-and-other-architectures) and other architectures.

-* Trigger Docker images build on Travis CI automatically. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/65" target="_blank">#65</a>.
+* Trigger Docker images build on Travis CI automatically. PR [#65](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/65).

 ## 0.7.0

 * Add support for `UploadFile` in `File` parameter annotations.
    * This includes a file-like interface.
-    * Here's the updated documentation for declaring <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#file-parameters-with-uploadfile" target="_blank"> `File` parameters with `UploadFile`</a>.
-    * And here's the updated documentation for using <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-forms-and-files/" target="_blank">`Form` parameters mixed with `File` parameters, supporting `bytes` and `UploadFile`</a> at the same time.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/63" target="_blank">#63</a>.
+    * Here's the updated documentation for declaring [`File` parameters with `UploadFile`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#file-parameters-with-uploadfile).
+    * And here's the updated documentation for using [`Form` parameters mixed with `File` parameters, supporting `bytes` and `UploadFile`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-forms-and-files/) at the same time.
+    * PR [#63](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/63).

 ## 0.6.4

-* Add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#very-technical-details" target="_blank">technical details about `async def` handling to docs</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/61" target="_blank">#61</a>.
+* Add [technical details about `async def` handling to docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#very-technical-details). PR [#61](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/61).

-* Add docs for <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/debugging/" target="_blank">Debugging FastAPI applications in editors</a>.
+* Add docs for [Debugging FastAPI applications in editors](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/debugging/).

-* Clarify <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#bigger-applications" target="_blank">Bigger Applications deployed with Docker</a>.
+* Clarify [Bigger Applications deployed with Docker](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#bigger-applications).

 * Fix typos in docs.

-* Add section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/history-design-future/" target="_blank">History, Design and Future</a>.
+* Add section about [History, Design and Future](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/history-design-future/).

-* Add docs for using <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/" target="_blank">WebSockets with **FastAPI**</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62" target="_blank">#62</a>.
+* Add docs for using [WebSockets with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/). PR [#62](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62).

 ## 0.6.3

-* Add Favicons to docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/53" target="_blank">#53</a>.
+* Add Favicons to docs. PR [#53](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/53).

 ## 0.6.2

-* Introduce new project generator based on FastAPI and PostgreSQL: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52" target="_blank">#52</a>.
+* Introduce new project generator based on FastAPI and PostgreSQL: [https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql](https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql). PR [#52](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy, using `Depends` to improve editor support and reduce code repetition</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52" target="_blank">#52</a>.
+* Update [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy, using `Depends` to improve editor support and reduce code repetition](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#52](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52).

-* Improve middleware naming in tutorial for SQL with SQLAlchemy <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/</a>.
+* Improve middleware naming in tutorial for SQL with SQLAlchemy [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/).

 ## 0.6.1

-* Add docs for GraphQL: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48" target="_blank">#48</a>.
+* Add docs for GraphQL: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/). PR [#48](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48).

 ## 0.6.0

-* Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/</a> using the new official `request.state`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/45" target="_blank">#45</a>.
+* Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) using the new official `request.state`. PR [#45](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/45).

-* Upgrade Starlette to version `0.11.1` and add required compatibility changes. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/44" target="_blank">#44</a>.
+* Upgrade Starlette to version `0.11.1` and add required compatibility changes. PR [#44](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/44).

 ## 0.5.1

-* Add section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/" target="_blank">helping and getting help with **FastAPI**</a>.
+* Add section about [helping and getting help with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/).

-* Add note about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#order-matters" target="_blank">path operations order in docs</a>.
+* Add note about [path operations order in docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#order-matters).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/" target="_blank">section about error handling</a> with more information and make relation with Starlette error handling utilities more explicit. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/41" target="_blank">#41</a>.
+* Update [section about error handling](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/) with more information and make relation with Starlette error handling utilities more explicit. PR [#41](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/41).

-* Add <a href="" target="_blank">Development - Contributing section to the docs</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/42" target="_blank">#42</a>.
+* Add <a href="" target="_blank">Development - Contributing section to the docs</a>. PR [#42](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/42).

 ## 0.5.0

-* Add new `HTTPException` with support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/35" target="_blank">#35</a>.
+* Add new `HTTPException` with support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/). PR [#35](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/35).

-* Add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/using-request-directly/" target="_blank">documentation to use Starlette `Request` object</a> directly. Check <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25" target="_blank">#25</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Add [documentation to use Starlette `Request` object](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/using-request-directly/) directly. Check [#25](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/34" target="_blank">#34</a>.
+* Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: [#34](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/34).

-* Update example for the SQLAlchemy tutorial at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/</a> using middleware and database session attached to request.
+* Update example for the SQLAlchemy tutorial at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) using middleware and database session attached to request.

 ## 0.4.0

-* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/</a>: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank">#26</a> by <a href="https://github.com/kabirkhan" target="_blank">@kabirkhan</a>.
+* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/): [#26](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26) by [@kabirkhan](https://github.com/kabirkhan).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy</a> including note about *DB Browser for SQLite*.
+* Update [docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) including note about _DB Browser for SQLite_.

 ## 0.3.0

-* Fix/add SQLAlchemy support, including ORM, and update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">docs for SQLAlchemy</a>: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/30" target="_blank">#30</a>.
+* Fix/add SQLAlchemy support, including ORM, and update [docs for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/): [#30](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/30).

 ## 0.2.1

-* Fix `jsonable_encoder` for Pydantic models with `Config` but without `json_encoders`: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/29" target="_blank">#29</a>.
+* Fix `jsonable_encoder` for Pydantic models with `Config` but without `json_encoders`: [#29](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/29).

 ## 0.2.0

-* Fix typos in Security section: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/24" target="_blank">#24</a> by <a href="https://github.com/kkinder" target="_blank">@kkinder</a>.
+* Fix typos in Security section: [#24](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/24) by [@kkinder](https://github.com/kkinder).

-* Add support for Pydantic custom JSON encoders: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/21" target="_blank">#21</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Add support for Pydantic custom JSON encoders: [#21](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/21) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

 ## 0.1.19

-* Upgrade Starlette version to the current latest `0.10.1`: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/17" target="_blank">#17</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Upgrade Starlette version to the current latest `0.10.1`: [#17](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/17) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/main_b.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/main_b.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Header, HTTPException
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+fake_secret_token = "coneofsilence"
+
+fake_db = {
+    "foo": {"id": "foo", "title": "Foo", "description": "There goes my hero"},
+    "bar": {"id": "bar", "title": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders"},
+}
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_main(item_id: str, x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
+    if item_id not in fake_db:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
+    return fake_db[item_id]
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
+async def create_item(item: Item, x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
+    if item.id in fake_db:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Item already exists")
+    fake_db[item.id] = item
+    return item
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/test_main_b.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/test_main_b.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from .main_b import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_read_item():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "id": "foo",
+        "title": "Foo",
+        "description": "There goes my hero",
+    }
+
+
+def test_read_item_bad_token():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "hailhydra"})
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Invalid X-Token header"}
+
+
+def test_read_inexistent_item():
+    response = client.get("/items/baz", headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"})
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item not found"}
+
+
+def test_create_item():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"},
+        json={"id": "foobar", "title": "Foo Bar", "description": "The Foo Barters"},
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "id": "foobar",
+        "title": "Foo Bar",
+        "description": "The Foo Barters",
+    }
+
+
+def test_create_item_bad_token():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "hailhydra"},
+        json={"id": "bazz", "title": "Bazz", "description": "Drop the bazz"},
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Invalid X-Token header"}
+
+
+def test_create_existing_token():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"},
+        json={
+            "id": "foo",
+            "title": "The Foo ID Stealers",
+            "description": "There goes my stealer",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item already exists"}
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/main.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/main.py
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
-from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Header, HTTPException

 from .routers import items, users

 app = FastAPI()

