🔖 Release version 0.45.0

📝 Update release notes
✨ Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks (#722 )
2025-12-24 06:39:31 -05:00 · 2019-12-11 18:05:19 +01:00 · 2019-12-11 18:02:53 +01:00 · 2019-12-11 17:58:00 +01:00 · 2019-12-09 20:04:04 +01:00 · 2019-12-09 20:02:44 +01:00
216 changed files with 8284 additions and 2128 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md
@@ -7,29 +7,48 @@ assignees: ''

 ---

-**Describe the bug**
-A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
+### Describe the bug

-**To Reproduce**
-Steps to reproduce the behavior:
-1. Create a file with '...'
-2. Add a path operation function with '....'
-3. Open the browser and call it with a payload of '....'
-4. See error
+Write here a clear and concise description of what the bug is.

-**Expected behavior**
-A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+### To Reproduce

-**Screenshots**
-If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+Steps to reproduce the behavior with a minimum self-contained file.

-**Environment:**
- - OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
- - FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+Replace each part with your own scenario:
+
+1. Create a file with:

 ```Python
-import fastapi
-print(fastapi.__version__)
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+```
+
+3. Open the browser and call the endpoint `/`.
+4. It returns a JSON with `{"Hello": "World"}`.
+5. But I expected it to return `{"Hello": "Sara"}`.
+
+### Expected behavior
+
+Add a clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+
+### Screenshots
+
+If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+
+### Environment
+
+- OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
+- FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+
+```bash
+python -c "import fastapi; print(fastapi.__version__)"
 ```

 - Python version, get it with:
@@ -38,5 +57,6 @@ print(fastapi.__version__)
 python --version
 ```

-**Additional context**
+### Additional context
+
 Add any other context about the problem here.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md
@@ -7,14 +7,20 @@ assignees: ''

 ---

-**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
-A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+### Is your feature request related to a problem

-**Describe the solution you'd like**
-A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+Is your feature request related to a problem?

-**Describe alternatives you've considered**
-A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+Add a clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+
+### The solution you would like
+
+Add a clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+
+### Describe alternatives you've considered
+
+Add a clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+
+### Additional context

-**Additional context**
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md
@@ -7,11 +7,18 @@ assignees: ''

 ---

-**Description**
+### First check
+
+* [ ] I used the GitHub search to find a similar issue and didn't find it.
+* [ ] I searched the FastAPI documentation, with the integrated search.
+* [ ] I already searched in Google "How to X in FastAPI" and didn't find any information.
+
+### Description

 How can I [...]?

 Is it possible to [...]?

-**Additional context**
+### Additional context
+
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+on:
+  schedule:
+  - cron: "0 0 * * *"
+
+jobs:
+  issue-manager:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: tiangolo/issue-manager@master
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        config: >
+            {
+              "answered": {
+                "users": ["tiangolo", "dmontagu"],
+                "delay": 864000,
+                "message": "Assuming the original issue was solved, it will be automatically closed now. But feel free to add more comments or create new issues."
+              }
+            }
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ coverage.xml
 .netlify
 test.db
 log.txt
+Pipfile.lock
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ cache: pip
 python:
    - "3.6"
    - "3.7"
+    - "3.8"
+    - "nightly"
+
+matrix:
+    allow_failures:
+        - python: "nightly"

 install:
    - pip install flit
--- a/5
+++ b/5
@@ -25,10 +25,11 @@ sqlalchemy = "*"
 uvicorn = "*"

 [packages]
-starlette = "==0.12.0"
-pydantic = "==0.26.0"
+starlette = "==0.12.9"
+pydantic = "==1.0.0"
 databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
 hypercorn = "*"
+orjson = "*"

 [requires]
 python_version = "3.6"
--- a/Pipfile.lock
+++ b/Pipfile.lock
@@ -1,936 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "4a33b47e814fa75533548874ffadbc6163b3058db4d1615ff633512366d72ccb"
-        },
-        "pipfile-spec": 6,
-        "requires": {
-            "python_version": "3.6"
-        },
-        "sources": [
-            {
-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
-        "aiocontextvars": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:885daf8261818767d8f7cbd79f9d4482d118f024b6586ef6e67980236a27bfa3",
-                "sha256:f027372dc48641f683c559f247bd84962becaacdc9ba711d583c3871fb5652aa"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.2.2"
-        },
-        "aiosqlite": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:ad84fbd7516ca7065d799504fc41d6845c938e5306d1b7dd960caaeda12e22a9"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.10.0"
-        },
-        "contextvars": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:f38c908aaa59c14335eeea12abea5f443646216c4e29380d7bf34d2018e2c39e"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7'",
-            "version": "==2.4"
-        },
-        "databases": {
-            "extras": [
-                "sqlite"
-            ],
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:d365cff2035c5177ef5fd8c5abf6671da01189521da64848a01251c870daf48f"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.2.2"
-        },
-        "dataclasses": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:454a69d788c7fda44efd71e259be79577822f5e3f53f029a22d08004e951dc9f",
-                "sha256:6988bd2b895eef432d562370bb707d540f32f7360ab13da45340101bc2307d84"
-            ],
-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7'",
-            "version": "==0.6"
-        },
-        "h11": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:acca6a44cb52a32ab442b1779adf0875c443c689e9e028f8d831a3769f9c5208",
-                "sha256:f2b1ca39bfed357d1f19ac732913d5f9faa54a5062eca7d2ec3a916cfb7ae4c7"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.8.1"
-        },
-        "h2": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:c8f387e0e4878904d4978cd688a3195f6b169d49b1ffa572a3d347d7adc5e09f",
-                "sha256:fd07e865a3272ac6ef195d8904de92dc7b38dc28297ec39cfa22716b6d62e6eb"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.1.0"
-        },
-        "hpack": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:0edd79eda27a53ba5be2dfabf3b15780928a0dff6eb0c60a3d6767720e970c89",
-                "sha256:8eec9c1f4bfae3408a3f30500261f7e6a65912dc138526ea054f9ad98892e9d2"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.0"
-        },
-        "hypercorn": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:cfe7811a93ab7bc22c8a0d5514a2a7a512e812c1e4ee13b9731b705b79d4d453",
-                "sha256:f2577806223fa44d57d6f136b6c37a046794f961252699aec8afb15f35d226d5"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.5.4"
-        },
-        "hyperframe": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:5187962cb16dcc078f23cb5a4b110098d546c3f41ff2d4038a9896893bbd0b40",
-                "sha256:a9f5c17f2cc3c719b917c4f33ed1c61bd1f8dfac4b1bd23b7c80b3400971b41f"
-            ],
-            "version": "==5.2.0"
-        },
-        "immutables": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:10861f2a2b86139f0c91d5073392d76117f37e84f912dc47c943c23a64008cc7",
-                "sha256:3e23eeb4bc55d57b2a97bef4c1a2891bbb731050b4167c855545797d45e84e45",
-                "sha256:4373876879f147986808f71e6ca02380192a279e8b8d45832f6fed4e7f717562",
-                "sha256:46f9122da033fecf84d7f4c6257aec780f370b20f3ce6bc521702b63ee3d99f7",
-                "sha256:5104db6102e53702af45c6b0af36e45a80970123b11a80c14e0fce48444cdbe3",
-                "sha256:59274bcb631f4fdc9731e9a4a96d16d96b3a17e29fd5e46516518f38406f678f",
-                "sha256:65a9c624e50ca5c50464dbf432996b5c4f056a411bcff5690ef4cab59f913f99",
-                "sha256:b64e0672497b884d21170ca61c693da8488d77f043650efa7911378cbbad0f2c",
-                "sha256:b70655dba00742b033310933066a2202e1cfbbb0f63841b4597cd8787974b242",
-                "sha256:c3d8c238a6f9b60355578579563773348674b6da63c1a0d7394384ed341f3d41",
-                "sha256:cd66bcd11b6a1c1a80fb8d90e25870ff2d5c705ab5eb9666355a33d3fef6ac70",
-                "sha256:d59310fc4f97c1ff8c3660cb98032db266ac0c285a86ca7a512e8e84a95f44c9",
-                "sha256:d71d1c822498646143270580dd6f743bb31ab89ae0ded8b2307c356d3a00f1c0",
-                "sha256:f53da698b42db83cfb1f5073560838051430798c8d8e34a57a27031edbc3041d",
-                "sha256:f958ba15745e30d3a38e3c9fcead8496037135bb21c78c0f925c104abba3a6fa",
-                "sha256:ff95e2aa618eed1a0ef4479938f18f3522c89562b9bbb59d677597c0337569dd"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.9"
-        },
-        "pydantic": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:b72e0df2463cee746cf42639845d4106c19f30136375e779352d710e69617731",
-                "sha256:dab99d3070e040b8b2e987dfbe237350ab92d5d57a22d4e0e268ede2d85c7964"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.26.0"
-        },
-        "pytoml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:ca2d0cb127c938b8b76a9a0d0f855cf930c1d50cc3a0af6d3595b566519a1013"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.1.20"
-        },
-        "sqlalchemy": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:91c54ca8345008fceaec987e10924bf07dcab36c442925357e5a467b36a38319"
-            ],
-            "version": "==1.3.3"
-        },
-        "starlette": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:d313433ef5cc38e0a276b59688ca2b11b8f031c78808c1afdf9d55cb86f34590"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==0.12.0"
-        },
-        "typing-extensions": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:07b2c978670896022a43c4b915df8958bec4a6b84add7f2c87b2b728bda3ba64",
-                "sha256:f3f0e67e1d42de47b5c67c32c9b26641642e9170fe7e292991793705cd5fef7c",
-                "sha256:fb2cd053238d33a8ec939190f30cfd736c00653a85a2919415cecf7dc3d9da71"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.7.2"
-        },
-        "wsproto": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:55c3da870460e8838b2fbe4d10f3accc0cea3a13d5e8dbbdc6da5d537d6d44dc",
-                "sha256:c7f35e0af250b9f25583b090039eb2159a079fbe71b7daf86cc3ddcd2f3a70b3"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.14.0"
-        }
-    },
-    "develop": {
-        "appdirs": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:9e5896d1372858f8dd3344faf4e5014d21849c756c8d5701f78f8a103b372d92",
-                "sha256:d8b24664561d0d34ddfaec54636d502d7cea6e29c3eaf68f3df6180863e2166e"
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-        },
-        "atomicwrites": {
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-                "sha256:75a9445bac02d8d058d5e1fe689654ba5a6556a1dfd8ce6ec55a0ed79866cfa6"
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-        },
-        "attrs": {
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-            ],
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-            "version": "==1.3"
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-        "backcall": {
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-        },
-        "better-exceptions": {
-            "hashes": [
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-            "version": "==0.2.2"
-        },
-        "black": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:68950ffd4d9169716bcb8719a56c07a2f4485354fec061cdd5910aa07369731c"
-            ],
-            "index": "pypi",
-            "version": "==19.3b0"
-        },
-        "bleach": {
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-                "sha256:3fdf7f77adcf649c9911387df51254b813185e32b2c6619f690b593a617e19fa"
-            ],
-            "version": "==3.1.0"
-        },
-        "certifi": {
-            "hashes": [
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-            ],
-            "version": "==2019.3.9"
-        },
-        "chardet": {
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-            ],
-            "version": "==3.0.4"
-        },
-        "click": {
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-                "sha256:5b94b49521f6456670fdb30cd82a4eca9412788a93fa6dd6df72c94d5a8ff2d7"
-            ],
-            "version": "==7.0"
-        },
-        "coverage": {
-            "hashes": [
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-                "sha256:0644e28e8aea9d9d563607ee8b7071b07dd57a4a3de11f8684cd33c51c0d1b93",
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-                "sha256:c48a4f9c5fb385269bb7fbaf9c1326a94863b65ec7f5c96b2ea56b252f01ad08",
-                "sha256:cd40199d6f1c29c85b170d25589be9a97edff8ee7e62be180a2a137823896030",
-                "sha256:d1bc331a7d069485ac1d8c25a0ea1f6aab6cb2a87146fb652222481c1bddc9ff",
-                "sha256:d7e0cdc249aa0f94aa2e531b03999ddaf03a10b4fa090a894712d4c8066abd89",
-                "sha256:e9ee8fcd8e067fcc5d7276d46e07e863102b70a52545ef4254df1ff0893ce75f",
-                "sha256:eb313c23d983b7810504f42104e8dcd1c7ccdda8fbaab82aab92ab79fea19345",
-                "sha256:f9cfd478654b509941b85ed70f870f5e3c74678f566bec12fd26545e5340ba47",
-                "sha256:fae1fa144034d021a52cb9ea200eb8dedf91869c6df8202ad5d149b41ed91cc8"
-            ],
-            "version": "==5.0a5"
-        },
-        "decorator": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:86156361c50488b84a3f148056ea716ca587df2f0de1d34750d35c21312725de",
-                "sha256:f069f3a01830ca754ba5258fde2278454a0b5b79e0d7f5c13b3b97e57d4acff6"
-            ],
-            "version": "==4.4.0"
-        },
-        "defusedxml": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:6687150770438374ab581bb7a1b327a847dd9c5749e396102de3fad4e8a3ef93",
-                "sha256:f684034d135af4c6cbb949b8a4d2ed61634515257a67299e5f940fbaa34377f5"
-            ],
-            "version": "==0.6.0"
-        },
-        "dnspython": {
-            "hashes": [
-                "sha256:36c5e8e38d4369a08b6780b7f27d790a292b2b08eea01607865bf0936c558e01",
-                "sha256:f69c21288a962f4da86e56c4905b49d11aba7938d3d740e80d9e366ee4f1632d"
-            ],
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-}
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:

 ---

+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"

+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"

+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---

 ## Requirements

@@ -79,13 +90,13 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 ## Installation

 ```bash
-$ pip install fastapi
+pip install fastapi
 ```

 You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.

