🔖 Release version 0.26.0

📝 Update release notes
✨ Separate Pydantic's ValidationError handler and improve docs for error handling (#273 )
2025-12-25 15:18:36 -05:00 · 2019-05-29 19:29:44 +04:00 · 2019-05-29 16:33:19 +04:00 · 2019-05-29 16:27:55 +04:00 · 2019-05-29 13:46:27 +04:00 · 2019-05-29 13:43:41 +04:00
82 changed files with 3846 additions and 493 deletions
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Please read the [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/) guidelines in the documentation site.
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ sqlalchemy = "*"
 uvicorn = "*"

 [packages]
-starlette = "==0.11.1"
-pydantic = "==0.23.0"
+starlette = "==0.12.0"
+pydantic = "==0.26.0"
 databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
 hypercorn = "*"

--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
    "_meta": {
        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "6cb8497fe3811f43ce664ab69859187b1f698b8b75b0bde627207497ed422cde"
+            "sha256": "4a33b47e814fa75533548874ffadbc6163b3058db4d1615ff633512366d72ccb"
        },
        "pipfile-spec": 6,
        "requires": {
@@ -113,11 +113,11 @@
        },
        "pydantic": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:1205cd1213e8acee40a9ad7160b24de74484fd79ec3f09150b255896a3f506ab",
-                "sha256:58b71804e9a6b4e1ccf8b3dbbca8c0f9cf4b494e5bea219a96e2e2ecb5af688e"
+                "sha256:b72e0df2463cee746cf42639845d4106c19f30136375e779352d710e69617731",
+                "sha256:dab99d3070e040b8b2e987dfbe237350ab92d5d57a22d4e0e268ede2d85c7964"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.23.0"
+            "version": "==0.26.0"
        },
        "pytoml": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@
        },
        "starlette": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:9d48b35d1fc7521d59ae53c421297ab3878d3c7cd4b75266d77f6c73cccb78bb"
+                "sha256:d313433ef5cc38e0a276b59688ca2b11b8f031c78808c1afdf9d55cb86f34590"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.11.1"
+            "version": "==0.12.0"
        },
        "typing-extensions": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -236,37 +236,35 @@
        },
        "coverage": {
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+                "sha256:b6187378726c84365bf297b5dcdae8789b6a5823b200bea23797777e5a63be09",
+                "sha256:bcd5723d905ed4a825f17410a53535f880b6d7548ae3d89078db7b1ceefcd853",
+                "sha256:c48a4f9c5fb385269bb7fbaf9c1326a94863b65ec7f5c96b2ea56b252f01ad08",
+                "sha256:cd40199d6f1c29c85b170d25589be9a97edff8ee7e62be180a2a137823896030",
+                "sha256:d1bc331a7d069485ac1d8c25a0ea1f6aab6cb2a87146fb652222481c1bddc9ff",
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+                "sha256:fae1fa144034d021a52cb9ea200eb8dedf91869c6df8202ad5d149b41ed91cc8"
            ],
-            "version": "==5.0a4"
+            "version": "==5.0a5"
        },
        "decorator": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -299,10 +297,10 @@
        },
        "email-validator": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:ddc4b5b59fa699bb10127adcf7ad4de78fde4ec539a072b104b8bb16da666ae5"
+                "sha256:79966e318d6d68fed359c90f8f19d242bcc178b724011f1c07145bd093da6cc7"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==1.0.3"
+            "version": "==1.0.4"
        },
        "entrypoints": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -338,7 +336,6 @@
            "hashes": [
                "sha256:e00cbd7ba01ff748e494248183abc6e153f49181169d8a3d41bb49132ca01dfc"
            ],
-            "markers": "sys_platform != 'win32' and sys_platform != 'cygwin' and platform_python_implementation != 'pypy'",
            "version": "==0.0.13"
        },
        "idna": {
@@ -350,10 +347,10 @@
        },
        "ipykernel": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0aeb7ec277ac42cc2b59ae3d08b10909b2ec161dc6908096210527162b53675d",
-                "sha256:0fc0bf97920d454102168ec2008620066878848fcfca06c22b669696212e292f"
+                "sha256:346189536b88859937b5f4848a6fd85d1ad0729f01724a411de5cae9b618819c",
+                "sha256:f0e962052718068ad3b1d8bcc703794660858f58803c3798628817f492a8769c"
            ],
-            "version": "==5.1.0"
+            "version": "==5.1.1"
        },
        "ipython": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -379,11 +376,11 @@
        },
        "isort": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:01cb7e1ca5e6c5b3f235f0385057f70558b70d2f00320208825fa62887292f43",
-                "sha256:268067462aed7eb2a1e237fcb287852f22077de3fb07964e87e00f829eea2d1a"
+                "sha256:c40744b6bc5162bbb39c1257fe298b7a393861d50978b565f3ccd9cb9de0182a",
+                "sha256:f57abacd059dc3bd666258d1efb0377510a89777fda3e3274e3c01f7c03ae22d"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==4.3.17"
+            "version": "==4.3.20"
        },
        "jedi": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -438,17 +435,17 @@
        },
        "livereload": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:29cadfabcedd12eed792e0131991235b9d4764d4474bed75cf525f57109ec0a2",
-                "sha256:e632a6cd1d349155c1d7f13a65be873b38f43ef02961804a1bba8d817fa649a7"
+                "sha256:78d55f2c268a8823ba499305dcac64e28ddeb9a92571e12d543cd304faf5817b",
+                "sha256:89254f78d7529d7ea0a3417d224c34287ebfe266b05e67e51facaf82c27f0f66"
            ],
-            "version": "==2.6.0"
+            "version": "==2.6.1"
        },
        "markdown": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:fc4a6f69a656b8d858d7503bda633f4dd63c2d70cf80abdc6eafa64c4ae8c250",
-                "sha256:fe463ff51e679377e3624984c829022e2cfb3be5518726b06f608a07a3aad680"
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-            "version": "==3.1"
+            "version": "==3.1.1"
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        "markdown-include": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -514,11 +511,11 @@
        },
        "mkdocs-material": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:8a572f4b3358b9c0e11af8ae319ba4f3747ebb61e2393734d875133b0d2f7891",
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-            "version": "==4.1.2"
+            "version": "==4.3.0"
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        "more-itertools": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -603,10 +600,10 @@
        },
        "pluggy": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:19ecf9ce9db2fce065a7a0586e07cfb4ac8614fe96edf628a264b1c70116cf8f",
-                "sha256:84d306a647cc805219916e62aab89caa97a33a1dd8c342e87a37f91073cd4746"
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-            "version": "==0.9.0"
+            "version": "==0.11.0"
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        "prometheus-client": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -653,10 +650,10 @@
        },
        "pygments": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:5ffada19f6203563680669ee7f53b64dabbeb100eb51b61996085e99c03b284a",
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-            "version": "==2.3.1"
+            "version": "==2.4.0"
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        "pymdown-extensions": {
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@@ -667,25 +664,25 @@
        },
        "pyrsistent": {
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-            "version": "==4.4.1"
+            "version": "==4.5.0"
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        "pytest-cov": {
            "hashes": [
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-            "version": "==2.6.1"
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        "python-dateutil": {
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@@ -755,18 +752,18 @@
        },
        "qtconsole": {
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-                "sha256:bc1ba15f50c29ed50f1268ad823bb6543be263c18dd093b80495e9df63b003ac"
+                "sha256:a667558c7b1e1442a2e5bcef1686c55e096efd0b58d8b2a0a8415f4579991ee3",
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-            "version": "==2.21.0"
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@@ -830,28 +827,27 @@
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-                "sha256:fb96a6e2c11059ecf84e6741a319f93f683e440e341d4489c9b161eca251cf2a",
-                "sha256:fc71d2d6ae56a091a8d94f33ec9d0f2001d1cb1db423d8b4355debfe9ce689b7"
+                "sha256:132eae51d6ef3ff4a8c47c393a4ef5ebf0d1aecc96880eb5d6c8ceab7017cc9b",
+                "sha256:18141c1484ab8784006c839be8b985cfc82a2e9725837b0ecfa0203f71c4e39d",
+                "sha256:2baf617f5bbbfe73fd8846463f5aeafc912b5ee247f410700245d68525ec584a",
+                "sha256:3d90063f2cbbe39177e9b4d888e45777012652d6110156845b828908c51ae462",
+                "sha256:4304b2218b842d610aa1a1d87e1dc9559597969acc62ce717ee4dfeaa44d7eee",
+                "sha256:4983ede548ffc3541bae49a82675996497348e55bafd1554dc4e4a5d6eda541a",
+                "sha256:5315f4509c1476718a4825f45a203b82d7fdf2a6f5f0c8f166435975b1c9f7d4",
+                "sha256:6cdfb1b49d5345f7c2b90d638822d16ba62dc82f7616e9b4caa10b72f3f16649",
+                "sha256:7b325f12635598c604690efd7a0197d0b94b7d7778498e76e0710cd582fd1c7a",
+                "sha256:8d3b0e3b8626615826f9a626548057c5275a9733512b137984a68ba1598d3d2f",
+                "sha256:8f8631160c79f53081bd23446525db0bc4c5616f78d04021e6e434b286493fd7",
+                "sha256:912de10965f3dc89da23936f1cc4ed60764f712e5fa603a09dd904f88c996760",
+                "sha256:b010c07b975fe853c65d7bbe9d4ac62f1c69086750a574f6292597763781ba18",
+                "sha256:c908c10505904c48081a5415a1e295d8403e353e0c14c42b6d67f8f97fae6616",
+                "sha256:c94dd3807c0c0610f7c76f078119f4ea48235a953512752b9175f9f98f5ae2bd",
+                "sha256:ce65dee7594a84c466e79d7fb7d3303e7295d16a83c22c7c4037071b059e2c21",
+                "sha256:eaa9cfcb221a8a4c2889be6f93da141ac777eb8819f077e1d09fb12d00a09a93",
+                "sha256:f3376bc31bad66d46d44b4e6522c5c21976bf9bca4ef5987bb2bf727f4506cbb",
+                "sha256:f9202fa138544e13a4ec1a6792c35834250a85958fde1251b6a22e07d1260ae7"
            ],
-            "version": "==1.3.4"
+            "version": "==1.3.5"
        },
        "ujson": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -862,17 +858,17 @@
        },
        "urllib3": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:4c291ca23bbb55c76518905869ef34bdd5f0e46af7afe6861e8375643ffee1a0",
-                "sha256:9a247273df709c4fedb38c711e44292304f73f39ab01beda9f6b9fc375669ac3"
+                "sha256:a53063d8b9210a7bdec15e7b272776b9d42b2fd6816401a0d43006ad2f9902db",
+                "sha256:d363e3607d8de0c220d31950a8f38b18d5ba7c0830facd71a1c6b1036b7ce06c"
            ],
-            "version": "==1.24.2"
+            "version": "==1.25.2"
        },
        "uvicorn": {
            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:181d47abddedd0f6e23eaeed97976bdce9ea1dbff0ec12385309cf4835783f6a"
+                "sha256:c10da7a54a6552279870900c881a2f1726314e2dd6270d4d3f9251683c643783"
            ],
            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.7.0"
+            "version": "==0.7.1"
        },
        "uvloop": {
            "hashes": [
@@ -887,7 +883,6 @@
                "sha256:c48692bf4587ce281d641087658eca275a5ad3b63c78297bbded96570ae9ce8f",
                "sha256:fefc3b2b947c99737c348887db2c32e539160dcbeb7af9aa6b53db7a283538fe"
            ],
-            "markers": "sys_platform != 'win32' and sys_platform != 'cygwin' and platform_python_implementation != 'pypy'",
            "version": "==0.12.2"
        },
        "wcwidth": {
--- a/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/release-notes.md
@@ -1,79 +1,190 @@
 ## Next release

+## 0.26.0
+
+* Separate error handling for validation errors.
+    * This will allow developers to customize the exception handlers.
+    * Document better how to handle exceptions and use error handlers.
+    * Include `RequestValidationError` and `WebSocketRequestValidationError` (this last one will be useful once [encode/starlette#527](https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/527) or equivalent is merged).
+    * New documentation about exceptions handlers:
+        * [Install custom exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#install-custom-exception-handlers).
+        * [Override the default exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#override-the-default-exception-handlers).
+        * [Re-use **FastAPI's** exception handlers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#re-use-fastapis-exception-handlers).
+    * PR [#273](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/273).
+
+* Fix support for *paths* in *path parameters* without needing explicit `Path(...)`.
+    * PR [#256](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/256).
+    * Documented in PR [#272](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/272) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+    * New documentation at: [Path Parameters containing paths](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#path-parameters-containing-paths).
+
+* Update docs for testing FastAPI. Include using `POST`, sending JSON, testing headers, etc. New documentation: [Testing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/#testing-extended-example). PR [#271](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/271).
+
+* Fix type declaration of `response_model` to allow generic Python types as `List[Model]`. Mainly to fix `mypy` for users. PR [#266](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/266).
+
+## 0.25.0
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's `include`, `exclude`, `by_alias`.
+    * Update documentation: [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+    * Add docs for: [Body - updates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-updates/), using Pydantic's `skip_defaults`.
+    * Add method consistency tests.
+    * PR [#264](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/264).
+
+* Add `CONTRIBUTING.md` file to GitHub, to help new contributors. PR [#255](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/255) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's `skip_defaults`:
+    * There's a new *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_skip_defaults`.
+        * The name of the parameter will most probably change in a future version to `response_skip_defaults`, `model_skip_defaults` or something similar.
+    * New [documentation section about using `response_model_skip_defaults`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response-model-encoding-parameters).
+    * PR [#248](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/248) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+
+## 0.24.0
+
+* Add support for WebSockets with dependencies and parameters.
+    * Support included for:
+        * `Depends`
+        * `Security`
+        * `Cookie`
+        * `Header`
+        * `Path`
+        * `Query`
+        * ...as these are compatible with the WebSockets protocol (e.g. `Body` is not).
+    * [Updated documentation for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/).
+    * PR [#178](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/178) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+* Upgrade the compatible version of Pydantic to `0.26.0`.
+    * This includes JSON Schema support for IP address and network objects, bug fixes, and other features.
+    * PR [#247](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/247) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.23.0
+
+* Upgrade the compatible version of Starlette to `0.12.0`.
+    * This includes support for ASGI 3 (the latest version of the standard).
+    * It's now possible to use [Starlette's `StreamingResponse`](https://www.starlette.io/responses/#streamingresponse) with iterators, like [file-like](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-like-object) objects (as those returned by `open()`).
+    * It's now possible to use the low level utility `iterate_in_threadpool` from `starlette.concurrency` (for advanced scenarios).
+    * PR [#243](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/243).
+
+* Add OAuth2 redirect page for Swagger UI. This allows having delegated authentication in the Swagger UI docs. For this to work, you need to add `{your_origin}/docs/oauth2-redirect` to the allowed callbacks in your OAuth2 provider (in Auth0, Facebook, Google, etc).
+    * For example, during development, it could be `http://localhost:8000/docs/oauth2-redirect`.
+    * Have in mind that this callback URL is independent of whichever one is used by your frontend. You might also have another callback at `https://yourdomain.com/login/callback`.
+    * This is only to allow delegated authentication in the API docs with Swagger UI.
+    * PR [#198](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/198) by [@steinitzu](https://github.com/steinitzu).
+
+* Make Swagger UI and ReDoc route handlers (*path operations*) be `async` functions instead of lambdas to improve performance. PR [#241](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/241) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+
+* Make Swagger UI and ReDoc URLs parameterizable, allowing to host and serve local versions of them and have offline docs. PR [#112](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/112) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+## 0.22.0
+
+* Add support for `dependencies` parameter:
+    * A parameter in *path operation decorators*, for dependencies that should be executed but the return value is not important or not used in the *path operation function*.
+    * A parameter in the `.include_router()` method of FastAPI applications and routers, to include dependencies that should be executed in each *path operation* in a router.
+        * This is useful, for example, to require authentication or permissions in specific group of *path operations*.
+        * Different `dependencies` can be applied to different routers.
+    * These `dependencies` are run before the normal parameter dependencies. And normal dependencies are run too. They can be combined.
+    * Dependencies declared in a router are executed first, then the ones defined in *path operation decorators*, and then the ones declared in normal parameters. They are all combined and executed.
+    * All this also supports using `Security` with `scopes` in those `dependencies` parameters, for more advanced OAuth 2.0 security scenarios with scopes.
+    * New documentation about [dependencies in *path operation decorators*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+    * New documentation about [dependencies in the `include_router()` method](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+    * PR [#235](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/235).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI documentation of Starlette URL convertors. Specially useful when using `path` convertors, to take a whole path as a parameter, like `/some/url/{p:path}`. PR [#234](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/234) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Make default parameter utilities exported from `fastapi` be functions instead of classes (the new functions return instances of those classes). To be able to override the return types and fix `mypy` errors in FastAPI's users' code. Applies to `Path`, `Query`, `Header`, `Cookie`, `Body`, `Form`, `File`, `Depends`, and `Security`. PR [#226](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/226) and PR [#231](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/231).
+
+* Separate development scripts `test.sh`, `lint.sh`, and `format.sh`. PR [#232](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/232).
+
+* Re-enable `black` formatting checks for Python 3.7. PR [#229](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/229) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.21.0
+
+* On body parsing errors, raise `from` previous exception, to allow better introspection in logging code. PR [#192](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/195) by [@ricardomomm](https://github.com/ricardomomm).
+
+* Use Python logger named "`fastapi`" instead of root logger. PR [#222](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/222) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic to version 0.25. PR [#225](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/225) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+
+* Fix typo in routing. PR [#221](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/221) by [@djlambert](https://github.com/djlambert).
+
+## 0.20.1
+
+* Add typing information to package including file `py.typed`. PR [#209](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/209) by [@meadsteve](https://github.com/meadsteve).
+
+* Add FastAPI bot for Gitter. To automatically announce new releases. PR [#189](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/189).
+
 ## 0.20.0

 * Upgrade OAuth2:
    * Upgrade Password flow using Bearer tokens to use the correct HTTP status code 401 `UNAUTHORIZED`, with `WWW-Authenticate` headers.
-    * Update, simplify, and improve all the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/intro/" target="_blank">security docs</a>.
-    * Add new `scope_str` to `SecurityScopes` and update docs: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/" target="_blank">OAuth2 scopes</a>.
+    * Update, simplify, and improve all the [security docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/intro/).
+    * Add new `scope_str` to `SecurityScopes` and update docs: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
    * Update docs, images, tests.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/188" target="_blank">#188</a>.
+    * PR [#188](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/188).