+
+async def get_token_header(x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")
+
+
 app.include_router(users.router)
 app.include_router(
    items.router,
    prefix="/items",
    tags=["items"],
+    dependencies=[Depends(get_token_header)],
    responses={404: {"description": "Not found"}},
 )
--- a/docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial009.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial009.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.post("/index-weights/")
+async def create_index_weights(weights: Dict[int, float]):
+    return weights
--- a/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str = None
+    description: str = None
+    price: float = None
+    tax: float = 10.5
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
+}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
+    update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
+    items[item_id] = update_item_encoded
+    return update_item_encoded
--- a/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str = None
+    description: str = None
+    price: float = None
+    tax: float = 10.5
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
+}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
+    stored_item_data = items[item_id]
+    stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
+    update_data = item.dict(skip_defaults=True)
+    updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
+    items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
+    return updated_item
--- a/docs/src/cors/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/cors/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+origins = [
+    "http://localhost.tiangolo.com",
+    "https://localhost.tiangolo.com",
+    "http:localhost",
+    "http:localhost:8080",
+]
+
+app.add_middleware(
+    CORSMiddleware,
+    allow_origins=origins,
+    allow_credentials=True,
+    allow_methods=["*"],
+    allow_headers=["*"],
+)
--- a/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import gzip
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class GzipRequest(Request):
+    async def body(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            body = await super().body()
+            if "gzip" in self.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding"):
+                body = gzip.decompress(body)
+            self._body = body
+        return self._body
+
+
+class GzipRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            request = GzipRequest(request.scope, request.receive)
+            return await original_route_handler(request)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = GzipRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/sum")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return {"sum": sum(numbers)}
--- a/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class ValidationErrorLoggingRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            try:
+                return await original_route_handler(request)
+            except RequestValidationError as exc:
+                body = await request.body()
+                detail = {"errors": exc.errors(), "body": body.decode()}
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=422, detail=detail)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = ValidationErrorLoggingRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return sum(numbers)
--- a/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import time
+from typing import Callable
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class TimedRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            before = time.time()
+            response: Response = await original_route_handler(request)
+            duration = time.time() - before
+            response.headers["X-Response-Time"] = str(duration)
+            print(f"route duration: {duration}")
+            print(f"route response: {response}")
+            print(f"route response headers: {response.headers}")
+            return response
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router = APIRouter(route_class=TimedRoute)
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def not_timed():
+    return {"message": "Not timed"}
+
+
+@router.get("/timed")
+async def timed():
+    return {"message": "It's the time of my life"}
+
+
+app.include_router(router)
--- a/docs/src/custom_response/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_response/tutorial001.py
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ from starlette.responses import UJSONResponse
 app = FastAPI()


-@app.get("/items/", content_type=UJSONResponse)
+@app.get("/items/", response_class=UJSONResponse)
 async def read_items():
    return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]
--- a/docs/src/custom_response/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_response/tutorial002.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
 app = FastAPI()


-@app.get("/items/", content_type=HTMLResponse)
+@app.get("/items/", response_class=HTMLResponse)
 async def read_items():
    return """
    <html>
--- a/docs/src/custom_response/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_response/tutorial004.py
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ def generate_html_response():
    return HTMLResponse(content=html_content, status_code=200)


-@app.get("/items/", content_type=HTMLResponse)
+@app.get("/items/", response_class=HTMLResponse)
 async def read_items():
    return generate_html_response()
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial006.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial006.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Header, HTTPException

 app = FastAPI()


-class FixedContentQueryChecker:
-    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
-        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
-
-    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
-        if q:
-            return self.fixed_content in q
-        return False
+async def verify_token(x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")


-checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+async def verify_key(x_key: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_key != "fake-super-secret-key":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Key header invalid")
+    return x_key


-@app.get("/query-checker/")
-async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
-    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
+@app.get("/items/", dependencies=[Depends(verify_token), Depends(verify_key)])
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"item": "Foo"}, {"item": "Bar"}]
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class FixedContentQueryChecker:
+    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
+        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
+
+    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
+        if q:
+            return self.fixed_content in q
+        return False
+
+
+checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+
+
+@app.get("/query-checker/")
+async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
+    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
--- a/docs/src/dependency_testing/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependency_testing/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+async def common_parameters(q: str = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items(commons: dict = Depends(common_parameters)):
+    return {"message": "Hello Items!", "params": commons}
+
+
+@app.get("/users/")
+async def read_users(commons: dict = Depends(common_parameters)):
+    return {"message": "Hello Users!", "params": commons}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+async def override_dependency(q: str = None):
+    return {"q": q, "skip": 5, "limit": 10}
+
+
+app.dependency_overrides[common_parameters] = override_dependency
+
+
+def test_override_in_items():
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "message": "Hello Items!",
+        "params": {"q": None, "skip": 5, "limit": 10},
+    }
+
+
+def test_override_in_items_with_q():
+    response = client.get("/items/?q=foo")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "message": "Hello Items!",
+        "params": {"q": "foo", "skip": 5, "limit": 10},
+    }
+
+
+def test_override_in_items_with_params():
+    response = client.get("/items/?q=foo&skip=100&limit=200")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "message": "Hello Items!",
+        "params": {"q": "foo", "skip": 5, "limit": 10},
+    }
--- a/docs/src/encoder/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/encoder/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+fake_db = {}
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    timestamp: datetime
+    description: str = None
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{id}")
+def update_item(id: str, item: Item):
+    json_compatible_item_data = jsonable_encoder(item)
+    fake_db[id] = json_compatible_item_data
--- a/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/keyword-weights/", response_model=Dict[str, float])
+async def read_keyword_weights():
+    return {"foo": 2.3, "bar": 3.4}
--- a/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial003.py
@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
-from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+
+class UnicornException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, name: str):
+        self.name = name
+

 app = FastAPI()


-@app.exception_handler(HTTPException)
-async def http_exception(request, exc):
-    return PlainTextResponse(str(exc.detail), status_code=exc.status_code)
+@app.exception_handler(UnicornException)
+async def unicorn_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: UnicornException):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=418,
+        content={"message": f"Oops! {exc.name} did something. There goes a rainbow..."},
+    )


-@app.get("/")
-async def root():
-    return {"message": "Hello World"}
+@app.get("/unicorns/{name}")
+async def read_unicorn(name: str):
+    if name == "yolo":
+        raise UnicornException(name=name)
+    return {"unicorn_name": name}
--- a/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
+async def http_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    return PlainTextResponse(str(exc.detail), status_code=exc.status_code)
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    return PlainTextResponse(str(exc), status_code=400)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int):
+    if item_id == 3:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=418, detail="Nope! I don't like 3.")
+    return {"item_id": item_id}
--- a/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
+    http_exception_handler,
+    request_validation_exception_handler,
+)
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
+async def custom_http_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    print(f"OMG! An HTTP error!: {exc}")
+    return await http_exception_handler(request, exc)
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    print(f"OMG! The client sent invalid data!: {exc}")
+    return await request_validation_exception_handler(request, exc)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int):
+    if item_id == 3:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=418, detail="Nope! I don't like 3.")
+    return {"item_id": item_id}
--- a/docs/src/middleware/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/middleware/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import time
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def add_process_time_header(request: Request, call_next):
+    start_time = time.time()
+    response = await call_next(request)
+    process_time = time.time() - start_time
+    response.headers["X-Process-Time"] = str(process_time)
+    return response
--- a/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Set
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = None
+    tags: Set[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
+async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+    """
+    Create an item with all the information:
+
+    - **name**: each item must have a name
+    - **description**: a long description
+    - **price**: required
+    - **tax**: if the item doesn't have tax, you can omit this
+    - **tags**: a set of unique tag strings for this item
+    \f
+    :param item: User input.
+    """
+    return item
--- a/docs/src/path_params/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_params/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/files/{file_path:path}")
+async def read_user_me(file_path: str):
+    return {"file_path": file_path}
--- a/docs/src/path_params/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_params/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from enum import Enum
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+
+class ModelName(str, Enum):
+    alexnet = "alexnet"
+    resnet = "resnet"
+    lenet = "lenet"
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/model/{model_name}")
+async def get_model(model_name: ModelName):
+    if model_name == ModelName.alexnet:
+        return {"model_name": model_name, "message": "Deep Learning FTW!"}
+    if model_name.value == "lenet":
+        return {"model_name": model_name, "message": "LeCNN all the images"}
+    return {"model_name": model_name, "message": "Have some residuals"}
--- a/docs/src/query_params/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/query_params/tutorial001.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ fake_items_db = [{"item_name": "Foo"}, {"item_name": "Bar"}, {"item_name": "Baz"