 ```bash
-$ pip install uvicorn
+pip install uvicorn
 ```

 ## Example
--- a/docs/alternatives.md
+++ b/docs/alternatives.md
@@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ Another big feature required by APIs is <abbr title="reading and converting to P

 Webargs is a tool that was made to provide that on top of several frameworks, including Flask.

-It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same guys.
+It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same developers.

 It's a great tool and I have used it a lot too, before having **FastAPI**.

 !!! info
-    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow developers.

 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
    Have automatic validation of incoming request data.
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ But then, we have again the problem of having a micro-syntax, inside of a Python
 The editor can't help much with that. And if we modify parameters or Marshmallow schemas and forget to also modify that YAML docstring, the generated schema would be obsolete.

 !!! info
-    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow developers.


 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ Using it led to the creation of several Flask full-stack generators. These are t
 And these same full-stack generators were the base of the <a href="/project-generation/" target="_blank">**FastAPI** project generator</a>.

 !!! info
-    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow developers.

 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
    Generate the OpenAPI schema automatically, from the same code that defines serialization and validation.
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It

 Falcon is another high performance Python framework, it is designed to be minimal, and work as the foundation of other frameworks like Hug.

-It uses the previous standard for Python web frameworks (WSGI) which is synchronous, so it can't handle Websockets and other use cases. Nevertheless, it also has a very good performance.
+It uses the previous standard for Python web frameworks (WSGI) which is synchronous, so it can't handle WebSockets and other use cases. Nevertheless, it also has a very good performance.

 It is designed to have functions that receive two parameters, one "request" and one "response". Then you "read" parts from the request, and "write" parts to the response. Because of this design, it is not possible to declare request parameters and bodies with standard Python type hints as function parameters.

@@ -249,6 +249,10 @@ So, data validation, serialization, and documentation, have to be done in code,
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
    Find ways to get great performance.

+    Along with Hug (as Hug is based on Falcon) inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions.
+
+    Although in FastAPI it's optional, and is used mainly to set headers, cookies, and alternative status codes.
+
 ### <a href="https://moltenframework.com/" target="_blank">Molten</a>

 I discovered Molten in the first stages of building **FastAPI**. And it has quite similar ideas:
@@ -292,6 +296,7 @@ As it is based on the previous standard for synchronous Python web frameworks (W

    Hug helped inspiring **FastAPI** to use Python type hints to declare parameters, and to generate a schema defining the API automatically.

+    Hug inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions to set headers and cookies.

 ### <a href="https://github.com/encode/apistar" target="_blank">APIStar</a> (<= 0.5)

--- a/docs/deployment.md
+++ b/docs/deployment.md
@@ -170,32 +170,33 @@ Now, from a developer's perspective, here are several things to have in mind whi
    * So, the certificate and encryption handling is done before HTTP.
 * TCP doesn't know about "domains". Only about IP addresses.
    * The information about the specific domain requested goes in the HTTP data.
-* The HTTPS certificates "certificate" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
+* The HTTPS certificates "certify" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
 * By default, that would mean that you can only have one HTTPS certificate per IP address.
-    * No matter how big is your server and how small each application you have there might be. But...
+    * No matter how big your server is or how small each application you have on it might be.
+    * There is a solution to this, however.
 * There's an extension to the TLS protocol (the one handling the encryption at the TCP level, before HTTP) called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" target="_blank"><abbr title="Server Name Indication">SNI</abbr></a>.
-    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and server multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
-    * For this to work, a single component (program) running in the server, listening in the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
-* After having a secure connection, the communication protocol is the same HTTP.
-    * It goes encrypted, but the encrypted contents are the same HTTP protocol.
+    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and serve multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
+    * For this to work, a single component (program) running on the server, listening on the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
+* After obtaining a secure connection, the communication protocol is still HTTP.
+    * The contents are encrypted, even though they are being sent with the HTTP protocol.


-It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running in the server (the machine, host, etc) and managing all the HTTPS parts, sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is ofter called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.
+It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running on the server (the machine, host, etc.) and managing all the HTTPS parts : sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is often called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.


 ### Let's Encrypt

-Up to some years ago, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.
+Before Let's Encrypt, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.

 The process to acquire one of these certificates used to be cumbersome, require quite some paperwork and the certificates were quite expensive.

 But then <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a> was created.

-It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so, the security is actually increased, by reducing their lifespan.
+It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so the security is actually better because of their reduced lifespan.

-The domain's are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automatizing the renewal of these certificates.
+The domains are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automating the renewal of these certificates.

-The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, free, forever.
+The idea is to automate the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, for free, forever.


 ### Traefik
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so

 It has integration with Let's Encrypt. So, it can handle all the HTTPS parts, including certificate acquisition and renewal.

-It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application, all automatically. Without requiring any change in its configuration.
+It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application automatically, without requiring any change in its configuration.

 ---

@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ It is designed to be integrated with this Docker Swarm cluster with Traefik and

 You can generate a project in about 2 min.

-The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes other 2 min.
+The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes another 2 min.


 ## Alternatively, deploy **FastAPI** without Docker
--- a/docs/external-links.md
+++ b/docs/external-links.md
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+**FastAPI** has a great community constantly growing.
+
+There are many posts, articles, tools, and projects, related to **FastAPI**.
+
+Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you have an article, project, tool, or anything related to **FastAPI** that is not yet listed here, create a <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/external-links.md" target="_blank">Pull Request adding it</a>.
+
+## Articles
+
+### English
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59" target="_blank">FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes" target="_blank">William Hayes</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-google-as-an-external-authentication-provider-3a527672cf33" target="_blank">FastAPI — Google as an external authentication provider</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-how-to-add-basic-and-cookie-authentication-a45c85ef47d3" target="_blank">FastAPI — How to add basic and cookie authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://dev.to/errietta/introduction-to-the-fastapi-python-framework-2n10" target="_blank">Introduction to the fastapi python framework</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/errietta" target="_blank">Errieta Kostala</a>.
+
+* <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/api,/scikit-learn/2019/01/10/scikit-fastapi.html" target="_blank">FastAPI and Scikit-Learn: Easily Deploy Models</a> by <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/" target="_blank">Nick Cortale</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-authentication-revisited-enabling-api-key-authentication-122dc5975680" target="_blank">FastAPI authentication revisited: Enabling API key authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/fastapi-logging-on-the-fly/" target="_blank">FastAPI, a simple use case on logging</a> by <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915" target="_blank">Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann" target="_blank">Nico Axtmann</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://geekflare.com/python-asynchronous-web-frameworks/" target="_blank">Top 5 Asynchronous Web Frameworks for Python</a> by <a href="https://geekflare.com/author/ankush/" target="_blank">Ankush Thakur</a> on <a href="https://geekflare.com" target="_blank">GeekFlare</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@gntrm/jwt-authentication-with-fastapi-and-aws-cognito-1333f7f2729e" target="_blank">JWT Authentication with FastAPI and AWS Cognito</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/gntrm" target="_blank">Johannes Gontrum</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-deploy-a-machine-learning-model-dc51200fe8cf" target="_blank">How to Deploy a Machine Learning Model</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mgrootendorst/" target="_blank">Maarten Grootendorst</a> on <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/" target="_blank">Towards Data Science</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank">Uber: Ludwig v0.2 Adds New Features and Other Improvements to its Deep Learning Toolbox [including a FastAPI server]</a> on <a href="https://eng.uber.com" target="_blank">Uber Engineering</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://gitlab.com/euri10/fastapi_cheatsheet" target="_blank">A FastAPI and Swagger UI visual cheatsheet</a> by <a href="https://gitlab.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>
+
+### Japanese
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru/items/59958ed385b3571d50de" target="_blank">python製の最新APIフレームワーク FastAPI を触ってみた</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru" target="_blank">@ryoryomaru</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/0e1f5dbbe62efc612a78" target="_blank">FastAPIでCORSを回避</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/4fbc1a4e2b33fa2237d2" target="_blank">FastAPIをMySQLと接続してDockerで管理してみる</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/8a458a8952f50b73f420" target="_blank">FastAPIでPOSTされたJSONのレスポンスbodyを受け取る</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
+
+### Chinese
+
+* <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
+
+### Vietnamese
+
+* <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.
+
+### Russian
+
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/478620/" target="_blank">Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?</a> by <a href="https://github.com/prostomarkeloff" target="_blank">prostomarkeloff</a>.
+
+## Podcasts
+
+* <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.
--- a/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/features.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from datetime import date

 from pydantic import BaseModel

-# Declare a variable as an str
+# Declare a variable as a str
 # and get editor support inside the function
 def main(user_id: str):
    return user_id
--- a/docs/help-fastapi.md
+++ b/docs/help-fastapi.md
@@ -70,10 +70,8 @@ You can let me know:

 ## Vote for FastAPI

-You can vote to include FastAPI in several "awesome lists":
-
 * <a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python/pull/1209" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-python`</a>.
-* <a href="https://github.com/timofurrer/awesome-asyncio/pull/43" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-asyncio`</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in Slant</a>.

 ## Help others with issues in GitHub

--- a/docs/img/github-social-preview.png
+++ b/docs/img/github-social-preview.png
--- a/docs/img/github-social-preview.svg
+++ b/docs/img/github-social-preview.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
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+   inkscape:version="0.92.3 (2405546, 2018-03-11)"
+   inkscape:export-filename="/home/user/code/fastapi/docs/img/github-social-preview.png"
+   inkscape:export-xdpi="96"
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+     inkscape:pageshadow="2"
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+       id="tspan855">fast to code, ready for production</tspan></text>
+</svg>
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/body-fields/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/body-fields/image01.png
--- a/docs/img/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/image01.png
+++ b/docs/img/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/image01.png
--- a/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/index.md
@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:

 ---

+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"

+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"

+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---

 ## Requirements

@@ -79,13 +90,13 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 ## Installation

 ```bash
-$ pip install fastapi
+pip install fastapi
 ```

 You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.