-* Include <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a> as an alternative ASGI server in the docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/187" target="_blank">#187</a>.
+* Include [Hypercorn](https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn) as an alternative ASGI server in the docs. PR [#187](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/187).

-* Add docs for <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/static-files/" target="_blank">Static Files</a> and <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/templates/" target="_blank">Templates</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/186" target="_blank">#186</a>.
+* Add docs for [Static Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/static-files/) and [Templates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/templates/). PR [#186](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/186).

-* Add docs for handling <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/" target="_blank">Response Cookies</a> and <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/" target="_blank">Response Headers</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/185" target="_blank">#185</a>.
+* Add docs for handling [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/) and [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/). PR [#185](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/185).

-* Fix typos in docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/176" target="_blank">#176</a> by <a href="https://github.com/chdsbd" target="_blank">@chdsbd</a>.
+* Fix typos in docs. PR [#176](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/176) by [@chdsbd](https://github.com/chdsbd).

 ## 0.19.0

-* Rename *path operation decorator* parameter `content_type` to `response_class`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/183" target="_blank">#183</a>.
+* Rename _path operation decorator_ parameter `content_type` to `response_class`. PR [#183](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/183).

 * Add docs:
-    * How to use the `jsonable_encoder` in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/" target="_blank">JSON compatible encoder</a>.
-    * How to <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">Return a Response directly</a>.
-    * Update how to use a <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/" target="_blank">Custom Response Class</a>.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/184" target="_blank">#184</a>.
+    * How to use the `jsonable_encoder` in [JSON compatible encoder](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/).
+    * How to [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/).
+    * Update how to use a [Custom Response Class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/).
+    * PR [#184](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/184).

 ## 0.18.0

-* Add docs for <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/" target="_blank">HTTP Basic Auth</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/177" target="_blank">#177</a>.
+* Add docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/). PR [#177](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/177).

-* Upgrade HTTP Basic Auth handling with automatic headers (automatic browser login prompt). PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/175" target="_blank">#175</a>.
+* Upgrade HTTP Basic Auth handling with automatic headers (automatic browser login prompt). PR [#175](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/175).

-* Update dependencies for security. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/174" target="_blank">#174</a>.
+* Update dependencies for security. PR [#174](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/174).

-* Add docs for <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/middleware/" target="_blank">Middleware</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/173" target="_blank">#173</a>.
+* Add docs for [Middleware](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/middleware/). PR [#173](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/173).

 ## 0.17.0

-* Make Flit publish from CI. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/170" target="_blank">#170</a>.
+* Make Flit publish from CI. PR [#170](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/170).

-* Add documentation about handling <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/" target="_blank">CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/169" target="_blank">#169</a>.
+* Add documentation about handling [CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/). PR [#169](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/169).

-* By default, encode by alias. This allows using Pydantic `alias` parameters working by default. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/168" target="_blank">#168</a>.
+* By default, encode by alias. This allows using Pydantic `alias` parameters working by default. PR [#168](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/168).

 ## 0.16.0

-* Upgrade *path operation* `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring" target="_blank">Path Operation Configuration</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163" target="_blank">#163</a>.
+* Upgrade _path operation_ `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).

-* Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164" target="_blank">#164</a>.
+* Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR [#164](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164).

-* Upgrade Pydantic to version `0.23`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/160" target="_blank">#160</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Upgrade Pydantic to version `0.23`. PR [#160](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/160) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* Fix typo in Tutorial about Extra Models. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/159" target="_blank">#159</a> by <a href="https://github.com/danielmichaels" target="_blank">@danielmichaels</a>.
+* Fix typo in Tutorial about Extra Models. PR [#159](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/159) by [@danielmichaels](https://github.com/danielmichaels).

-* Fix <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/" target="_blank">Query Parameters</a> URL examples in docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/157" target="_blank">#157</a> by <a href="https://github.com/hayata-yamamoto" target="_blank">@hayata-yamamoto</a>.
+* Fix [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/) URL examples in docs. PR [#157](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/157) by [@hayata-yamamoto](https://github.com/hayata-yamamoto).

 ## 0.15.0

-* Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#multiple-file-uploads" target="_blank">Multiple file uploads</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/158" target="_blank">#158</a>.
+* Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: [Multiple file uploads](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#multiple-file-uploads). PR [#158](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/158).

-* Add docs for: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-status-codes/" target="_blank">Additional Status Codes</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156" target="_blank">#156</a>.
+* Add docs for: [Additional Status Codes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-status-codes/). PR [#156](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156).

 ## 0.14.0

-* Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155" target="_blank">#155</a>.
+* Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR [#155](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155).

-* Add docs for: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/" target="_blank">Testing **FastAPI**</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/151" target="_blank">#151</a>.
+* Add docs for: [Testing **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/). PR [#151](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/151).

-* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148" target="_blank">#148</a> by <a href="https://github.com/wshayes" target="_blank">@wshayes</a>.
+* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR [#148](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).

-* Update development dependencies, `Pipfile.lock`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/150" target="_blank">#150</a>.
+* Update development dependencies, `Pipfile.lock`. PR [#150](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/150).

-* Include Falcon and Hug in: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/" target="_blank">Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons</a>.
+* Include Falcon and Hug in: [Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/).

 ## 0.13.0

@@ -81,187 +192,185 @@
    * `SecurityScopes` can be declared as a parameter like `Request`, to get the scopes of all super-dependencies/dependants.
    * Improve `Security` handling, merging scopes when declaring `SecurityScopes`.
    * Allow using `SecurityBase` (like `OAuth2`) classes with `Depends` and still document them. `Security` now is needed only to declare `scopes`.
-    * Updated docs about: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt/" target="_blank">OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens</a>.
-    * New docs about: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/" target="_blank">OAuth2 scopes</a>.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/141" target="_blank">#141</a>.
+    * Updated docs about: [OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt/).
+    * New docs about: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * PR [#141](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/141).

 ## 0.12.1

-* Fix bug: handling additional `responses` in `APIRouter.include_router()`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/140" target="_blank">#140</a>.
+* Fix bug: handling additional `responses` in `APIRouter.include_router()`. PR [#140](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/140).

-* Fix typo in SQL tutorial. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/138" target="_blank">#138</a> by <a href="https://github.com/mostaphaRoudsari" target="_blank">@mostaphaRoudsari</a>.
+* Fix typo in SQL tutorial. PR [#138](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/138) by [@mostaphaRoudsari](https://github.com/mostaphaRoudsari).

-* Fix typos in section about nested models and OAuth2 with JWT. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/127" target="_blank">#127</a> by <a href="https://github.com/mmcloud" target="_blank">@mmcloud</a>.
+* Fix typos in section about nested models and OAuth2 with JWT. PR [#127](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/127) by [@mmcloud](https://github.com/mmcloud).

 ## 0.12.0

-* Add additional `responses` parameter to *path operation decorators* to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
+* Add additional `responses` parameter to _path operation decorators_ to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
    * It also allows extending existing responses generated from `response_model`, declare other media types (like images), etc.
-    * The new documentation is here: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">Additional Responses</a>.
-    * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses" target="_blank">Bigger Applications</a>.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/97" target="_blank">#97</a> originally initiated by <a href="https://github.com/barsi" target="_blank">@barsi</a>.
-
+    * The new documentation is here: [Additional Responses](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/).
+    * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses).
+    * PR [#97](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/97) originally initiated by [@barsi](https://github.com/barsi).
 * Update `scripts/test-cov-html.sh` to allow passing extra parameters like `-vv`, for development.

 ## 0.11.0

-* Add `auto_error` parameter to security utility functions. Allowing them to be optional. Also allowing to have multiple alternative security schemes that are then checked in a single dependency instead of each one verifying and returning the error to the client automatically when not satisfied. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/134" target="_blank">#134</a>.
+* Add `auto_error` parameter to security utility functions. Allowing them to be optional. Also allowing to have multiple alternative security schemes that are then checked in a single dependency instead of each one verifying and returning the error to the client automatically when not satisfied. PR [#134](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/134).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#create-a-middleware-to-handle-sessions" target="_blank">SQL Tutorial</a> to close database sessions even when there are exceptions. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/89" target="_blank">#89</a> by <a href="https://github.com/alexiri" target="_blank">@alexiri</a>.
+* Update [SQL Tutorial](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#create-a-middleware-to-handle-sessions) to close database sessions even when there are exceptions. PR [#89](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/89) by [@alexiri](https://github.com/alexiri).

-* Fix duplicate dependency in `pyproject.toml`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/128" target="_blank">#128</a> by <a href="https://github.com/zxalif" target="_blank">@zxalif</a>.
+* Fix duplicate dependency in `pyproject.toml`. PR [#128](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/128) by [@zxalif](https://github.com/zxalif).

 ## 0.10.3

-* Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi
-</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/117" target="_blank">#117</a>.
+* Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. [https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi](https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi) . PR [#117](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/117).

-* Add docs about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/" target="_blank">Extending OpenAPI</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126" target="_blank">#126</a>.
+* Add docs about [Extending OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/). PR [#126](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126).

-* Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/92" target="_blank">#92</a> by <a href="https://github.com/blueyed" target="_blank">@blueyed</a>.
+* Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR [#92](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/92) by [@blueyed](https://github.com/blueyed).

-* Fix duplicated param variable creation. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/123" target="_blank">#123</a> by <a href="https://github.com/yihuang" target="_blank">@yihuang</a>.
+* Fix duplicated param variable creation. PR [#123](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/123) by [@yihuang](https://github.com/yihuang).

-* Add note in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/" target="_blank">Response Model docs</a> about why using a function parameter instead of a function return type annotation. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/109" target="_blank">#109</a> by <a href="https://github.com/JHSaunders" target="_blank">@JHSaunders</a>.
+* Add note in [Response Model docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/) about why using a function parameter instead of a function return type annotation. PR [#109](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/109) by [@JHSaunders](https://github.com/JHSaunders).

-* Fix event docs (startup/shutdown) function name. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/105" target="_blank">#105</a> by <a href="https://github.com/stratosgear" target="_blank">@stratosgear</a>.
+* Fix event docs (startup/shutdown) function name. PR [#105](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/105) by [@stratosgear](https://github.com/stratosgear).

 ## 0.10.2

-* Fix OpenAPI (JSON Schema) for declarations of Python `Union` (JSON Schema `additionalProperties`). PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/121" target="_blank">#121</a>.
+* Fix OpenAPI (JSON Schema) for declarations of Python `Union` (JSON Schema `additionalProperties`). PR [#121](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/121).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/" target="_blank">Background Tasks</a> with a note on Celery.
+* Update [Background Tasks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/) with a note on Celery.

-* Document response models using unions and lists, updated at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/" target="_blank">Extra Models</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/108" target="_blank">#108</a>.
+* Document response models using unions and lists, updated at: [Extra Models](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/). PR [#108](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/108).

 ## 0.10.1

-* Add docs and tests for <a href="https://github.com/encode/databases" target="_blank">encode/databases</a>. New docs at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/async-sql-databases/" target="_blank">Async SQL (Relational) Databases</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107" target="_blank">#107</a>.
+* Add docs and tests for [encode/databases](https://github.com/encode/databases). New docs at: [Async SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/async-sql-databases/). PR [#107](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107).

 ## 0.10.0

-* Add support for Background Tasks in *path operation functions* and dependencies. New documentation about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/" target="_blank">Background Tasks is here</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103" target="_blank">#103</a>.
+* Add support for Background Tasks in _path operation functions_ and dependencies. New documentation about [Background Tasks is here](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/). PR [#103](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103).

-* Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100" target="_blank">#100</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR [#100](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* New docs section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/events/" target="_blank">Events: startup - shutdown</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99" target="_blank">#99</a>.
+* New docs section about [Events: startup - shutdown](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/events/). PR [#99](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99).

 ## 0.9.1

-* Document receiving <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values" target="_blank">Multiple values with the same query parameter</a> and <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/header-params/#duplicate-headers" target="_blank">Duplicate headers</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/95" target="_blank">#95</a>.
+* Document receiving [Multiple values with the same query parameter](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#query-parameter-list-multiple-values) and [Duplicate headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/header-params/#duplicate-headers). PR [#95](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/95).

 ## 0.9.0

-* Upgrade compatible Pydantic version to `0.21.0`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/90" target="_blank">#90</a>.
+* Upgrade compatible Pydantic version to `0.21.0`. PR [#90](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/90).

-* Add documentation for: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/application-configuration/" target="_blank">Application Configuration</a>.
+* Add documentation for: [Application Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/application-configuration/).

-* Fix typo in docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76" target="_blank">#76</a> by <a href="https://github.com/matthewhegarty" target="_blank">@matthewhegarty</a>.
+* Fix typo in docs. PR [#76](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76) by [@matthewhegarty](https://github.com/matthewhegarty).

 * Fix link in "Deployment" to "Bigger Applications".

 ## 0.8.0

-* Make development scripts executable. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76" target="_blank">#76</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Make development scripts executable. PR [#76](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/76) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* Add support for adding `tags` in `app.include_router()`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/55" target="_blank">#55</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>. Documentation updated in the section: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/" target="_blank">Bigger Applications</a>.
+* Add support for adding `tags` in `app.include_router()`. PR [#55](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/55) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10). Documentation updated in the section: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/).

-* Update docs related to Uvicorn to use new `--reload` option from version `0.5.x`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/74" target="_blank">#74</a>.
+* Update docs related to Uvicorn to use new `--reload` option from version `0.5.x`. PR [#74](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/74).

-* Update `isort` imports and scripts to be compatible with newer versions. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/75" target="_blank">#75</a>.
+* Update `isort` imports and scripts to be compatible with newer versions. PR [#75](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/75).

 ## 0.7.1

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#path-operation-functions" target="_blank">technical details about `async def` handling</a> with respect to previous frameworks. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/64" target="_blank">#64</a> by <a href="https://github.com/haizaar" target="_blank">@haizaar</a>.
+* Update [technical details about `async def` handling](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#path-operation-functions) with respect to previous frameworks. PR [#64](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/64) by [@haizaar](https://github.com/haizaar).

-* Add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#raspberry-pi-and-other-architectures" target="_blank">deployment documentation for Docker in Raspberry Pi</a> and other architectures.
+* Add [deployment documentation for Docker in Raspberry Pi](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#raspberry-pi-and-other-architectures) and other architectures.

-* Trigger Docker images build on Travis CI automatically. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/65" target="_blank">#65</a>.
+* Trigger Docker images build on Travis CI automatically. PR [#65](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/65).

 ## 0.7.0

 * Add support for `UploadFile` in `File` parameter annotations.
    * This includes a file-like interface.
-    * Here's the updated documentation for declaring <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#file-parameters-with-uploadfile" target="_blank"> `File` parameters with `UploadFile`</a>.
-    * And here's the updated documentation for using <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-forms-and-files/" target="_blank">`Form` parameters mixed with `File` parameters, supporting `bytes` and `UploadFile`</a> at the same time.
-    * PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/63" target="_blank">#63</a>.
+    * Here's the updated documentation for declaring [`File` parameters with `UploadFile`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#file-parameters-with-uploadfile).
+    * And here's the updated documentation for using [`Form` parameters mixed with `File` parameters, supporting `bytes` and `UploadFile`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-forms-and-files/) at the same time.
+    * PR [#63](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/63).

 ## 0.6.4

-* Add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#very-technical-details" target="_blank">technical details about `async def` handling to docs</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/61" target="_blank">#61</a>.
+* Add [technical details about `async def` handling to docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#very-technical-details). PR [#61](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/61).