@app.get("/items/")
-async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
    return fake_items_db[skip : skip + limit]
--- a/docs/src/query_params/tutorial007.py
+++ b/docs/src/query_params/tutorial007.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_user_item(item_id: str, limit: Optional[int] = None):
+    item = {"item_id": item_id, "limit": limit}
+    return item
--- a/docs/src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial012.py
+++ b/docs/src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial012.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items(q: List[str] = Query(["foo", "bar"])):
+    query_items = {"q": q}
+    return query_items
--- a/docs/src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial013.py
+++ b/docs/src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial013.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items(q: list = Query(None)):
+    query_items = {"q": q}
+    return query_items
--- a/docs/src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+from starlette.status import HTTP_201_CREATED
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+tasks = {"foo": "Listen to the Bar Fighters"}
+
+
+@app.put("/get-or-create-task/{task_id}", status_code=200)
+def get_or_create_task(task_id: str, response: Response):
+    if task_id not in tasks:
+        tasks[task_id] = "This didn't exist before"
+        response.status_code = HTTP_201_CREATED
+    return tasks[task_id]
--- a/docs/src/response_cookies/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_cookies/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.post("/cookie/")
+def create_cookie():
+    content = {"message": "Come to the dark side, we have cookies"}
+    response = JSONResponse(content=content)
+    response.set_cookie(key="fakesession", value="fake-cookie-session-value")
+    return response
--- a/docs/src/response_cookies/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_cookies/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.post("/cookie-and-object/")
+def create_cookie(response: Response):
+    response.set_cookie(key="fakesession", value="fake-cookie-session-value")
+    return {"message": "Come to the dark side, we have cookies"}
--- a/docs/src/response_directly/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_directly/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    timestamp: datetime
+    description: str = None
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{id}")
+def update_item(id: str, item: Item):
+    json_compatible_item_data = jsonable_encoder(item)
+    return JSONResponse(content=json_compatible_item_data)
--- a/docs/src/response_directly/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_directly/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/legacy/")
+def get_legacy_data():
+    data = """
+    <?xml version="1.0"?>
+    <shampoo>
+    <Header>
+        Apply shampoo here.
+    <Header>
+    <Body>
+        You'll have to use soap here.
+    </Body>
+    </shampoo>
+    """
+    return Response(content=data, media_type="application/xml")
--- a/docs/src/response_headers/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_headers/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/headers/")
+def get_headers():
+    content = {"message": "Hello World"}
+    headers = {"X-Cat-Dog": "alone in the world", "Content-Language": "en-US"}
+    return JSONResponse(content=content, headers=headers)
--- a/docs/src/response_headers/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_headers/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/headers-and-object/")
+def get_headers(response: Response):
+    response.headers["X-Cat-Dog"] = "alone in the world"
+    return {"message": "Hello World"}
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Set
+from typing import List

 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
    description: str = None
    price: float
    tax: float = None
-    tags: Set[str] = []
+    tags: List[str] = []


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item):
    return item
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = 10.5
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
+}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_skip_defaults=True)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = 10.5
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The Bar fighters", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {
+        "name": "Baz",
+        "description": "There goes my baz",
+        "price": 50.2,
+        "tax": 10.5,
+    },
+}
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}/name",
+    response_model=Item,
+    response_model_include={"name", "description"},
+)
+async def read_item_name(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}/public", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude={"tax"})
+async def read_item_public_data(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial006.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial006.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = 10.5
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The Bar fighters", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {
+        "name": "Baz",
+        "description": "There goes my baz",
+        "price": 50.2,
+        "tax": 10.5,
+    },
+}
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}/name",
+    response_model=Item,
+    response_model_include=["name", "description"],
+)
+async def read_item_name(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}/public", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude=["tax"])
+async def read_item_public_data(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from fastapi import FastAPI, Security
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
 from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="/token")


@app.get("/items/")
-async def read_items(token: str = Security(oauth2_scheme)):
+async def read_items(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    return {"token": token}
--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial002.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from typing import Optional

-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Security
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
 from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
 from pydantic import BaseModel

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def fake_decode_token(token):
    )


-async def get_current_user(token: str = Security(oauth2_scheme)):
+async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    return user

--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial003.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Security
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
 from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
 from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED

 fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
@@ -53,11 +54,13 @@ def fake_decode_token(token):
    return user


-async def get_current_user(token: str = Security(oauth2_scheme)):
+async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
-            status_code=400, detail="Invalid authentication credentials"
+            status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+            detail="Invalid authentication credentials",
+            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user

--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial004.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
 from jwt import PyJWTError
 from passlib.context import CryptContext
 from pydantic import BaseModel
-from starlette.status import HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
+from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED

 # to get a string like this run:
 # openssl rand -hex 32
@@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ def create_access_token(*, data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta = None):

 async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
-        status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Could not validate credentials"
+        status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+        detail="Could not validate credentials",
+        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
@@ -115,7 +117,11 @@ async def get_current_active_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
 async def login_for_access_token(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user = authenticate_user(fake_users_db, form_data.username, form_data.password)
    if not user:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+            detail="Incorrect username or password",
+            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
+        )
    access_token_expires = timedelta(minutes=ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)
    access_token = create_access_token(
        data={"sub": user.username}, expires_delta=access_token_expires
--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial005.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from fastapi.security import (
 from jwt import PyJWTError
 from passlib.context import CryptContext
 from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
-from starlette.status import HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
+from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED

 # to get a string like this run:
 # openssl rand -hex 32
@@ -106,8 +106,14 @@ def create_access_token(*, data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta = None):
 async def get_current_user(
    security_scopes: SecurityScopes, token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)
 ):
+    if security_scopes.scopes:
+        authenticate_value = f'Bearer scope="{security_scopes.scope_str}"'
+    else:
+        authenticate_value = f"Bearer"
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
-        status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Could not validate credentials"
+        status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+        detail="Could not validate credentials",
+        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": authenticate_value},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
@@ -124,7 +130,9 @@ async def get_current_user(
    for scope in security_scopes.scopes:
        if scope not in token_data.scopes:
            raise HTTPException(
-                status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not enough permissions"
+                status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+                detail="Not enough permissions",
+                headers={"WWW-Authenticate": authenticate_value},
            )
    return user

@@ -160,3 +168,8 @@ async def read_own_items(
    current_user: User = Security(get_current_active_user, scopes=["items"])
 ):
    return [{"item_id": "Foo", "owner": current_user.username}]
+
+
+@app.get("/status/")
+async def read_system_status(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
+    return {"status": "ok"}
--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial006.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial006.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from fastapi.security import HTTPBasic, HTTPBasicCredentials
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+security = HTTPBasic()
+
+
+@app.get("/users/me")
+def read_current_user(credentials: HTTPBasicCredentials = Depends(security)):
+    return {"username": credentials.username, "password": credentials.password}
--- a/docs/src/security/tutorial007.py
+++ b/docs/src/security/tutorial007.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.security import HTTPBasic, HTTPBasicCredentials
+from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+security = HTTPBasic()
+
+
+def get_current_username(credentials: HTTPBasicCredentials = Depends(security)):
+    if credentials.username != "foo" or credentials.password != "password":
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+            detail="Incorrect email or password",
+            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Basic"},
+        )
+    return credentials.username
+
+
+@app.get("/users/me")
+def read_current_user(username: str = Depends(get_current_username)):
+    return {"username": username}
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/init.py
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/init.py
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from . import models, schemas
+
+
+def get_user(db: Session, user_id: int):
+    return db.query(models.User).filter(models.User.id == user_id).first()
+
+
+def get_user_by_email(db: Session, email: str):
+    return db.query(models.User).filter(models.User.email == email).first()
+
+
+def get_users(db: Session, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return db.query(models.User).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()
+
+
+def create_user(db: Session, user: schemas.UserCreate):
+    fake_hashed_password = user.password + "notreallyhashed"
+    db_user = models.User(email=user.email, hashed_password=fake_hashed_password)
+    db.add(db_user)
+    db.commit()
+    db.refresh(db_user)
+    return db_user
+
+
+def get_items(db: Session, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return db.query(models.Item).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()
+
+
+def create_user_item(db: Session, item: schemas.ItemCreate, user_id: int):
+    db_item = models.Item(**item.dict(), owner_id=user_id)
+    db.add(db_item)
+    db.commit()
+    db.refresh(db_item)
+    return db_item
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
+# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
+
+engine = create_engine(
+    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+)
+SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
+
+Base = declarative_base()
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+from . import crud, models, schemas
+from .database import SessionLocal, engine
+
+models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
+    try:
+        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
+        response = await call_next(request)
+    finally:
+        request.state.db.close()
+    return response
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db(request: Request):
+    return request.state.db
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(db, email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(db=db, user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    users = crud.get_users(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post("/users/{user_id}/items/", response_model=schemas.Item)
+def create_item_for_user(
+    user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
+):
+    return crud.create_user_item(db=db, item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    items = crud.get_items(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+from .database import Base
+
+
+class User(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "users"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True)
+    hashed_password = Column(String)
+    is_active = Column(Boolean, default=True)
+
+    items = relationship("Item", back_populates="owner")
+
+
+class Item(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "items"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    title = Column(String, index=True)
+    description = Column(String, index=True)
+    owner_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("users.id"))
+
+    owner = relationship("User", back_populates="items")
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class ItemBase(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+class ItemCreate(ItemBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class Item(ItemBase):
+    id: int
+    owner_id: int
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
+
+
+class UserBase(BaseModel):
+    email: str
+
+
+class UserCreate(UserBase):
+    password: str
+
+
+class User(UserBase):
+    id: int
+    is_active: bool
+    items: List[Item] = []
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, Integer, String, create_engine
-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, declared_attr
-from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, sessionmaker
-from starlette.requests import Request
-from starlette.responses import Response
-
-# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
-SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "sqlite:///./test.db"
-# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
-
-engine = create_engine(
-    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
-)
-SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
-
-
-class CustomBase:
-    # Generate __tablename__ automatically
-    @declared_attr
-    def __tablename__(cls):
-        return cls.__name__.lower()
-
-
-Base = declarative_base(cls=CustomBase)
-
-
-class User(Base):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
-    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True)
-    hashed_password = Column(String)
-    is_active = Column(Boolean(), default=True)
-
-
-Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
-
-db_session = SessionLocal()
-
-first_user = db_session.query(User).first()
-if not first_user:
-    u = User(email="johndoe@example.com", hashed_password="notreallyhashed")
-    db_session.add(u)
-    db_session.commit()
-
-db_session.close()
-
-
-# Utility
-def get_user(db_session: Session, user_id: int):
-    return db_session.query(User).filter(User.id == user_id).first()
-
-
-# Dependency
-def get_db(request: Request):
-    return request.state.db
-
-
-# FastAPI specific code
-app = FastAPI()
-
-
-@app.get("/users/{user_id}")
-def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
-    user = get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
-    return user
-
-
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
-    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
-    try:
-        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
-        response = await call_next(request)
-    finally:
-        request.state.db.close()
-    return response
--- a/docs/src/static_files/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/static_files/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static")
--- a/docs/src/templates/static/styles.css
+++ b/docs/src/templates/static/styles.css
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+h1 {
+    color: green;
+}
--- a/docs/src/templates/templates/item.html
+++ b/docs/src/templates/templates/item.html
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+    <title>Item Details</title>
+    <link href="{{ url_for('static', path='/styles.css') }}" rel="stylesheet">
+</head>
+<body>
+    <h1>Item ID: {{ id }}</h1>
+</body>
+</html>
--- a/docs/src/templates/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/templates/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+from starlette.templating import Jinja2Templates
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static")
+
+
+templates = Jinja2Templates(directory="templates")
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{id}")
+async def read_item(request: Request, id: str):
+    return templates.TemplateResponse("item.html", {"request": request, "id": id})
--- a/docs/src/websockets/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/websockets/init.py
--- a/docs/src/websockets/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/websockets/tutorial001.py
@@ -44,10 +44,9 @@ async def get():
    return HTMLResponse(html)