 ```bash
-$ pip install uvicorn
+pip install uvicorn
 ```

 ## Example
--- a/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/release-notes.md
@@ -1,5 +1,239 @@
 ## Latest changes

+## 0.45.0
+
+* Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks:
+    * New docs: [OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/).
+    * Refactor generation of `operationId`s to be valid Python names (also valid variables in most languages).
+    * Add `default_response_class` parameter to `APIRouter`.
+    * Original PR [#722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/722) by [@booooh](https://github.com/booooh).
+* Refactor logging to use the same logger everywhere, update log strings and levels. PR [#781](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/781).
+* Add article to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/): [Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?](https://habr.com/ru/post/478620/). PR [#766](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/766) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Remove gender bias in docs for handling errors. PR [#780](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/780). Original idea in PR [#761](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/761) by [@classywhetten](https://github.com/classywhetten).
+* Rename docs and references to `body-schema` to `body-fields` to keep in line with Pydantic. PR [#746](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/746) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+
+## 0.44.1
+
+* Add GitHub social preview images to git. PR [#752](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/752).
+* Update PyPI "trove classifiers". PR [#751](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/751).
+* Add full support for Python 3.8. Enable Python 3.8 in full in Travis. PR [749](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/749).
+* Update "new issue" templates. PR [#749](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/749).
+* Fix serialization of errors for exotic Pydantic types. PR [#748](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/748) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.44.0
+
+* Add GitHub action [Issue Manager](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager). PR [#742](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/742).
+* Fix typos in docs. PR [734](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/734) by [@bundabrg](https://github.com/bundabrg).
+* Fix usage of `custom_encoder` in `jsonable_encoder`. PR [#715](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/715) by [@matrixise](https://github.com/matrixise).
+* Fix invalid XML example. PR [710](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/710) by [@OcasoProtal](https://github.com/OcasoProtal).
+* Fix typos and update wording in deployment docs. PR [#700](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/700) by [@marier-nico](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/700).
+* Add note about dependencies in `APIRouter` docs. PR [#698](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/698) by [@marier-nico](https://github.com/marier-nico).
+* Add support for async class methods as dependencies [#681](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/681) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
+* Add FastAPI with Swagger UI cheatsheet to external links. PR [#671](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/671) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+* Fix typo in HTTP protocol in CORS example. PR [#647](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/647) by [@forestmonster](https://github.com/forestmonster).
+* Add support for Pydantic versions `1.0.0` and above, with temporary (deprecated) backwards compatibility for Pydantic `0.32.2`. PR [#646](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/646) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.43.0
+
+* Update docs to reduce gender bias. PR [#645](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/645) by [@ticosax](https://github.com/ticosax).
+* Add docs about [overriding the `operationId` for all the *path operations*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#using-the-path-operation-function-name-as-the-operationid) based on their function name. PR [#642](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/642) by [@SKalt](https://github.com/SKalt).
+* Fix validators in models generating an incorrect key order. PR [#637](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/637) by [@jaddison](https://github.com/jaddison).
+* Generate correct OpenAPI docs for responses with no content. PR [#621](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/621) by [@brotskydotcom](https://github.com/brotskydotcom).
+* Remove `$` from Bash code blocks in docs for consistency. PR [#613](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/613) by [@nstapelbroek](https://github.com/nstapelbroek).
+* Add docs for [self-serving docs' (Swagger UI) static assets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/#self-hosting-javascript-and-css-for-docs), e.g. to use the docs offline, or without Internet. Initial PR [#557](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/557) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `black` linting after upgrade. PR [#682](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/682) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
+
+## 0.42.0
+
+* Add dependencies with `yield`, a.k.a. exit steps, context managers, cleanup, teardown, ...
+    * This allows adding extra code after a dependency is done. It can be used, for example, to close database connections.
+    * Dependencies with `yield` can be normal or `async`, **FastAPI** will run normal dependencies in a threadpool.
+    * They can be combined with normal dependencies.
+    * It's possible to have arbitrary trees/levels of dependencies with `yield` and exit steps are handled in the correct order automatically.
+    * It works by default in Python 3.7 or above. For Python 3.6, it requires the extra backport dependencies:
+        * `async-exit-stack`
+        * `async-generator`
+    * New docs at [Dependencies with `yield`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/).
+    * Updated database docs [SQL (Relational) Databases: Main **FastAPI** app](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#main-fastapi-app).
+    * PR [#595](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/595).
+* Fix `sitemap.xml` in website. PR [#598](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/598) by [@samuelcolvin](https://github.com/samuelcolvin).
+
+## 0.41.0
+
+* Upgrade required Starlette to `0.12.9`, the new range is `>=0.12.9,<=0.12.9`.
+    * Add `State` to FastAPI apps at `app.state`.
+    * PR [#593](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/593).
+* Improve handling of custom classes for `Request`s and `APIRoute`s.
+    * This helps to more easily solve use cases like:
+        * Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
+        * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
+        * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
+        * Processing a response after being generated by *path operation functions* but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
+    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-request-and-route/).
+    * PR [#589](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/589) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR [#538](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/538) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.40.0
+
+* Add notes to docs about installing `python-multipart` when using forms. PR [#574](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/574) by [@sliptonic](https://github.com/sliptonic).
+* Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR [#554](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/554) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Add support for truncating docstrings from *path operation functions*.
+    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
+    * PR [#556](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/556) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `DOCTYPE` in HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR [#537](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/537) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+* Fix handling `4XX` responses overriding default `422` validation error responses. PR [#517](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/517) by [@tsouvarev](https://github.com/tsouvarev).
+* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Fix incorrect documentation example in [first steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/). PR [#511](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/511) by [@IgnatovFedor](https://github.com/IgnatovFedor).
+* Add support for Swagger UI [initOauth](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/master/docs/usage/oauth2.md) settings with the parameter `swagger_ui_init_oauth`. PR [#499](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/499) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.39.0
+
+* Allow path parameters to have default values (e.g. `None`) and discard them instead of raising an error.
+    * This allows declaring a parameter like `user_id: str = None` that can be taken from a query parameter, but the same path operation can be included in a router with a path `/users/{user_id}`, in which case will be taken from the path and will be required.
+    * PR [#464](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/464) by [@jonathanunderwood](https://github.com/jonathanunderwood).
+* Add support for setting a `default_response_class` in the `FastAPI` instance or in `include_router`. Initial PR [#467](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/467) by [@toppk](https://github.com/toppk).
+* Add support for type annotations using strings and `from __future__ import annotations`. PR [#451](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/451) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.38.1
+
+* Fix incorrect `Request` class import. PR [#493](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/493) by [@kamalgill](https://github.com/kamalgill).
+
+## 0.38.0
+
+* Add recent articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) and recent opinions. PR [#490](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/490).
+* Upgrade support range for Starlette to include `0.12.8`. The new range is `>=0.11.1,<=0.12.8"`. PR [#477](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/477) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Upgrade support to Pydantic version 0.32.2 and update internal code to use it (breaking change). PR [#463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/463) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.37.0
+
+* Add support for custom route classes for advanced use cases. PR [#468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/468) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow disabling Google fonts in ReDoc. PR [#481](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/481) by [@b1-luettje](https://github.com/b1-luettje).
+* Fix security issue: when returning a sub-class of a response model and using `skip_defaults` it could leak information. PR [#485](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/485) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Enable tests for Python 3.8-dev. PR [#465](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/465) by [@Jamim](https://github.com/Jamim).
+* Add support and tests for Pydantic dataclasses in `response_model`. PR [#454](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/454) by [@dconathan](https://github.com/dconathan).
+* Fix typo in OAuth2 JWT tutorial. PR [#447](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/447) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Use the `media_type` parameter in `Body()` params to set the media type in OpenAPI for `requestBody`. PR [#439](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/439) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Add article [Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI](https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915) by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann](Nico Axtmann). PR [#438](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/438) by [@naxty](https://github.com/naxty).
+* Allow setting custom `422` (validation error) response/schema in OpenAPI.
+    * And use media type from response class instead of fixed `application/json` (the default).
+    * PR [#437](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/437) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Fix using `"default"` extra response with status codes at the same time. PR [#489](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/489).
+* Allow additional responses to use status code ranges (like `5XX` and `4XX`) and `"default"`. PR [#435](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/435) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+
+## 0.36.0
+
+* Fix implementation for `skip_defaults` when returning a Pydantic model. PR [#422](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/422) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix OpenAPI generation when using the same dependency in multiple places for the same *path operation*. PR [#417](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/417) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow having empty paths in *path operations* used with `include_router` and a `prefix`.
+    * This allows having a router for `/cats` and all its *path operations*, while having one of them for `/cats`.
+    * Now it doesn't have to be only `/cats/` (with a trailing slash).
+    * To use it, declare the path in the *path operation* as the empty string (`""`).
+    * PR [#415](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/415) by [@vitalik](https://github.com/vitalik).
+* Fix mypy error after merging PR #415. PR [#462](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/462).
+
+## 0.35.0
+
+* Fix typo in routing `assert`. PR [#419](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/419) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Fix typo in docs. PR [#411](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/411) by [@bronsen](https://github.com/bronsen).
+* Fix parsing a body type declared with `Union`. PR [#400](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/400) by [@koxudaxi](https://github.com/koxudaxi).
+
+## 0.34.0
+
+* Upgrade Starlette supported range to include the latest `0.12.7`. The new range is `0.11.1,<=0.12.7`. PR [#367](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/367) by [@dedsm](https://github.com/dedsm).
+
+* Add test for OpenAPI schema with duplicate models from PR [#333](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/333) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu). PR [#385](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/385).
+
+## 0.33.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic version to `0.30.0`. PR [#384](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/384) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.32.0
+
+* Fix typo in docs for features. PR [#380](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/380) by [@MartinoMensio](https://github.com/MartinoMensio).
+
+* Fix source code `limit` for example in [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/). PR [#366](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/366) by [@Smashman](https://github.com/Smashman).
+
+* Update wording in docs about [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/). PR [#371](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/371) by [@cjw296](https://github.com/cjw296).
+
+* Update docs for `Enum`s to inherit from `str` and improve Swagger UI rendering. PR [#351](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/351).
+
+* Fix regression, add Swagger UI deep linking again. PR [#350](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/350).
+
+* Add test for having path templates in `prefix` of `.include_router`. PR [#349](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/349).
+
+* Add note to docs: [Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-the-same-router-multiple-times-with-different-prefix). PR [#348](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/348).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI/JSON Schema generation for two functions with the same name (in different modules) with the same composite bodies.
+    * Composite bodies' IDs are now based on path, not only on route name, as the auto-generated name uses the function names, that can be duplicated in different modules.
+    * The same new ID generation applies to response models.
+    * This also changes the generated title for those models.
+    * Only composite bodies and response models are affected because those are generated dynamically, they don't have a module (a Python file).
+    * This also adds the possibility of using `.include_router()` with the same `APIRouter` *multiple*  times, with different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v2` and `/api/latest`, and it will now work correctly.
+    * PR [#347](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/347).
+
+## 0.31.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic supported version to `0.29.0`.
+    * New supported version range is `"pydantic >=0.28,<=0.29.0"`.
+    * This adds support for Pydantic [Generic Models](https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#generic-models), kudos to [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+    * PR [#344](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/344).
+
+## 0.30.1
+
+* Add section in docs about [External Links and Articles](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [#341](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/341).
+
+* Remove `Pipfile.lock` from the repository as it is only used by FastAPI contributors (developers of FastAPI itself). See the PR for more details. PR [#340](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/340).
+
+* Update section about [Help FastAPI - Get Help](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/). PR [#339](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/339).
+
+* Refine internal type declarations to improve/remove Mypy errors in users' code. PR [#338](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/338).
+
+* Update and clarify [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#331](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/331) by [@mariacamilagl](https://github.com/mariacamilagl).
+
+* Add SQLite [online viewers to the docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#interact-with-the-database-directly). PR [#330](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/330) by [@cyrilbois](https://github.com/cyrilbois).
+
+## 0.30.0
+
+* Add support for Pydantic's ORM mode:
+    * Updated documentation about SQL with SQLAlchemy, using Pydantic models with ORM mode, SQLAlchemy models with relations, separation of files, simplification of code and other changes. New docs: [SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/).
+    * The new support for ORM mode fixes issues/adds features related to ORMs with lazy-loading, hybrid properties, dynamic/getters (using `@property` decorators) and several other use cases.
+    * This applies to ORMs like SQLAlchemy, Peewee, Tortoise ORM, GINO ORM and virtually any other.
+    * If your *path operations* return an arbitrary object with attributes (e.g. `my_item.name` instead of `my_item["name"]`) AND you use a `response_model`, make sure to update the Pydantic models with `orm_mode = True` as described in the docs (link above).
+    * New documentation about receiving plain `dict`s as request bodies: [Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-nested-models/#bodies-of-arbitrary-dicts).
+    * New documentation about returning arbitrary `dict`s in responses: [Response with arbitrary `dict`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extra-models/#response-with-arbitrary-dict).
+    * **Technical Details**:
+        * When declaring a `response_model` it is used directly to generate the response content, from whatever was returned from the *path operation function*.
+        * Before this, the return content was first passed through `jsonable_encoder` to ensure it was a "jsonable" object, like a `dict`, instead of an arbitrary object with attributes (like an ORM model). That's why you should make sure to update your Pydantic models for objects with attributes to use `orm_mode = True`.
+        * If you don't have a `response_model`, the return object will still be passed through `jsonable_encoder` first.
+        * When a `response_model` is declared, the same `response_model` type declaration won't be used as is, it will be "cloned" to create an new one (a cloned Pydantic `Field` with all the submodels cloned as well).
+        * This avoids/fixes a potential security issue: as the returned object is passed directly to Pydantic, if the returned object was a subclass of the `response_model` (e.g. you return a `UserInDB` that inherits from `User` but contains extra fields, like `hashed_password`, and `User` is used in the `response_model`), it would still pass the validation (because `UserInDB` is a subclass of `User`) and the object would be returned as-is, including the `hashed_password`. To fix this, the declared `response_model` is cloned, if it is a Pydantic model class (or contains Pydantic model classes in it, e.g. in a `List[Item]`), the Pydantic model class(es) will be a different one (the "cloned" one). So, an object that is a subclass won't simply pass the validation and returned as-is, because it is no longer a sub-class of the cloned `response_model`. Instead, a new Pydantic model object will be created with the contents of the returned object. So, it will be a new object (made with the data from the returned one), and will be filtered by the cloned `response_model`, containing only the declared fields as normally.
+    * PR [#322](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/322).
+
+* Remove/clean unused RegEx code in routing. PR [#314](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/314) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Use default response status code descriptions for additional responses. PR [#313](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/313) by [@duxiaoyao](https://github.com/duxiaoyao).
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic support to `0.28`. PR [#320](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/320) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.29.1
+
+* Fix handling an empty-body request with a required body param. PR [#311](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/311).
+
+* Fix broken link in docs: [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/). PR [#306](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/306) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+* Fix docs discrepancy in docs for [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/). PR [#288](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/288) by [@awiddersheim](https://github.com/awiddersheim).
+
+## 0.29.0
+
+* Add support for declaring a `Response` parameter:
+    * This allows declaring:
+        * [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/).
+        * [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/).
+        * An HTTP Status Code different than the default: [Response - Change Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-change-status-code/).
+    * All of this while still being able to return arbitrary objects (`dict`, DB model, etc).
+    * Update attribution to Hug, for inspiring the `response` parameter pattern.
+    * PR [#294](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/294).
+
 ## 0.28.0

 * Implement dependency cache per request.
--- a/docs/src/body_fields/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_fields/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Schema
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

 app = FastAPI()


 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
-    description: str = Schema(None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300)
-    price: float = Schema(..., gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
+    description: str = Field(None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300)
+    price: float = Field(..., gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
    tax: float = None


--- a/docs/src/body_fields/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_fields/tutorial002.py
--- a/docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial009.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial009.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.post("/index-weights/")
+async def create_index_weights(weights: Dict[int, float]):
+    return weights
--- a/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ async def read_item(item_id: str):
 async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
    stored_item_data = items[item_id]
    stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
-    update_data = item.dict(skip_defaults=True)
+    update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
    updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
    items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
    return updated_item
--- a/docs/src/cors/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/cors/tutorial001.py
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ app = FastAPI()
 origins = [
    "http://localhost.tiangolo.com",
    "https://localhost.tiangolo.com",
-    "http:localhost",
-    "http:localhost:8080",
+    "http://localhost",
+    "http://localhost:8080",
 ]

 app.add_middleware(
--- a/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import gzip
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class GzipRequest(Request):
+    async def body(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            body = await super().body()
+            if "gzip" in self.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding"):
+                body = gzip.decompress(body)
+            self._body = body
+        return self._body
+
+
+class GzipRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            request = GzipRequest(request.scope, request.receive)
+            return await original_route_handler(request)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = GzipRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/sum")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return {"sum": sum(numbers)}
--- a/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class ValidationErrorLoggingRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            try:
+                return await original_route_handler(request)
+            except RequestValidationError as exc:
+                body = await request.body()
+                detail = {"errors": exc.errors(), "body": body.decode()}
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=422, detail=detail)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = ValidationErrorLoggingRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return sum(numbers)
--- a/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import time
+from typing import Callable
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class TimedRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            before = time.time()
+            response: Response = await original_route_handler(request)
+            duration = time.time() - before
+            response.headers["X-Response-Time"] = str(duration)
+            print(f"route duration: {duration}")
+            print(f"route response: {response}")
+            print(f"route response headers: {response.headers}")
+            return response
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router = APIRouter(route_class=TimedRoute)
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def not_timed():
+    return {"message": "Not timed"}
+
+
+@router.get("/timed")
+async def timed():
+    return {"message": "It's the time of my life"}
+
+
+app.include_router(router)
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py
@@ -1,21 +1,6 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-
-app = FastAPI()
-
-
-class FixedContentQueryChecker:
-    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
-        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
-
-    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
-        if q:
-            return self.fixed_content in q
-        return False
-
-
-checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
-
-
-@app.get("/query-checker/")
-async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
-    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
+async def get_db():
+    db = DBSession()
+    try:
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial008.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial008.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial009.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial009.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial010.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial010.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+class MySuperContextManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.db = DBSession()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.db
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.db.close()
+
+
+async def get_db():
+    with MySuperContextManager() as db:
+        yield db
--- a/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial011.py
+++ b/docs/src/dependencies/tutorial011.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class FixedContentQueryChecker:
+    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
+        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
+
+    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
+        if q:
+            return self.fixed_content in q
+        return False
+
+
+checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+
+
+@app.get("/query-checker/")
+async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
+    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
--- a/docs/src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
+    get_redoc_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html,
+)
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+
+app = FastAPI(docs_url=None, redoc_url=None)
+
+app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static")
+
+
+@app.get("/docs", include_in_schema=False)
+async def custom_swagger_ui_html():
+    return get_swagger_ui_html(
+        openapi_url=app.openapi_url,
+        title=app.title + " - Swagger UI",
+        oauth2_redirect_url=app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+        swagger_js_url="/static/swagger-ui-bundle.js",
+        swagger_css_url="/static/swagger-ui.css",
+    )
+
+
+@app.get(app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url, include_in_schema=False)
+async def swagger_ui_redirect():
+    return get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html()
+
+
+@app.get("/redoc", include_in_schema=False)
+async def redoc_html():
+    return get_redoc_html(
+        openapi_url=app.openapi_url,
+        title=app.title + " - ReDoc",
+        redoc_js_url="/static/redoc.standalone.js",
+    )
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{username}")
+async def read_user(username: str):
+    return {"message": f"Hello {username}"}
--- a/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

 app = FastAPI()

--- a/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial002.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

 app = FastAPI()

--- a/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/extra_models/tutorial005.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/keyword-weights/", response_model=Dict[str, float])
+async def read_keyword_weights():
+    return {"foo": 2.3, "bar": 3.4}
--- a/docs/src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Invoice(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str = None
+    customer: str
+    total: float
+
+
+class InvoiceEvent(BaseModel):
+    description: str
+    paid: bool
+
+
+class InvoiceEventReceived(BaseModel):
+    ok: bool
+
+
+invoices_callback_router = APIRouter(default_response_class=JSONResponse)
+
+
+@invoices_callback_router.post(
+    "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}",
+    response_model=InvoiceEventReceived,
+)
+def invoice_notification(body: InvoiceEvent):
+    pass
+
+
+@app.post("/invoices/", callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes)
+def create_invoice(invoice: Invoice, callback_url: HttpUrl = None):
+    """
+    Create an invoice.
+
+    This will (let's imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an
+    invoice.
+
+    And this path operation will:
+
+    * Send the invoice to the client.
+    * Collect the money from the client.
+    * Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer), as a callback.
+        * At this point is that the API will somehow send a POST request to the
+            external API with the notification of the invoice event
+            (e.g. "payment successful").
+    """
+    # Send the invoice, collect the money, send the notification (the callback)
+    return {"msg": "Invoice received"}
--- a/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py
@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute

 app = FastAPI()


-@app.get("/items/", include_in_schema=False)
+@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items():
    return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]
+
+
+def use_route_names_as_operation_ids(app: FastAPI) -> None:
+    """
+    Simplify operation IDs so that generated API clients have simpler function
+    names.
+
+    Should be called only after all routes have been added.
+    """
+    for route in app.routes:
+        if isinstance(route, APIRoute):
+            route.operation_id = route.name  # in this case, 'read_items'
+
+
+use_route_names_as_operation_ids(app)
--- a/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", include_in_schema=False)
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]
--- a/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Set
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = None
+    tags: Set[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
+async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+    """
+    Create an item with all the information:
+
+    - **name**: each item must have a name
+    - **description**: a long description
+    - **price**: required
+    - **tax**: if the item doesn't have tax, you can omit this
+    - **tags**: a set of unique tag strings for this item
+    \f
+    :param item: User input.
+    """
+    return item
--- a/docs/src/path_params/tutorial005.py
+++ b/docs/src/path_params/tutorial005.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from enum import Enum
 from fastapi import FastAPI


-class ModelName(Enum):
+class ModelName(str, Enum):
    alexnet = "alexnet"
    resnet = "resnet"
    lenet = "lenet"
--- a/docs/src/query_params/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/query_params/tutorial001.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ fake_items_db = [{"item_name": "Foo"}, {"item_name": "Bar"}, {"item_name": "Baz"


@app.get("/items/")
-async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
    return fake_items_db[skip : skip + limit]
--- a/docs/src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+from starlette.status import HTTP_201_CREATED
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+tasks = {"foo": "Listen to the Bar Fighters"}
+
+
+@app.put("/get-or-create-task/{task_id}", status_code=200)
+def get_or_create_task(task_id: str, response: Response):
+    if task_id not in tasks:
+        tasks[task_id] = "This didn't exist before"
+        response.status_code = HTTP_201_CREATED
+    return tasks[task_id]
--- a/docs/src/response_cookies/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_cookies/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.post("/cookie-and-object/")
+def create_cookie(response: Response):
+    response.set_cookie(key="fakesession", value="fake-cookie-session-value")
+    return {"message": "Come to the dark side, we have cookies"}
--- a/docs/src/response_directly/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_directly/tutorial002.py
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ app = FastAPI()

@app.get("/legacy/")
 def get_legacy_data():
-    data = """
-    <?xml version="1.0"?>
+    data = """<?xml version="1.0"?>
    <shampoo>
    <Header>
        Apply shampoo here.
-    <Header>
+    </Header>
    <Body>
        You'll have to use soap here.
    </Body>
--- a/docs/src/response_headers/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_headers/tutorial002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/headers-and-object/")
+def get_headers(response: Response):
+    response.headers["X-Cat-Dog"] = "alone in the world"
+    return {"message": "Hello World"}
--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial002.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial002.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

 app = FastAPI()

--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial003.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial003.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

 app = FastAPI()

--- a/docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py
+++ b/docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ items = {
 }


-@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_skip_defaults=True)
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude_unset=True)
 async def read_item(item_id: str):
    return items[item_id]
--- a/tests/test_tutorial/test_body_schema/init.py
+++ b/tests/test_tutorial/test_body_schema/init.py
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/init.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/init.py
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+from . import crud, models, schemas
+from .database import SessionLocal, engine
+
+models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
+    try:
+        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
+        response = await call_next(request)
+    finally:
+        request.state.db.close()
+    return response
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db(request: Request):
+    return request.state.db
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(db, email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(db=db, user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    users = crud.get_users(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post("/users/{user_id}/items/", response_model=schemas.Item)
+def create_item_for_user(
+    user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
+):
+    return crud.create_user_item(db=db, item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    items = crud.get_items(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from . import models, schemas
+
+
+def get_user(db: Session, user_id: int):
+    return db.query(models.User).filter(models.User.id == user_id).first()
+
+
+def get_user_by_email(db: Session, email: str):
+    return db.query(models.User).filter(models.User.email == email).first()
+
+
+def get_users(db: Session, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return db.query(models.User).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()
+
+
+def create_user(db: Session, user: schemas.UserCreate):
+    fake_hashed_password = user.password + "notreallyhashed"
+    db_user = models.User(email=user.email, hashed_password=fake_hashed_password)
+    db.add(db_user)
+    db.commit()
+    db.refresh(db_user)
+    return db_user
+
+
+def get_items(db: Session, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return db.query(models.Item).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()
+
+
+def create_user_item(db: Session, item: schemas.ItemCreate, user_id: int):
+    db_item = models.Item(**item.dict(), owner_id=user_id)
+    db.add(db_item)
+    db.commit()
+    db.refresh(db_item)
+    return db_item
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
+# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
+
+engine = create_engine(
+    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+)
+SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
+
+Base = declarative_base()
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+from . import crud, models, schemas
+from .database import SessionLocal, engine
+
+models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db():
+    try:
+        db = SessionLocal()
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(db, email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(db=db, user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    users = crud.get_users(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post("/users/{user_id}/items/", response_model=schemas.Item)
+def create_item_for_user(
+    user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
+):
+    return crud.create_user_item(db=db, item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    items = crud.get_items(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+from .database import Base
+
+
+class User(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "users"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True)
+    hashed_password = Column(String)
+    is_active = Column(Boolean, default=True)
+
+    items = relationship("Item", back_populates="owner")
+
+
+class Item(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "items"
+
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
+    title = Column(String, index=True)
+    description = Column(String, index=True)
+    owner_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("users.id"))
+
+    owner = relationship("User", back_populates="items")
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class ItemBase(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+class ItemCreate(ItemBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class Item(ItemBase):
+    id: int
+    owner_id: int
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
+
+
+class UserBase(BaseModel):
+    email: str
+
+
+class UserCreate(UserBase):
+    password: str
+
+
+class User(UserBase):
+    id: int
+    is_active: bool
+    items: List[Item] = []
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
--- a/docs/src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py
+++ b/docs/src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-from sqlalchemy import Boolean, Column, Integer, String, create_engine
-from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base, declared_attr
-from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, sessionmaker
-from starlette.requests import Request
-from starlette.responses import Response
-
-# SQLAlchemy specific code, as with any other app
-SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "sqlite:///./test.db"
-# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
-
-engine = create_engine(
-    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
-)
-SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
-
-
-class CustomBase:
-    # Generate __tablename__ automatically
-    @declared_attr
-    def __tablename__(cls):
-        return cls.__name__.lower()
-
-
-Base = declarative_base(cls=CustomBase)
-
-
-class User(Base):
-    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
-    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True)
-    hashed_password = Column(String)
-    is_active = Column(Boolean(), default=True)
-
-
-Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
-
-db_session = SessionLocal()
-
-first_user = db_session.query(User).first()
-if not first_user:
-    u = User(email="johndoe@example.com", hashed_password="notreallyhashed")
-    db_session.add(u)
-    db_session.commit()
-
-db_session.close()
-
-
-# Utility
-def get_user(db_session: Session, user_id: int):
-    return db_session.query(User).filter(User.id == user_id).first()
-
-
-# Dependency
-def get_db(request: Request):
-    return request.state.db
-
-
-# FastAPI specific code
-app = FastAPI()
-
-
-@app.get("/users/{user_id}")
-def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
-    user = get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
-    return user
-
-
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
-    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
-    try:
-        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
-        response = await call_next(request)
-    finally:
-        request.state.db.close()
-    return response
--- a/docs/tutorial/additional-responses.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/additional-responses.md
@@ -174,6 +174,11 @@ For example, you can add an additional media type of `image/png`, declaring that
 !!! note
    Notice that you have to return the image using a `FileResponse` directly.

+!!! info
+    Unless you specify a different media type explicitly in your `responses` parameter, FastAPI will assume the response has the same media type as the main response class (default `application/json`).
+
+    But if you have specified a custom response class with `None` as its media type, FastAPI will use `application/json` for any additional response that has an associated model.
+
 ## Combining information

 You can also combine response information from multiple places, including the `response_model`, `status_code`, and `responses` parameters.
--- a/docs/tutorial/async-sql-databases.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/async-sql-databases.md
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Later, for your production application, you might want to use a database server
 ```

 !!! tip
-    If you where connecting to a different database (e.g. PostgreSQL), you would need to change the `DATABASE_URL`.
+    If you were connecting to a different database (e.g. PostgreSQL), you would need to change the `DATABASE_URL`.

 ## Create the tables

--- a/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
@@ -174,7 +174,6 @@ from app.routers import items, users

    To learn more about Python Packages and Modules, read <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html" target="_blank">the official Python documentation about Modules</a>.

-
 ### Avoid name collisions

 We are importing the submodule `items` directly, instead of importing just its variable `router`.
@@ -216,7 +215,6 @@ It will include all the routes from that router as part of it.

    So, behind the scenes, it will actually work as if everything was the same single app.

-
 !!! check
    You don't have to worry about performance when including routers.

@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@ We can also add a list of `tags` that will be applied to all the *path operation

 And we can add predefined `responses` that will be included in all the *path operations* too.