-* Add docs for <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/debugging/" target="_blank">Debugging FastAPI applications in editors</a>.
+* Add docs for [Debugging FastAPI applications in editors](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/debugging/).

-* Clarify <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#bigger-applications" target="_blank">Bigger Applications deployed with Docker</a>.
+* Clarify [Bigger Applications deployed with Docker](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/deployment/#bigger-applications).

 * Fix typos in docs.

-* Add section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/history-design-future/" target="_blank">History, Design and Future</a>.
+* Add section about [History, Design and Future](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/history-design-future/).

-* Add docs for using <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/" target="_blank">WebSockets with **FastAPI**</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62" target="_blank">#62</a>.
+* Add docs for using [WebSockets with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/). PR [#62](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62).

 ## 0.6.3

-* Add Favicons to docs. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/53" target="_blank">#53</a>.
+* Add Favicons to docs. PR [#53](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/53).

 ## 0.6.2

-* Introduce new project generator based on FastAPI and PostgreSQL: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52" target="_blank">#52</a>.
+* Introduce new project generator based on FastAPI and PostgreSQL: [https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql](https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql). PR [#52](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy, using `Depends` to improve editor support and reduce code repetition</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52" target="_blank">#52</a>.
+* Update [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy, using `Depends` to improve editor support and reduce code repetition](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#52](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/52).

-* Improve middleware naming in tutorial for SQL with SQLAlchemy <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/</a>.
+* Improve middleware naming in tutorial for SQL with SQLAlchemy [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/).

 ## 0.6.1

-* Add docs for GraphQL: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48" target="_blank">#48</a>.
+* Add docs for GraphQL: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/). PR [#48](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48).

 ## 0.6.0

-* Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/</a> using the new official `request.state`. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/45" target="_blank">#45</a>.
+* Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) using the new official `request.state`. PR [#45](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/45).

-* Upgrade Starlette to version `0.11.1` and add required compatibility changes. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/44" target="_blank">#44</a>.
+* Upgrade Starlette to version `0.11.1` and add required compatibility changes. PR [#44](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/44).

 ## 0.5.1

-* Add section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/" target="_blank">helping and getting help with **FastAPI**</a>.
+* Add section about [helping and getting help with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/).

-* Add note about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#order-matters" target="_blank">path operations order in docs</a>.
+* Add note about [path operations order in docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/#order-matters).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/" target="_blank">section about error handling</a> with more information and make relation with Starlette error handling utilities more explicit. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/41" target="_blank">#41</a>.
+* Update [section about error handling](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/) with more information and make relation with Starlette error handling utilities more explicit. PR [#41](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/41).

-* Add <a href="" target="_blank">Development - Contributing section to the docs</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/42" target="_blank">#42</a>.
+* Add <a href="" target="_blank">Development - Contributing section to the docs</a>. PR [#42](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/42).

 ## 0.5.0

-* Add new `HTTPException` with support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/</a>. PR <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/35" target="_blank">#35</a>.
+* Add new `HTTPException` with support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/). PR [#35](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/35).

-* Add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/using-request-directly/" target="_blank">documentation to use Starlette `Request` object</a> directly. Check <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25" target="_blank">#25</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Add [documentation to use Starlette `Request` object](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/using-request-directly/) directly. Check [#25](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

-* Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/34" target="_blank">#34</a>.
+* Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: [#34](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/34).

-* Update example for the SQLAlchemy tutorial at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/</a> using middleware and database session attached to request.
+* Update example for the SQLAlchemy tutorial at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) using middleware and database session attached to request.

 ## 0.4.0

-* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/</a>: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank">#26</a> by <a href="https://github.com/kabirkhan" target="_blank">@kabirkhan</a>.
+* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/): [#26](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26) by [@kabirkhan](https://github.com/kabirkhan).

-* Update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy</a> including note about *DB Browser for SQLite*.
+* Update [docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) including note about _DB Browser for SQLite_.

 ## 0.3.0

-* Fix/add SQLAlchemy support, including ORM, and update <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">docs for SQLAlchemy</a>: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/30" target="_blank">#30</a>.
+* Fix/add SQLAlchemy support, including ORM, and update [docs for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/): [#30](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/30).

 ## 0.2.1

-* Fix `jsonable_encoder` for Pydantic models with `Config` but without `json_encoders`: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/29" target="_blank">#29</a>.
+* Fix `jsonable_encoder` for Pydantic models with `Config` but without `json_encoders`: [#29](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/29).

 ## 0.2.0

-* Fix typos in Security section: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/24" target="_blank">#24</a> by <a href="https://github.com/kkinder" target="_blank">@kkinder</a>.
+* Fix typos in Security section: [#24](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/24) by [@kkinder](https://github.com/kkinder).

-* Add support for Pydantic custom JSON encoders: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/21" target="_blank">#21</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Add support for Pydantic custom JSON encoders: [#21](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/21) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).

 ## 0.1.19

-* Upgrade Starlette version to the current latest `0.10.1`: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/17" target="_blank">#17</a> by <a href="https://github.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* Upgrade Starlette version to the current latest `0.10.1`: [#17](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/17) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/main_b.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/main_b.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Header, HTTPException
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+fake_secret_token = "coneofsilence"
+
+fake_db = {
+    "foo": {"id": "foo", "title": "Foo", "description": "There goes my hero"},
+    "bar": {"id": "bar", "title": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders"},
+}
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_main(item_id: str, x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
+    if item_id not in fake_db:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
+    return fake_db[item_id]
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
+async def create_item(item: Item, x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != fake_secret_token:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid X-Token header")
+    if item.id in fake_db:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Item already exists")
+    fake_db[item.id] = item
+    return item
--- a/docs/src/app_testing/test_main_b.py
+++ b/docs/src/app_testing/test_main_b.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from .main_b import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_read_item():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "id": "foo",
+        "title": "Foo",
+        "description": "There goes my hero",
+    }
+
+
+def test_read_item_bad_token():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "hailhydra"})
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Invalid X-Token header"}
+
+
+def test_read_inexistent_item():
+    response = client.get("/items/baz", headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"})
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item not found"}
+
+
+def test_create_item():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"},
+        json={"id": "foobar", "title": "Foo Bar", "description": "The Foo Barters"},
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "id": "foobar",
+        "title": "Foo Bar",
+        "description": "The Foo Barters",
+    }
+
+
+def test_create_item_bad_token():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "hailhydra"},
+        json={"id": "bazz", "title": "Bazz", "description": "Drop the bazz"},
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Invalid X-Token header"}
+
+
+def test_create_existing_token():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={"X-Token": "coneofsilence"},
+        json={
+            "id": "foo",
+            "title": "The Foo ID Stealers",
+            "description": "There goes my stealer",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item already exists"}
--- a/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/main.py
+++ b/docs/src/bigger_applications/app/main.py
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
-from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Header, HTTPException

 from .routers import items, users

 app = FastAPI()

+
+async def get_token_header(x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")
+
+
 app.include_router(users.router)
 app.include_router(
    items.router,
    prefix="/items",
    tags=["items"],
+    dependencies=[Depends(get_token_header)],
    responses={404: {"description": "Not found"}},
 )
--- a/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str = None
+    description: str = None
+    price: float = None
+    tax: float = 10.5
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
+}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
+    update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
+    items[item_id] = update_item_encoded
+    return update_item_encoded
--- a/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str = None
+    description: str = None
+    price: float = None
+    tax: float = 10.5
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
+}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
+async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
+    stored_item_data = items[item_id]
+    stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
+    update_data = item.dict(skip_defaults=True)
+    updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
+    items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
+    return updated_item
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial006.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial006.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Header, HTTPException

 app = FastAPI()


-class FixedContentQueryChecker:
-    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
-        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
-
-    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
-        if q:
-            return self.fixed_content in q
-        return False
+async def verify_token(x_token: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")


-checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+async def verify_key(x_key: str = Header(...)):
+    if x_key != "fake-super-secret-key":
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Key header invalid")
+    return x_key


-@app.get("/query-checker/")
-async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
-    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
+@app.get("/items/", dependencies=[Depends(verify_token), Depends(verify_key)])
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"item": "Foo"}, {"item": "Bar"}]
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class FixedContentQueryChecker:
+    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
+        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
+
+    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
+        if q:
+            return self.fixed_content in q
+        return False
+
+
+checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+
+
+@app.get("/query-checker/")
+async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
+    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
--- a/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial003.py
@@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
-from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+
+class UnicornException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, name: str):
+        self.name = name
+

 app = FastAPI()


-@app.exception_handler(HTTPException)
-async def http_exception(request, exc):
-    return PlainTextResponse(str(exc.detail), status_code=exc.status_code)
+@app.exception_handler(UnicornException)
+async def unicorn_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: UnicornException):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=418,
+        content={"message": f"Oops! {exc.name} did something. There goes a rainbow..."},
+    )


-@app.get("/")
-async def root():
-    return {"message": "Hello World"}
+@app.get("/unicorns/{name}")
+async def read_unicorn(name: str):
+    if name == "yolo":
+        raise UnicornException(name=name)
+    return {"unicorn_name": name}
--- a/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
+async def http_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    return PlainTextResponse(str(exc.detail), status_code=exc.status_code)
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    return PlainTextResponse(str(exc), status_code=400)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int):
+    if item_id == 3:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=418, detail="Nope! I don't like 3.")
+    return {"item_id": item_id}
--- a/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
+    http_exception_handler,
+    request_validation_exception_handler,
+)
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
+async def custom_http_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    print(f"OMG! An HTTP error!: {exc}")
+    return await http_exception_handler(request, exc)
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    print(f"OMG! The client sent invalid data!: {exc}")
+    return await request_validation_exception_handler(request, exc)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int):
+    if item_id == 3:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=418, detail="Nope! I don't like 3.")
+    return {"item_id": item_id}
--- a/docs/src/path_params/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_params/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/files/{file_path:path}")
+async def read_user_me(file_path: str):
+    return {"file_path": file_path}
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Set
+from typing import List

 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
    description: str = None
    price: float
    tax: float = None
-    tags: Set[str] = []
+    tags: List[str] = []


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item):
    return item
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = 10.5
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {"name": "Baz", "description": None, "price": 50.2, "tax": 10.5, "tags": []},
+}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_skip_defaults=True)
+async def read_item(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = 10.5
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The Bar fighters", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {
+        "name": "Baz",
+        "description": "There goes my baz",
+        "price": 50.2,
+        "tax": 10.5,
+    },
+}
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}/name",
+    response_model=Item,
+    response_model_include={"name", "description"},
+)
+async def read_item_name(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}/public", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude={"tax"})
+async def read_item_public_data(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial006.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial006.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = 10.5
+
+
+items = {
+    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
+    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The Bar fighters", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+    "baz": {
+        "name": "Baz",
+        "description": "There goes my baz",
+        "price": 50.2,
+        "tax": 10.5,
+    },
+}
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/items/{item_id}/name",
+    response_model=Item,
+    response_model_include=["name", "description"],
+)
+async def read_item_name(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}/public", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude=["tax"])
+async def read_item_public_data(item_id: str):
+    return items[item_id]
--- a/docs/src/websockets/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/websockets/init.py
--- a/docs/src/websockets/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/websockets/tutorial001.py
@@ -44,10 +44,9 @@ async def get():
    return HTMLResponse(html)


-@app.websocket_route("/ws")
+@app.websocket("/ws")
 async def websocket_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket):
    await websocket.accept()
    while True:
        data = await websocket.receive_text()
        await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}")
-    await websocket.close()
--- a/docs/src/websockets/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/websockets/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from fastapi import Cookie, Depends, FastAPI, Header
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
+from starlette.status import WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+html = """
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+    <head>
+        <title>Chat</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <h1>WebSocket Chat</h1>
+        <form action="" onsubmit="sendMessage(event)">
+            <label>Item ID: <input type="text" id="itemId" autocomplete="off" value="foo"/></label>
+            <button onclick="connect(event)">Connect</button>
+            <br>
+            <label>Message: <input type="text" id="messageText" autocomplete="off"/></label>
+            <button>Send</button>
+        </form>
+        <ul id='messages'>
+        </ul>
+        <script>
+        var ws = null;
+            function connect(event) {
+                var input = document.getElementById("itemId")
+                ws = new WebSocket("ws://localhost:8000/items/" + input.value + "/ws");
+                ws.onmessage = function(event) {
+                    var messages = document.getElementById('messages')
+                    var message = document.createElement('li')
+                    var content = document.createTextNode(event.data)
+                    message.appendChild(content)
+                    messages.appendChild(message)
+                };
+            }
+            function sendMessage(event) {
+                var input = document.getElementById("messageText")
+                ws.send(input.value)
+                input.value = ''
+                event.preventDefault()
+            }
+        </script>
+    </body>
+</html>
+"""
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def get():
+    return HTMLResponse(html)
+
+
+async def get_cookie_or_client(
+    websocket: WebSocket, session: str = Cookie(None), x_client: str = Header(None)
+):
+    if session is None and x_client is None:
+        await websocket.close(code=WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION)
+    return session or x_client
+
+
+@app.websocket("/items/{item_id}/ws")
+async def websocket_endpoint(
+    websocket: WebSocket,
+    item_id: int,
+    q: str = None,
+    cookie_or_client: str = Depends(get_cookie_or_client),
+):
+    await websocket.accept()
+    while True:
+        data = await websocket.receive_text()
+        await websocket.send_text(
+            f"Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: {cookie_or_client}"
+        )
+        if q is not None:
+            await websocket.send_text(f"Query parameter q is: {q}")
+        await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}, for item ID: {item_id}")
--- a/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
@@ -22,16 +22,15 @@ Let's say you have a file structure like this:

 !!! tip
    There are two `__init__.py` files: one in each directory or subdirectory.
-    
+
    This is what allows importing code from one file into another.

    For example, in `app/main.py` you could have a line like:
-    
+
    ```
    from app.routers import items
    ```

-
 * The `app` directory contains everything.
 * This `app` directory has an empty file `app/__init__.py`.
    * So, the `app` directory is a "Python package" (a collection of "Python modules").
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ And we don't want to have to explicitly type `/items/` and `tags=["items"]` in e
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/routers/items.py!}
 ```

-### Add some custom `tags` and `responses`
+### Add some custom `tags`, `responses`, and `dependencies`

 We are not adding the prefix `/items/` nor the `tags=["items"]` to add them later.

@@ -197,12 +196,11 @@ So, to be able to use both of them in the same file, we import the submodules di
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
 ```

-
 ### Include an `APIRouter`

 Now, let's include the `router` from the submodule `users`:

-```Python hl_lines="7"
+```Python hl_lines="13"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
 ```

@@ -221,13 +219,12 @@ It will include all the routes from that router as part of it.

 !!! check
    You don't have to worry about performance when including routers.
-    
+
    This will take microseconds and will only happen at startup.
-    
+
    So it won't affect performance.

-
-### Include an `APIRouter` with a `prefix`, `tags`, and `responses`
+### Include an `APIRouter` with a `prefix`, `tags`, `responses`, and `dependencies`

 Now, let's include the router from the `items` submodule.

@@ -251,7 +248,9 @@ We can also add a list of `tags` that will be applied to all the *path operation

 And we can add predefined `responses` that will be included in all the *path operations* too.