-@app.websocket_route("/ws")
+@app.websocket("/ws")
 async def websocket_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket):
    await websocket.accept()
    while True:
        data = await websocket.receive_text()
        await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}")
-    await websocket.close()
--- a/docs/src/websockets/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/websockets/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from fastapi import Cookie, Depends, FastAPI, Header
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
+from starlette.status import WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+html = """
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+    <head>
+        <title>Chat</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <h1>WebSocket Chat</h1>
+        <form action="" onsubmit="sendMessage(event)">
+            <label>Item ID: <input type="text" id="itemId" autocomplete="off" value="foo"/></label>
+            <button onclick="connect(event)">Connect</button>
+            <br>
+            <label>Message: <input type="text" id="messageText" autocomplete="off"/></label>
+            <button>Send</button>
+        </form>
+        <ul id='messages'>
+        </ul>
+        <script>
+        var ws = null;
+            function connect(event) {
+                var input = document.getElementById("itemId")
+                ws = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8000/items/" + input.value + "/ws");
+                ws.onmessage = function(event) {
+                    var messages = document.getElementById('messages')
+                    var message = document.createElement('li')
+                    var content = document.createTextNode(event.data)
+                    message.appendChild(content)
+                    messages.appendChild(message)
+                };
+            }
+            function sendMessage(event) {
+                var input = document.getElementById("messageText")
+                ws.send(input.value)
+                input.value = ''
+                event.preventDefault()
+            }
+        </script>
+    </body>
+</html>
+"""
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def get():
+    return HTMLResponse(html)
+
+
+async def get_cookie_or_client(
+    websocket: WebSocket, session: str = Cookie(None), x_client: str = Header(None)
+):
+    if session is None and x_client is None:
+        await websocket.close(code=WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION)
+    return session or x_client
+
+
+@app.websocket("/items/{item_id}/ws")
+async def websocket_endpoint(
+    websocket: WebSocket,
+    item_id: int,
+    q: str = None,
+    cookie_or_client: str = Depends(get_cookie_or_client),
+):
+    await websocket.accept()
+    while True:
+        data = await websocket.receive_text()
+        await websocket.send_text(
+            f"Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: {cookie_or_client}"
+        )
+        if q is not None:
+            await websocket.send_text(f"Query parameter q is: {q}")
+        await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}, for item ID: {item_id}")
--- a/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
@@ -22,16 +22,15 @@ Let's say you have a file structure like this:

 !!! tip
    There are two `__init__.py` files: one in each directory or subdirectory.
-    
+
    This is what allows importing code from one file into another.

    For example, in `app/main.py` you could have a line like:
-    
+
    ```
    from app.routers import items
    ```

-
 * The `app` directory contains everything.
 * This `app` directory has an empty file `app/__init__.py`.
    * So, the `app` directory is a "Python package" (a collection of "Python modules").
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ And we don't want to have to explicitly type `/items/` and `tags=["items"]` in e
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/routers/items.py!}
 ```

-### Add some custom `tags` and `responses`
+### Add some custom `tags`, `responses`, and `dependencies`

 We are not adding the prefix `/items/` nor the `tags=["items"]` to add them later.

@@ -175,7 +174,6 @@ from app.routers import items, users

    To learn more about Python Packages and Modules, read <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html" target="_blank">the official Python documentation about Modules</a>.

-
 ### Avoid name collisions

 We are importing the submodule `items` directly, instead of importing just its variable `router`.
@@ -197,12 +195,11 @@ So, to be able to use both of them in the same file, we import the submodules di
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
 ```

-
 ### Include an `APIRouter`

 Now, let's include the `router` from the submodule `users`:

-```Python hl_lines="7"
+```Python hl_lines="13"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
 ```

@@ -218,18 +215,16 @@ It will include all the routes from that router as part of it.

    So, behind the scenes, it will actually work as if everything was the same single app.

-
 !!! check
    You don't have to worry about performance when including routers.
-    
+
    This will take microseconds and will only happen at startup.
-    
+
    So it won't affect performance.

+### Include an `APIRouter` with a `prefix`, `tags`, `responses`, and `dependencies`

-### Include an `APIRouter` with a `prefix`, `tags`, and `responses`
-
-Now, let's include the router form the `items` submodule.
+Now, let's include the router from the `items` submodule.

 But, remember that we were lazy and didn't add `/items/` nor `tags` to all the *path operations*?

@@ -251,7 +246,9 @@ We can also add a list of `tags` that will be applied to all the *path operation

 And we can add predefined `responses` that will be included in all the *path operations* too.