-And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them.
+And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them. Note that, much like dependencies in *path operation decorators*, no value will be passed to your *path operation function*.

 ```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
@@ -295,7 +293,6 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:

    As we cannot just isolate them and "mount" them independently of the rest, the path operations are "cloned" (re-created), not included directly.

-
 ## Check the automatic API docs

 Now, run `uvicorn`, using the module `app.main` and the variable `app`:
@@ -309,3 +306,11 @@ And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http:/
 You will see the automatic API docs, including the paths from all the submodules, using the correct paths (and prefixes) and the correct tags:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/image01.png">
+
+## Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`
+
+You can also use `.include_router()` multiple times with the *same* router using different prefixes.
+
+This could be useful, for example, to expose the same API under different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v1` and `/api/latest`.
+
+This is an advanced usage that you might not really need, but it's there in case you do.
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in path operation function parameters with `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, you can declare validation and metadata inside of Pydantic models using Pydantic's `Field`.
+
+## Import `Field`
+
+First, you have to import it:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! warning
+    Notice that `Field` is imported directly from `pydantic`, not from `fastapi` as are all the rest (`Query`, `Path`, `Body`, etc).
+
+
+## Declare model attributes
+
+You can then use `Field` with model attributes:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 10"
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`Field` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next create objects of subclasses of a common `Param` class, which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `FieldInfo` class.
+
+    And Pydantic's `Field` returns an instance of `FieldInfo` as well.
+
+    `Body` also returns objects of a subclass of `FieldInfo` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of the `Body` class.
+
+    Remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Field` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Field` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
+
+## JSON Schema extras
+
+In `Field`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
+
+Those parameters will be added as-is to the output JSON Schema.
+
+If you know JSON Schema and want to add extra information apart from what we have discussed here, you can pass that as extra keyword arguments.
+
+!!! warning
+    Have in mind that extra parameters passed won't add any validation, only annotation, for documentation purposes.
+
+For example, you can use that functionality to pass a <a href="http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.8.5" target="_blank">JSON Schema example</a> field to a body request JSON Schema:
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25"
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+And it would look in the `/docs` like this:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/body-fields/image01.png">
+
+## Recap
+
+You can use Pydantic's `Field` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
+
+You can also use the extra keyword arguments to pass additional JSON Schema metadata.
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
@@ -200,6 +200,35 @@ You couldn't get this kind of editor support if you where working directly with

 But you don't have to worry about them either, incoming dicts are converted automatically and your output is converted automatically to JSON too.

+## Bodies of arbitrary `dict`s
+
+You can also declare a body as a `dict` with keys of some type and values of other type.
+
+Without having to know beforehand what are the valid field/attribute names (as would be the case with Pydantic models).
+
+This would be useful if you want to receive keys that you don't already know.
+
+---
+
+Other useful case is when you want to have keys of other type, e.g. `int`.
+
+That's what we are going to see here.
+
+In this case, you would accept any `dict` as long as it has `int` keys with `float` values:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15"
+{!./src/body_nested_models/tutorial009.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Have in mind that JSON only supports `str` as keys.
+
+    But Pydantic has automatic data conversion.
+
+    This means that, even though your API clients can only send strings as keys, as long as those strings contain pure integers, Pydantic will convert them and validate them.
+    
+    And the `dict` you receive as `weights` will actually have `int` keys and `float` values.
+
 ## Recap

 With **FastAPI** you have the maximum flexibility provided by Pydantic models, while keeping your code simple, short and elegant. 
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-schema.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-schema.md
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in path operation function parameters with `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, you can declare validation and metadata inside of Pydantic models using `Schema`.
-
-## Import Schema
-
-First, you have to import it:
-
-```Python hl_lines="2"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-!!! warning
-    Notice that `Schema` is imported directly from `pydantic`, not from `fastapi` as are all the rest (`Query`, `Path`, `Body`, etc).
-
-
-## Declare model attributes
-
-You can then use `Schema` with model attributes:
-
-```Python hl_lines="9 10"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-`Schema` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
-
-!!! note "Technical Details"
-    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next are subclasses of a common `Param` which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `Schema`.
-
-    `Body` is also a subclass of `Schema` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of `Body`.
-
-    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
-
-!!! tip
-    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Schema` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Schema` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
-
-## Schema extras
-
-In `Schema`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
-
-Those parameters will be added as-is to the output JSON Schema.
-
-If you know JSON Schema and want to add extra information apart from what we have discussed here, you can pass that as extra keyword arguments.
-
-!!! warning
-    Have in mind that extra parameters passed won't add any validation, only annotation, for documentation purposes.
-
-For example, you can use that functionality to pass a <a href="http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.8.5" target="_blank">JSON Schema example</a> field to a body request JSON Schema:
-
-```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial002.py!}
-```
-
-And it would look in the `/docs` like this:
-
-<img src="/img/tutorial/body-schema/image01.png">
-
-## Recap
-
-You can use Pydantic's `Schema` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
-
-You can also use the extra keyword arguments to pass additional JSON Schema metadata.
--- a/docs/tutorial/body-updates.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/body-updates.md
@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ This means that you can send only the data that you want to update, leaving the

    But this guide shows you, more or less, how they are intended to be used.

-### Using Pydantic's `skip_defaults` parameter
+### Using Pydantic's `exclude_unset` parameter

-If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `skip_defaults` in Pydantic's model's `.dict()`.
+If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `exclude_unset` in Pydantic's model's `.dict()`.

-Like `item.dict(skip_defaults=True)`.
+Like `item.dict(exclude_unset=True)`.

 That would generate a `dict` with only the data that was set when creating the `item` model, excluding default values.

-Then you can use this to generate a `dict` with only the data that was set, omitting default values:
+Then you can use this to generate a `dict` with only the data that was set (sent in the request), omitting default values:

 ```Python hl_lines="34"
 {!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ In summary, to apply partial updates you would:
 * (Optionally) use `PATCH` instead of `PUT`.
 * Retrieve the stored data.
 * Put that data in a Pydantic model.
-* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `skip_defaults`).
+* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `exclude_unset`).
    * This way you can update only the values actually set by the user, instead of overriding values already stored with default values in your model.
 * Create a copy of the stored model, updating it's attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).
 * Convert the copied model to something that can be stored in your DB (for example, using the `jsonable_encoder`).
--- a/docs/tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+In some cases, you may want to override the logic used by the `Request` and `APIRoute` classes.
+
+In particular, this may be a good alternative to logic in a middleware.
+
+For example, if you want to read or manipulate the request body before it is processed by your application.
+
+!!! danger
+    This is an "advanced" feature.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this section.
+
+## Use cases
+
+Some use cases include:
+
+* Converting non-JSON request bodies to JSON (e.g. [`msgpack`](https://msgpack.org/index.html)).
+* Decompressing gzip-compressed request bodies.
+* Automatically logging all request bodies.
+* Accessing the request body in an exception handler.
+
+## Handling custom request body encodings
+
+Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.
+
+And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class
+
+First, we create a `GzipRequest` class, which will overwrite the `Request.body()` method to decompress the body in the presence of an appropriate header.
+
+If there's no `gzip` in the header, it will not try to decompress the body.
+
+That way, the same route class can handle gzip compressed or uncompressed requests.
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRoute` class
+
+Next, we create a custom subclass of `fastapi.routing.APIRoute` that will make use of the `GzipRequest`.
+
+This time, it will overwrite the method `APIRoute.get_route_handler()`.
+
+This method returns a function. And that function is what will receive a request and return a response.
+
+Here we use it to create a `GzipRequest` from the original request.
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.
+
+    A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.
+
+    The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.
+
+    And those two things, `scope` and `receive`, are what is needed to create a new `Request` instance.
+
+    To learn more about the `Request` check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Requests</a>.
+
+The only thing the function returned by `GzipRequest.get_route_handler` does differently is convert the `Request` to a `GzipRequest`.
+
+Doing this, our `GzipRequest` will take care of decompressing the data (if necessary) before passing it to our *path operations*.
+
+After that, all of the processing logic is the same.
+
+But because of our changes in `GzipRequest.body`, the request body will be automatically decompressed when it is loaded by **FastAPI** when needed.
+
+## Accessing the request body in an exception handler
+
+We can also use this same approach to access the request body in an exception handler.
+
+All we need to do is handle the request inside a `try`/`except` block:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+If an exception occurs, the`Request` instance will still be in scope, so we can read and make use of the request body when handling the error:
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+## Custom `APIRoute` class in a router
+
+You can also set the `route_class` parameter of an `APIRouter`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="25"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, the *path operations* under the `router` will use the custom `TimedRoute` class, and will have an extra `X-Response-Time` header in the response with the time it took to generate the response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
--- a/docs/tutorial/custom-response.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/custom-response.md
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ The contents that you return from your *path operation function* will be put ins

 And if that `Response` has a JSON media type (`application/json`), like is the case with the `JSONResponse` and `UJSONResponse`, the data you return will be automatically converted (and filtered) with any Pydantic `response_model` that you declared in the *path operation decorator*.

+!!! note
+    If you use a response class with no media type, FastAPI will expect your response to have no content, so it will not document the response format in its generated OpenAPI docs.
+
 ## Use `UJSONResponse`

 For example, if you are squeezing performance, you can install and use `ujson` and set the response to be Starlette's `UJSONResponse`.
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-!!! danger
+!!! warning
    This is, more or less, an "advanced" chapter.
    
    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this chapter and come back to it later.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas
 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:

 ```Python hl_lines="10"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```

 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition
 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:

 ```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```

 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use
 We could create an instance of this class with:

 ```Python hl_lines="16"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```

 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ checker(q="somequery")
 ...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our path operation function as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:

 ```Python hl_lines="20"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```

 !!! tip
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Before diving deeper into the **Dependency Injection** system, let's upgrade the

 ## A `dict` from the previous example

-In the previous example, we where returning a `dict` from our dependency ("dependable"):
+In the previous example, we are returning a `dict` from our dependency ("dependable"):

 ```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!./src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
--- a/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# Dependencies with `yield`
+
+FastAPI supports dependencies that do some <abbr title='sometimes also called "exit", "cleanup", "teardown", "close", "context managers", ...'>extra steps after finishing</abbr>.
+
+To do this, use `yield` instead of `return`, and write the extra steps after.
+
+!!! tip
+    Make sure to use `yield` one single time.
+
+!!! info
+    For this to work, you need to use **Python 3.7** or above, or in **Python 3.6**, install the "backports":
+
+    ```bash
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+    ```
+
+    This installs <a href="https://github.com/sorcio/async_exit_stack" target="_blank">async-exit-stack</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-trio/async_generator" target="_blank">async-generator</a>.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    Any function that is valid to use with:
+
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
+
+    would be valid to use as a **FastAPI** dependency.
+
+    In fact, FastAPI uses those two decorators internally.
+
+## A database dependency with `yield`
+
+For example, you could use this to create a database session and close it after finishing.
+
+Only the code prior to and including the `yield` statement is executed before sending a response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+The yielded value is what is injected into *path operations* and other dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+The code following the `yield` statement is executed after the response has been delivered:
+
+```Python hl_lines="5 6"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You can use `async` or normal functions.
+
+    **FastAPI** will do the right thing with each, the same as with normal dependencies.
+
+## A dependency with `yield` and `try`
+
+If you use a `try` block in a dependency with `yield`, you'll receive any exception that was thrown when using the dependency.
+
+For example, if some code at some point in the middle, in another dependency or in a *path operation*, made a database transaction "rollback" or create any other error, you will receive the exception in your dependency.
+
+So, you can look for that specific exception inside the dependency with `except SomeException`.
+
+In the same way, you can use `finally` to make sure the exit steps are executed, no matter if there was an exception or not.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 5"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+## Sub-dependencies with `yield`
+
+You can have sub-dependencies and "trees" of sub-dependencies of any size and shape, and any or all of them can use `yield`.
+
+**FastAPI** will make sure that the "exit code" in each dependency with `yield` is run in the correct order.
+
+For example, `dependency_c` can have a dependency on `dependency_b`, and `dependency_b` on `dependency_a`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4 12 20"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+And all of them can use `yield`.
+
+In this case `dependency_c`, to execute its exit code, needs the value from `dependency_b` (here named `dep_b`) to still be available.
+
+And, in turn, `dependency_b` needs the value from `dependency_a` (here named `dep_a`) to be available for its exit code.
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 24 25"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+The same way, you could have dependencies with `yield` and `return` mixed.
+
+And you could have a single dependency that requires several other dependencies with `yield`, etc.
+
+You can have any combinations of dependencies that you want.
+
+**FastAPI** will make sure everything is run in the correct order.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    This works thanks to Python's <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html" target="_blank">Context Managers</a>.
+
+    **FastAPI** uses them internally to achieve this.
+
+## Context Managers
+
+### What are "Context Managers"
+
+"Context Managers" are any of those Python objects that you can use in a `with` statement.
+
+For example, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" target="_blank">you can use `with` to read a file</a>:
+
+```Python
+with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
+    contents = f.read()
+    print(contents)
+```
+
+Underneath, the `open("./somefile.txt")` returns an object that is a called a "Context Manager".
+
+When the `with` block finishes, it makes sure to close the file, even if there were exceptions.
+
+When you create a dependency with `yield`, **FastAPI** will internally convert it to a context manager, and combine it with some other related tools.
+
+### Using context managers in dependencies with `yield`
+
+!!! warning
+    This is, more or less, an "advanced" idea.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip it for now.
+
+In Python, you can create context managers by <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#context-managers" target="_blank">creating a class with two methods: `__enter__()` and `__exit__()`</a>.
+
+You can also use them with **FastAPI** dependencies with `yield` by using
+`with` or `async with` statements inside of the dependency function:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial010.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Another way to create a context manager is with:
+
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
+
+    using them to decorate a function with a single `yield`.
+
+    That's what **FastAPI** uses internally for dependencies with `yield`.
+
+    But you don't have to use the decorators for FastAPI dependencies (and you shouldn't).
+
+    FastAPI will do it for you internally.
--- a/docs/tutorial/extending-openapi.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/extending-openapi.md
@@ -88,3 +88,156 @@ Now you can replace the `.openapi()` method with your new function.
 Once you go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a> you will see that you are using your custom logo (in this example, **FastAPI**'s logo):

 <img src="/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image01.png">
+
+## Self-hosting JavaScript and CSS for docs
+
+The API docs use **Swagger UI** and **ReDoc**, and each of those need some JavaScript and CSS files.
+
+By default, those files are served from a <abbr title="Content Delivery Network: A service, normally composed of several servers, that provides static files, like JavaScript and CSS. It's commonly used to serve those files from the server closer to the client, improving performance.">CDN</abbr>.
+
+But it's possible to customize it, you can set a specific CDN, or serve the files yourself.
+
+That's useful, for example, if you need your app to keep working even while offline, without open Internet access, or in a local network.
+
+Here you'll see how to serve those files yourself, in the same FastAPI app, and configure the docs to use them.
+
+### Project file structure
+
+Let's say your project file structure looks like this:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+```
+
+Now create a directory to store those static files.
+
+Your new file structure could look like this:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+└── static/
+```
+
+### Download the files
+
+Download the static files needed for the docs and put them on that `static/` directory.
+
+You can probably right-click each link and select an option similar to `Save link as...`.
+
+**Swagger UI** uses the files:
+
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
+
+And **ReDoc** uses the file:
+
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js" target="_blank">`redoc.standalone.js`</a>
+
+After that, your file structure could look like:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+└── static
+    ├── redoc.standalone.js
+    ├── swagger-ui-bundle.js
+    └── swagger-ui.css
+```
+
+### Install `aiofiles`
+
+Now you need to install `aiofiles`:
+
+```bash
+pip install aiofiles
+```
+
+### Serve the static files
+
+* Import `StaticFiles` from Starlette.
+* "Mount" it the same way you would <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/" target="_blank">mount a Sub-Application</a>.
+
+```Python hl_lines="7 11"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Test the static files
+
+Start your application and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/redoc.standalone.js" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/redoc.standalone.js</a>.
+
+You should see a very long JavaScript file for **ReDoc**.
+
+It could start with something like:
+
+```JavaScript
+/*!
+ * ReDoc - OpenAPI/Swagger-generated API Reference Documentation
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------
+ *   Version: "2.0.0-rc.18"
+ *   Repo: https://github.com/Redocly/redoc
+ */
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof m
+
+...
+```
+
+That confirms that you are being able to serve static files from your app, and that you placed the static files for the docs in the correct place.
+
+Now we can configure the app to use those static files for the docs.
+
+### Disable the automatic docs
+
+The first step is to disable the automatic docs, as those use the CDN by default.
+
+To disable them, set their URLs to `None` when creating your `FastAPI` app:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Include the custom docs
+
+Now you can create the *path operations* for the custom docs.
+
+You can re-use FastAPI's internal functions to create the HTML pages for the docs, and pass them the needed arguments:
+
+* `openapi_url`: the URL where the HTML page for the docs can get the OpenAPI schema for your API. You can use here the attribute `app.openapi_url`.
+* `title`: the title of your API.
+* `oauth2_redirect_url`: you can use `app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url` here to use the default.
+* `swagger_js_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **JavaScript** file. This is the one that your own app is now serving.
+* `swagger_css_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **CSS** file. This is the one that your own app is now serving.
+
+And similarly for ReDoc...
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4 5 6   14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22    25 26 27   30 31 32 33 34 35 36"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The *path operation* for `swagger_ui_redirect` is a helper for when you use OAuth2.
+
+    If you integrate your API with an OAuth2 provider, you will be able to authenticate and come back to the API docs with the acquired credentials. And interact with it using the real OAuth2 authentication.
+
+    Swagger UI will handle it behind the scenes for you, but it needs this "redirect" helper.
+
+### Create a *path operation* to test it
+
+Now, to be able to test that everything works, create a path operation:
+
+```Python hl_lines="39 40 41"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Test it
+
+Now, you should be able to disconnect your WiFi, go to your docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>, and reload the page.
+
+And even without Internet, you would be able to see the docs for your API and interact with it.
--- a/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ This is especially the case for user models, because:

 Here's a general idea of how the models could look like with their password fields and the places where they are used:

-```Python hl_lines="8 10 15 21 23 32 34 39 40"
+```Python hl_lines="7 9  14   20 22  27 28  31 32 33  38 39"
 {!./src/extra_models/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ All the data conversion, validation, documentation, etc. will still work as norm

 That way, we can declare just the differences between the models (with plaintext `password`, with `hashed_password` and without password):

-```Python hl_lines="8 14 15 18 19 22 23"
+```Python hl_lines="7  13 14  17 18  21 22"
 {!./src/extra_models/tutorial002.py!}
 ```

@@ -174,6 +174,18 @@ For that, use the standard Python `typing.List`:
 {!./src/extra_models/tutorial004.py!}
 ```

+## Response with arbitrary `dict`
+
+You can also declare a response using a plain arbitrary `dict`, declaring just the type of the keys and values, without using a Pydantic model.
+
+This is useful if you don't know the valid field/attribute names (that would be needed for a Pydantic model) beforehand.
+
+In this case, you can use `typing.Dict`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 8"
+{!./src/extra_models/tutorial005.py!}
+```
+
 ## Recap

 Use multiple Pydantic models and inherit freely for each case.
--- a/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.
 You will see the JSON response as:

 ```JSON
-{"hello": "world"}
+{"message": "Hello World"}
 ```

 ### Interactive API docs
--- a/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ This client could be a browser with a frontend, the code from someone else, an I

 You could need to tell that client that:

-* He doesn't have enough privileges for that operation.
-* He doesn't have access to that resource.
-* The item he was trying to access doesn't exist.
+* The client doesn't have enough privileges for that operation.
+* The client doesn't have access to that resource.
+* The item the client was trying to access doesn't exist.
 * etc.