-```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12 13"
+And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them.
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
 ```

@@ -262,27 +261,28 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:

 ...as we intended.

-They will be marked with a list of tags that contain a single string `"items"`.
+* They will be marked with a list of tags that contain a single string `"items"`.
+* The *path operation* that declared a `"custom"` tag will have both tags, `items` and `custom`.
+    * These "tags" are especially useful for the automatic interactive documentation systems (using OpenAPI).
+* All of them will include the predefined `responses`.
+* The *path operation* that declared a custom `403` response will have both the predefined responses (`404`) and the `403` declared in it directly.
+* All these *path operations* will have the list of `dependencies` evaluated/executed before them.
+    * If you also declare dependencies in a specific *path operation*, **they will be executed too**.
+    * The router dependencies are executed first, then the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-decorator/" target="_blank">`dependencies` in the decorator</a>, and then the normal parameter dependencies.
+    * You can also add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/" target="_blank">`Security` dependencies with `scopes`</a>.

-The *path operation* that declared a `"custom"` tag will have both tags, `items` and `custom`.
-
-These "tags" are especially useful for the automatic interactive documentation systems (using OpenAPI).
-
-And all of them will include the the predefined `responses`.
-
-The *path operation* that declared a custom `403` response will have both the predefined responses (`404`) and the `403` declared in it directly.
+!!! tip
+    Having `dependencies` in a decorator can be used, for example, to require authentication for a whole group of *path operations*. Even if the dependencies are not added individually to each one of them.

 !!! check
-    The `prefix`, `tags`, and `responses` parameters are (as in many other cases) just a feature from **FastAPI** to help you avoid code duplication.
-
+    The `prefix`, `tags`, `responses` and `dependencies` parameters are (as in many other cases) just a feature from **FastAPI** to help you avoid code duplication.

 !!! tip
    You could also add path operations directly, for example with: `@app.get(...)`.
-    
-    Apart from `app.include_router()`, in the same **FastAPI** app.
-    
-    It would still work the same.

+    Apart from `app.include_router()`, in the same **FastAPI** app.
+
+    It would still work the same.

 !!! info "Very Technical Details"
    **Note**: this is a very technical detail that you probably can **just skip**.
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-schema.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-schema.md
@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ You can then use `Schema` with model attributes:

 `Schema` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.

-
-!!! info
+!!! note "Technical Details"
    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next are subclasses of a common `Param` which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `Schema`.

    `Body` is also a subclass of `Schema` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of `Body`.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! tip
    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Schema` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Schema` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.

--- a/docs/tutorial/body-updates.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-updates.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+## Update replacing with `PUT`
+
+To update an item you can use the [HTTP `PUT`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/PUT) operation.
+
+You can use the `jsonable_encoder` to convert the input data to data that can be stored as JSON (e.g. with a NoSQL database). For example, converting `datetime` to `str`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="30 31 32 33 34 35"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`PUT` is used to receive data that should replace the existing data.
+
+### Warning about replacing
+
+That means that if you want to update the item `bar` using `PUT` with a body containing:
+
+```Python
+{
+    "name": "Barz",
+    "price": 3,
+    "description": None,
+}
+```
+
+because it doesn't include the already stored attribute `"tax": 20.2`, the input model would take the default value of `"tax": 10.5`.
+
+And the data would be saved with that "new" `tax` of `10.5`.
+
+## Partial updates with `PATCH`
+
+You can also use the [HTTP `PATCH`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/PATCH) operation to *partially* update data.
+
+This means that you can send only the data that you want to update, leaving the rest intact.
+
+!!! Note
+    `PATCH` is less commonly used and known than `PUT`.
+
+    And many teams use only `PUT`, even for partial updates.
+
+    You are **free** to use them however you want, **FastAPI** doesn't impose any restrictions.
+
+    But this guide shows you, more or less, how they are intended to be used.
+
+### Using Pydantic's `skip_defaults` parameter
+
+If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `skip_defaults` in Pydantic's model's `.dict()`.
+
+Like `item.dict(skip_defaults=True)`.
+
+That would generate a `dict` with only the data that was set when creating the `item` model, excluding default values.
+
+Then you can use this to generate a `dict` with only the data that was set, omitting default values:
+
+```Python hl_lines="34"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Using Pydantic's `update` parameter
+
+Now, you can create a copy of the existing model using `.copy()`, and pass the `update` parameter with a `dict` containing the data to update.
+
+Like `stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="35"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Partial updates recap
+
+In summary, to apply partial updates you would:
+
+* (Optionally) use `PATCH` instead of `PUT`.
+* Retrieve the stored data.
+* Put that data in a Pydantic model.
+* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `skip_defaults`).
+    * This way you can update only the values actually set by the user, instead of overriding values already stored with default values in your model.
+* Create a copy of the stored model, updating it's attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).
+* Convert the copied model to something that can be stored in your DB (for example, using the `jsonable_encoder`).
+    * This is comparable to using the model's `.dict()` method again, but it makes sure (and converts) the values to data types that can be converted to JSON, for example, `datetime` to `str`.
+* Save the data to your DB.
+* Return the updated model.
+
+```Python hl_lines="30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37"
+{!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You can actually use this same technique with an HTTP `PUT` operation.
+
+    But the example here uses `PATCH` because it was created for these use cases.
+
+!!! note
+    Notice that the input model is still validated.
+
+    So, if you want to receive partial updates that can omit all the attributes, you need to have a model with all the attributes marked as optional (with default values or `None`).
+
+    To distinguish from the models with all optional values for **updates** and models with required values for **creation**, you can use the ideas described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/" target="_blank">Extra Models</a>.
--- a/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ The first value is the default value, you can pass all the extra validation or a
 {!./src/cookie_params/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-!!! info
+!!! note "Technical Details"
    `Cookie` is a "sister" class of `Path` and `Query`. It also inherits from the same common `Param` class.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Cookie` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! info
    To declare cookies, you need to use `Cookie`, because otherwise the parameters would be interpreted as query parameters.

--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas
 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:

 ```Python hl_lines="10"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition
 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:

 ```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use
 We could create an instance of this class with:

 ```Python hl_lines="16"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ checker(q="somequery")
 ...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our path operation function as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:

 ```Python hl_lines="20"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
 ```

 !!! tip
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+In some cases you don't really need the return value of a dependency inside your *path operation function*.
+
+Or the dependency doesn't return a value.
+
+But you still need it to be executed/solved.
+
+For those cases, instead of declaring a *path operation function* parameter with `Depends`, you can add a `list` of `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator*.
+
+## Add `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator*
+
+The *path operation decorator* receives an optional argument `dependencies`.
+
+It should be a `list` of `Depends()`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="17"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+These dependencies will be executed/solved the same way normal dependencies. But their value (if they return any) won't be passed to your *path operation function*.
+
+!!! tip
+    Some editors check for unused function parameters, and show them as errors.
+
+    Using these `dependencies` in the *path operation decorator* you can make sure they are executed while avoiding editor/tooling errors.
+
+    It might also help avoiding confusion for new developers that see an un-used parameter in your code and could think it's unnecessary.
+
+## Dependencies errors and return values
+
+You can use the same dependency *functions* you use normally.
+
+### Dependency requirements
+
+They can declare request requirements (like headers) or other sub-dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6 11"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+### Raise exceptions
+
+These dependencies can `raise` exceptions, the same as normal dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 13"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+### Return values
+
+And they can return values or not, the values won't be used.
+
+So, you can re-use a normal dependency (that returns a value) you already use somewhere else, and even though the value won't be used, the dependency will be executed:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 14"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+## Dependencies for a group of *path operations*
+
+Later, when reading about how to <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/" target="_blank">structure bigger applications</a>, possibly with multiple files, you will learn how to declare a single `dependencies` parameter for a group of *path operations*.
--- a/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ But if the client requests `http://example.com/items/bar` (a non-existent `item_

    They are handled automatically by **FastAPI** and converted to JSON.

-### Adding custom headers
+## Add custom headers

 There are some situations in where it's useful to be able to add custom headers to the HTTP error. For example, for some types of security.

@@ -76,24 +76,138 @@ You probably won't need to use it directly in your code.

 But in case you needed it for an advanced scenario, you can add custom headers:

-
 ```Python hl_lines="14"
 {!./src/handling_errors/tutorial002.py!}
 ```

-### Installing custom handlers
+## Install custom exception handlers

-If you need to add other custom exception handlers, or override the default one (that sends the errors as JSON), you can use <a href="https://www.starlette.io/exceptions/" target="_blank">the same exception utilities from Starlette</a>.
+You can add custom exception handlers with <a href="https://www.starlette.io/exceptions/" target="_blank">the same exception utilities from Starlette</a>.

-For example, you could override the default exception handler with:
+Let's say you have a custom exception `UnicornException` that you (or a library you use) might `raise`.

-```Python hl_lines="2 3 8 9 10"
+And you want to handle this exception globally with FastAPI.
+
+You could add a custom exception handler with `@app.exception_handler()`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 24"
 {!./src/handling_errors/tutorial003.py!}
 ```

-...this would make it return "plain text" responses with the errors, instead of JSON responses.
+Here, if you request `/unicorns/yolo`, the *path operation* will `raise` a `UnicornException`.

-!!! info
-    Note that in this example we set the exception handler with Starlette's `HTTPException` instead of FastAPI's `HTTPException`.
+But it will be handled by the `unicorn_exception_handler`.

-    This would ensure that if you use a plug-in or any other third-party tool that raises Starlette's `HTTPException` directly, it will be caught by your exception handler.
+So, you will receive a clean error, with an HTTP status code of `418` and a JSON content of:
+
+```JSON
+{"message": "Oops! yolo did something. There goes a rainbow..."}
+```
+
+## Override the default exception handlers
+
+**FastAPI** has some default exception handlers.
+
+These handlers are in charge or returning the default JSON responses when you `raise` an `HTTPException` and when the request has invalid data.
+
+You can override these exception handlers with your own.
+
+### Override request validation exceptions
+
+When a request contains invalid data, **FastAPI** internally raises a `RequestValidationError`.
+
+And it also includes a default exception handler for it.
+
+To override it, import the `RequestValidationError` and use it with `@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)` to decorate the exception handler.
+
+The exception handler will receive a `Request` and the exception.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 14 15 16"
+{!./src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+Now, if you go to `/items/foo`, instead of getting the default JSON error with:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "detail": [
+        {
+            "loc": [
+                "path",
+                "item_id"
+            ],
+            "msg": "value is not a valid integer",
+            "type": "type_error.integer"
+        }
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+you will get a text version, with:
+
+```
+1 validation error
+path -> item_id
+  value is not a valid integer (type=type_error.integer)
+```
+
+#### `RequestValidationError` vs `ValidationError`
+
+!!! warning
+    These are technical details that you might skip if it's not important for you now.
+
+`RequestValidationError` is a sub-class of Pydantic's <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#error-handling" target="_blank">`ValidationError`</a>.
+
+**FastAPI** uses it so that, if you use a Pydantic model in `response_model`, and your data has an error, you will see the error in your log.
+
+But the client/user will not see it. Instead, the client will receive an "Internal Server Error" with a HTTP status code `500`.
+
+It should be this way because if you have a Pydantic `ValidationError` in your *response* or anywhere in your code (not in the client's *request*), it's actually a bug in your code.
+
+And while you fix it, your clients/users shouldn't have access to internal information about the error, as that could expose a security vulnerability.
+
+### Override the `HTTPException` error handler
+
+The same way, you can override the `HTTPException` handler.
+
+For example, you could want to return a plain text response instead of JSON for these errors:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 3 9 10 11 22"
+{!./src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+#### FastAPI's `HTTPException` vs Starlette's `HTTPException`
+
+**FastAPI** has its own `HTTPException`.
+
+And **FastAPI**'s `HTTPException` error class inherits from Starlette's `HTTPException` error class.
+
+The only difference, is that **FastAPI**'s `HTTPException` allows you to add headers to be included in the response.
+
+This is needed/used internally for OAuth 2.0 and some security utilities.
+
+So, you can keep raising **FastAPI**'s `HTTPException` as normally in your code.
+
+But when you register an exception handler, you should register it for Starlette's `HTTPException`.
+
+This way, if any part of Starlette's internal code, or a Starlette extension or plug-in, raises an `HTTPException`, your handler will be able to catch handle it.
+
+In this example, to be able to have both `HTTPException`s in the same code, Starlette's exceptions is renamed to `StarletteHTTPException`:
+
+```Python
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+```
+
+### Re-use **FastAPI**'s exception handlers
+
+You could also just want to use the exception somehow, but then use the same default exception handlers from **FastAPI**.
+
+You can import and re-use the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4 5 15 21"
+{!./src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, you are just `print`ing the error with a very expressive notification.
+
+But you get the idea, you can use the exception and then just re-use the default exception handlers.
--- a/docs/tutorial/header-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/header-params.md
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@ The first value is the default value, you can pass all the extra validation or a
 {!./src/header_params/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-!!! info
+!!! note "Technical Details"
    `Header` is a "sister" class of `Path`, `Query` and `Cookie`. It also inherits from the same common `Param` class.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Header`, and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! info
    To declare headers, you need to use `Header`, because otherwise the parameters would be interpreted as query parameters.

--- a/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
@@ -103,6 +103,17 @@ And you can also declare numeric validations:
 * `le`: `l`ess than or `e`qual

 !!! info
-    `Query`, `Path` and others you will see later are subclasses of a common `Param` class (that you don't need to use).
-    
-    And all of them share the same all these same parameters of additional validation and metadata you have seen.
+    `Query`, `Path` and others you will see later subclasses of a common `Param` class (that you don't need to use).
+
+    And all of them share the same all these same parameters of additional validation and metadata you have seen.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    When you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, they are actually functions.
+
+    That when called, return instances of classes of the same name.
+
+    So, you import `Query`, which is a function. And when you call it, it returns an instance of a class also named `Query`.
+
+    These functions are there (instead of just using the classes directly) so that your editor doesn't mark errors about their types.
+
+    That way you can use your normal editor and coding tools without having to add custom configurations to disregard those errors.
--- a/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
@@ -115,6 +115,42 @@ Because path operations are evaluated in order, you need to make sure that the p

 Otherwise, the path for `/users/{user_id}` would match also for `/users/me`, "thinking" that it's receiving a parameter `user_id` with a value of `"me"`.

+## Path parameters containing paths
+
+Let's say you have a *path operation* with a path `/files/{file_path}`.
+
+But you need `file_path` itself to contain a *path*, like `home/johndoe/myfile.txt`.
+
+So, the URL for that file would be something like: `/files/home/johndoe/myfile.txt`.
+
+### OpenAPI support
+
+OpenAPI doesn't support a way to declare a *path parameter* to contain a *path* inside, as that could lead to scenarios that are difficult to test and define.
+
+Nevertheless, you can still do it in **FastAPI**, using one of the internal tools from Starlette.
+
+And the docs would still work, although not adding any documentation telling that the parameter should contain a path.
+
+### Path convertor
+
+Using an option directly from Starlette you can declare a *path parameter* containing a *path* using a URL like:
+
+```
+/files/{file_path:path}
+```
+
+In this case, the name of the parameter is `file_path`, and the last part, `:path`, tells it that the parameter should match any *path*.
+
+So, you can use it with:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6"
+{!./src/path_params/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You could need the parameter to contain `/home/johndoe/myfile.txt`, with a leading slash (`/`).
+
+    In that case, the URL would be: `/files//home/johndoe/myfile.txt`, with a double slash (`//`) between `files` and `home`.

 ## Recap

@@ -127,4 +163,4 @@ With **FastAPI**, by using short, intuitive and standard Python type declaration

 And you only have to declare them once.

-That's probably the main visible advantage of **FastAPI** compared to alternative frameworks (apart from the raw performance).
+That's probably the main visible advantage of **FastAPI** compared to alternative frameworks (apart from the raw performance).
--- a/docs/tutorial/request-files.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/request-files.md
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ Create file parameters the same way you would for `Body` or `Form`:
 !!! info
    `File` is a class that inherits directly from `Form`.

+    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, `File` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 !!! info
    To declare File bodies, you need to use `File`, because otherwise the parameters would be interpreted as query parameters or body (JSON) parameters.

--- a/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@ You can declare the model used for the response with the parameter `response_mod
 !!! note
    Notice that `response_model` is a parameter of the "decorator" method (`get`, `post`, etc). Not of your path operation function, like all the parameters and body.

-It receives a standard Pydantic model and will:
+It receives the same type you would declare for a Pydantic model attribute, so, it can be a Pydantic model, but it can also be, e.g. a `list` of Pydantic models, like `List[Item]`.

-* Convert the output data to the type declarations of the model
-* Validate the data
-* Add a JSON Schema for the response, in the OpenAPI path operation
-* Will be used by the automatic documentation systems
+FastAPI will use this `response_model` to:
+
+* Convert the output data to its type declaration.
+* Validate the data.
+* Add a JSON Schema for the response, in the OpenAPI path operation.
+* Will be used by the automatic documentation systems.

 But most importantly:

@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ Now, whenever a browser is creating a user with a password, the API will return

 In this case, it might not be a problem, because the user himself is sending the password.

-But if we use the same model for another path operation, we could be sending the passwords of our users to every client.
+But if we use the same model for another path operation, we could be sending our user's passwords to every client.

 !!! danger
    Never send the plain password of a user in a response.
@@ -82,6 +84,114 @@ And both models will be used for the interactive API documentation:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/response-model/image02.png">

+## Response Model encoding parameters
+
+Your response model could have default values, like:
+
+```Python hl_lines="11 13 14"
+{!./src/response_model/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+* `description: str = None` has a default of `None`.
+* `tax: float = None` has a default of `None`.
+* `tags: List[str] = []` has a default of an empty list: `[]`.
+
+but you might want to omit them from the result if they were not actually stored.
+
+For example, if you have models with many optional attributes in a NoSQL database, but you don't want to send very long JSON responses full of default values.
+
+### Use the `response_model_skip_defaults` parameter
+
+You can set the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_skip_defaults=True`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="24"
+{!./src/response_model/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+and those default values won't be included in the response.
+
+So, if you send a request to that *path operation* for the item with ID `foo`, the response (not including default values) will be:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "name": "Foo",
+    "price": 50.2
+}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    FastAPI uses Pydantic model's `.dict()` with <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#copying" target="_blank">its `skip_defaults` parameter</a> to achieve this.
+
+#### Data with values for fields with defaults
+
+But if your data has values for the model's fields with default values, like the item with ID `bar`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 5"
+{
+    "name": "Bar",
+    "description": "The bartenders",
+    "price": 62,
+    "tax": 20.2
+}
+```
+
+they will be included in the response.
+
+#### Data with the same values as the defaults
+
+If the data has the same values as the default ones, like the item with ID `baz`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 5 6"
+{
+    "name": "Baz",
+    "description": None,
+    "price": 50.2,
+    "tax": 10.5,
+    "tags": []
+}
+```
+
+FastAPI is smart enough (actually, Pydantic is smart enough) to realize that, even though `description`, `tax`, and `tags` have the same values as the defaults, they were set explicitly (instead of taken from the defaults).
+
+So, they will be included in the JSON response.
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice that the default values can be anything, not only `None`.
+
+    They can be a list (`[]`), a `float` of `10.5`, etc.
+
+### `response_model_include` and `response_model_exclude`
+
+You can also use the *path operation decorator* parameters `response_model_include` and `response_model_exclude`.
+
+They take a `set` of `str` with the name of the attributes to include (omitting the rest) or to exclude (including the rest).
+
+This can be used as a quick shortcut if you have only one Pydantic model and want to remove some data from the output.
+
+!!! tip
+    But it is still recommended to use the ideas above, using multiple classes, instead of these parameters.
+
+    This is because the JSON Schema generated in your app's OpenAPI (and the docs) will still be the one for the complete model, even if you use `response_model_include` or `response_model_exclude` to omit some attributes.
+
+```Python hl_lines="29 35"
+{!./src/response_model/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The syntax `{"name", "description"}` creates a `set` with those two values.
+
+    It is equivalent to `set(["name", "description"])`.
+
+#### Using `list`s instead of `set`s
+
+If you forget to use a `set` and use a `list` or `tuple` instead, FastAPI will still convert it to a `set` and it will work correctly:
+
+```Python hl_lines="29 35"
+{!./src/response_model/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
 ## Recap

 Use the path operation decorator's parameter `response_model` to define response models and especially to ensure private data is filtered out.
+
+Use `response_model_skip_defaults` to return only the values explicitly set.
--- a/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes.md
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ In this case, it requires the scope `me` (it could require more than one scope).

    But by using `Security` instead of `Depends`, **FastAPI** will know that it can declare security scopes, use them internally, and document the API with OpenAPI.

+    But when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Depends`, `Security` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
 ## Use `SecurityScopes`

 Now update the dependency `get_current_user`.
@@ -242,3 +244,7 @@ The most secure is the code flow, but is more complex to implement as it require
    But in the end, they are implementing the same OAuth2 standard.

 **FastAPI** includes utilities for all these OAuth2 authentication flows in `fastapi.security.oauth2`.
+
+## `Security` in decorator `dependencies`
+
+The same way you can define a `list` of <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-decorator/" target="_blank">`Depends` in the decorator's `dependencies` parameter</a>, you could also use `Security` with `scopes` there.
--- a/docs/tutorial/testing.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/testing.md
@@ -22,12 +22,11 @@ Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you n

 !!! tip
    Notice that the testing functions are normal `def`, not `async def`. 
-    
+
    And the calls to the client are also normal calls, not using `await`.

    This allows you to use `pytest` directly without complications.

-
 ## Separating tests

 In a real application, you probably would have your tests in a different file.
@@ -50,6 +49,51 @@ Then you could have a file `test_main.py` with your tests, and import your `app`
 {!./src/app_testing/test_main.py!}
 ```