-```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12 13"
+And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them.
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
 ```

@@ -262,27 +259,28 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:

 ...as we intended.

-They will be marked with a list of tags that contain a single string `"items"`.
+* They will be marked with a list of tags that contain a single string `"items"`.
+* The *path operation* that declared a `"custom"` tag will have both tags, `items` and `custom`.
+    * These "tags" are especially useful for the automatic interactive documentation systems (using OpenAPI).
+* All of them will include the predefined `responses`.
+* The *path operation* that declared a custom `403` response will have both the predefined responses (`404`) and the `403` declared in it directly.
+* All these *path operations* will have the list of `dependencies` evaluated/executed before them.
+    * If you also declare dependencies in a specific *path operation*, **they will be executed too**.
+    * The router dependencies are executed first, then the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-decorator/" target="_blank">`dependencies` in the decorator</a>, and then the normal parameter dependencies.
+    * You can also add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/" target="_blank">`Security` dependencies with `scopes`</a>.

-The *path operation* that declared a `"custom"` tag will have both tags, `items` and `custom`.
-
-These "tags" are especially useful for the automatic interactive documentation systems (using OpenAPI).
-
-And all of them will include the the predefined `responses`.
-
-The *path operation* that declared a custom `403` response will have both the predefined responses (`404`) and the `403` declared in it directly.
+!!! tip
+    Having `dependencies` in a decorator can be used, for example, to require authentication for a whole group of *path operations*. Even if the dependencies are not added individually to each one of them.

 !!! check
-    The `prefix`, `tags`, and `responses` parameters are (as in many other cases) just a feature from **FastAPI** to help you avoid code duplication.
-
+    The `prefix`, `tags`, `responses` and `dependencies` parameters are (as in many other cases) just a feature from **FastAPI** to help you avoid code duplication.

 !!! tip
    You could also add path operations directly, for example with: `@app.get(...)`.
-    
-    Apart from `app.include_router()`, in the same **FastAPI** app.
-    
-    It would still work the same.

+    Apart from `app.include_router()`, in the same **FastAPI** app.
+
+    It would still work the same.

 !!! info "Very Technical Details"
    **Note**: this is a very technical detail that you probably can **just skip**.
@@ -295,7 +293,6 @@ The *path operation* that declared a custom `403` response will have both the pr

    As we cannot just isolate them and "mount" them independently of the rest, the path operations are "cloned" (re-created), not included directly.

-
 ## Check the automatic API docs

 Now, run `uvicorn`, using the module `app.main` and the variable `app`:
@@ -309,3 +306,11 @@ And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http:/
 You will see the automatic API docs, including the paths from all the submodules, using the correct paths (and prefixes) and the correct tags:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/image01.png">
+
+## Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`
+
+You can also use `.include_router()` multiple times with the *same* router using different prefixes.
+
+This could be useful, for example, to expose the same API under different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v1` and `/api/latest`.
+
+This is an advanced usage that you might not really need, but it's there in case you do.
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
@@ -200,6 +200,35 @@ You couldn't get this kind of editor support if you where working directly with

 But you don't have to worry about them either, incoming dicts are converted automatically and your output is converted automatically to JSON too.

+## Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s
+
+You can also declare a body as a `dict` with keys of some type and values of other type.
+
+Without having to know beforehand what are the valid field/attribute names (as would be the case with Pydantic models).
+
+This would be useful if you want to receive keys that you don't already know.
+
+---
+
+Other useful case is when you want to have keys of other type, e.g. `int`.
+
+That's what we are going to see here.
+
+In this case, you would accept any `dict` as long as it has `int` keys with `float` values:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15"
+{!./src/body_nested_models/tutorial009.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Have in mind that JSON only supports `str` as keys.
+
+    But Pydantic has automatic data conversion.
+
+    This means that, even though your API clients can only send strings as keys, as long as those strings contain pure integers, Pydantic will convert them and validate them.
+    
+    And the `dict` you receive as `weights` will actually have `int` keys and `float` values.
+
 ## Recap

 With **FastAPI** you have the maximum flexibility provided by Pydantic models, while keeping your code simple, short and elegant. 
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-schema.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-schema.md
@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ You can then use `Schema` with model attributes:

 `Schema` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.

-
-!!! info
+!!! note "Technical Details"
    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next are subclasses of a common `Param` which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `Schema`.

    `Body` is also a subclass of `Schema` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of `Body`.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! tip
    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Schema` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Schema` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.

--- a/docs/tutorial/body-updates.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-updates.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+## Update replacing with `PUT`
+
+To update an item you can use the [HTTP `PUT`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/PUT) operation.
+
+You can use the `jsonable_encoder` to convert the input data to data that can be stored as JSON (e.g. with a NoSQL database). For example, converting `datetime` to `str`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="30 31 32 33 34 35"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`PUT` is used to receive data that should replace the existing data.
+
+### Warning about replacing
+
+That means that if you want to update the item `bar` using `PUT` with a body containing:
+
+```Python
+{
+    "name": "Barz",
+    "price": 3,
+    "description": None,
+}
+```
+
+because it doesn't include the already stored attribute `"tax": 20.2`, the input model would take the default value of `"tax": 10.5`.
+
+And the data would be saved with that "new" `tax` of `10.5`.
+
+## Partial updates with `PATCH`
+
+You can also use the [HTTP `PATCH`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/PATCH) operation to *partially* update data.
+
+This means that you can send only the data that you want to update, leaving the rest intact.
+
+!!! Note
+    `PATCH` is less commonly used and known than `PUT`.
+
+    And many teams use only `PUT`, even for partial updates.
+
+    You are **free** to use them however you want, **FastAPI** doesn't impose any restrictions.
+
+    But this guide shows you, more or less, how they are intended to be used.
+
+### Using Pydantic's `skip_defaults` parameter
+
+If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `skip_defaults` in Pydantic's model's `.dict()`.
+
+Like `item.dict(skip_defaults=True)`.
+
+That would generate a `dict` with only the data that was set when creating the `item` model, excluding default values.
+
+Then you can use this to generate a `dict` with only the data that was set, omitting default values:
+
+```Python hl_lines="34"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Using Pydantic's `update` parameter
+
+Now, you can create a copy of the existing model using `.copy()`, and pass the `update` parameter with a `dict` containing the data to update.
+
+Like `stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="35"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Partial updates recap
+
+In summary, to apply partial updates you would:
+
+* (Optionally) use `PATCH` instead of `PUT`.
+* Retrieve the stored data.
+* Put that data in a Pydantic model.
+* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `skip_defaults`).
+    * This way you can update only the values actually set by the user, instead of overriding values already stored with default values in your model.
+* Create a copy of the stored model, updating it's attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).
+* Convert the copied model to something that can be stored in your DB (for example, using the `jsonable_encoder`).
+    * This is comparable to using the model's `.dict()` method again, but it makes sure (and converts) the values to data types that can be converted to JSON, for example, `datetime` to `str`.
+* Save the data to your DB.
+* Return the updated model.
+
+```Python hl_lines="30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You can actually use this same technique with an HTTP `PUT` operation.
+
+    But the example here uses `PATCH` because it was created for these use cases.
+
+!!! note
+    Notice that the input model is still validated.
+
+    So, if you want to receive partial updates that can omit all the attributes, you need to have a model with all the attributes marked as optional (with default values or `None`).
+
+    To distinguish from the models with all optional values for **updates** and models with required values for **creation**, you can use the ideas described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/" target="_blank">Extra Models</a>.
--- a/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ The first value is the default value, you can pass all the extra validation or a
 {!./src/cookie_params/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-!!! info
+!!! note "Technical Details"
    `Cookie` is a "sister" class of `Path` and `Query`. It also inherits from the same common `Param` class.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Cookie` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! info
    To declare cookies, you need to use `Cookie`, because otherwise the parameters would be interpreted as query parameters.

--- a/docs/tutorial/cors.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/cors.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS" target="_blank">CORS or "Cross-Origin Resource Sharing"</a> refers to the situations when a frontend running in a browser has JavaScript code that communicates with a backend, and the backend is in a different "origin" than the frontend.
+
+## Origin
+
+An origin is the combination of protocol (`http`, `https`), domain (`myapp.com`, `localhost`, `localhost.tiangolo.com`), and port (`80`, `443`, `8080`).
+
+So, all these are different origins:
+
+* `http://localhost`
+* `https://localhost`
+* `http://localhost:8080`
+
+Even if they are all in `localhost`, they use different protocols or ports, so, they are different "origins".
+
+## Steps
+
+So, let's say you have a frontend running in your browser at `http://localhost:8080`, and its JavaScript is trying to communicate with a backend running at `http://localhost` (because we don't specify a port, the browser will assume the default port `80`).
+
+Then, the browser will send an HTTP `OPTIONS` request to the backend, and if the backend sends the appropriate headers authorizing the communication from this different origin (`http://localhost:8080`) then the browser will let the JavaScript in the frontend send its request to the backend.
+
+To achieve this, the backend must have a list of "allowed origins".
+
+In this case, it would have to include `http://localhost:8080` for the frontend to work correctly.
+
+## Wildcards
+
+It's also possible to declare the list as `"*"` (a "wildcard") to say that all are allowed.
+
+But that will only allow certain types of communication, excluding everything that involves credentials: Cookies, Authorization headers like those used with Bearer Tokens, etc.
+
+So, for everything to work correctly, it's better to specify explicitly the allowed origins.
+
+## Use `CORSMiddleware`
+
+You can configure it in your **FastAPI** application using Starlette's <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" target="_blank">`CORSMiddleware`</a>.
+
+* Import it from Starlette.
+* Create a list of allowed origins (as strings).
+* Add it as a "middleware" to your **FastAPI** application.
+
+You can also specify if your backend allows:
+
+* Credentials (Authorization headers, Cookies, etc).
+* Specific HTTP methods (`POST`, `PUT`) or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.
+* Specific HTTP headers or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19"
+{!./src/cors/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+## More info
+
+For more details of what you can specify in `CORSMiddleware`, check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" target="_blank">Starlette's `CORSMiddleware` docs</a>.
+
+For more info about <abbr title="Cross-Origin Resource Sharing">CORS</abbr>, check the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS" target="_blank">Mozilla CORS documentation</a>.
--- a/docs/tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+In some cases, you may want to override the logic used by the `Request` and `APIRoute` classes.
+
+In particular, this may be a good alternative to logic in a middleware.
+
+For example, if you want to read or manipulate the request body before it is processed by your application.
+
+!!! danger
+    This is an "advanced" feature.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this section.
+
+## Use cases
+
+Some use cases include:
+
+* Converting non-JSON request bodies to JSON (e.g. [`msgpack`](https://msgpack.org/index.html)).
+* Decompressing gzip-compressed request bodies.
+* Automatically logging all request bodies.
+* Accessing the request body in an exception handler.
+
+## Handling custom request body encodings
+
+Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.
+
+And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class
+
+First, we create a `GzipRequest` class, which will overwrite the `Request.body()` method to decompress the body in the presence of an appropriate header.
+
+If there's no `gzip` in the header, it will not try to decompress the body.
+
+That way, the same route class can handle gzip compressed or uncompressed requests.
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRoute` class
+
+Next, we create a custom subclass of `fastapi.routing.APIRoute` that will make use of the `GzipRequest`.
+
+This time, it will overwrite the method `APIRoute.get_route_handler()`.
+
+This method returns a function. And that function is what will receive a request and return a response.
+
+Here we use it to create a `GzipRequest` from the original request.
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.
+
+    A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.
+
+    The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.
+
+    And those two things, `scope` and `receive`, are what is needed to create a new `Request` instance.
+
+    To learn more about the `Request` check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Requests</a>.
+
+The only thing the function returned by `GzipRequest.get_route_handler` does differently is convert the `Request` to a `GzipRequest`.
+
+Doing this, our `GzipRequest` will take care of decompressing the data (if necessary) before passing it to our *path operations*.
+
+After that, all of the processing logic is the same.
+
+But because of our changes in `GzipRequest.body`, the request body will be automatically decompressed when it is loaded by **FastAPI** when needed.
+
+## Accessing the request body in an exception handler
+
+We can also use this same approach to access the request body in an exception handler.
+
+All we need to do is handle the request inside a `try`/`except` block:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+If an exception occurs, the`Request` instance will still be in scope, so we can read and make use of the request body when handling the error:
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+## Custom `APIRoute` class in a router
+
+You can also set the `route_class` parameter of an `APIRouter`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="25"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, the *path operations* under the `router` will use the custom `TimedRoute` class, and will have an extra `X-Response-Time` header in the response with the time it took to generate the response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
--- a/docs/tutorial/custom-response.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/custom-response.md
@@ -1,98 +1,88 @@
 !!! warning
    This is a rather advanced topic.
-    
+
    If you are starting with **FastAPI**, you might not need this.

 By default, **FastAPI** will return the responses using Starlette's `JSONResponse`.

-But you can override it.
+You can override it by returning a `Response` directly, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">as seen in a previous section</a>.
+
+But if you return a `Response` directly, the data won't be automatically converted, and the documentation won't be automatically generated (for example, including the specific "media type", in the HTTP header `Content-Type`).
+
+But you can also declare the `Response` that you want to be used, in the *path operation decorator*.
+
+The contents that you return from your *path operation function* will be put inside of that `Response`.
+
+And if that `Response` has a JSON media type (`application/json`), like is the case with the `JSONResponse` and `UJSONResponse`, the data you return will be automatically converted (and filtered) with any Pydantic `response_model` that you declared in the *path operation decorator*.

 ## Use `UJSONResponse`

-For example, if you are squeezing performance, you can use `ujson` and set the response to be Starlette's `UJSONResponse`.
+For example, if you are squeezing performance, you can install and use `ujson` and set the response to be Starlette's `UJSONResponse`.

-### Import `UJSONResponse`
+Import the `Response` class (sub-class) you want to use and declare it in the *path operation decorator*.

-```Python hl_lines="2"
+```Python hl_lines="2 7"
 {!./src/custom_response/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

 !!! note
    Notice that you import it directly from `starlette.responses`, not from `fastapi`.

-### Make your path operation use it
-
-Make your path operation use `UJSONResponse` as the response class using the parameter `content_type`:
-
-```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/custom_response/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
 !!! info
-    The parameter is called `content_type` because it will also be used to define the "media type" of the response.
+    The parameter `response_class` will also be used to define the "media type" of the response.

-    And will be documented as such in OpenAPI.
+    In this case, the HTTP header `Content-Type` will be set to `application/json`.
+
+    And it will be documented as such in OpenAPI.

 ## HTML Response

 To return a response with HTML directly from **FastAPI**, use `HTMLResponse`.

-### Import `HTMLResponse`
+* Import `HTMLResponse`.
+* Pass `HTMLResponse` as the parameter `content_type` of your path operation.

-```Python hl_lines="2"
+```Python hl_lines="2 7"
 {!./src/custom_response/tutorial002.py!}
 ```