 In these cases, you would normally return an **HTTP status code** in the range of **400** (from 400 to 499).
--- a/docs/tutorial/openapi-callbacks.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/openapi-callbacks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+You could create an API with a *path operation* that could trigger a request to an *external API* created by someone else (probably the same developer that would be *using* your API).
+
+The process that happens when your API app calls the *external API* is named a "callback". Because the software that the external developer wrote sends a request to your API and then your API *calls back*, sending a request to an *external API* (that was probably created by the same developer).
+
+In this case, you could want to document how that external API *should* look like. What *path operation* it should have, what body it should expect, what response it should return, etc.
+
+## An app with callbacks
+
+Let's see all this with an example.
+
+Imagine you develop an app that allows creating invoices.
+
+These invoices will have an `id`, `title` (optional), `customer`, and `total`.
+
+The user of your API (an external developer) will create an invoice in your API with a POST request.
+
+Then your API will (let's imagine):
+
+* Send the invoice to some customer of the external developer.
+* Collect the money.
+* Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer).
+    * This will be done by sending a POST request (from *your API*) to some *external API* provided by that external developer (this is the "callback").
+
+## The normal **FastAPI** app
+
+Let's first see how the normal API app would look like before adding the callback.
+
+It will have a *path operation* that will receive an `Invoice` body, and a query parameter `callback_url` that will contain the URL for the callback.
+
+This part is pretty normal, most of the code is probably already familiar to you:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12  35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The `callback_url` query parameter uses a Pydantic <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/types/#urls" target="_blank">URL</a> type.
+
+The only new thing is the `callbacks=messages_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.
+
+## Documenting the callback
+
+The actual callback code will depend heavily on your own API app.
+
+And it will probably vary a lot from one app to the next.
+
+It could be just one or two lines of code, like:
+
+```Python
+callback_url = "https://example.com/api/v1/invoices/events/"
+requests.post(callback_url, json={"description": "Invoice paid", "paid": True})
+```
+
+But possibly the most important part of the callback is making sure that your API user (the external developer) implements the *external API* correctly, according to the data that *your API* is going to send in the request body of the callback, etc.
+
+So, what we will do next is add the code to document how that *external API* should look like to receive the callback from *your API*.
+
+That documentation will show up in the Swagger UI at `/docs` in your API, and it will let external developers know how to build the *external API*.
+
+This example doesn't implement the callback itself (that could be just a line of code), only the documentation part.
+
+!!! tip
+    The actual callback is just an HTTP request.
+
+    When implementing the callback yourself, you could use something like <a href="https://www.encode.io/httpx/" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> or <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/" target="_blank">Requests</a>.
+
+## Write the callback documentation code
+
+This code won't be executed in your app, we only need it to *document* how that *external API* should look like.
+
+But, you already know how to easily create automatic documentation for an API with **FastAPI**.
+
+So we are going to use that same knowledge to document how the *external API* should look like... by creating the *path operation(s)* that the external API should implement (the ones your API will call).
+
+!!! tip
+    When writing the code to document a callback, it might be useful to imagine that you are that *external developer*. And that you are currently implementing the *external API*, not *your API*.
+
+    Temporarily adopting this point of view (of the *external developer*) can help you feel like it's more obvious where to put the parameters, the Pydantic model for the body, for the response, etc. for that *external API*.
+
+### Create a callback `APIRouter`
+
+First create a new `APIRouter` that will contain one or more callbacks.
+
+This router will never be added to an actual `FastAPI` app (i.e. it will never be passed to `app.include_router(...)`).
+
+Because of that, you need to declare what will be the `default_response_class`, and set it to `JSONResponse`.
+
+!!! Note "Technical Details"
+    The `response_class` is normally set by the `FastAPI` app during the call to `app.include_router(some_router)`.
+
+    But as we are never calling `app.include_router(some_router)`, we need to set the `default_response_class` during creation of the `APIRouter`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 24"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create the callback *path operation*
+
+To create the callback *path operation* use the same `APIRouter` you created above.
+
+It should look just like a normal FastAPI *path operation*:
+
+* It should probably have a declaration of the body it should receive, e.g. `body: InvoiceEvent`.
+* And it could also have a declaration of the response it should return, e.g. `response_model=InvoiceEventReceived`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17  20 21  27 28 29 30 31 32"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+There are 2 main differences from a normal *path operation*:
+
+* It doesn't need to have any actual code, because your app will never call this code. It's only used to document the *external API*. So, the function could just have `pass`.
+* The *path* can contain an <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#key-expression" target="_blank">OpenAPI 3 expression</a> (see more below) where it can use variables with parameters and parts of the original request sent to *your API*.
+
+### The callback path expression
+
+The callback *path* can have an <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#key-expression" target="_blank">OpenAPI 3 expression</a> that can contain parts of the original request sent to *your API*.
+
+In this case, it's the `str`:
+
+```Python
+"{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}"
+```
+
+So, if your API user (the external developer) sends a request to *your API* to:
+
+```
+https://yourapi.com/invoices/?callback_url=https://www.external.org/events
+```
+
+with a JSON body of:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "id": "2expen51ve",
+    "customer": "Mr. Richie Rich",
+    "total": "9999"
+}
+```
+
+Then *your API* will process the invoice, and at some point later, send a callback request to the `callback_url` (the *external API*):
+
+```
+https://www.external.org/events/invoices/2expen51ve
+```
+
+with a JSON body containing something like:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "description": "Payment celebration",
+    "paid": true
+}
+```
+
+and it would expect a response from that *external API* with a JSON body like:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "ok": true
+}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice how the callback URL used contains the URL received as a query parameter in `callback_url` (`https://www.external.org/events`) and also the invoice `id` from inside of the JSON body (`2expen51ve`).
+
+### Add the callback router
+
+At this point you have the *callback path operation(s)* needed (the one(s) that the *external developer*  should implement in the *external API*) in the callback router you created above.
+
+Now use the parameter `callbacks` in *your API's path operation decorator* to pass the attribute `.routes` (that's actually just a `list` of routes/*path operations*) from that callback router:
+
+```Python hl_lines="35"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice that you are not passing the router itself (`invoices_callback_router`) to `callback=`, but the attribute `.routes`, as in `invoices_callback_router.routes`.
+
+### Check the docs
+
+Now you can start your app with Uvicorn and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+You will see your docs including a "Callback" section for your *path operation* that shows how the *external API* should look like:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/image01.png">
--- a/docs/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md
@@ -11,10 +11,40 @@ You would have to make sure that it is unique for each operation.
 {!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

+### Using the *path operation function* name as the operationId
+
+If you want to use your APIs' function names as `operationId`s, you can iterate over all of them and override each *path operation's* `operation_id` using their `APIRoute.name`.
+
+You should do it after adding all your *path operations*.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    If you manually call `app.openapi()`, you should update the `operationId`s before that.
+
+!!! warning
+    If you do this, you have to make sure each one of your *path operation functions* has a unique name.
+
+    Even if they are in different modules (Python files).
+
 ## Exclude from OpenAPI

 To exclude a path operation from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from the automatic documentation systems), use the parameter `include_in_schema` and set it to `False`;

 ```Python hl_lines="6"
-{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+## Advanced description from docstring
+
+You can limit the lines used from the docstring of a *path operation function* for OpenAPI.
+
+Adding an `\f` (an escaped "form feed" character) causes **FastAPI** to truncate the output used for OpenAPI at this point.
+
+It won't show up in the documentation, but other tools (such as Sphinx) will be able to use the rest.
+
+```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py!}
 ```
--- a/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
@@ -119,7 +119,9 @@ If you have a *path operation* that receives a *path parameter*, but you want th

 ### Create an `Enum` class

-Import `Enum` and create a sub-class that inherits from it.
+Import `Enum` and create a sub-class that inherits from `str` and from `Enum`.
+
+By inheriting from `str` the API docs will be able to know that the values must be of type `string` and will be able to render correctly.

 And create class attributes with fixed values, those fixed values will be the available valid values:

--- a/docs/tutorial/request-files.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/request-files.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 You can define files to be uploaded by the client using `File`.

+!!! info
+    To receive uploaded files, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
+    This is because uploaded files are sent as "form data".
+
 ## Import `File`

 Import `File` and `UploadFile` from `fastapi`:
--- a/docs/tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 You can define files and form fields at the same time using `File` and `Form`.

+!!! info
+    To receive uploaded files and/or form data, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
 ## Import `File` and `Form`

 ```Python hl_lines="1"
--- a/docs/tutorial/request-forms.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/request-forms.md
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 When you need to receive form fields instead of JSON, you can use `Form`.

+!!! info
+    To use forms, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
 ## Import `Form`

 Import `Form` from `fastapi`:
--- a/docs/tutorial/response-change-status-code.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-change-status-code.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+You probably read before that you can set a <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/" target="_blank">default Response Status Code</a>.
+
+But in some cases you need to return a different status code than the default.
+
+## Use case
+
+For example, imagine that you want to return an HTTP status code of "OK" `200` by default.
+
+But if the data didn't exist, you want to create it, and return an HTTP status code of "CREATED" `201`.
+
+But you still want to be able to filter and convert the data you return with a `response_model`.
+
+For those cases, you can use a `Response` parameter.
+
+## Use a `Response` parameter
+
+You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function* (as you can do for cookies and headers).
+
+And then you can set the `status_code` in that *temporal* response object.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 11 14"
+{!./src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).
+
+And if you declared a `response_model`, it will still be used to filter and convert the object you returned.
+
+**FastAPI** will use that *temporal* response to extract the status code (also cookies and headers), and will put them in the final response that contains the value you returned, filtered by any `response_model`.
+
+You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set the status code in them. But have in mind that the last one to be set will win.
--- a/docs/tutorial/response-cookies.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-cookies.md
@@ -1,4 +1,24 @@
-You can create (set) Cookies in your response.
+## Use a `Response` parameter
+
+You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*, the same way you can declare a `Request` parameter.
+
+And then you can set headers in that *temporal* response object.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 8 9"
+{!./src/response_cookies/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).
+
+And if you declared a `response_model`, it will still be used to filter and convert the object you returned.
+
+**FastAPI** will use that *temporal* response to extract the cookies (also headers and status code), and will put them in the final response that contains the value you returned, filtered by any `response_model`.
+
+You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set cookies (and headers) in them.
+
+## Return a `Response` directly
+
+You can also create cookies when returning a `Response` directly in your code.

 To do that, you can create a response as described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">Return a Response directly</a>.

@@ -8,6 +28,13 @@ Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:
 {!./src/response_cookies/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-## More info
+!!! tip
+    Have in mind that if you return a response directly instead of using the `Response` parameter, FastAPI will return it directly. 
+
+    So, you will have to make sure your data is of the correct type. E.g. it is compatible with JSON, if you are returning a `JSONResponse`.
+
+    And also that you are not sending any data that should have been filtered by a `response_model`.
+
+### More info

 To see all the available parameters and options, check the <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/#set-cookie" target="_blank">documentation in Starlette</a>.
--- a/docs/tutorial/response-directly.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-directly.md
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ You could put your XML content in a string, put it in a Starlette Response, and

 When you return a `Response` directly its data is not validated, converted (serialized), nor documented automatically.

-But you can still <a href="tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">document it</a>.
+But you can still <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">document it</a>.

 In the next sections you will see how to use/declare these custom `Response`s while still having automatic data conversion, documentation, etc.

--- a/docs/tutorial/response-headers.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-headers.md
@@ -1,4 +1,24 @@
-You can add headers to your response.
+## Use a `Response` parameter
+
+You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function* (as you can do for cookies), the same way you can declare a `Request` parameter.
+
+And then you can set headers in that *temporal* response object.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 8 9"
+{!./src/response_headers/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).
+
+And if you declared a `response_model`, it will still be used to filter and convert the object you returned.
+
+**FastAPI** will use that *temporal* response to extract the headers (also cookies and status code), and will put them in the final response that contains the value you returned, filtered by any `response_model`.
+
+You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set headers (and cookies) in them.
+
+## Return a `Response` directly
+
+You can also add headers when you return a `Response` directly.

 Create a response as described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">Return a Response directly</a> and pass the headers as an additional parameter:

@@ -6,7 +26,8 @@ Create a response as described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial
 {!./src/response_headers/tutorial001.py!}
 ```

-!!! tip
-    Have in mind that custom proprietary headers can be added <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" target="_blank">using the 'X-' prefix</a>.
+## Custom Headers

-    But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/" target="_blank">CORS configurations</a>, using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.
+Have in mind that custom proprietary headers can be added <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" target="_blank">using the 'X-' prefix</a>.
+
+But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/" target="_blank">CORS configurations</a>, using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.
--- a/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ But most importantly:

 Here we are declaring a `UserIn` model, it will contain a plaintext password:

-```Python hl_lines="8 10"
+```Python hl_lines="7 9"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial002.py!}
 ```

 And we are using this model to declare our input and the same model to declare our output:

-```Python hl_lines="16 17"
+```Python hl_lines="15 16"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial002.py!}
 ```

@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ But if we use the same model for another path operation, we could be sending our

 We can instead create an input model with the plaintext password and an output model without it:

-```Python hl_lines="8 10 15"
+```Python hl_lines="7 9 14"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial003.py!}
 ```

 Here, even though our path operation function is returning the same input user that contains the password:

-```Python hl_lines="23"
+```Python hl_lines="22"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial003.py!}
 ```

 ...we declared the `response_model` to be our model `UserOut`, that doesn't include the password:

-```Python hl_lines="21"
+```Python hl_lines="20"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial003.py!}
 ```

@@ -93,22 +93,22 @@ Your response model could have default values, like:
 ```

 * `description: str = None` has a default of `None`.
-* `tax: float = None` has a default of `None`.
+* `tax: float = 10.5` has a default of `10.5`.
 * `tags: List[str] = []` has a default of an empty list: `[]`.

 but you might want to omit them from the result if they were not actually stored.

 For example, if you have models with many optional attributes in a NoSQL database, but you don't want to send very long JSON responses full of default values.

-### Use the `response_model_skip_defaults` parameter
+### Use the `response_model_exclude_unset` parameter

-You can set the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_skip_defaults=True`:
+You can set the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_exclude_unset=True`:

 ```Python hl_lines="24"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial004.py!}
 ```

-and those default values won't be included in the response.
+and those default values won't be included in the response, only the values actually set.

 So, if you send a request to that *path operation* for the item with ID `foo`, the response (not including default values) will be:

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ So, if you send a request to that *path operation* for the item with ID `foo`, t
 ```

 !!! info
-    FastAPI uses Pydantic model's `.dict()` with <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#copying" target="_blank">its `skip_defaults` parameter</a> to achieve this.
+    FastAPI uses Pydantic model's `.dict()` with <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/exporting_models/#modeldict" target="_blank">its `exclude_unset` parameter</a> to achieve this.

 #### Data with values for fields with defaults

@@ -194,4 +194,4 @@ If you forget to use a `set` and use a `list` or `tuple` instead, FastAPI will s

 Use the path operation decorator's parameter `response_model` to define response models and especially to ensure private data is filtered out.

-Use `response_model_skip_defaults` to return only the values explicitly set.
+Use `response_model_exclude_unset` to return only the values explicitly set.
--- a/docs/tutorial/response-status-code.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/response-status-code.md
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ It will:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image01.png">

+!!! note
+    Some response codes (see the next section) indicate that the response does not have a body.
+
+    FastAPI knows this, and will produce OpenAPI docs that state there is no response body.

 ## About HTTP status codes

@@ -34,11 +38,12 @@ These status codes have a name associated to recognize them, but the important p

 In short:

-* `100` and above are for "Information". You rarely use them directly.
+* `100` and above are for "Information". You rarely use them directly.  Responses with these status codes cannot have a body.
 * **`200`** and above are for "Successful" responses. These are the ones you would use the most.
    * `200` is the default status code, which means everything was "OK".
    * Another example would be `201`, "Created". It is commonly used after creating a new record in the database.
-* `300` and above are for "Redirection". 
+    * A special case is `204`, "No Content".  This response is used when there is no content to return to the client, and so the response must not have a body.
+* **`300`** and above are for "Redirection".  Responses with these status codes may or may not have a body, except for `304`, "Not Modified", which must not have one.
 * **`400`** and above are for "Client error" responses. These are the second type you would probably use the most.
    * An example is `404`, for a "Not Found" response.
    * For generic errors from the client, you can just use `400`.
@@ -47,7 +52,6 @@ In short:
 !!! tip
    To know more about each status code and which code is for what, check the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status" target="_blank"><abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network">MDN</abbr> documentation about HTTP status codes</a>.

-
 ## Shortcut to remember the names

 Let's see the previous example again:
@@ -69,3 +73,7 @@ You can use the convenience variables from `starlette.status`.
 They are just a convenience, they hold the same number, but that way you can use the editor's autocomplete to find them:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image02.png">
+
+## Changing the default
+
+Later, in a more advanced part of the tutorial/user guide, you will see how to <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-change-status-code/" target="_blank">return a different status code than the default</a> you are declaring here.
--- a/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md
@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ Copy the example in a file `main.py`:

 ## Run it

+!!! info
+    First install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
+    This is because **OAuth2** uses "form data" for sending the `username` and `password`.
+
 Run the example with:

 ```bash
--- a/docs/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth.md
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ Then, when you type that username and password, the browser sends them in the he

 ## Simple HTTP Basic Auth

-* Import `HTTPBAsic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
-* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBAsic`.
+* Import `HTTPBasic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
+* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBasic`.
 * Use that `security` with a dependency in your *path operation*.
 * It returns an object of type `HTTPBasicCredentials`:
    * It contains the `username` and `password` sent.
--- a/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Then you could add permissions about that entity, like "drive" (for the car) or

 And then, you could give that JWT token to a user (or bot), and he could use it to perform those actions (drive the car, or edit the blog post) without even needing to have an account, just with the JWT token your API generated for that.