+## Testing: extended example
+
+Now let's extend this example and add more details to see how to test different parts.
+
+### Extended **FastAPI** app file
+
+Let's say you have a file `main_b.py` with your **FastAPI** app.
+
+It has a `GET` operation that could return an error.
+
+It has a `POST` operation that could return several errors.
+
+Both *path operations* require an `X-Token` header.
+
+```Python
+{!./src/app_testing/main_b.py!}
+```
+
+### Extended testing file
+
+You could then have a `test_main_b.py`, the same as before, with the extended tests:
+
+```Python
+{!./src/app_testing/test_main_b.py!}
+```
+
+Whenever you need the client to pass information in the request and you don't know how to, you can search (Google) how to do it in `requests`.
+
+Then you just do the same in your tests.
+
+E.g.:
+
+* To pass a *path* or *query* parameter, add it to the URL itself.
+* To pass a JSON body, pass a Python object (e.g. a `dict`) to the parameter `json`.
+* If you need to send *Form Data* instead of JSON, use the `data` parameter instead.
+* To pass *headers*, use a `dict` in the `headers` parameter.
+* For *cookies*, a `dict` in the `cookies` parameter.
+
+For more information about how to pass data to the backend (using `requests` or the `TestClient`) check the <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" target="_blank">Requests documentation</a>.
+
+!!! info
+    Note that the `TestClient` receives data that can be converted to JSON, not Pydantic models.
+
+    If you have a Pydantic model in your test and you want to send its data to the application during testing, you can use the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/" target="_blank">JSON compatible encoder: `jsonable_encoder`</a>.
+
 ## Testing WebSockets

 You can use the same `TestClient` to test WebSockets.
--- a/docs/tutorial/websockets.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/websockets.md
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ But it's the simplest way to focus on the server-side of WebSockets and have a w
 {!./src/websockets/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-## Create a `websocket_route`
+## Create a `websocket`