 !!! note
    Notice that you import it directly from `starlette.responses`, not from `fastapi`.

-
-### Define your `content_type` class
-
-Pass `HTMLResponse` as the parameter `content_type` of your path operation:
-
-```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/custom_response/tutorial002.py!}
-```
-
 !!! info
-    The parameter is called `content_type` because it will also be used to define the "media type" of the response.
+    The parameter `response_class` will also be used to define the "media type" of the response.

    In this case, the HTTP header `Content-Type` will be set to `text/html`.

    And it will be documented as such in OpenAPI.

-
 ### Return a Starlette `Response`

-You can also override the response directly in your path operation.
-
-If you return an object that is an instance of Starlette's `Response`, it will be used as the response directly.
+As seen in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">another section</a>, you can also override the response directly in your path operation, by returning it.

 The same example from above, returning an `HTMLResponse`, could look like:

-```Python hl_lines="7"
+```Python hl_lines="2 7 19"
 {!./src/custom_response/tutorial003.py!}
 ```

-!!! info
-    Of course, the `Content-Type` header will come from the the `Response` object your returned.
-
 !!! warning
-    A `Response` returned directly by your path operation function won't be documented in OpenAPI and won't be visible in the automatic interactive docs.
+    A `Response` returned directly by your path operation function won't be documented in OpenAPI (for example, the `Content-Type` won't be documented) and won't be visible in the automatic interactive docs.

+!!! info
+    Of course, the actual `Content-Type` header, status code, etc, will come from the `Response` object your returned.

 ### Document in OpenAPI and override `Response`

-If you want to override the response from inside of the function but at the same time document the "media type" in OpenAPI, you can use the `content_type` parameter AND return a `Response` object.
+If you want to override the response from inside of the function but at the same time document the "media type" in OpenAPI, you can use the `response_class` parameter AND return a `Response` object.

-The `content_type` class will then be used only to document the OpenAPI path operation, but your `Response` will be used as is.
+The `response_class` will then be used only to document the OpenAPI path operation, but your `Response` will be used as is.

 #### Return an `HTMLResponse` directly

 For example, it could be something like:

-```Python hl_lines="7 23"
+```Python hl_lines="7 23 21"
 {!./src/custom_response/tutorial004.py!}
 ```

@@ -100,16 +90,10 @@ In this example, the function `generate_html_response()` already generates a Sta

 By returning the result of calling `generate_html_response()`, you are already returning a `Response` that will override the default **FastAPI** behavior.

-#### Declare `HTMLResponse` as `content_type`
-
-But by declaring it also in the path operation decorator:
-
-```Python hl_lines="21"
-{!./src/custom_response/tutorial004.py!}
-```
-
-#### OpenAPI knows how to document it
-
-...**FastAPI** will be able to document it in OpenAPI and in the interactive docs as HTML with `text/html`:
+But as you passed the `HTMLResponse` in the `response_class`, **FastAPI** will know how to document it in OpenAPI and the interactive docs as HTML with `text/html`:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/custom-response/image01.png">
+
+## Additional documentation
+
+You can also declare the media type and many other details in OpenAPI using `responses`: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">Additional Responses in OpenAPI</a>.
--- a/docs/tutorial/debugging.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/debugging.md
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ will not be executed.

 ## Run your code with your debugger

-Because you are running the Uvicorn server directly from your code, you can call your Python program (your FastAPI application) directly form the debugger.
+Because you are running the Uvicorn server directly from your code, you can call your Python program (your FastAPI application) directly from the debugger.

 ---

--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas
 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:

 ```Python hl_lines="10"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition
 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:

 ```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use
 We could create an instance of this class with:

 ```Python hl_lines="16"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ checker(q="somequery")
 ...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our path operation function as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:

 ```Python hl_lines="20"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 !!! tip
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+In some cases you don't really need the return value of a dependency inside your *path operation function*.
+
+Or the dependency doesn't return a value.
+
+But you still need it to be executed/solved.
+
+For those cases, instead of declaring a *path operation function* parameter with `Depends`, you can add a `list` of `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator*.
+
+## Add `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator*
+
+The *path operation decorator* receives an optional argument `dependencies`.
+
+It should be a `list` of `Depends()`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="17"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+These dependencies will be executed/solved the same way normal dependencies. But their value (if they return any) won't be passed to your *path operation function*.
+
+!!! tip
+    Some editors check for unused function parameters, and show them as errors.
+
+    Using these `dependencies` in the *path operation decorator* you can make sure they are executed while avoiding editor/tooling errors.
+
+    It might also help avoiding confusion for new developers that see an un-used parameter in your code and could think it's unnecessary.
+
+## Dependencies errors and return values
+
+You can use the same dependency *functions* you use normally.
+
+### Dependency requirements
+
+They can declare request requirements (like headers) or other sub-dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6 11"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+### Raise exceptions
+
+These dependencies can `raise` exceptions, the same as normal dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 13"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+### Return values
+
+And they can return values or not, the values won't be used.
+
+So, you can re-use a normal dependency (that returns a value) you already use somewhere else, and even though the value won't be used, the dependency will be executed:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 14"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+## Dependencies for a group of *path operations*
+
+Later, when reading about how to <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/" target="_blank">structure bigger applications</a>, possibly with multiple files, you will learn how to declare a single `dependencies` parameter for a group of *path operations*.
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/first-steps.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/first-steps.md
@@ -17,14 +17,12 @@ This is very useful when you need to:

 All these, while minimizing code repetition.