-Using these ideas, JWT can be used for way more sophisticate scenarios.
+Using these ideas, JWT can be used for way more sophisticated scenarios.

 In those cases, several of those entities could have the same ID, let's say `foo` (a user `foo`, a car `foo`, and a blog post `foo`).

--- a/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes.md
@@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ For this, we use `security_scopes.scopes`, that contains a `list` with all these

 Let's review again this dependency tree and the scopes.

-As the other dependency `get_current_active_user` has as a sub-dependency this `get_current_user`, the scope `"me"` declared at `get_current_active_user` will be included in the `security_scopes.scopes` `list` inside of `get_current_user`.
+As the `get_current_active_user` dependency has as a sub-dependency on `get_current_user`, the scope `"me"` declared at `get_current_active_user` will be included in the list of required scopes in the `security_scopes.scopes` passed to `get_current_user`.

-And as the *path operation* itself also declares a scope `"items"`, it will also be part of this `list` `security_scopes.scopes` in `get_current_user`.
+The *path operation* itself also declares a scope, `"items"`, so this will also be in the list of `security_scopes.scopes` passed to `get_current_user`.

 Here's how the hierarchy of dependencies and scopes looks like:

--- a/docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md
+++ b/docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md
@@ -25,45 +25,101 @@ Later, for your production application, you might want to use a database server

    The **FastAPI** specific code is as small as always.

-## Import SQLAlchemy components
+## ORMs

-For now, don't pay attention to the rest, only the imports:
+**FastAPI** works with any database and any style of library to talk to the database.

-```Python hl_lines="2 3 4"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+A common pattern is to use an "ORM": an "object-relational mapping" library.
+
+An ORM has tools to convert ("*map*") between *objects* in code and database tables ("*relations*").
+
+With an ORM, you normally create a class that represents a table in a SQL database, each attribute of the class represents a column, with a name and a type.
+
+For example a class `Pet` could represent a SQL table `pets`.
+
+And each *instance* object of that class represents a row in the database.
+
+For example an object `orion_cat` (an instance of `Pet`) could have an attribute `orion_cat.type`, for the column `type`. And the value of that attribute could be, e.g. `"cat"`.
+
+These ORMs also have tools to make the connections or relations between tables or entities.
+
+This way, you could also have an attribute `orion_cat.owner` and the owner would contain the data for this pet's owner, taken from the table *owners*.
+
+So, `orion_cat.owner.name` could be the name (from the `name` column in the `owners` table) of this pet's owner.
+
+It could have a value like `"Arquilian"`.
+
+And the ORM will do all the work to get the information from the corresponding table *owners* when you try to access it from your pet object.
+
+Common ORMs are for example: Django-ORM (part of the Django framework), SQLAlchemy ORM (part of SQLAlchemy, independent of framework) and Peewee (independent of framework), among others.
+
+Here we will see how to work with **SQLAlchemy ORM**.
+
+The same way, you could use Peewee or any other.
+
+## File structure
+
+For these examples, let's say you have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app` with a structure like this:
+
+```
+├── sql_app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── crud.py
+│   ├── database.py
+│   ├── main.py
+│   ├── models.py
+│   ├── schemas.py
 ```

-## Define the database
+The file `__init__.py` is just an empty file, but it tells Python that `sql_app` with all its modules (Python files) is a package.

-Define the database that SQLAlchemy should "connect" to:
+Now let's see what each file/module does.

-```Python hl_lines="9"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+## Create the SQLAlchemy parts
+
+Let's refer to the file `sql_app/database.py`.
+
+### Import the SQLAlchemy parts
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 2 3"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a database URL for SQLAlchemy
+
+```Python hl_lines="5 6"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
 ```

 In this example, we are "connecting" to a SQLite database (opening a file with the SQLite database).

-The file will be located at the same directory in the file `test.db`. That's why the last part is `./test.db`.
+The file will be located at the same directory in the file `test.db`.
+
+That's why the last part is `./test.db`.

 If you were using a **PostgreSQL** database instead, you would just have to uncomment the line:

 ```Python
-SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
 ```

 ...and adapt it with your database data and credentials (equivalently for MySQL, MariaDB or any other).

 !!! tip
-    
+
    This is the main line that you would have to modify if you wanted to use a different database.

-## Create the SQLAlchemy `engine`
+### Create the SQLAlchemy `engine`

-```Python hl_lines="12 13 14"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+The first step is to create a SQLAlchemy "engine".
+
+We will later use this `engine` in other places.
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
 ```

-### Note
+#### Note

 The argument:

@@ -78,38 +134,324 @@ connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
    That argument `check_same_thread` is there mainly to be able to run the tests that cover this example.
    

-## Create a `SessionLocal` class
+### Create a `SessionLocal` class

-Each instance of the `SessionLocal` class will have a connection to the database.
+Each instance of the `SessionLocal` class will be a database session. The class itself is not a database session yet. 

-This object (class) is not a connection to the database yet, but once we create an instance of this class, that instance will have the actual connection to the database.
+But once we create an instance of the `SessionLocal` class, this instance will be the actual database session.

 We name it `SessionLocal` to distinguish it from the `Session` we are importing from SQLAlchemy.

-We will use `Session` to declare types later and to get better editor support and completion.
+We will use `Session` (the one imported from SQLAlchemy) later.

-For now, create the `SessionLocal`:
+To create the `SessionLocal` class, use the function `sessionmaker`:

-```Python hl_lines="15"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+```Python hl_lines="11"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
 ```

-## Create a middleware to handle sessions
+### Create a `Base` class

-Now let's temporarily jump to the end of the file, to use the `SessionLocal` class we created above.
+Now we will use the function `declarative_base()` that returns a class.
+
+Later we will inherit from this class to create each of the database models or classes (the ORM models):
+
+```Python hl_lines="13"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+## Create the database models
+
+Let's now see the file `sql_app/models.py`.
+
+### Create SQLAlchemy models from the `Base` class
+
+We will use this `Base` class we created before to create the SQLAlchemy models.
+
+!!! tip
+    SQLAlchemy uses the term "**model**" to refer to these classes and instances that interact with the database.
+
+    But Pydantic also uses the term "**model**" to refer to something different, the data validation, conversion, and documentation classes and instances.
+
+Import `Base` from `database` (the file `database.py` from above).
+
+Create classes that inherit from it.
+
+These classes are the SQLAlchemy models.
+
+```Python hl_lines="4 7 8 18 19"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+The `__tablename__` attribute tells SQLAlchemy the name of the table to use in the database for each of these models.
+
+### Create model attributes/columns
+
+Now create all the model (class) attributes.
+
+Each of these attributes represents a column in its corresponding database table.
+
+We use `Column` from SQLAlchemy as the default value.
+
+And we pass a SQLAlchemy class "type", as `Integer`, `String`, and `Boolean`, that defines the type in the database, as an argument.
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 10 11 12 13 21 22 23 24"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+### Create the relationships
+
+Now create the relationships.
+
+For this, we use `relationship` provided by SQLAlchemy ORM.
+
+This will become, more or less, a "magic" attribute that will contain the values from other tables related to this one.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 15 26"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+When accessing the attribute `items` in a `User`, as in `my_user.items`, it will have a list of `Item` SQLAlchemy models (from the `items` table) that have a foreign key pointing to this record in the `users` table.
+
+When you access `my_user.items`, SQLAlchemy will actually go and fetch the items from the database in the `items` table and populate them here.
+
+And when accessing the attribute `owner` in an `Item`, it will contain a `User` SQLAlchemy model from the `users` table. It will use the `owner_id` attribute/column with its foreign key to know which record to get from the `users` table.
+
+## Create the Pydantic models
+
+Now let's check the file `sql_app/schemas.py`.
+
+!!! tip
+    To avoid confusion between the SQLAlchemy *models* and the Pydantic *models*, we will have the file `models.py` with the SQLAlchemy models, and the file `schemas.py` with the Pydantic models.
+
+    These Pydantic models define more or less a "schema" (a valid data shape).
+    
+    So this will help us avoiding confusion while using both.
+
+### Create initial Pydantic *models* / schemas
+
+Create an `ItemBase` and `UserBase` Pydantic *models* (or let's say "schemas") to have common attributes while creating or reading data.
+
+And create an `ItemCreate` and `UserCreate` that inherit from them (so they will have the same attributes), plus any additional data (attributes) needed for creation.
+
+So, the user will also have a `password` when creating it.
+
+But for security, the `password` won't be in other Pydantic *models*, for example, it won't be sent from the API when reading a user.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 6 7 8 11 12 23 24 27 28"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+#### SQLAlchemy style and Pydantic style
+
+Notice that SQLAlchemy *models* define attributes using `=`, and pass the type as a parameter to `Column`, like in:
+
+```Python
+name = Column(String)
+```
+
+while Pydantic *models* declare the types using `:`, the new type annotation syntax/type hints:
+
+```Python
+name: str
+```
+
+Have it in mind, so you don't get confused when using `=` and `:` with them.
+
+### Create Pydantic *models* / schemas for reading / returning
+
+Now create Pydantic *models* (schemas) that will be used when reading data, when returning it from the API.
+
+For example, before creating an item, we don't know what will be the ID assigned to it, but when reading it (when returning it from the API) we will already know its ID.
+
+The same way, when reading a user, we can now declare that `items` will contain the items that belong to this user.
+
+Not only the IDs of those items, but all the data that we defined in the Pydantic *model* for reading items: `Item`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 31 32 33 34"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice that the `User`, the Pydantic *model* that will be used when reading a user (returning it from the API) doesn't include the `password`.
+
+### Use Pydantic's `orm_mode`
+
+Now, in the Pydantic *models* for reading, `Item` and `User`, add an internal `Config` class.
+
+This <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#config" target="_blank">`Config`</a> class is used to provide configurations to Pydantic.
+
+In the `Config` class, set the attribute `orm_mode = True`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 19 20 31 36 37"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice it's assigning a value with `=`, like:
+
+    `orm_mode = True`
+
+    It doesn't use `:` as for the type declarations before.
+
+    This is setting a config value, not declaring a type.
+
+Pydantic's `orm_mode` will tell the Pydantic *model* to read the data even if it is not a `dict`, but an ORM model (or any other arbitrary object with attributes).
+
+This way, instead of only trying to get the `id` value from a `dict`, as in:
+
+```Python
+id = data["id"]
+```
+
+it will also try to get it from an attribute, as in:
+
+```Python
+id = data.id
+```
+
+And with this, the Pydantic *model* is compatible with ORMs, and you can just declare it in the `response_model` argument in your *path operations*.
+
+You will be able to return a database model and it will read the data from it.
+
+#### Technical Details about ORM mode
+    
+SQLAlchemy and many others are by default "lazy loading".
+
+That means, for example, that they don't fetch the data for relationships from the database unless you try to access the attribute that would contain that data.
+
+For example, accessing the attribute `items`:
+
+```Python
+current_user.items
+```
+
+would make SQLAlchemy go to the `items` table and get the items for this user, but not before.
+
+Without `orm_mode`, if you returned a SQLAlchemy model from your *path operation*, it wouldn't include the relationship data.
+
+Even if you declared those relationships in your Pydantic models.
+
+But with ORM mode, as Pydantic itself will try to access the data it needs from attributes (instead of assuming a `dict`), you can declare the specific data you want to return and it will be able to go and get it, even from ORMs.
+
+## CRUD utils
+
+Now let's see the file `sql_app/crud.py`.
+
+In this file we will have reusable functions to interact with the data in the database.
+
+**CRUD** comes from: **C**reate, **R**ead, **U**pdate, and **D**elete.
+
+...although in this example we are only creating and reading.
+
+### Read data
+
+Import `Session` from `sqlalchemy.orm`, this will allow you to declare the type of the `db` parameters and have better type checks and completion in your functions.
+
+Import `models` (the SQLAlchemy models) and `schemas` (the Pydantic *models* / schemas).
+
+Create utility functions to:
+
+* Read a single user by ID and by email.
+* Read multiple users.
+* Read a single item.
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 3 6 7 10 11 14 15 27 28"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    By creating functions that are only dedicated to interacting with the database (get a user or an item) independent of your path operation function, you can more easily reuse them in multiple parts and also add <abbr title="Automated tests, written in code, that check if another piece of code is working correctly.">unit tests</abbr> for them.
+
+### Create data
+
+Now create utility functions to create data.
+
+The steps are:
+
+* Create a SQLAlchemy model *instance* with your data.
+* `add` that instance object to your database session.
+* `commit` the changes to the database (so that they are saved).
+* `refresh` your instance (so that it contains any new data from the database, like the generated ID).
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20 21 22 23 24 31 32 33 34 35 36"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The SQLAlchemy model for `User` contains a `hashed_password` that should contain a secure hashed version of the password.
+
+    But as what the API client provides is the original password, you need to extract it and generate the hashed password in your application.
+
+    And then pass the `hashed_password` argument with the value to save.
+
+!!! warning
+    This example is not secure, the password is not hashed.
+
+    In a real life application you would need to hash the password and never save them in plaintext.
+
+    For more details, go back to the Security section in the tutorial.
+
+    Here we are focusing only on the tools and mechanics of databases.
+
+!!! tip
+    Instead of passing each of the keyword arguments to `Item` and reading each one of them from the Pydantic *model*, we are generating a `dict` with the Pydantic *model*'s data with:
+
+    `item.dict()`
+
+    and then we are passing the `dict`'s key-value pairs as the keyword arguments to the SQLAlchemy `Item`, with:
+
+    `Item(**item.dict())`
+
+    And then we pass the extra keyword argument `owner_id` that is not provided by the Pydantic *model*, with:
+
+    `Item(**item.dict(), owner_id=user_id)`
+
+## Main **FastAPI** app
+
+And now in the file `sql_app/main.py` let's integrate and use all the other parts we created before.
+
+### Create the database tables
+
+In a very simplistic way, create the database tables:
+
+```Python hl_lines="11"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+#### Alembic Note
+
+Normally you would probably initialize your database (create tables, etc) with <a href="https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/" target="_blank">Alembic</a>.
+
+And you would also use Alembic for "migrations" (that's its main job).
+
+A "migration" is the set of steps needed whenever you change the structure of your SQLAlchemy models, add a new attribute, etc. to replicate those changes in the database, add a new column, a new table, etc.
+
+### Create a dependency
+
+!!! info
+    For this to work, you need to use **Python 3.7** or above, or in **Python 3.6**, install the "backports":
+
+    ```bash
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+    ```
+
+    This installs <a href="https://github.com/sorcio/async_exit_stack" target="_blank">async-exit-stack</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-trio/async_generator" target="_blank">async-generator</a>.
+
+    You can also use the alternative method with a "middleware" explained at the end.
+
+Now use the `SessionLocal` class we created in the `sql_app/databases.py` file to create a dependency.

 We need to have an independent database session/connection (`SessionLocal`) per request, use the same session through all the request and then close it after the request is finished.

 And then a new session will be created for the next request.

-For that, we will create a new middleware.
+For that, we will create a new dependency with `yield`, as explained before in the section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/" target="_blank">Dependencies with `yield`</a>.

-A "middleware" is a function that is always executed for each request, and have code before and after the request.
+Our dependency will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` that will be used in a single request, and then close it once the request is finished.

-This middleware (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.
-
-```Python hl_lines="68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19 20"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```

 !!! info
@@ -117,141 +459,70 @@ This middleware (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` fo

    And then we close it in the `finally` block.
    
-    This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception in the middle.
+    This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.

-### About `request.state`
+And then, when using the dependency in a *path operation function*, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.

-<a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/#other-state" target="_blank">`request.state` is a property of each Starlette `Request` object</a>, it is there to store arbitrary objects attached to the request itself, like the database session in this case.
+This will then give us better editor support inside the *path operation function*, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`:

-For us in this case, it helps us ensuring a single session/database-connection is used through all the request, and then closed afterwards (in the middleware).
-
-## Create a dependency
-
-To simplify the code, reduce repetition and get better editor support, we will create a dependency that returns this same database session from the request.
-
-And when using the dependency in a path operation function, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.
-
-This will then give us better editor support inside the path operation function, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`.
-
-```Python hl_lines="54 55 69"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+```Python hl_lines="24  32  38  47  53"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```

 !!! info "Technical Details"
    The parameter `db` is actually of type `SessionLocal`, but this class (created with `sessionmaker()`) is a "proxy" of a SQLAlchemy `Session`, so, the editor doesn't really know what methods are provided.
-    
+
    But by declaring the type as `Session`, the editor now can know the available methods (`.add()`, `.query()`, `.commit()`, etc) and can provide better support (like completion). The type declaration doesn't affect the actual object.

-## Create a `CustomBase` model
+### Create your **FastAPI** *path operations*

-This is more of a trick to facilitate your life than something required.
+Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** *path operations* code.

-But by creating this `CustomBase` class and inheriting from it, your models will have automatic `__tablename__` attributes (that are required by SQLAlchemy).
-
-That way you don't have to declare them explicitly in every model.
-
-So, your models will behave very similarly to, for example, Flask-SQLAlchemy.
-
-```Python hl_lines="18 19 20 21 22"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+```Python hl_lines="23 24 25 26 27 28  31 32 33 34  37 38 39 40 41 42  45 46 47 48 49  52 53 54 55"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```

-## Create the SQLAlchemy `Base` model
+We are creating the database session before each request in the dependency with `yield`, and then closing it afterwards.

-```Python hl_lines="25"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
-```
+And then we can create the required dependency in the path operation function, to get that session directly.

-## Create your application data model
+With that, we can just call `crud.get_user` directly from inside of the path operation function and use that session.

-Now this is finally code specific to your app.
+!!! tip
+    Notice that the values you return are SQLAlchemy models, or lists of SQLAlchemy models.

-Here's a user model that will be a table in the database:
+    But as all the *path operations* have a `response_model` with Pydantic *models* / schemas using `orm_mode`, the data declared in your Pydantic models will be extracted from them and returned to the client, with all the normal filtering and validation.

-```Python hl_lines="28 29 30 31 32"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
-```
+!!! tip
+    Also notice that there are `response_models` that have standard Python types like `List[schemas.Item]`.

-## Initialize your application
+    But as the content/parameter of that `List` is a Pydantic *model* with `orm_mode`, the data will be retrieved and returned to the client as normally, without problems.

-In a very simplistic way, initialize your database (create the tables, etc) and make sure you have a first user:
+### About `def` vs `async def`

-```Python hl_lines="35 37 39 40 41 42 43 45"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-!!! info
-    Notice that we close the session with `db_session.close()`.
-
-    We close this session because we only used it to create this first user.
-
-    Every new request will get its own new session.
-
-### Note
-
-Normally you would probably initialize your database (create tables, etc) with <a href="https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/" target="_blank">Alembic</a>.
-
-And you would also use Alembic for migrations (that's its main job). For whenever you change the structure of your database, add a new column, a new table, etc.
-
-The same way, you would probably make sure there's a first user in an external script that runs before your application, or as part of the application startup.
-
-In this example we are doing those two operations in a very simple way, directly in the code, to focus on the main points.
-
-Also, as all the functionality is self-contained in the same code, you can copy it and run it directly, and it will work as is.
-
-
-## Get a user
-
-By creating a function that is only dedicated to getting your user from a `user_id` (or any other parameter) independent of your path operation function, you can more easily re-use it in multiple parts and also add <abbr title="Automated tests, written in code, that check if another piece of code is working correctly.">unit tests</abbr> for it:
-
-```Python hl_lines="49 50"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-## Create your **FastAPI** code
-
-Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** code.
-
-Create your app and path operation function:
-
-```Python hl_lines="59 62 63 64 65"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-We are creating the database session before each request, attaching it to the request, and then closing it afterwards.
-
-All of this is done in the middleware explained above.
-
-Then, in the dependency `get_db()` we are extracting the database session from the request.
-
-And then we can create the dependency in the path operation function, to get that session directly.
-
-With that, we can just call `get_user` directly from inside of the path operation function and use that session.
-
-Having this 3-step process (middleware, dependency, path operation) in this simple example might seem like an overkill. But imagine if you had 20 or 100 path operations, doing this, you would be reducing a lot of code repetition, and getting better support/checks/completion in all those path operation functions.
-
-## Create the path operation function
-
-Here we are using SQLAlchemy code inside of the path operation function, and in turn it will go and communicate with an external database. 
+Here we are using SQLAlchemy code inside of the path operation function and in the dependency, and, in turn, it will go and communicate with an external database.

 That could potentially require some "waiting".

 But as SQLAlchemy doesn't have compatibility for using `await` directly, as would be with something like:

 ```Python
-user = await get_user(db_session, user_id=user_id)
+user = await db.query(User).first()
 ```

 ...and instead we are using:

 ```Python
-user = get_user(db_session, user_id=user_id)
+user = db.query(User).first()
 ```

-Then we should declare the path operation without `async def`, just with a normal `def`:
+Then we should declare the *path operation functions* and the dependency without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:

-```Python hl_lines="63"
-{!./src/sql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    ...
 ```

 !!! note "Very Technical Details"
@@ -261,7 +532,49 @@ Then we should declare the path operation without `async def`, just with a norma

 Because we are using SQLAlchemy directly and we don't require any kind of plug-in for it to work with **FastAPI**, we could integrate database <abbr title="Automatically updating the database to have any new column we define in our models.">migrations</abbr> with <a href="https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org" target="_blank">Alembic</a> directly.

-You would probably want to declare your database and models in a different file or set of files, this would allow Alembic to import it and use it without even needing to have **FastAPI** installed for the migrations.
+And as the code related to SQLAlchemy and the SQLAlchemy models lives in separate independent files, you would even be able to perform the migrations with Alembic without having to install FastAPI, Pydantic, or anything else.
+
+The same way, you would be able to use the same SQLAlchemy models and utilities in other parts of your code that are not related to **FastAPI**.
+
+For example, in a background task worker with <a href="http://www.celeryproject.org/" target="_blank">Celery</a>, <a href="https://python-rq.org/" target="_blank">RQ</a>, or <a href="https://arq-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">ARQ</a>.
+
+## Review all the files
+
+ Remember you should have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app`.
+
+`sql_app` should have the following files:
+
+* `sql_app/__init__.py`: is an empty file.
+
+* `sql_app/database.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/models.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/schemas.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/crud.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/main.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
+```

 ## Check it

@@ -271,13 +584,10 @@ You can copy this code and use it as is.

    In fact, the code shown here is part of the tests. As most of the code in these docs.

-
-You can copy it, let's say, to a file `main.py`.
-
 Then you can run it with Uvicorn:

 ```bash
-uvicorn main:app --reload
+uvicorn sql_app.main:app --reload
 ```

 And then, you can open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
@@ -286,27 +596,6 @@ And you will be able to interact with your **FastAPI** application, reading data

 <img src="/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image01.png">

-## Response schema and security
-
-This section has the minimum code to show how it works and how you can integrate SQLAlchemy with FastAPI.
-
-But it is recommended that you also create a response model with Pydantic, as described in the section about <a href="/tutorial/extra-models/" target="_blank">Extra Models</a>.
-
-That way you will document the schema of the responses of your API, and you will be able to limit/filter the returned data.
-
-Limiting the returned data is important for security, as for example, you shouldn't be returning the `hashed_password` to the clients.
-
-That's something that you can improve in this example application, here's the current response data:
-
-```JSON
-{
-  "is_active": true,
-  "hashed_password": "notreallyhashed",
-  "email": "johndoe@example.com",
-  "id": 1
-}
-```
-
 ## Interact with the database directly

 If you want to explore the SQLite database (file) directly, independently of FastAPI, to debug its contents, add tables, columns, records, modify data, etc. you can use <a href="https://sqlitebrowser.org/" target="_blank">DB Browser for SQLite</a>.
@@ -314,3 +603,53 @@ If you want to explore the SQLite database (file) directly, independently of Fas
 It will look like this:

 <img src="/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image02.png">
+
+You can also use an online SQLite browser like <a href="https://inloop.github.io/sqlite-viewer/" target="_blank">SQLite Viewer</a> or <a href="https://extendsclass.com/sqlite-browser.html" target="_blank">ExtendsClass</a>.
+
+## Alternative DB session with middleware
+
+If you can't use dependencies with `yield` -- for example, if you are not using **Python 3.7** and can't install the "backports" mentioned above for **Python 3.6** -- you can set up the session in a "middleware" in a similar way.
+
+A "middleware" is basically a function that is always executed for each request, with some code executed before, and some code executed after the endpoint function.
+
+### Create a middleware
+
+The middleware we'll add (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py!}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    We put the creation of the `SessionLocal()` and handling of the requests in a `try` block.
+
+    And then we close it in the `finally` block.
+    
+    This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.
+
+### About `request.state`
+
+<a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/#other-state" target="_blank">`request.state` is a property of each Starlette `Request` object</a>. It is there to store arbitrary objects attached to the request itself, like the database session in this case.
+
+For us in this case, it helps us ensure a single database session is used through all the request, and then closed afterwards (in the middleware).
+
+### Dependencies with `yield` or middleware
+
+Adding a **middleware** here is similar to what a dependency with `yield` does, with some differences:
+
+* It requires more code and is a bit more complex.
+* The middleware has to be an `async` function.
+    * If there is code in it that has to "wait" for the network, it could "block" your application there and degrade performance a bit.
+    * Although it's probably not very problematic here with the way `SQLAlchemy` works.
+    * But if you added more code to the middleware that had a lot of <abbr title="input and output">I/O</abbr> waiting, it could then be problematic.
+* A middleware is run for *every* request.
+    * So, a connection will be created for every request.
+    * Even when the *path operation* that handles that request didn't need the DB.
+
+!!! tip
+    It's probably better to use dependencies with `yield` when they are enough for the use case.
+
+!!! info
+    Dependencies with `yield` were added recently to **FastAPI**.
+
+    A previous version of this tutorial only had the examples with a middleware and there are probably several applications using the middleware for database session management.
--- a/fastapi/init.py
+++ b/fastapi/init.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""

-__version__ = "0.28.0"
+__version__ = "0.45.0"

 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks

--- a/fastapi/applications.py
+++ b/fastapi/applications.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, Union

 from fastapi import routing
+from fastapi.concurrency import AsyncExitStack
+from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr
 from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
    http_exception_handler,
    request_validation_exception_handler,
@@ -13,12 +15,15 @@ from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
 )
 from fastapi.openapi.utils import get_openapi
 from fastapi.params import Depends
+from fastapi.utils import warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated
 from starlette.applications import Starlette
+from starlette.datastructures import State
 from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware, HTTPException
 from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.requests import Request
 from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, Response
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send


 class FastAPI(Starlette):
@@ -32,12 +37,16 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        version: str = "0.1.0",
        openapi_url: Optional[str] = "/openapi.json",
        openapi_prefix: str = "",
+        default_response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
        docs_url: Optional[str] = "/docs",
        redoc_url: Optional[str] = "/redoc",
        swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = "/docs/oauth2-redirect",
+        swagger_ui_init_oauth: Optional[dict] = None,
        **extra: Dict[str, Any],
    ) -> None:
+        self.default_response_class = default_response_class
        self._debug = debug
+        self.state = State()
        self.router: routing.APIRouter = routing.APIRouter(
            routes, dependency_overrides_provider=self
        )
@@ -54,6 +63,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        self.docs_url = docs_url
        self.redoc_url = redoc_url
        self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url = swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url
+        self.swagger_ui_init_oauth = swagger_ui_init_oauth
        self.extra = extra
        self.dependency_overrides: Dict[Callable, Callable] = {}

@@ -95,6 +105,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                    openapi_url=openapi_url,
                    title=self.title + " - Swagger UI",
                    oauth2_redirect_url=self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+                    init_oauth=self.swagger_ui_init_oauth,
                )

            self.add_route(self.docs_url, swagger_ui_html, include_in_schema=False)
@@ -122,6 +133,14 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            RequestValidationError, request_validation_exception_handler
        )

+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if AsyncExitStack:
+            async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
+                scope["fastapi_astack"] = stack
+                await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)  # pragma: no cover
+
    def add_api_route(
        self,
        path: str,
@@ -130,7 +149,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -138,21 +157,24 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        deprecated: bool = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
    ) -> None:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        self.router.add_api_route(
            path,
            endpoint=endpoint,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -163,9 +185,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
        )

@@ -176,7 +200,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -184,14 +208,18 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        deprecated: bool = None,
        methods: List[str] = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
+
        def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
            self.router.add_api_route(
                path,
@@ -199,7 +227,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                response_model=response_model,
                status_code=status_code,
                tags=tags or [],
-                dependencies=dependencies or [],
+                dependencies=dependencies,
                summary=summary,
                description=description,
                response_description=response_description,
@@ -210,9 +238,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                response_model_include=response_model_include,
                response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
                response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-                response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+                response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                    response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+                ),
                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-                response_class=response_class,
+                response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
                name=name,
            )
            return func
@@ -237,8 +267,9 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        *,
        prefix: str = "",
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        self.router.include_router(
            router,
@@ -246,6 +277,8 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            tags=tags,
            dependencies=dependencies,
            responses=responses or {},
+            default_response_class=default_response_class
+            or self.default_response_class,
        )

    def get(
@@ -255,27 +288,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.get(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -285,10 +322,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def put(
@@ -298,27 +338,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.put(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -328,10 +372,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def post(
@@ -341,27 +388,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.post(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -371,10 +422,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def delete(
@@ -384,27 +438,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.delete(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -414,10 +472,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
            operation_id=operation_id,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def options(
@@ -427,27 +488,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.options(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -457,10 +522,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def head(
@@ -470,27 +538,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.head(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -500,10 +572,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def patch(
@@ -513,27 +588,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.patch(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -543,10 +622,13 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )

    def trace(
@@ -556,27 +638,31 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
        status_code: int = 200,
        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
        summary: str = None,
        description: str = None,
        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        deprecated: bool = None,
        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
        include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
        name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
    ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
        return self.router.trace(
            path,
            response_model=response_model,
            status_code=status_code,
            tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
            summary=summary,
            description=description,
            response_description=response_description,
@@ -586,8 +672,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
            response_model_include=response_model_include,
            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
        )
--- a/fastapi/concurrency.py
+++ b/fastapi/concurrency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from starlette.concurrency import iterate_in_threadpool  # noqa
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+
+asynccontextmanager_error_message = """
+FastAPI's contextmanager_in_threadpool require Python 3.7 or above,
+or the backport for Python 3.6, installed with:
+    pip install async-generator
+"""
+
+
+def _fake_asynccontextmanager(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    def raiser(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        raise RuntimeError(asynccontextmanager_error_message)
+
+    return raiser
+
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from async_generator import asynccontextmanager  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        asynccontextmanager = _fake_asynccontextmanager
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import AsyncExitStack  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from async_exit_stack import AsyncExitStack  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        AsyncExitStack = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def contextmanager_in_threadpool(cm: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        yield await run_in_threadpool(cm.__enter__)
+    except Exception as e:
+        ok = await run_in_threadpool(cm.__exit__, type(e), e, None)
+        if not ok:
+            raise e
+    else:
+        await run_in_threadpool(cm.__exit__, None, None, None)
--- a/fastapi/dependencies/models.py
+++ b/fastapi/dependencies/models.py
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 from typing import Callable, List, Sequence

 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
-from pydantic.fields import Field
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import ModelField
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore

 param_supported_types = (str, int, float, bool)

@@ -16,17 +21,18 @@ class Dependant:
    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
-        path_params: List[Field] = None,
-        query_params: List[Field] = None,
-        header_params: List[Field] = None,
-        cookie_params: List[Field] = None,
-        body_params: List[Field] = None,
+        path_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        query_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        header_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        cookie_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        body_params: List[ModelField] = None,
        dependencies: List["Dependant"] = None,
        security_schemes: List[SecurityRequirement] = None,
        name: str = None,
        call: Callable = None,
        request_param_name: str = None,
        websocket_param_name: str = None,
+        response_param_name: str = None,
        background_tasks_param_name: str = None,
        security_scopes_param_name: str = None,
        security_scopes: List[str] = None,
@@ -42,6 +48,7 @@ class Dependant:
        self.security_requirements = security_schemes or []
        self.request_param_name = request_param_name
        self.websocket_param_name = websocket_param_name
+        self.response_param_name = response_param_name
        self.background_tasks_param_name = background_tasks_param_name
        self.security_scopes = security_scopes
        self.security_scopes_param_name = security_scopes_param_name
--- a/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
+++ b/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 from copy import deepcopy
 from typing import (
    Any,
@@ -16,37 +17,77 @@ from typing import (
 )

 from fastapi import params
+from fastapi.concurrency import (
+    AsyncExitStack,
+    _fake_asynccontextmanager,
+    asynccontextmanager,
+    contextmanager_in_threadpool,
+)
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant, SecurityRequirement
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 from fastapi.security.oauth2 import OAuth2, SecurityScopes
 from fastapi.security.open_id_connect_url import OpenIdConnect
-from fastapi.utils import get_path_param_names
-from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Schema, create_model
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1, get_field_info, get_path_param_names
+from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, create_model
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper
 from pydantic.errors import MissingError
-from pydantic.fields import Field, Required, Shape
-from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_schema
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.datastructures import FormData, Headers, QueryParams, UploadFile
 from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
 from starlette.websockets import WebSocket

+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import (
+        SHAPE_LIST,
+        SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+        SHAPE_SET,
+        SHAPE_SINGLETON,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
+        FieldInfo,
+        ModelField,
+        Required,
+    )
+    from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_field_info
+    from pydantic.typing import ForwardRef, evaluate_forwardref
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.fields import Required, Shape  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_schema  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.utils import ForwardRef, evaluate_forwardref  # type: ignore
+
+    SHAPE_LIST = Shape.LIST
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE = Shape.SEQUENCE
+    SHAPE_SET = Shape.SET
+    SHAPE_SINGLETON = Shape.SINGLETON
+    SHAPE_TUPLE = Shape.TUPLE
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS = Shape.TUPLE_ELLIPS
+
+    def get_annotation_from_field_info(
+        annotation: Any, field_info: FieldInfo, field_name: str
+    ) -> Type[Any]:
+        return get_annotation_from_schema(annotation, field_info)
+
+
 sequence_shapes = {
-    Shape.LIST,
-    Shape.SET,
-    Shape.TUPLE,
-    Shape.SEQUENCE,
-    Shape.TUPLE_ELLIPS,
+    SHAPE_LIST,
+    SHAPE_SET,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE,
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
 }
 sequence_types = (list, set, tuple)
 sequence_shape_to_type = {
-    Shape.LIST: list,
-    Shape.SET: set,
-    Shape.TUPLE: tuple,
-    Shape.SEQUENCE: list,
-    Shape.TUPLE_ELLIPS: list,
+    SHAPE_LIST: list,
+    SHAPE_SET: set,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE: tuple,
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE: list,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS: list,
 }


@@ -107,7 +148,16 @@ def get_sub_dependant(
    return sub_dependant


-def get_flat_dependant(dependant: Dependant) -> Dependant:
+CacheKey = Tuple[Optional[Callable], Tuple[str, ...]]
+
+
+def get_flat_dependant(
+    dependant: Dependant, *, skip_repeats: bool = False, visited: List[CacheKey] = None
+) -> Dependant:
+    if visited is None:
+        visited = []
+    visited.append(dependant.cache_key)
+
    flat_dependant = Dependant(
        path_params=dependant.path_params.copy(),
        query_params=dependant.query_params.copy(),
@@ -119,7 +169,11 @@ def get_flat_dependant(dependant: Dependant) -> Dependant:
        path=dependant.path,
    )
    for sub_dependant in dependant.dependencies:
-        flat_sub = get_flat_dependant(sub_dependant)
+        if skip_repeats and sub_dependant.cache_key in visited:
+            continue
+        flat_sub = get_flat_dependant(
+            sub_dependant, skip_repeats=skip_repeats, visited=visited
+        )
        flat_dependant.path_params.extend(flat_sub.path_params)
        flat_dependant.query_params.extend(flat_sub.query_params)
        flat_dependant.header_params.extend(flat_sub.header_params)
@@ -129,16 +183,22 @@ def get_flat_dependant(dependant: Dependant) -> Dependant:
    return flat_dependant