-In your **FastAPI** application, create a `websocket_route`:
+In your **FastAPI** application, create a `websocket`:

 ```Python hl_lines="3 47 48"
 {!./src/websockets/tutorial001.py!}
@@ -38,15 +38,6 @@ In your **FastAPI** application, create a `websocket_route`:
 !!! tip
    In this example we are importing `WebSocket` from `starlette.websockets` to use it in the type declaration in the WebSocket route function.

-    That is not required, but it's recommended as it will provide you completion and checks inside the function.
-
-
-!!! info
-    This `websocket_route` we are using comes directly from <a href="https://www.starlette.io/applications/" target="_blank">Starlette</a>. 
-    
-    That's why the naming convention is not the same as with other API path operations (`get`, `post`, etc).
-
-
 ## Await for messages and send messages

 In your WebSocket route you can `await` for messages and send messages.
@@ -57,6 +48,32 @@ In your WebSocket route you can `await` for messages and send messages.

 You can receive and send binary, text, and JSON data.

+## Using `Depends` and others
+
+In WebSocket endpoints you can import from `fastapi` and use:
+
+* `Depends`
+* `Security`
+* `Cookie`
+* `Header`
+* `Path`
+* `Query`
+
+They work the same way as for other FastAPI endpoints/*path operations*:
+
+```Python hl_lines="55 56 57 58 59 60 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78"
+{!./src/websockets/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    In a WebSocket it doesn't really make sense to raise an `HTTPException`. So it's better to close the WebSocket connection directly.
+
+    You can use a closing code from the <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-7.4.1" target="_blank">valid codes defined in the specification</a>.
+
+    In the future, there will be a `WebSocketException` that you will be able to `raise` from anywhere, and add exception handlers for it. It depends on the <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/527" target="_blank">PR #527</a> in Starlette.
+
+## More info
+
 To learn more about the options, check Starlette's documentation for:

 * <a href="https://www.starlette.io/applications/" target="_blank">Applications (`websocket_route`)</a>.
--- a/fastapi/init.py
+++ b/fastapi/init.py
@@ -1,11 +1,21 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""

-__version__ = "0.20.0"
+__version__ = "0.26.0"

 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks

 from .applications import FastAPI
 from .datastructures import UploadFile
 from .exceptions import HTTPException
-from .params import Body, Cookie, Depends, File, Form, Header, Path, Query, Security
+from .param_functions import (
+    Body,
+    Cookie,
+    Depends,
+    File,
+    Form,
+    Header,
+    Path,
+    Query,
+    Security,
+)
 from .routing import APIRouter
--- a/fastapi/applications.py
+++ b/fastapi/applications.py
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Type, Union

 from fastapi import routing
-from fastapi.openapi.docs import get_redoc_html, get_swagger_ui_html
+from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
+    http_exception_handler,
+    request_validation_exception_handler,
+)
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
+    get_redoc_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html,
+)
 from fastapi.openapi.utils import get_openapi
-from pydantic import BaseModel
+from fastapi.params import Depends
 from starlette.applications import Starlette
 from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware, HTTPException
 from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.requests import Request
-from starlette.responses import JSONResponse, Response
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, Response
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute


-async def http_exception(request: Request, exc: HTTPException) -> JSONResponse:
-    headers = getattr(exc, "headers", None)
-    if headers:
-        return JSONResponse(
-            {"detail": exc.detail}, status_code=exc.status_code, headers=headers
-        )
-    else:
-        return JSONResponse({"detail": exc.detail}, status_code=exc.status_code)
-
-
 class FastAPI(Starlette):
    def __init__(
        self,
@@ -35,6 +34,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        openapi_prefix: str = "",
        docs_url: Optional[str] = "/docs",
        redoc_url: Optional[str] = "/redoc",
+        swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = "/docs/oauth2-redirect",
        **extra: Dict[str, Any],
    ) -> None:
        self._debug = debug
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self.openapi_prefix = openapi_prefix.rstrip("/")
        self.docs_url = docs_url
        self.redoc_url = redoc_url
+        self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url = swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url
        self.extra = extra

        self.openapi_version = "3.0.2"
@@ -78,39 +79,55 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):

    def setup(self) -> None:
        if self.openapi_url:
-            self.add_route(
-                self.openapi_url,
-                lambda req: JSONResponse(self.openapi()),
-                include_in_schema=False,
-            )
+
+            async def openapi(req: Request) -> JSONResponse:
+                return JSONResponse(self.openapi())
+
+            self.add_route(self.openapi_url, openapi, include_in_schema=False)
+            openapi_url = self.openapi_prefix + self.openapi_url
        if self.openapi_url and self.docs_url:
-            self.add_route(
-                self.docs_url,
-                lambda r: get_swagger_ui_html(
-                    openapi_url=self.openapi_prefix + self.openapi_url,
+
+            async def swagger_ui_html(req: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
+                return get_swagger_ui_html(
+                    openapi_url=openapi_url,
                    title=self.title + " - Swagger UI",
-                ),
-                include_in_schema=False,
-            )
+                    oauth2_redirect_url=self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+                )
+
+            self.add_route(self.docs_url, swagger_ui_html, include_in_schema=False)
+
+            if self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url:
+
+                async def swagger_ui_redirect(req: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
+                    return get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html()
+
+                self.add_route(
+                    self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+                    swagger_ui_redirect,
+                    include_in_schema=False,
+                )
        if self.openapi_url and self.redoc_url:
-            self.add_route(
-                self.redoc_url,
-                lambda r: get_redoc_html(
-                    openapi_url=self.openapi_prefix + self.openapi_url,
-                    title=self.title + " - ReDoc",
-                ),
-                include_in_schema=False,
-            )
-        self.add_exception_handler(HTTPException, http_exception)
+
+            async def redoc_html(req: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
+                return get_redoc_html(
+                    openapi_url=openapi_url, title=self.title + " - ReDoc"
+                )
+
+            self.add_route(self.redoc_url, redoc_html, include_in_schema=False)
+        self.add_exception_handler(HTTPException, http_exception_handler)
+        self.add_exception_handler(
+            RequestValidationError, request_validation_exception_handler
+        )

    def add_api_route(
        self,
        path: str,
        endpoint: Callable,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -118,6 +135,10 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        deprecated: bool = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -128,6 +149,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -135,6 +157,10 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=methods,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -144,9 +170,10 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -154,6 +181,10 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        deprecated: bool = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -165,6 +196,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                response_model=response_model,
                status_code=status_code,
                tags=tags or [],
+                dependencies=dependencies or [],
                summary=summary,
                description=description,
                response_description=response_description,
@@ -172,6 +204,10 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                deprecated=deprecated,
                methods=methods,
                operation_id=operation_id,
+                response_model_include=response_model_include,
+                response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+                response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+                response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
                response_class=response_class,
                name=name,
@@ -180,31 +216,53 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):

        return decorator

+    def add_api_websocket_route(
+        self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, name: str = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.router.add_api_websocket_route(path, endpoint, name=name)
+
+    def websocket(self, path: str, name: str = None) -> Callable:
+        def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+            self.add_api_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
    def include_router(
        self,
        router: routing.APIRouter,
        *,
        prefix: str = "",
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        self.router.include_router(
-            router, prefix=prefix, tags=tags, responses=responses or {}
+            router,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            responses=responses or {},
        )

    def get(
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -214,12 +272,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -229,15 +292,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -247,12 +315,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -262,15 +335,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -280,12 +358,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -295,15 +378,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -313,12 +401,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -328,15 +421,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -346,12 +444,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -361,15 +464,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -379,12 +487,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -394,15 +507,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -412,12 +530,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -427,15 +550,20 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -445,12 +573,17 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
            responses=responses or {},
            deprecated=deprecated,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
--- a/fastapi/dependencies/models.py
+++ b/fastapi/dependencies/models.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ class Dependant:
        name: str = None,
        call: Callable = None,
        request_param_name: str = None,
+        websocket_param_name: str = None,
        background_tasks_param_name: str = None,
        security_scopes_param_name: str = None,
        security_scopes: List[str] = None,
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ class Dependant:
        self.dependencies = dependencies or []
        self.security_requirements = security_schemes or []
        self.request_param_name = request_param_name
+        self.websocket_param_name = websocket_param_name
        self.background_tasks_param_name = background_tasks_param_name
        self.security_scopes = security_scopes
        self.security_scopes_param_name = security_scopes_param_name
--- a/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
+++ b/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.datastructures import FormData, Headers, QueryParams, UploadFile
 from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket

 param_supported_types = (
    str,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ sequence_types = (list, set, tuple)
 sequence_shape_to_type = {Shape.LIST: list, Shape.SET: set, Shape.TUPLE: tuple}


-def get_sub_dependant(
+def get_param_sub_dependant(
    *, param: inspect.Parameter, path: str, security_scopes: List[str] = None
 ) -> Dependant:
    depends: params.Depends = param.default
@@ -60,20 +61,44 @@ def get_sub_dependant(
        dependency = depends.dependency
    else:
        dependency = param.annotation
+    return get_sub_dependant(
+        depends=depends,
+        dependency=dependency,
+        path=path,
+        name=param.name,
+        security_scopes=security_scopes,
+    )
+
+
+def get_parameterless_sub_dependant(*, depends: params.Depends, path: str) -> Dependant:
+    assert callable(
+        depends.dependency
+    ), "A parameter-less dependency must have a callable dependency"
+    return get_sub_dependant(depends=depends, dependency=depends.dependency, path=path)
+
+
+def get_sub_dependant(
+    *,
+    depends: params.Depends,
+    dependency: Callable,
+    path: str,
+    name: str = None,
+    security_scopes: List[str] = None,
+) -> Dependant:
    security_requirement = None
    security_scopes = security_scopes or []
    if isinstance(depends, params.Security):
        dependency_scopes = depends.scopes
        security_scopes.extend(dependency_scopes)
    if isinstance(dependency, SecurityBase):
-        use_scopes = []
+        use_scopes: List[str] = []
        if isinstance(dependency, (OAuth2, OpenIdConnect)):
            use_scopes = security_scopes
        security_requirement = SecurityRequirement(
            security_scheme=dependency, scopes=use_scopes
        )
    sub_dependant = get_dependant(
-        path=path, call=dependency, name=param.name, security_scopes=security_scopes
+        path=path, call=dependency, name=name, security_scopes=security_scopes
    )
    if security_requirement:
        sub_dependant.security_requirements.append(security_requirement)
@@ -111,7 +136,7 @@ def get_dependant(
    for param_name in signature_params:
        param = signature_params[param_name]
        if isinstance(param.default, params.Depends):
-            sub_dependant = get_sub_dependant(
+            sub_dependant = get_param_sub_dependant(
                param=param, path=path, security_scopes=security_scopes
            )
            dependant.dependencies.append(sub_dependant)
@@ -160,6 +185,8 @@ def get_dependant(
            )
        elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, Request):
            dependant.request_param_name = param_name
+        elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, WebSocket):
+            dependant.websocket_param_name = param_name
        elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, BackgroundTasks):
            dependant.background_tasks_param_name = param_name
        elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, SecurityScopes):
@@ -255,7 +282,7 @@ def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable) -> bool:

 async def solve_dependencies(
    *,
-    request: Request,
+    request: Union[Request, WebSocket],
    dependant: Dependant,
    body: Dict[str, Any] = None,
    background_tasks: BackgroundTasks = None,
@@ -277,8 +304,8 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
            solved = await sub_dependant.call(**sub_values)
        else:
            solved = await run_in_threadpool(sub_dependant.call, **sub_values)
-        assert sub_dependant.name is not None, "Subdependants always have a name"
-        values[sub_dependant.name] = solved
+        if sub_dependant.name is not None:
+            values[sub_dependant.name] = solved
    path_values, path_errors = request_params_to_args(
        dependant.path_params, request.path_params
    )
@@ -302,8 +329,10 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
        )
        values.update(body_values)
        errors.extend(body_errors)
-    if dependant.request_param_name:
+    if dependant.request_param_name and isinstance(request, Request):
        values[dependant.request_param_name] = request
+    elif dependant.websocket_param_name and isinstance(request, WebSocket):
+        values[dependant.websocket_param_name] = request
    if dependant.background_tasks_param_name:
        if background_tasks is None:
            background_tasks = BackgroundTasks()
--- a/fastapi/encoders.py
+++ b/fastapi/encoders.py
@@ -11,14 +11,24 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
    include: Set[str] = None,
    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
    by_alias: bool = True,
+    skip_defaults: bool = False,
    include_none: bool = True,
    custom_encoder: dict = {},
    sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
 ) -> Any:
+    if include is not None and not isinstance(include, set):
+        include = set(include)
+    if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, set):
+        exclude = set(exclude)
    if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
        encoder = getattr(obj.Config, "json_encoders", custom_encoder)
        return jsonable_encoder(
-            obj.dict(include=include, exclude=exclude, by_alias=by_alias),
+            obj.dict(
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+            ),
            include_none=include_none,
            custom_encoder=encoder,
            sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -42,6 +52,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
                    key,
                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
                    include_none=include_none,
                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -49,6 +60,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
                    value,
                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
                    include_none=include_none,
                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -64,6 +76,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                    include=include,
                    exclude=exclude,
                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
                    include_none=include_none,
                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -91,6 +104,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
    return jsonable_encoder(
        data,
        by_alias=by_alias,
+        skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
        include_none=include_none,
        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
--- a/fastapi/exception_handlers.py
+++ b/fastapi/exception_handlers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.status import HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
+
+
+async def http_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: HTTPException) -> JSONResponse:
+    headers = getattr(exc, "headers", None)
+    if headers:
+        return JSONResponse(
+            {"detail": exc.detail}, status_code=exc.status_code, headers=headers
+        )
+    else:
+        return JSONResponse({"detail": exc.detail}, status_code=exc.status_code)
+
+
+async def request_validation_exception_handler(
+    request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError
+) -> JSONResponse:
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, content={"detail": exc.errors()}
+    )
--- a/fastapi/exceptions.py
+++ b/fastapi/exceptions.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from pydantic import ValidationError
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException


@@ -7,3 +8,11 @@ class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(status_code=status_code, detail=detail)
        self.headers = headers
+
+
+class RequestValidationError(ValidationError):
+    pass
+
+
+class WebSocketRequestValidationError(ValidationError):
+    pass
--- a/fastapi/openapi/docs.py
+++ b/fastapi/openapi/docs.py
@@ -1,80 +1,158 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
 from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse


-def get_swagger_ui_html(*, openapi_url: str, title: str) -> HTMLResponse:
-    return HTMLResponse(
-        """
+def get_swagger_ui_html(
+    *,
+    openapi_url: str,
+    title: str,
+    swagger_js_url: str = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js",
+    swagger_css_url: str = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css",
+    swagger_favicon_url: str = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
+    oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> HTMLResponse:
+
+    html = f"""
    <! doctype html>
    <html>
    <head>
-    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css">
-    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png">
-    <title>
-    """
-        + title
-        + """
-    </title>
+    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{swagger_css_url}">
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{swagger_favicon_url}">
+    <title>{title}</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <div id="swagger-ui">
    </div>
-    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js"></script>
+    <script src="{swagger_js_url}"></script>
    <!-- `SwaggerUIBundle` is now available on the page -->
    <script>
-            
-    const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({
-        url: '"""
-        + openapi_url
-        + """',
+    const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({{
+        url: '{openapi_url}',
+    """
+
+    if oauth2_redirect_url:
+        html += f"oauth2RedirectUrl: window.location.origin + '{oauth2_redirect_url}',"
+
+    html += """
        dom_id: '#swagger-ui',
        presets: [
        SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
        SwaggerUIBundle.SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
        ],
-        layout: "BaseLayout",
-        deepLinking: true
- 
+        layout: "BaseLayout"
    })
    </script>
    </body>
    </html>
    """
-    )
+    return HTMLResponse(html)


-def get_redoc_html(*, openapi_url: str, title: str) -> HTMLResponse:
-    return HTMLResponse(
-        """
+def get_redoc_html(
+    *,
+    openapi_url: str,
+    title: str,
+    redoc_js_url: str = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js",
+    redoc_favicon_url: str = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
+) -> HTMLResponse:
+    html = f"""
    <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <title>
-    """
-        + title
-        + """
-    </title>
+    <html>
+    <head>
+    <title>{title}</title>
    <!-- needed for adaptive design -->
    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,700|Roboto:300,400,700" rel="stylesheet">
-    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png">
-
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{redoc_favicon_url}">
    <!--
    ReDoc doesn't change outer page styles
    -->
    <style>
-      body {
+      body {{
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
-      }
+      }}
    </style>
-  </head>
-  <body>
-    <redoc spec-url='"""
-        + openapi_url
-        + """'></redoc>
-    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js"> </script>
-  </body>
-</html>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+    <redoc spec-url="{openapi_url}"></redoc>
+    <script src="{redoc_js_url}"> </script>
+    </body>
+    </html>
    """
-    )
+    return HTMLResponse(html)
+
+
+def get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html() -> HTMLResponse:
+    html = """
+    <!doctype html>
+    <html lang="en-US">
+    <body onload="run()">
+    </body>
+    </html>
+    <script>
+        'use strict';
+        function run () {
+            var oauth2 = window.opener.swaggerUIRedirectOauth2;
+            var sentState = oauth2.state;
+            var redirectUrl = oauth2.redirectUrl;
+            var isValid, qp, arr;
+
+            if (/code|token|error/.test(window.location.hash)) {
+                qp = window.location.hash.substring(1);
+            } else {
+                qp = location.search.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            arr = qp.split("&")
+            arr.forEach(function (v,i,_arr) { _arr[i] = '"' + v.replace('=', '":"') + '"';})
+            qp = qp ? JSON.parse('{' + arr.join() + '}',
+                    function (key, value) {
+                        return key === "" ? value : decodeURIComponent(value)
+                    }
+            ) : {}
+
+            isValid = qp.state === sentState
+
+            if ((
+            oauth2.auth.schema.get("flow") === "accessCode"||
+            oauth2.auth.schema.get("flow") === "authorizationCode"
+            ) && !oauth2.auth.code) {
+                if (!isValid) {
+                    oauth2.errCb({
+                        authId: oauth2.auth.name,
+                        source: "auth",
+                        level: "warning",
+                        message: "Authorization may be unsafe, passed state was changed in server Passed state wasn't returned from auth server"
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (qp.code) {
+                    delete oauth2.state;
+                    oauth2.auth.code = qp.code;
+                    oauth2.callback({auth: oauth2.auth, redirectUrl: redirectUrl});
+                } else {
+                    let oauthErrorMsg
+                    if (qp.error) {
+                        oauthErrorMsg = "["+qp.error+"]: " +
+                            (qp.error_description ? qp.error_description+ ". " : "no accessCode received from the server. ") +
+                            (qp.error_uri ? "More info: "+qp.error_uri : "");
+                    }
+
+                    oauth2.errCb({
+                        authId: oauth2.auth.name,
+                        source: "auth",
+                        level: "error",
+                        message: oauthErrorMsg || "[Authorization failed]: no accessCode received from the server"
+                    });
+                }
+            } else {
+                oauth2.callback({auth: oauth2.auth, token: qp, isValid: isValid, redirectUrl: redirectUrl});
+            }
+            window.close();
+        }
+    </script>
+        """
+    return HTMLResponse(content=html)
--- a/fastapi/openapi/models.py
+++ b/fastapi/openapi/models.py
@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Schema as PSchema
 from pydantic.types import UrlStr

+logger = logging.getLogger("fastapi")
+
 try:
    import email_validator

    assert email_validator  # make autoflake ignore the unused import
    from pydantic.types import EmailStr  # type: ignore
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
-    logging.warning(
+    logger.warning(
        "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
        + "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
    )
--- a/fastapi/openapi/utils.py
+++ b/fastapi/openapi/utils.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def get_openapi_operation_request_body(
 def generate_operation_id(*, route: routing.APIRoute, method: str) -> str:
    if route.operation_id:
        return route.operation_id
-    path: str = route.path
+    path: str = route.path_format
    operation_id = route.name + path
    operation_id = operation_id.replace("{", "_").replace("}", "_").replace("/", "_")
    operation_id = operation_id + "_" + method.lower()
@@ -253,7 +253,9 @@ def get_openapi(
            if result:
                path, security_schemes, path_definitions = result
                if path:
-                    paths.setdefault(openapi_prefix + route.path, {}).update(path)
+                    paths.setdefault(openapi_prefix + route.path_format, {}).update(
+                        path
+                    )
                if security_schemes:
                    components.setdefault("securitySchemes", {}).update(
                        security_schemes
--- a/fastapi/param_functions.py
+++ b/fastapi/param_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable, Sequence
+
+from fastapi import params
+
+
+def Path(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    alias: str = None,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    deprecated: bool = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Path(
+        default=default,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Query(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    alias: str = None,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    deprecated: bool = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Query(
+        default,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Header(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    alias: str = None,
+    convert_underscores: bool = True,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    deprecated: bool = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Header(
+        default,
+        alias=alias,
+        convert_underscores=convert_underscores,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Cookie(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    alias: str = None,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    deprecated: bool = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Cookie(
+        default,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Body(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    embed: bool = False,
+    media_type: str = "application/json",
+    alias: str = None,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Body(
+        default,
+        embed=embed,
+        media_type=media_type,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Form(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    media_type: str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+    alias: str = None,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Form(
+        default,