-
 ## First Steps

 Let's see a very simple example. It will be so simple that it is not very useful, for now.

 But this way we can focus on how the **Dependency Injection** system works.

-
 ### Create a dependency, or "dependable"

 Let's first focus on the dependency.
@@ -151,7 +149,6 @@ The simplicity of the dependency injection system makes **FastAPI** compatible w
 * response data injection systems
 * etc.

-
 ## Simple and Powerful

 Although the hierarchical dependency injection system is very simple to define and use, it's still very powerful.
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ You could create a first dependency ("dependable") like:
 ```Python hl_lines="6 7"
 {!./src/dependencies/tutorial005.py!}
 ```
+
 It declares an optional query parameter `q` as a `str`, and then it just returns it.

 This is quite simple (not very useful), but will help us focus on how the sub-dependencies work.
@@ -43,6 +44,18 @@ Then we can use the dependency with:

    But **FastAPI** will know that it has to solve `query_extractor` first, to pass the results of that to `query_or_cookie_extractor` while calling it.

+## Using the same dependency multiple times
+
+If one of your dependencies is declared multiple times for the same *path operation*, for example, multiple dependencies have a common sub-dependency, **FastAPI** will know to call that sub-dependency only once per request.
+
+And it will save the returned value in a <abbr title="A utility/system to store computed/generated values, to re-use them instead of computing them again.">"cache"</abbr> and pass it to all the "dependants" that need it in that specific request, instead of calling the dependency multiple times for the same request.
+
+In an advanced scenario where you know you need the dependency to be called at every step (possibly multiple times) in the same request instead of using the "cached" value, you can set the parameter `use_cache=False` when using `Depends`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+async def needy_dependency(fresh_value: str = Depends(get_value, use_cache=False)):
+    return {"fresh_value": fresh_value}
+```

 ## Recap

@@ -54,7 +67,7 @@ But still, it is very powerful, and allows you to declare arbitrarily deeply nes

 !!! tip
    All this might not seem as useful with these simple examples.
-    
+
    But you will see how useful it is in the chapters about **security**.

    And you will also see the amounts of code it will save you.
--- a/docs/tutorial/encoder.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/encoder.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+There are some cases where you might need to convert a data type (like a Pydantic model) to something compatible with JSON (like a `dict`, `list`, etc).
+
+For example, if you need to store it in a database.
+
+For that, **FastAPI** provides a `jsonable_encoder()` function.
+
+## Using the `jsonable_encoder`
+
+Let's imagine that you have a database `fake_db` that only receives JSON compatible data.
+
+For example, it doesn't receive `datetime` objects, as those are not compatible with JSON.
+
+So, a `datetime` object would have to be converted to a `str` containing the data in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" target="_blank">ISO format</a>.
+
+The same way, this database wouldn't receive a Pydantic model (an object with attributes), only a `dict`.
+
+You can use `jsonable_encoder` for that.
+
+It receives an object, like a Pydantic model, and returns a JSON compatible version:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4 21"
+{!./src/encoder/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, it would convert the Pydantic model to a `dict`, and the `datetime` to a `str`.
+
+The result of calling it is something that can be encoded with the Python standard <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.dumps" target="_blank">`json.dumps()`</a>.
+
+It doesn't return a large `str` containing the data in JSON format (as a string). It returns a Python standard data structure (e.g. a `dict`) with values and sub-values that are all compatible with JSON.
+
+!!! note
+    `jsonable_encoder` is actually used by **FastAPI** internally to convert data. But it is useful in many other scenarios.
--- a/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md
@@ -174,6 +174,18 @@ For that, use the standard Python `typing.List`:
 {!./src/extra_models/tutorial004.py!}
 ```

+## Response with arbitrary `dict`
+
+You can also declare a response using a plain arbitrary `dict`, declaring just the type of the keys and values, without using a Pydantic model.
+
+This is useful if you don't know the valid field/attribute names (that would be needed for a Pydantic model) beforehand.
+
+In this case, you can use `typing.Dict`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 8"
+{!./src/extra_models/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
 ## Recap

 Use multiple Pydantic models and inherit freely for each case.
--- a/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.
 You will see the JSON response as:

 ```JSON
-{"hello": "world"}
+{"message": "Hello World"}
 ```

 ### Interactive API docs
--- a/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ But if the client requests `http://example.com/items/bar` (a non-existent `item_

    They are handled automatically by **FastAPI** and converted to JSON.

-### Adding custom headers
+## Add custom headers

 There are some situations in where it's useful to be able to add custom headers to the HTTP error. For example, for some types of security.

@@ -76,24 +76,138 @@ You probably won't need to use it directly in your code.

 But in case you needed it for an advanced scenario, you can add custom headers:

-
 ```Python hl_lines="14"
 {!./src/handling_errors/tutorial002.py!}
 ```

-### Installing custom handlers
+## Install custom exception handlers

-If you need to add other custom exception handlers, or override the default one (that sends the errors as JSON), you can use <a href="https://www.starlette.io/exceptions/" target="_blank">the same exception utilities from Starlette</a>.
+You can add custom exception handlers with <a href="https://www.starlette.io/exceptions/" target="_blank">the same exception utilities from Starlette</a>.

-For example, you could override the default exception handler with:
+Let's say you have a custom exception `UnicornException` that you (or a library you use) might `raise`.

-```Python hl_lines="2 3 8 9 10"
+And you want to handle this exception globally with FastAPI.
+
+You could add a custom exception handler with `@app.exception_handler()`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 24"
 {!./src/handling_errors/tutorial003.py!}
 ```

-...this would make it return "plain text" responses with the errors, instead of JSON responses.
+Here, if you request `/unicorns/yolo`, the *path operation* will `raise` a `UnicornException`.

-!!! info
-    Note that in this example we set the exception handler with Starlette's `HTTPException` instead of FastAPI's `HTTPException`.
+But it will be handled by the `unicorn_exception_handler`.

-    This would ensure that if you use a plug-in or any other third-party tool that raises Starlette's `HTTPException` directly, it will be caught by your exception handler.
+So, you will receive a clean error, with an HTTP status code of `418` and a JSON content of:
+
+```JSON
+{"message": "Oops! yolo did something. There goes a rainbow..."}
+```
+
+## Override the default exception handlers
+
+**FastAPI** has some default exception handlers.
+
+These handlers are in charge or returning the default JSON responses when you `raise` an `HTTPException` and when the request has invalid data.
+
+You can override these exception handlers with your own.
+
+### Override request validation exceptions
+
+When a request contains invalid data, **FastAPI** internally raises a `RequestValidationError`.
+
+And it also includes a default exception handler for it.
+
+To override it, import the `RequestValidationError` and use it with `@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)` to decorate the exception handler.
+
+The exception handler will receive a `Request` and the exception.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 14 15 16"
+{!./src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+Now, if you go to `/items/foo`, instead of getting the default JSON error with:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "detail": [
+        {
+            "loc": [
+                "path",
+                "item_id"
+            ],
+            "msg": "value is not a valid integer",
+            "type": "type_error.integer"
+        }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+you will get a text version, with:
+
+```
+1 validation error
+path -> item_id
+  value is not a valid integer (type=type_error.integer)
+```
+
+#### `RequestValidationError` vs `ValidationError`
+
+!!! warning
+    These are technical details that you might skip if it's not important for you now.
+
+`RequestValidationError` is a sub-class of Pydantic's <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#error-handling" target="_blank">`ValidationError`</a>.
+
+**FastAPI** uses it so that, if you use a Pydantic model in `response_model`, and your data has an error, you will see the error in your log.
+
+But the client/user will not see it. Instead, the client will receive an "Internal Server Error" with a HTTP status code `500`.
+
+It should be this way because if you have a Pydantic `ValidationError` in your *response* or anywhere in your code (not in the client's *request*), it's actually a bug in your code.
+
+And while you fix it, your clients/users shouldn't have access to internal information about the error, as that could expose a security vulnerability.
+
+### Override the `HTTPException` error handler
+
+The same way, you can override the `HTTPException` handler.
+
+For example, you could want to return a plain text response instead of JSON for these errors:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 3 9 10 11 22"
+{!./src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+#### FastAPI's `HTTPException` vs Starlette's `HTTPException`
+
+**FastAPI** has its own `HTTPException`.
+
+And **FastAPI**'s `HTTPException` error class inherits from Starlette's `HTTPException` error class.
+
+The only difference, is that **FastAPI**'s `HTTPException` allows you to add headers to be included in the response.
+
+This is needed/used internally for OAuth 2.0 and some security utilities.
+
+So, you can keep raising **FastAPI**'s `HTTPException` as normally in your code.
+
+But when you register an exception handler, you should register it for Starlette's `HTTPException`.
+
+This way, if any part of Starlette's internal code, or a Starlette extension or plug-in, raises an `HTTPException`, your handler will be able to catch handle it.
+
+In this example, to be able to have both `HTTPException`s in the same code, Starlette's exceptions is renamed to `StarletteHTTPException`:
+
+```Python
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+```
+
+### Re-use **FastAPI**'s exception handlers
+
+You could also just want to use the exception somehow, but then use the same default exception handlers from **FastAPI**.
+
+You can import and re-use the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4 5 15 21"
+{!./src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, you are just `print`ing the error with a very expressive notification.
+
+But you get the idea, you can use the exception and then just re-use the default exception handlers.
--- a/docs/tutorial/header-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/header-params.md
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ The first value is the default value, you can pass all the extra validation or a
 {!./src/header_params/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-!!! info
+!!! note "Technical Details"
    `Header` is a "sister" class of `Path`, `Query` and `Cookie`. It also inherits from the same common `Param` class.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Header`, and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! info
    To declare headers, you need to use `Header`, because otherwise the parameters would be interpreted as query parameters.

--- a/docs/tutorial/middleware.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/middleware.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+You can add middleware to **FastAPI** applications.
+
+A "middleware" is a function that works with every **request** before it is processed by any specific *path operation*. And also with every **response** before returning it.
+
+* It takes each **request** that comes to your application.
+* It can then do something to that **request** or run any needed code.
+* Then it passes the **request** to be processed by the rest of the application (by some *path operation*).
+* It then takes the **response** generated by the application (by some *path operation*).
+* It can do something to that **response** or run any needed code.
+* Then it returns the **response**.
+
+## Create a middleware
+
+To create a middleware you use the decorator `@app.middleware("http")` on top of a function.
+
+The middleware function receives:
+
+* The `request`.
+* A function `call_next` that will receive the `request` as a parameter.
+    * This function will pass the `request` to the corresponding *path operation*.
+    * Then it returns the `response` generated by the corresponding *path operation*.
+* You can then modify further the `response` before returning it.
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 10 12 15"
+{!./src/middleware/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    This technique is used in the tutorial about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQL (Relational) Databases</a>.
+
+
+!!! tip
+    Have in mind that custom proprietary headers can be added <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" target="_blank">using the 'X-' prefix</a>.
+
+    But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/" target="_blank">CORS configurations</a>, using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.
+
+### Before and after the `response`
+
+You can add code to be run with the `request`,  before any *path operation* receives it. 
+
+And also after the `response` is generated, before returning it.
+
+For example, you could add a custom header `X-Process-Time` containing the time in seconds that it took to process the request and generate a response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="11 13 14"
+{!./src/middleware/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+## Starlette's Middleware
+
+You can also add any other <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/" target="_blank">Starlette Middleware</a>.
+
+These are classes instead of plain functions.
+
+Including:
+
+* `CORSMiddleware` (described in the next section).
+* `GZipMiddleware`.
+* `SentryMiddleware`.
+* ...and others.
--- a/docs/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md
@@ -18,3 +18,15 @@ To exclude a path operation from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from th
 ```Python hl_lines="6"
 {!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
+
+## Advanced description from docstring
+
+You can limit the lines used from the docstring of a *path operation function* for OpenAPI.
+
+Adding an `\f` (an escaped "form feed" character) causes **FastAPI** to truncate the output used for OpenAPI at this point.
+
+It won't show up in the documentation, but other tools (such as Sphinx) will be able to use the rest.
+
+```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py!}
+```
--- a/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
@@ -103,6 +103,17 @@ And you can also declare numeric validations:
 * `le`: `l`ess than or `e`qual

 !!! info
-    `Query`, `Path` and others you will see later are subclasses of a common `Param` class (that you don't need to use).
-    
-    And all of them share the same all these same parameters of additional validation and metadata you have seen.
+    `Query`, `Path` and others you will see later subclasses of a common `Param` class (that you don't need to use).
+
+    And all of them share the same all these same parameters of additional validation and metadata you have seen.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    When you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, they are actually functions.
+
+    That when called, return instances of classes of the same name.
+
+    So, you import `Query`, which is a function. And when you call it, it returns an instance of a class also named `Query`.
+
+    These functions are there (instead of just using the classes directly) so that your editor doesn't mark errors about their types.
+
+    That way you can use your normal editor and coding tools without having to add custom configurations to disregard those errors.
--- a/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ If you run this example and open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/

 !!! check
    Notice that the value your function received (and returned) is `3`, as a Python `int`, not a string `"3"`.
-    
+
    So, with that type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you automatic request <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.

 ## Data validation
@@ -61,12 +61,11 @@ because the path parameter `item_id` had a value of `"foo"`, which is not an `in

 The same error would appear if you provided a `float` instead of an int, as in: <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/4.2" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/4.2</a>

-
 !!! check
    So, with the same Python type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you data validation.

-    Notice that the error also clearly states exactly the point where the validation didn't pass. 
-    
+    Notice that the error also clearly states exactly the point where the validation didn't pass.
+
    This is incredibly helpful while developing and debugging code that interacts with your API.

 ## Documentation
@@ -96,8 +95,7 @@ All the data validation is performed under the hood by <a href="https://pydantic

 You can use the same type declarations with `str`, `float`, `bool` and many other complex data types.

-These are explored in the next chapters of the tutorial.
-
+Several of these are explored in the next chapters of the tutorial.

 ## Order matters

@@ -115,6 +113,111 @@ Because path operations are evaluated in order, you need to make sure that the p

 Otherwise, the path for `/users/{user_id}` would match also for `/users/me`, "thinking" that it's receiving a parameter `user_id` with a value of `"me"`.

+## Predefined values
+
+If you have a *path operation* that receives a *path parameter*, but you want the possible valid *path parameter* values to be predefined, you can use a standard Python <abbr title="Enumeration">`Enum`</abbr>.
+
+### Create an `Enum` class
+
+Import `Enum` and create a sub-class that inherits from `str` and from `Enum`.
+
+By inheriting from `str` the API docs will be able to know that the values must be of type `string` and will be able to render correctly.
+
+And create class attributes with fixed values, those fixed values will be the available valid values:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 6 7 8 9"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html" target="_blank">Enumerations (or enums) are available in Python</a> since version 3.4.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you are wondering, "AlexNet", "ResNet", and "LeNet" are just names of Machine Learning <abbr title="Technically, Deep Learning model architectures">models</abbr>.
+
+### Declare a *path parameter*
+
+Then create a *path parameter* with a type annotation using the enum class you created (`ModelName`):
+
+```Python hl_lines="16"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+### Check the docs
+
+Because the available values for the *path parameter* are specified, the interactive docs can show them nicely:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/path-params/image03.png">
+
+### Working with Python *enumerations*
+
+The value of the *path parameter* will be an *enumeration member*.
+
+#### Compare *enumeration members*
+
+You can compare it with the *enumeration member* in your created enum `ModelName`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="17"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+#### Get the *enumeration value*
+
+You can get the actual value (a `str` in this case) using `model_name.value`, or in general, `your_enum_member.value`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="19"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You could also access the value `"lenet"` with `ModelName.lenet.value`.
+
+#### Return *enumeration members*
+
+You can return *enum members* from your *path operation*, even nested in a JSON body (e.g. a `dict`).
+
+They will be converted to their corresponding values before returning them to the client:
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 20 21"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+## Path parameters containing paths
+
+Let's say you have a *path operation* with a path `/files/{file_path}`.
+
+But you need `file_path` itself to contain a *path*, like `home/johndoe/myfile.txt`.
+
+So, the URL for that file would be something like: `/files/home/johndoe/myfile.txt`.
+
+### OpenAPI support
+
+OpenAPI doesn't support a way to declare a *path parameter* to contain a *path* inside, as that could lead to scenarios that are difficult to test and define.
+
+Nevertheless, you can still do it in **FastAPI**, using one of the internal tools from Starlette.
+
+And the docs would still work, although not adding any documentation telling that the parameter should contain a path.
+
+### Path convertor
+
+Using an option directly from Starlette you can declare a *path parameter* containing a *path* using a URL like:
+
+```
+/files/{file_path:path}
+```
+
+In this case, the name of the parameter is `file_path`, and the last part, `:path`, tells it that the parameter should match any *path*.
+
+So, you can use it with:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You could need the parameter to contain `/home/johndoe/myfile.txt`, with a leading slash (`/`).
+
+    In that case, the URL would be: `/files//home/johndoe/myfile.txt`, with a double slash (`//`) between `files` and `home`.

 ## Recap

@@ -127,4 +230,4 @@ With **FastAPI**, by using short, intuitive and standard Python type declaration

 And you only have to declare them once.

-That's probably the main visible advantage of **FastAPI** compared to alternative frameworks (apart from the raw performance).
+That's probably the main visible advantage of **FastAPI** compared to alternative frameworks (apart from the raw performance).
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Please read the [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/) guidelines in the documentation site.`