+        media_type=media_type,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def File(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Any,
+    *,
+    media_type: str = "multipart/form-data",
+    alias: str = None,
+    title: str = None,
+    description: str = None,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    min_length: int = None,
+    max_length: int = None,
+    regex: str = None,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    return params.File(
+        default,
+        media_type=media_type,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        regex=regex,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Depends(dependency: Callable = None) -> Any:  # noqa: N802
+    return params.Depends(dependency=dependency)
+
+
+def Security(  # noqa: N802
+    dependency: Callable = None, scopes: Sequence[str] = None
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Security(dependency=dependency, scopes=scopes)
--- a/fastapi/py.typed
+++ b/fastapi/py.typed
--- a/fastapi/routing.py
+++ b/fastapi/routing.py
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type, Union
+import re
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Type, Union

 from fastapi import params
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant
-from fastapi.dependencies.utils import get_body_field, get_dependant, solve_dependencies
+from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
+    get_body_field,
+    get_dependant,
+    get_parameterless_sub_dependant,
+    solve_dependencies,
+)
 from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError, WebSocketRequestValidationError
 from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Schema
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper, ValidationError
 from pydantic.fields import Field
@@ -16,12 +23,33 @@ from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
 from starlette.requests import Request
 from starlette.responses import JSONResponse, Response
-from starlette.routing import compile_path, get_name, request_response
-from starlette.status import HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
+from starlette.routing import (
+    compile_path,
+    get_name,
+    request_response,
+    websocket_session,
+)
+from starlette.status import WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket


-def serialize_response(*, field: Field = None, response: Response) -> Any:
-    encoded = jsonable_encoder(response)
+def serialize_response(
+    *,
+    field: Field = None,
+    response: Response,
+    include: Set[str] = None,
+    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    skip_defaults: bool = False,
+) -> Any:
+
+    encoded = jsonable_encoder(
+        response,
+        include=include,
+        exclude=exclude,
+        by_alias=by_alias,
+        skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+    )
    if field:
        errors = []
        value, errors_ = field.validate(encoded, {}, loc=("response",))
@@ -31,7 +59,13 @@ def serialize_response(*, field: Field = None, response: Response) -> Any:
            errors.extend(errors_)
        if errors:
            raise ValidationError(errors)
-        return jsonable_encoder(value)
+        return jsonable_encoder(
+            value,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+        )
    else:
        return encoded

@@ -42,8 +76,12 @@ def get_app(
    status_code: int = 200,
    response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
    response_field: Field = None,
+    response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+    response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+    response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
 ) -> Callable:
-    assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must me a function"
+    assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
    is_coroutine = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(dependant.call)
    is_body_form = body_field and isinstance(body_field.schema, params.Form)

@@ -61,17 +99,14 @@ def get_app(
            logging.error(f"Error getting request body: {e}")
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=400, detail="There was an error parsing the body"
-            )
+            ) from e
        values, errors, background_tasks = await solve_dependencies(
            request=request, dependant=dependant, body=body
        )
        if errors:
-            errors_out = ValidationError(errors)
-            raise HTTPException(
-                status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, detail=errors_out.errors()
-            )
+            raise RequestValidationError(errors)
        else:
-            assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must me a function"
+            assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
            if is_coroutine:
                raw_response = await dependant.call(**values)
            else:
@@ -81,7 +116,12 @@ def get_app(
                    raw_response.background = background_tasks
                return raw_response
            response_data = serialize_response(
-                field=response_field, response=raw_response
+                field=response_field,
+                response=raw_response,
+                include=response_model_include,
+                exclude=response_model_exclude,
+                by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+                skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            )
            return response_class(
                content=response_data,
@@ -92,15 +132,42 @@ def get_app(
    return app


+def get_websocket_app(dependant: Dependant) -> Callable:
+    async def app(websocket: WebSocket) -> None:
+        values, errors, _ = await solve_dependencies(
+            request=websocket, dependant=dependant
+        )
+        if errors:
+            await websocket.close(code=WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION)
+            raise WebSocketRequestValidationError(errors)
+        assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must me a function"
+        await dependant.call(**values)
+
+    return app
+
+
+class APIWebSocketRoute(routing.WebSocketRoute):
+    def __init__(self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, *, name: str = None) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.name = get_name(endpoint) if name is None else name
+        self.dependant = get_dependant(path=path, call=self.endpoint)
+        self.app = websocket_session(get_websocket_app(dependant=self.dependant))
+        regex = "^" + path + "$"
+        regex = re.sub("{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)}", r"(?P<\1>[^/]+)", regex)
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
+
+
 class APIRoute(routing.Route):
    def __init__(
        self,
        path: str,
        endpoint: Callable,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -109,6 +176,10 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
        name: str = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
    ) -> None:
@@ -135,6 +206,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
            self.response_field = None
        self.status_code = status_code
        self.tags = tags or []
+        self.dependencies = dependencies or []
        self.summary = summary
        self.description = description or inspect.cleandoc(self.endpoint.__doc__ or "")
        self.response_description = response_description
@@ -167,6 +239,10 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
            methods = ["GET"]
        self.methods = methods
        self.operation_id = operation_id
+        self.response_model_include = response_model_include
+        self.response_model_exclude = response_model_exclude
+        self.response_model_by_alias = response_model_by_alias
+        self.response_model_skip_defaults = response_model_skip_defaults
        self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
        self.response_class = response_class

@@ -174,7 +250,12 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
        assert inspect.isfunction(endpoint) or inspect.ismethod(
            endpoint
        ), f"An endpoint must be a function or method"
-        self.dependant = get_dependant(path=path, call=self.endpoint)
+        self.dependant = get_dependant(path=self.path_format, call=self.endpoint)
+        for depends in self.dependencies[::-1]:
+            self.dependant.dependencies.insert(
+                0,
+                get_parameterless_sub_dependant(depends=depends, path=self.path_format),
+            )
        self.body_field = get_body_field(dependant=self.dependant, name=self.name)
        self.app = request_response(
            get_app(
@@ -183,6 +264,10 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
                status_code=self.status_code,
                response_class=self.response_class,
                response_field=self.response_field,
+                response_model_include=self.response_model_include,
+                response_model_exclude=self.response_model_exclude,
+                response_model_by_alias=self.response_model_by_alias,
+                response_model_skip_defaults=self.response_model_skip_defaults,
            )
        )

@@ -193,9 +278,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        path: str,
        endpoint: Callable,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -203,6 +289,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        deprecated: bool = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -213,6 +303,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -220,6 +311,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=methods,
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -230,9 +325,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -240,6 +336,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        deprecated: bool = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -251,6 +351,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                response_model=response_model,
                status_code=status_code,
                tags=tags or [],
+                dependencies=dependencies or [],
                summary=summary,
                description=description,
                response_description=response_description,
@@ -258,6 +359,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                deprecated=deprecated,
                methods=methods,
                operation_id=operation_id,
+                response_model_include=response_model_include,
+                response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+                response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+                response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
                response_class=response_class,
                name=name,
@@ -266,12 +371,26 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):

        return decorator

+    def add_api_websocket_route(
+        self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, name: str = None
+    ) -> None:
+        route = APIWebSocketRoute(path, endpoint=endpoint, name=name)
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def websocket(self, path: str, name: str = None) -> Callable:
+        def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+            self.add_api_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
    def include_router(
        self,
        router: "APIRouter",
        *,
        prefix: str = "",
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        if prefix:
@@ -290,6 +409,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                    response_model=route.response_model,
                    status_code=route.status_code,
                    tags=(route.tags or []) + (tags or []),
+                    dependencies=(dependencies or []) + (route.dependencies or []),
                    summary=route.summary,
                    description=route.description,
                    response_description=route.response_description,
@@ -297,6 +417,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                    deprecated=route.deprecated,
                    methods=route.methods,
                    operation_id=route.operation_id,
+                    response_model_include=route.response_model_include,
+                    response_model_exclude=route.response_model_exclude,
+                    response_model_by_alias=route.response_model_by_alias,
+                    response_model_skip_defaults=route.response_model_skip_defaults,
                    include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema,
                    response_class=route.response_class,
                    name=route.name,
@@ -309,6 +433,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                    include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema,
                    name=route.name,
                )
+            elif isinstance(route, APIWebSocketRoute):
+                self.add_api_websocket_route(
+                    prefix + route.path, route.endpoint, name=route.name
+                )
            elif isinstance(route, routing.WebSocketRoute):
                self.add_websocket_route(
                    prefix + route.path, route.endpoint, name=route.name
@@ -318,24 +446,31 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+
        return self.api_route(
            path=path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -343,6 +478,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["GET"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -352,15 +491,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -370,6 +514,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -377,6 +522,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["PUT"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -386,15 +535,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -404,6 +558,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -411,6 +566,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["POST"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -420,15 +579,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -438,6 +602,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -445,6 +610,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["DELETE"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -454,15 +623,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -472,6 +646,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -479,6 +654,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["OPTIONS"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -488,15 +667,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -506,6 +690,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -513,6 +698,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["HEAD"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -522,15 +711,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -540,6 +734,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -547,6 +742,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["PATCH"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
@@ -556,15 +755,20 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
        self,
        path: str,
        *,
-        response_model: Type[BaseModel] = None,
+        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
+        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
+        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        name: str = None,
@@ -574,6 +778,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies or [],
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -581,6 +786,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
            deprecated=deprecated,
            methods=["TRACE"],
            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
            response_class=response_class,
            name=name,
--- a/mkdocs.yml
+++ b/mkdocs.yml
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ nav:
        - Path Operation Advanced Configuration: 'tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md'
        - Additional Status Codes: 'tutorial/additional-status-codes.md'
        - JSON compatible encoder: 'tutorial/encoder.md'
+        - Body - updates: 'tutorial/body-updates.md'
        - Return a Response directly: 'tutorial/response-directly.md'
        - Custom Response Class: 'tutorial/custom-response.md'
        - Additional Responses in OpenAPI: 'tutorial/additional-responses.md'
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ nav:
            - First Steps: 'tutorial/dependencies/first-steps.md'
            - Classes as Dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md'
            - Sub-dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md'
+            - Dependencies in path operation decorators: 'tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md'
            - Advanced Dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md'
        - Security: 
            - Security Intro: 'tutorial/security/intro.md'
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ classifiers = [
    "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: HTTP Servers",
 ]
 requires = [
-    "starlette ==0.11.1",
-    "pydantic >=0.17,<=0.23.0"
+    "starlette >=0.11.1,<=0.12.0",
+    "pydantic >=0.17,<=0.26.0"
 ]
 description-file = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.6"
--- a/scripts/deploy.sh
+++ b/scripts/deploy.sh
@@ -5,3 +5,5 @@ set -e
 bash scripts/publish.sh

 bash scripts/trigger-docker.sh
+
+python scripts/gitter_releases_bot.py
--- a/scripts/format.sh
+++ b/scripts/format.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/sh -e
+set -x
+
+autoflake --remove-all-unused-imports --recursive --remove-unused-variables --in-place docs/src/ fastapi tests --exclude=__init__.py
+black fastapi tests docs/src
+isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --combine-as --line-width 88 --recursive --thirdparty fastapi --apply fastapi tests docs/src
--- a/scripts/gitter_releases_bot.py
+++ b/scripts/gitter_releases_bot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import inspect
+import os
+
+import requests
+
+room_id = "5c9c9540d73408ce4fbc1403"  # FastAPI
+# room_id = "5cc46398d73408ce4fbed233"  # Gitter development
+
+gitter_token = os.getenv("GITTER_TOKEN")
+assert gitter_token
+github_token = os.getenv("GITHUB_TOKEN")
+assert github_token
+tag_name = os.getenv("TRAVIS_TAG")
+assert tag_name
+
+
+def get_github_graphql(tag_name: str):
+    github_graphql = """
+    {
+    repository(owner: "tiangolo", name: "fastapi") {
+        release (tagName: "{{tag_name}}" ) {
+        description
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    """
+    github_graphql = github_graphql.replace("{{tag_name}}", tag_name)
+    return github_graphql
+
+
+def get_github_release_text(tag_name: str):
+    url = "https://api.github.com/graphql"
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {github_token}"}
+    github_graphql = get_github_graphql(tag_name=tag_name)
+    response = requests.post(url, json={"query": github_graphql}, headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    return data["data"]["repository"]["release"]["description"]
+
+
+def get_gitter_message(release_text: str):
+    text = f"""
+    New release! :tada: :rocket:
+    (by FastAPI bot)
+
+    ## {tag_name}
+    """
+    text = inspect.cleandoc(text) + "\n\n" + release_text
+    return text
+
+
+def send_gitter_message(text: str):
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {gitter_token}"}
+    url = f"https://api.gitter.im/v1/rooms/{room_id}/chatMessages"
+    data = {"text": text}
+    response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, json=data)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+
+
+def main():
+    release_text = get_github_release_text(tag_name=tag_name)
+    text = get_gitter_message(release_text=release_text)
+    send_gitter_message(text=text)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
--- a/scripts/lint.sh
+++ b/scripts/lint.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-#!/bin/sh -e
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
 set -x

-autoflake --remove-all-unused-imports --recursive --remove-unused-variables --in-place docs/src/ fastapi tests --exclude=__init__.py
-black fastapi tests docs/src
-isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --combine-as --line-width 88 --recursive --thirdparty fastapi --apply fastapi tests docs/src
+mypy fastapi --disallow-untyped-defs --follow-imports=skip
+black fastapi tests --check
+isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --combine-as --line-width 88 --recursive --check-only --thirdparty fastapi fastapi tests
--- a/scripts/rename_tutorial_src_files.py
+++ b/scripts/rename_tutorial_src_files.py
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#%%
-from pathlib import Path, PurePath
-from string import digits
-
-directory = Path("./docs/src")
-skip_names = {"bigger_applications"}
-skip_dirs = {directory / name for name in skip_names}
-dirs = sorted([Path(f) for f in directory.iterdir() if f not in skip_dirs])
-d: PurePath
-sufix = "__out__"
-for d in dirs:
-    if d.name.endswith(sufix):
-        continue
-    output_dir_name = d.name + "__out__"
-    output_directory = directory / output_dir_name
-    output_directory.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
-    files = sorted([Path(f) for f in d.iterdir()])
-    f: PurePath
-    for i, f in enumerate(files):
-        index = str(i + 1).zfill(3)
-        if f.name != "__init__.py" and f.name.endswith(".py"):
-            new_name = output_directory / f"tutorial{index}.py"
-        else:
-            new_name = output_directory / f.name
-        print(new_name)
-        f.rename(new_name)
-
-for d in dirs:
-    current_dir = Path(str(d) + sufix)
-    print(current_dir)
-    current_dir.rename(d)
-
-
-#%%
--- a/scripts/test.sh
+++ b/scripts/test.sh
@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@
 set -e
 set -x

-export VERSION_SCRIPT="import sys; print('%s.%s' % sys.version_info[0:2])"
-export PYTHON_VERSION=`python -c "$VERSION_SCRIPT"`
-
 # Remove temporary DB
 if [ -f ./test.db ]; then
    rm ./test.db
@@ -13,10 +10,4 @@ fi

 export PYTHONPATH=./docs/src
 pytest --cov=fastapi --cov=tests --cov=docs/src --cov-report=term-missing ${@}
-mypy fastapi --disallow-untyped-defs --follow-imports=skip
-if [ "${PYTHON_VERSION}" = '3.7' ]; then
-    echo "Skipping 'black' on 3.7. See issue https://github.com/ambv/black/issues/494"
-else
-    black fastapi tests --check
-fi
-isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --combine-as --line-width 88 --recursive --check-only --thirdparty fastapi fastapi tests
+bash ./scripts/lint.sh
--- a/tests/test_application.py
+++ b/tests/test_application.py
@@ -1131,6 +1131,17 @@ def test_swagger_ui():
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/html; charset=utf-8"
    assert "swagger-ui-dist" in response.text
+    assert (
+        f"oauth2RedirectUrl: window.location.origin + '/docs/oauth2-redirect'"
+        in response.text
+    )
+
+
+def test_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect():
+    response = client.get("/docs/oauth2-redirect")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    assert "window.opener.swaggerUIRedirectOauth2" in response.text


 def test_redoc():
--- a/tests/test_custom_swagger_ui_redirect.py
+++ b/tests/test_custom_swagger_ui_redirect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url = "/docs/redirect"
+
+app = FastAPI(swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url=swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items():
+    return {"id": "foo"}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_swagger_ui():
+    response = client.get("/docs")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    assert "swagger-ui-dist" in response.text
+    print(client.base_url)
+    assert (
+        f"oauth2RedirectUrl: window.location.origin + '{swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url}'"
+        in response.text
+    )
+
+
+def test_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect():
+    response = client.get(swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    assert "window.opener.swaggerUIRedirectOauth2" in response.text
+
+
+def test_response():
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.json() == {"id": "foo"}
--- a/tests/test_local_docs.py
+++ b/tests/test_local_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import inspect
+
+from fastapi.openapi.docs import get_redoc_html, get_swagger_ui_html
+
+
+def test_strings_in_generated_swagger():
+    sig = inspect.signature(get_swagger_ui_html)
+    swagger_js_url = sig.parameters.get("swagger_js_url").default
+    swagger_css_url = sig.parameters.get("swagger_css_url").default
+    swagger_favicon_url = sig.parameters.get("swagger_favicon_url").default
+    html = get_swagger_ui_html(openapi_url="/docs", title="title")
+    body_content = html.body.decode()
+    assert swagger_js_url in body_content
+    assert swagger_css_url in body_content
+    assert swagger_favicon_url in body_content
+
+
+def test_strings_in_custom_swagger():
+    swagger_js_url = "swagger_fake_file.js"
+    swagger_css_url = "swagger_fake_file.css"
+    swagger_favicon_url = "swagger_fake_file.png"
+    html = get_swagger_ui_html(
+        openapi_url="/docs",
+        title="title",
+        swagger_js_url=swagger_js_url,
+        swagger_css_url=swagger_css_url,
+        swagger_favicon_url=swagger_favicon_url,
+    )
+    body_content = html.body.decode()
+    assert swagger_js_url in body_content
+    assert swagger_css_url in body_content
+    assert swagger_favicon_url in body_content
+
+
+def test_strings_in_generated_redoc():
+    sig = inspect.signature(get_redoc_html)
+    redoc_js_url = sig.parameters.get("redoc_js_url").default
+    redoc_favicon_url = sig.parameters.get("redoc_favicon_url").default
+    html = get_redoc_html(openapi_url="/docs", title="title")
+    body_content = html.body.decode()
+    assert redoc_js_url in body_content
+    assert redoc_favicon_url in body_content
+
+
+def test_strings_in_custom_redoc():
+    redoc_js_url = "fake_redoc_file.js"
+    redoc_favicon_url = "fake_redoc_file.png"
+    html = get_redoc_html(
+        openapi_url="/docs",
+        title="title",
+        redoc_js_url=redoc_js_url,
+        redoc_favicon_url=redoc_favicon_url,
+    )
+    body_content = html.body.decode()
+    assert redoc_js_url in body_content
+    assert redoc_favicon_url in body_content
--- a/tests/test_no_swagger_ui_redirect.py
+++ b/tests/test_no_swagger_ui_redirect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI(swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url=None)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items():
+    return {"id": "foo"}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_swagger_ui():
+    response = client.get("/docs")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    assert "swagger-ui-dist" in response.text
+    print(client.base_url)
+    assert "oauth2RedirectUrl" not in response.text
+
+
+def test_swagger_ui_no_oauth2_redirect():
+    response = client.get("/docs/oauth2-redirect")
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+
+
+def test_response():
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.json() == {"id": "foo"}
--- a/tests/test_operations_signatures.py
+++ b/tests/test_operations_signatures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import inspect
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+
+method_names = ["get", "put", "post", "delete", "options", "head", "patch", "trace"]
+
+
+def test_signatures_consistency():
+    base_sig = inspect.signature(APIRouter.get)
+    for method_name in method_names:
+        router_method = getattr(APIRouter, method_name)
+        app_method = getattr(FastAPI, method_name)
+        router_sig = inspect.signature(router_method)
+        app_sig = inspect.signature(app_method)
+        param: inspect.Parameter
+        for key, param in base_sig.parameters.items():
+            router_param: inspect.Parameter = router_sig.parameters[key]
+            app_param: inspect.Parameter = app_sig.parameters[key]
+            assert param.annotation == router_param.annotation
+            assert param.annotation == app_param.annotation
+            assert param.default == router_param.default
+            assert param.default == app_param.default
--- a/tests/test_starlette_urlconvertors.py
+++ b/tests/test_starlette_urlconvertors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Path
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/int/{param:int}")
+def int_convertor(param: int = Path(...)):
+    return {"int": param}
+
+
+@app.get("/float/{param:float}")
+def float_convertor(param: float = Path(...)):
+    return {"float": param}
+
+
+@app.get("/path/{param:path}")
+def path_convertor(param: str = Path(...)):
+    return {"path": param}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_route_converters_int():
+    # Test integer conversion
+    response = client.get("/int/5")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"int": 5}
+    assert app.url_path_for("int_convertor", param=5) == "/int/5"
+
+
+def test_route_converters_float():
+    # Test float conversion
+    response = client.get("/float/25.5")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"float": 25.5}
+    assert app.url_path_for("float_convertor", param=25.5) == "/float/25.5"
+
+
+def test_route_converters_path():
+    # Test path conversion
+    response = client.get("/path/some/example")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"path": "some/example"}
+
+
+def test_url_path_for_path_convertor():
+    assert (
+        app.url_path_for("path_convertor", param="some/example") == "/path/some/example"
+    )
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_bigger_applications/test_main.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_bigger_applications/test_main.py
@@ -74,10 +74,28 @@ openapi_schema = {
                        "description": "Successful Response",
                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
                },
                "tags": ["items"],
                "summary": "Read Items",
                "operationId": "read_items_items__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "X-Token", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "x-token",
+                        "in": "header",
+                    }
+                ],
            }
        },
        "/items/{item_id}": {
@@ -108,7 +126,13 @@ openapi_schema = {
                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
                        "name": "item_id",
                        "in": "path",
-                    }
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "X-Token", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "x-token",
+                        "in": "header",
+                    },
                ],
            },
            "put": {
@@ -139,7 +163,13 @@ openapi_schema = {
                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
                        "name": "item_id",
                        "in": "path",
-                    }
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "X-Token", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "x-token",
+                        "in": "header",
+                    },
                ],
            },
        },
@@ -177,29 +207,94 @@ openapi_schema = {


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "path,expected_status,expected_response",
+    "path,expected_status,expected_response,headers",
    [
-        ("/users", 200, [{"username": "Foo"}, {"username": "Bar"}]),
-        ("/users/foo", 200, {"username": "foo"}),
-        ("/users/me", 200, {"username": "fakecurrentuser"}),
-        ("/items", 200, [{"name": "Item Foo"}, {"name": "item Bar"}]),
-        ("/items/bar", 200, {"name": "Fake Specific Item", "item_id": "bar"}),
-        ("/openapi.json", 200, openapi_schema),
+        ("/users", 200, [{"username": "Foo"}, {"username": "Bar"}], {}),
+        ("/users/foo", 200, {"username": "foo"}, {}),
+        ("/users/me", 200, {"username": "fakecurrentuser"}, {}),
+        (
+            "/items",
+            200,
+            [{"name": "Item Foo"}, {"name": "item Bar"}],
+            {"X-Token": "fake-super-secret-token"},
+        ),
+        (
+            "/items/bar",
+            200,
+            {"name": "Fake Specific Item", "item_id": "bar"},
+            {"X-Token": "fake-super-secret-token"},
+        ),
+        ("/items", 400, {"detail": "X-Token header invalid"}, {"X-Token": "invalid"}),
+        (
+            "/items/bar",
+            400,
+            {"detail": "X-Token header invalid"},
+            {"X-Token": "invalid"},
+        ),
+        (
+            "/items",
+            422,
+            {
+                "detail": [
+                    {
+                        "loc": ["header", "x-token"],
+                        "msg": "field required",
+                        "type": "value_error.missing",
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            {},
+        ),
+        (
+            "/items/bar",
+            422,
+            {
+                "detail": [
+                    {
+                        "loc": ["header", "x-token"],
+                        "msg": "field required",
+                        "type": "value_error.missing",
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            {},
+        ),
+        ("/openapi.json", 200, openapi_schema, {}),
    ],
 )
-def test_get_path(path, expected_status, expected_response):
-    response = client.get(path)
+def test_get_path(path, expected_status, expected_response, headers):
+    response = client.get(path, headers=headers)
    assert response.status_code == expected_status
    assert response.json() == expected_response


-def test_put():
+def test_put_no_header():
    response = client.put("/items/foo")
+    assert response.status_code == 422
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "detail": [
+            {
+                "loc": ["header", "x-token"],
+                "msg": "field required",
+                "type": "value_error.missing",
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+
+def test_put_invalid_header():
+    response = client.put("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "invalid"})
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "X-Token header invalid"}
+
+
+def test_put():
+    response = client.put("/items/foo", headers={"X-Token": "fake-super-secret-token"})
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "foo", "name": "The Fighters"}


 def test_put_forbidden():
-    response = client.put("/items/bar")
+    response = client.put("/items/bar", headers={"X-Token": "fake-super-secret-token"})
    assert response.status_code == 403
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "You can only update the item: foo"}
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_body_updates/init.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_body_updates/init.py
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_body_updates/test_tutorial001.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_body_updates/test_tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from body_updates.tutorial001 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/{item_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item",
+                "operationId": "read_item_items__item_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            },
+            "put": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Update Item",
+                "operationId": "update_item_items__item_id__put",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "price": {"title": "Price", "type": "number"},
+                    "tax": {"title": "Tax", "type": "number", "default": 10.5},
+                    "tags": {
+                        "title": "Tags",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                        "default": [],
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.get("/items/baz")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "name": "Baz",
+        "description": None,
+        "price": 50.2,
+        "tax": 10.5,
+        "tags": [],
+    }
+
+
+def test_put():
+    response = client.put(
+        "/items/bar", json={"name": "Barz", "price": 3, "description": None}
+    )
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "name": "Barz",
+        "description": None,
+        "price": 3,
+        "tax": 10.5,
+        "tags": [],
+    }
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_dependencies/test_tutorial006.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_dependencies/test_tutorial006.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from dependencies.tutorial006 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Items",
+                "operationId": "read_items_items__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "X-Token", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "x-token",
+                        "in": "header",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "X-Key", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "x-key",
+                        "in": "header",
+                    },
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get_no_headers():
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.status_code == 422
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "detail": [
+            {
+                "loc": ["header", "x-token"],
+                "msg": "field required",
+                "type": "value_error.missing",
+            },
+            {
+                "loc": ["header", "x-key"],
+                "msg": "field required",
+                "type": "value_error.missing",
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+
+
+def test_get_invalid_one_header():
+    response = client.get("/items/", headers={"X-Token": "invalid"})
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "X-Token header invalid"}
+
+
+def test_get_invalid_second_header():
+    response = client.get(
+        "/items/", headers={"X-Token": "fake-super-secret-token", "X-Key": "invalid"}
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "X-Key header invalid"}
+
+
+def test_get_valid_headers():
+    response = client.get(
+        "/items/",
+        headers={
+            "X-Token": "fake-super-secret-token",
+            "X-Key": "fake-super-secret-key",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"item": "Foo"}, {"item": "Bar"}]
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial003.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from handling_errors.tutorial003 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/unicorns/{name}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Unicorn",
+                "operationId": "read_unicorn_unicorns__name__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "name",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.get("/unicorns/shinny")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"unicorn_name": "shinny"}
+
+
+def test_get_exception():
+    response = client.get("/unicorns/yolo")
+    assert response.status_code == 418
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "message": "Oops! yolo did something. There goes a rainbow..."
+    }
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial004.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from handling_errors.tutorial004 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/{item_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item",
+                "operationId": "read_item_items__item_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get_validation_error():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo")
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    validation_error_str_lines = [
+        b"1 validation error",
+        b"path -> item_id",
+        b"  value is not a valid integer (type=type_error.integer)",
+    ]
+    assert response.content == b"\n".join(validation_error_str_lines)
+
+
+def test_get_http_error():
+    response = client.get("/items/3")
+    assert response.status_code == 418
+    assert response.content == b"Nope! I don't like 3."
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.get("/items/2")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": 2}
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial005.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from handling_errors.tutorial005 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/{item_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item",
+                "operationId": "read_item_items__item_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get_validation_error():
+    response = client.get("/items/foo")
+    assert response.status_code == 422
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "detail": [
+            {
+                "loc": ["path", "item_id"],
+                "msg": "value is not a valid integer",
+                "type": "type_error.integer",
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+
+def test_get_http_error():
+    response = client.get("/items/3")
+    assert response.status_code == 418
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Nope! I don't like 3."}
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.get("/items/2")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": 2}
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_path_params/init.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_path_params/init.py
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_path_params/test_tutorial004.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_path_params/test_tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from path_params.tutorial004 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/files/{file_path}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read User Me",
+                "operationId": "read_user_me_files__file_path__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "File_Path", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "file_path",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_file_path():
+    response = client.get("/files/home/johndoe/myfile.txt")
+    print(response.content)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"file_path": "home/johndoe/myfile.txt"}
+
+
+def test_root_file_path():
+    response = client.get("/files//home/johndoe/myfile.txt")
+    print(response.content)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"file_path": "/home/johndoe/myfile.txt"}
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_request_files/test_tutorial002.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_request_files/test_tutorial002.py
@@ -166,8 +166,6 @@ def test_post_form_no_body():

 def test_post_body_json():
    response = client.post("/files/", json={"file": "Foo"})
-    print(response)
-    print(response.content)
    assert response.status_code == 422
    assert response.json() == file_required

--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial004.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import pytest
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from response_model.tutorial004 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/{item_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item",
+                "operationId": "read_item_items__item_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "required": ["name", "price"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "price": {"title": "Price", "type": "number"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "tax": {"title": "Tax", "type": "number", "default": 10.5},
+                    "tags": {
+                        "title": "Tags",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                        "default": [],
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "url,data",
+    [
+        ("/items/foo", {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2}),
+        (
+            "/items/bar",
+            {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},
+        ),
+        (
+            "/items/baz",
+            {
+                "name": "Baz",
+                "description": None,
+                "price": 50.2,
+                "tax": 10.5,
+                "tags": [],
+            },
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_get(url, data):
+    response = client.get(url)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == data
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial005.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from response_model.tutorial005 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/{item_id}/name": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item Name",
+                "operationId": "read_item_name_items__item_id__name_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+        "/items/{item_id}/public": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item Public Data",
+                "operationId": "read_item_public_data_items__item_id__public_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "required": ["name", "price"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "price": {"title": "Price", "type": "number"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "tax": {"title": "Tax", "type": "number", "default": 10.5},
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_read_item_name():
+    response = client.get("/items/bar/name")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"name": "Bar", "description": "The Bar fighters"}
+
+
+def test_read_item_public_data():
+    response = client.get("/items/bar/public")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "name": "Bar",
+        "description": "The Bar fighters",
+        "price": 62,
+    }
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial006.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial006.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from response_model.tutorial006 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/{item_id}/name": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item Name",
+                "operationId": "read_item_name_items__item_id__name_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+        "/items/{item_id}/public": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Item Public Data",
+                "operationId": "read_item_public_data_items__item_id__public_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "item_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "required": ["name", "price"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "price": {"title": "Price", "type": "number"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "tax": {"title": "Tax", "type": "number", "default": 10.5},
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_read_item_name():
+    response = client.get("/items/bar/name")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"name": "Bar", "description": "The Bar fighters"}
+
+
+def test_read_item_public_data():
+    response = client.get("/items/bar/public")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "name": "Bar",
+        "description": "The Bar fighters",
+        "price": 62,
+    }
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_security/test_tutorial005.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_security/test_tutorial005.py
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ def test_token():
    response = client.get(
        "/users/me", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {access_token}"}
    )
-    print(response.json())
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {
        "username": "johndoe",
@@ -319,7 +318,6 @@ def test_token_inactive_user():
    response = client.get(
        "/users/me", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {access_token}"}
    )
-    print(response.json())
    assert response.status_code == 400
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Inactive user"}

--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_websockets/init.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_websockets/init.py
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_websockets/test_tutorial001.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_websockets/test_tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import pytest
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
+from websockets.tutorial001 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_main():
+    response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert b"<!DOCTYPE html>" in response.content
+
+
+def test_websocket():
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
+        with client.websocket_connect("/ws") as websocket:
+            message = "Message one"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}"
+            message = "Message two"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}"
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_websockets/test_tutorial002.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_websockets/test_tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import pytest
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
+from websockets.tutorial002 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_main():
+    response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert b"<!DOCTYPE html>" in response.content
+
+
+def test_websocket_with_cookie():
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
+        with client.websocket_connect(
+            "/items/1/ws", cookies={"session": "fakesession"}
+        ) as websocket:
+            message = "Message one"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: fakesession"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}, for item ID: 1"
+            message = "Message two"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: fakesession"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}, for item ID: 1"
+
+
+def test_websocket_with_header():
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
+        with client.websocket_connect(
+            "/items/2/ws", headers={"X-Client": "xmen"}
+        ) as websocket:
+            message = "Message one"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: xmen"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}, for item ID: 2"
+            message = "Message two"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: xmen"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}, for item ID: 2"
+
+
+def test_websocket_with_header_and_query():
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
+        with client.websocket_connect(
+            "/items/2/ws?q=baz", headers={"X-Client": "xmen"}
+        ) as websocket:
+            message = "Message one"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: xmen"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Query parameter q is: baz"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}, for item ID: 2"
+            message = "Message two"
+            websocket.send_text(message)
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Session Cookie or X-Client Header value is: xmen"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == "Query parameter q is: baz"
+            data = websocket.receive_text()
+            assert data == f"Message text was: {message}, for item ID: 2"
+
+
+def test_websocket_no_credentials():
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
+        client.websocket_connect("/items/2/ws")
+
+
+def test_websocket_invalid_data():
+    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
+        client.websocket_connect("/items/foo/ws", headers={"X-Client": "xmen"})
--- a/tests/test_ws_router.py
+++ b/tests/test_ws_router.py
@@ -28,6 +28,13 @@ async def routerprefixindex(websocket: WebSocket):
    await websocket.close()


+@router.websocket("/router2")
+async def routerindex(websocket: WebSocket):
+    await websocket.accept()
+    await websocket.send_text("Hello, router!")
+    await websocket.close()
+
+
 app.include_router(router)
 app.include_router(prefix_router, prefix="/prefix")

@@ -51,3 +58,10 @@ def test_prefix_router():
    with client.websocket_connect("/prefix/") as websocket:
        data = websocket.receive_text()
        assert data == "Hello, router with prefix!"
+
+
+def test_router2():
+    client = TestClient(app)
+    with client.websocket_connect("/router2") as websocket:
+        data = websocket.receive_text()
+        assert data == "Hello, router!"
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Sebastián Ramírez	83b1a117cc	🔖 Release version 0.26.0	2019-05-29 19:29:44 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	2a1ff213a0	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-29 16:33:19 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	62af6e0eeb	✨ Separate Pydantic's ValidationError handler and improve docs for error handling (#273 ) * ✨ Implement separated ValidationError handlers and custom exceptions * ✅ Add tutorial source examples and tests * 📝 Add docs for custom exception handlers * 📝 Update docs section titles	2019-05-29 16:27:55 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	15da01af5c	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-29 13:46:27 +04:00
William Hayes	d544bdf092	📝 Update docs for paths in path params (#256 )	2019-05-29 13:43:41 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	703ade7967	🐛 Fix path in path parameters (#272 )	2019-05-29 13:34:46 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	58f135ba2f	📝 Update link in release notes	2019-05-29 11:51:43 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	713d374484	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-29 11:47:46 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	24e9ea28d3	✅ Update testing docs, examples for testing POST, headers (#271 )	2019-05-29 11:47:21 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	cae53138b2	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-27 21:56:49 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	a49d45eaa9	🐛 Fix response_model type to allow List[Model] (#266 )	2019-05-27 21:56:20 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	3986f79029	🔖 Release version 0.25.0	2019-05-27 20:21:03 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	7379fde5ee	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-27 16:28:24 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	7b63bc5551	✨ Add include, exclude, and by_alias to path operation methods (#264 ) * ✨ Make jsonable_encoder's include and exclude receive sequences * ✨ Add include, exclude, and by_alias to app and router * ✨ Add and update tutorial code with new parameters * 📝 Update docs for new parameters and add docs for updating data * ✅ Add tests for consistency in path operation methods * ✅ Add tests for new parameters and update tests	2019-05-27 16:08:13 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	747ae8210f	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-25 19:48:27 +04:00
William Hayes	c651416e05	📝 Create CONTRIBUTING.md (#255 )	2019-05-25 19:47:49 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	814f95e2bf	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-25 19:40:04 +04:00
William Hayes	d8716f94ae	✨ Add skip_defaults support for path operations (for #242 ) (#248 )	2019-05-25 19:35:57 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	67f8cb3b4f	🔖 Release 0.24.0	2019-05-24 22:48:27 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	5c2828bd13	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-24 20:46:36 +04:00
James Kaplan	b087246f26	✨ Add support for WebSockets with dependencies, params, etc #166 (#178 )	2019-05-24 20:41:41 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	219d299426	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-23 11:04:13 +04:00
euri10	31da760729	⬆️ Upgrade Pydantic to 0.26 (#247 )	2019-05-23 11:03:53 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	fc89eb8f81	🔖 Release version 0.23.0	2019-05-21 23:26:28 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	6fca1041e9	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-21 23:05:46 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	9db1f5641b	⬆️ Upgrade Starlette to 0.12.0 (#243 )	2019-05-21 22:59:48 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	c3beb56e63	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-21 22:46:22 +04:00
Steinthor Palsson	325edd5f00	✨ Add swagger UI OAuth2 redirect page for implicit/code auth flows in API docs (#198 )	2019-05-21 22:39:58 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	08322ef359	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-20 18:37:39 +04:00
Trim21	01b43e6e25	⚡ Make Swagger UI, ReDoc and OpenAPI handlers be coroutines to improve performance (#241 )	2019-05-20 18:34:33 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	3cf92a156c	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-20 11:27:33 +04:00
euri10	f54d8d57a4	✨ Make Swagger UI and ReDoc parameterizable to host offline assets for docs (#112 )	2019-05-20 11:26:54 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	56ab106bbb	🔖 Release version 0.22.0	2019-05-16 18:09:11 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	e92b43b5c8	✨ Add parameter dependencies to path operation decorators and include_router (#235 ) * ✨ Implement dependencies in decorator and .include_router * 📝 Add docs for parameter dependencies * ✅ Add tests for dependencies parameter * 🔥 Remove debugging prints in tests * 📝 Update release notes	2019-05-16 18:07:00 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	7c50025c47	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-16 17:58:22 +04:00
euri10	adfbd27100	🐛 Fix OpenAPI URL format for Starlette convertors (#234 )	2019-05-16 17:55:14 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	eada8bf7db	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-15 23:01:19 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	440b7a8efa	📝 Update relase notes	2019-05-15 22:14:25 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	fcaff64646	🔧 Separate format and lint scripts (#232 )	2019-05-15 22:13:06 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	d240421378	📝 Add docs about params as functions for mypy (#231 )	2019-05-15 22:01:23 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	ca27317b65	✨ Add param functions, to override types, to make mypy happy (#226 )	2019-05-15 21:25:11 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	ce02d3cb83	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-15 18:33:43 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	95475aaa9c	🔥 Remove Python version extraction in tests, no longer used	2019-05-15 18:33:13 +04:00
zamiramir	7a8b054a12	🎨 Reenable Black --check for Python 3.7 (#229 ) Reenabled Black --check for python 3.7, issue is fixed. see https://github.com/ambv/black/issues/494	2019-05-15 18:29:36 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	7b2993682f	🔖 Release 0.21.0	2019-05-15 14:54:46 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	73fad03b46	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-15 14:53:43 +04:00
Ricardo Momm	b0b88f9d5b	🔊 Raise from previous exception (#195 )	2019-05-15 14:50:58 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	49d33f9f70	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-15 14:45:04 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	1f27981045	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-15 14:44:00 +04:00
euri10	f541d2c200	✨ Use a logger instead of the root logging (#222 )	2019-05-15 14:43:31 +04:00
euri10	0e99b23ebc	⬆️ Upgrade Pydantic to version 0.25 (#225 )	2019-05-15 14:19:51 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	de341abe66	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-14 22:06:55 +04:00
Derek J. Lambert	4a1648b04e	✏️ Minor spelling fix in routing (#221 )	2019-05-14 22:04:18 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	5f13b53ea5	🔧 Enable FastAPI releases bot in main Gitter channel	2019-05-11 19:44:39 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	5189c93d85	🔖 Release 0.20.1	2019-05-11 19:38:08 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	e612989313	📝 Update release notes	2019-05-11 13:46:17 +04:00
Steve B	d675991a34	✨ add py.typed to ship typing information (#209 ) As described in https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0561/	2019-05-11 13:43:47 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	d03678dfbb	📝 Update release notes	2019-04-27 20:03:23 +04:00
Sebastián Ramírez	6ff89284c5	✨ Add FastAPI releases bot for Gitter (#189 ) * 🔥 Remove development util script * 🎨 Reformat release notes with markdown-only code (no HTML) * ✨ Add FastAPI releases bot for Gitter	2019-04-27 20:02:32 +04:00
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Please read the [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/) guidelines in the documentation site.`