-def is_scalar_field(field: Field) -> bool:
-    return (
-        field.shape == Shape.SINGLETON
+def is_scalar_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+    field_info = get_field_info(field)
+    if not (
+        field.shape == SHAPE_SINGLETON
        and not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, BaseModel)
        and not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, sequence_types + (dict,))
-        and not isinstance(field.schema, params.Body)
-    )
+        and not isinstance(field_info, params.Body)
+    ):
+        return False
+    if field.sub_fields:
+        if not all(is_scalar_field(f) for f in field.sub_fields):
+            return False
+    return True


-def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: Field) -> bool:
+def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
    if (field.shape in sequence_shapes) and not lenient_issubclass(
        field.type_, BaseModel
    ):
@@ -152,6 +212,42 @@ def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: Field) -> bool:
    return False


+def get_typed_signature(call: Callable) -> inspect.Signature:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
+    typed_params = [
+        inspect.Parameter(
+            name=param.name,
+            kind=param.kind,
+            default=param.default,
+            annotation=get_typed_annotation(param, globalns),
+        )
+        for param in signature.parameters.values()
+    ]
+    typed_signature = inspect.Signature(typed_params)
+    return typed_signature
+
+
+def get_typed_annotation(param: inspect.Parameter, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    annotation = param.annotation
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
+        annotation = evaluate_forwardref(annotation, globalns, globalns)
+    return annotation
+
+
+async_contextmanager_dependencies_error = """
+FastAPI dependencies with yield require Python 3.7 or above,
+or the backports for Python 3.6, installed with:
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+"""
+
+
+def check_dependency_contextmanagers() -> None:
+    if AsyncExitStack is None or asynccontextmanager == _fake_asynccontextmanager:
+        raise RuntimeError(async_contextmanager_dependencies_error)  # pragma: no cover
+
+
 def get_dependant(
    *,
    path: str,
@@ -161,8 +257,10 @@ def get_dependant(
    use_cache: bool = True,
 ) -> Dependant:
    path_param_names = get_path_param_names(path)
-    endpoint_signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    endpoint_signature = get_typed_signature(call)
    signature_params = endpoint_signature.parameters
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        check_dependency_contextmanagers()
    dependant = Dependant(call=call, name=name, path=path, use_cache=use_cache)
    for param_name, param in signature_params.items():
        if isinstance(param.default, params.Depends):
@@ -175,18 +273,23 @@ def get_dependant(
            continue
        if add_non_field_param_to_dependency(param=param, dependant=dependant):
            continue
-        param_field = get_param_field(param=param, default_schema=params.Query)
+        param_field = get_param_field(
+            param=param, default_field_info=params.Query, param_name=param_name
+        )
        if param_name in path_param_names:
-            assert param.default == param.empty or isinstance(
-                param.default, params.Path
-            ), "Path params must have no defaults or use Path(...)"
            assert is_scalar_field(
                field=param_field
            ), f"Path params must be of one of the supported types"
+            if isinstance(param.default, params.Path):
+                ignore_default = False
+            else:
+                ignore_default = True
            param_field = get_param_field(
                param=param,
-                default_schema=params.Path,
+                param_name=param_name,
+                default_field_info=params.Path,
                force_type=params.ParamTypes.path,
+                ignore_default=ignore_default,
            )
            add_param_to_fields(field=param_field, dependant=dependant)
        elif is_scalar_field(field=param_field):
@@ -196,8 +299,9 @@ def get_dependant(
        ) and is_scalar_sequence_field(param_field):
            add_param_to_fields(field=param_field, dependant=dependant)
        else:
+            field_info = get_field_info(param_field)
            assert isinstance(
-                param_field.schema, params.Body
+                field_info, params.Body
            ), f"Param: {param_field.name} can only be a request body, using Body(...)"
            dependant.body_params.append(param_field)
    return dependant
@@ -212,6 +316,9 @@ def add_non_field_param_to_dependency(
    elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, WebSocket):
        dependant.websocket_param_name = param.name
        return True
+    elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, Response):
+        dependant.response_param_name = param.name
+        return True
    elif lenient_issubclass(param.annotation, BackgroundTasks):
        dependant.background_tasks_param_name = param.name
        return True
@@ -224,64 +331,88 @@ def add_non_field_param_to_dependency(
 def get_param_field(
    *,
    param: inspect.Parameter,
-    default_schema: Type[params.Param] = params.Param,
+    param_name: str,
+    default_field_info: Type[params.Param] = params.Param,
    force_type: params.ParamTypes = None,
-) -> Field:
+    ignore_default: bool = False,
+) -> ModelField:
    default_value = Required
    had_schema = False
-    if not param.default == param.empty:
+    if not param.default == param.empty and ignore_default is False:
        default_value = param.default
-    if isinstance(default_value, Schema):
+    if isinstance(default_value, FieldInfo):
        had_schema = True
-        schema = default_value
-        default_value = schema.default
-        if isinstance(schema, params.Param) and getattr(schema, "in_", None) is None:
-            schema.in_ = default_schema.in_
+        field_info = default_value
+        default_value = field_info.default
+        if (
+            isinstance(field_info, params.Param)
+            and getattr(field_info, "in_", None) is None
+        ):
+            field_info.in_ = default_field_info.in_
        if force_type:
-            schema.in_ = force_type
+            field_info.in_ = force_type  # type: ignore
    else:
-        schema = default_schema(default_value)
+        field_info = default_field_info(default_value)
    required = default_value == Required
    annotation: Any = Any
    if not param.annotation == param.empty:
        annotation = param.annotation
-    annotation = get_annotation_from_schema(annotation, schema)
-    if not schema.alias and getattr(schema, "convert_underscores", None):
+    annotation = get_annotation_from_field_info(annotation, field_info, param_name)
+    if not field_info.alias and getattr(field_info, "convert_underscores", None):
        alias = param.name.replace("_", "-")
    else:
-        alias = schema.alias or param.name
-    field = Field(
-        name=param.name,
-        type_=annotation,
-        default=None if required else default_value,
-        alias=alias,
-        required=required,
-        model_config=BaseConfig,
-        class_validators={},
-        schema=schema,
-    )
+        alias = field_info.alias or param.name
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        field = ModelField(
+            name=param.name,
+            type_=annotation,
+            default=None if required else default_value,
+            alias=alias,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            field_info=field_info,
+        )
+        # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.2.0
+        field.required = required
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+            name=param.name,
+            type_=annotation,
+            default=None if required else default_value,
+            alias=alias,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            schema=field_info,
+        )
+        field.required = required
    if not had_schema and not is_scalar_field(field=field):
-        field.schema = params.Body(schema.default)
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            field.field_info = params.Body(field_info.default)
+        else:
+            field.schema = params.Body(field_info.default)  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
+
    return field


-def add_param_to_fields(*, field: Field, dependant: Dependant) -> None:
-    field.schema = cast(params.Param, field.schema)
-    if field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.path:
+def add_param_to_fields(*, field: ModelField, dependant: Dependant) -> None:
+    field_info = cast(params.Param, get_field_info(field))
+    if field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.path:
        dependant.path_params.append(field)
-    elif field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.query:
+    elif field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.query:
        dependant.query_params.append(field)
-    elif field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.header:
+    elif field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.header:
        dependant.header_params.append(field)
    else:
        assert (
-            field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.cookie
+            field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.cookie
        ), f"non-body parameters must be in path, query, header or cookie: {field.name}"
        dependant.cookie_params.append(field)


 def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable) -> bool:
-    if inspect.isfunction(call):
+    if inspect.isroutine(call):
        return asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(call)
    if inspect.isclass(call):
        return False
@@ -289,22 +420,41 @@ def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable) -> bool:
    return asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(call)


+async def solve_generator(
+    *, call: Callable, stack: AsyncExitStack, sub_values: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> Any:
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call):
+        cm = contextmanager_in_threadpool(contextmanager(call)(**sub_values))
+    elif inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        cm = asynccontextmanager(call)(**sub_values)
+    return await stack.enter_async_context(cm)
+
+
 async def solve_dependencies(
    *,
    request: Union[Request, WebSocket],
    dependant: Dependant,
-    body: Dict[str, Any] = None,
+    body: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], FormData]] = None,
    background_tasks: BackgroundTasks = None,
+    response: Response = None,
    dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
    dependency_cache: Dict[Tuple[Callable, Tuple[str]], Any] = None,
 ) -> Tuple[
    Dict[str, Any],
    List[ErrorWrapper],
    Optional[BackgroundTasks],
+    Response,
    Dict[Tuple[Callable, Tuple[str]], Any],
 ]:
    values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
    errors: List[ErrorWrapper] = []
+    response = response or Response(
+        content=None,
+        status_code=None,  # type: ignore
+        headers=None,
+        media_type=None,
+        background=None,
+    )
    dependency_cache = dependency_cache or {}
    sub_dependant: Dependant
    for sub_dependant in dependant.dependencies:
@@ -330,20 +480,41 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
                security_scopes=sub_dependant.security_scopes,
            )

-        sub_values, sub_errors, background_tasks, sub_dependency_cache = await solve_dependencies(
+        solved_result = await solve_dependencies(
            request=request,
            dependant=use_sub_dependant,
            body=body,
            background_tasks=background_tasks,
+            response=response,
            dependency_overrides_provider=dependency_overrides_provider,
            dependency_cache=dependency_cache,
        )
+        (
+            sub_values,
+            sub_errors,
+            background_tasks,
+            sub_response,
+            sub_dependency_cache,
+        ) = solved_result
+        sub_response = cast(Response, sub_response)
+        response.headers.raw.extend(sub_response.headers.raw)
+        if sub_response.status_code:
+            response.status_code = sub_response.status_code
        dependency_cache.update(sub_dependency_cache)
        if sub_errors:
            errors.extend(sub_errors)
            continue
        if sub_dependant.use_cache and sub_dependant.cache_key in dependency_cache:
            solved = dependency_cache[sub_dependant.cache_key]
+        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+            stack = request.scope.get("fastapi_astack")
+            if stack is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    async_contextmanager_dependencies_error
+                )  # pragma: no cover
+            solved = await solve_generator(
+                call=call, stack=stack, sub_values=sub_values
+            )
        elif is_coroutine_callable(call):
            solved = await call(**sub_values)
        else:
@@ -370,8 +541,11 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
    values.update(cookie_values)
    errors += path_errors + query_errors + header_errors + cookie_errors
    if dependant.body_params:
-        body_values, body_errors = await request_body_to_args(  # type: ignore # body_params checked above
-            dependant.body_params, body
+        (
+            body_values,
+            body_errors,
+        ) = await request_body_to_args(  # body_params checked above
+            required_params=dependant.body_params, received_body=body
        )
        values.update(body_values)
        errors.extend(body_errors)
@@ -383,15 +557,17 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
        if background_tasks is None:
            background_tasks = BackgroundTasks()
        values[dependant.background_tasks_param_name] = background_tasks
+    if dependant.response_param_name:
+        values[dependant.response_param_name] = response
    if dependant.security_scopes_param_name:
        values[dependant.security_scopes_param_name] = SecurityScopes(
            scopes=dependant.security_scopes
        )
-    return values, errors, background_tasks, dependency_cache
+    return values, errors, background_tasks, response, dependency_cache


 def request_params_to_args(
-    required_params: Sequence[Field],
+    required_params: Sequence[ModelField],
    received_params: Union[Mapping[str, Any], QueryParams, Headers],
 ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[ErrorWrapper]]:
    values = {}
@@ -403,21 +579,32 @@ def request_params_to_args(
            value = received_params.getlist(field.alias) or field.default
        else:
            value = received_params.get(field.alias)
-        schema: params.Param = field.schema
-        assert isinstance(schema, params.Param), "Params must be subclasses of Param"
+        field_info = get_field_info(field)
+        assert isinstance(
+            field_info, params.Param
+        ), "Params must be subclasses of Param"
        if value is None:
            if field.required:
-                errors.append(
-                    ErrorWrapper(
-                        MissingError(),
-                        loc=(schema.in_.value, field.alias),
-                        config=BaseConfig,
+                if PYDANTIC_1:
+                    errors.append(
+                        ErrorWrapper(
+                            MissingError(), loc=(field_info.in_.value, field.alias)
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:  # pragma: nocover
+                    errors.append(
+                        ErrorWrapper(  # type: ignore
+                            MissingError(),
+                            loc=(field_info.in_.value, field.alias),
+                            config=BaseConfig,
+                        )
                    )
-                )
            else:
                values[field.name] = deepcopy(field.default)
            continue
-        v_, errors_ = field.validate(value, values, loc=(schema.in_.value, field.alias))
+        v_, errors_ = field.validate(
+            value, values, loc=(field_info.in_.value, field.alias)
+        )
        if isinstance(errors_, ErrorWrapper):
            errors.append(errors_)
        elif isinstance(errors_, list):
@@ -428,47 +615,60 @@ def request_params_to_args(


 async def request_body_to_args(
-    required_params: List[Field], received_body: Dict[str, Any]
+    required_params: List[ModelField],
+    received_body: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], FormData]],
 ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[ErrorWrapper]]:
    values = {}
    errors = []
    if required_params:
        field = required_params[0]
-        embed = getattr(field.schema, "embed", None)
+        field_info = get_field_info(field)
+        embed = getattr(field_info, "embed", None)
        if len(required_params) == 1 and not embed:
            received_body = {field.alias: received_body}
        for field in required_params:
-            if field.shape in sequence_shapes and isinstance(received_body, FormData):
-                value = received_body.getlist(field.alias)
-            else:
-                value = received_body.get(field.alias)
+            value: Any = None
+            if received_body is not None:
+                if field.shape in sequence_shapes and isinstance(
+                    received_body, FormData
+                ):
+                    value = received_body.getlist(field.alias)
+                else:
+                    value = received_body.get(field.alias)
            if (
                value is None
-                or (isinstance(field.schema, params.Form) and value == "")
+                or (isinstance(field_info, params.Form) and value == "")
                or (
-                    isinstance(field.schema, params.Form)
+                    isinstance(field_info, params.Form)
                    and field.shape in sequence_shapes
                    and len(value) == 0
                )
            ):
                if field.required:
-                    errors.append(
-                        ErrorWrapper(
-                            MissingError(), loc=("body", field.alias), config=BaseConfig
+                    if PYDANTIC_1:
+                        errors.append(
+                            ErrorWrapper(MissingError(), loc=("body", field.alias))
+                        )
+                    else:  # pragma: nocover
+                        errors.append(
+                            ErrorWrapper(  # type: ignore
+                                MissingError(),
+                                loc=("body", field.alias),
+                                config=BaseConfig,
+                            )
                        )
-                    )
                else:
                    values[field.name] = deepcopy(field.default)
                continue
            if (
-                isinstance(field.schema, params.File)
+                isinstance(field_info, params.File)
                and lenient_issubclass(field.type_, bytes)
                and isinstance(value, UploadFile)
            ):
                value = await value.read()
            elif (
                field.shape in sequence_shapes
-                and isinstance(field.schema, params.File)
+                and isinstance(field_info, params.File)
                and lenient_issubclass(field.type_, bytes)
                and isinstance(value, sequence_types)
            ):
@@ -485,31 +685,45 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
    return values, errors


-def get_schema_compatible_field(*, field: Field) -> Field:
+def get_schema_compatible_field(*, field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
    out_field = field
    if lenient_issubclass(field.type_, UploadFile):
        use_type: type = bytes
        if field.shape in sequence_shapes:
            use_type = List[bytes]
-        out_field = Field(
-            name=field.name,
-            type_=use_type,
-            class_validators=field.class_validators,
-            model_config=field.model_config,
-            default=field.default,
-            required=field.required,
-            alias=field.alias,
-            schema=field.schema,
-        )
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            out_field = ModelField(
+                name=field.name,
+                type_=use_type,
+                class_validators=field.class_validators,
+                model_config=field.model_config,
+                default=field.default,
+                required=field.required,
+                alias=field.alias,
+                field_info=field.field_info,
+            )
+        else:  # pragma: nocover
+            out_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+                name=field.name,
+                type_=use_type,
+                class_validators=field.class_validators,
+                model_config=field.model_config,
+                default=field.default,
+                required=field.required,
+                alias=field.alias,
+                schema=field.schema,  # type: ignore
+            )
+
    return out_field


-def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[Field]:
+def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[ModelField]:
    flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(dependant)
    if not flat_dependant.body_params:
        return None
    first_param = flat_dependant.body_params[0]
-    embed = getattr(first_param.schema, "embed", None)
+    field_info = get_field_info(first_param)
+    embed = getattr(field_info, "embed", None)
    if len(flat_dependant.body_params) == 1 and not embed:
        return get_schema_compatible_field(field=first_param)
    model_name = "Body_" + name
@@ -517,21 +731,46 @@ def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[Field]:
    for f in flat_dependant.body_params:
        BodyModel.__fields__[f.name] = get_schema_compatible_field(field=f)
    required = any(True for f in flat_dependant.body_params if f.required)
-    if any(isinstance(f.schema, params.File) for f in flat_dependant.body_params):
-        BodySchema: Type[params.Body] = params.File
-    elif any(isinstance(f.schema, params.Form) for f in flat_dependant.body_params):
-        BodySchema = params.Form
-    else:
-        BodySchema = params.Body

-    field = Field(
-        name="body",
-        type_=BodyModel,
-        default=None,
-        required=required,
-        model_config=BaseConfig,
-        class_validators={},
-        alias="body",
-        schema=BodySchema(None),
-    )
+    BodyFieldInfo_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = dict(default=None)
+    if any(
+        isinstance(get_field_info(f), params.File) for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+    ):
+        BodyFieldInfo: Type[params.Body] = params.File
+    elif any(
+        isinstance(get_field_info(f), params.Form) for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+    ):
+        BodyFieldInfo = params.Form
+    else:
+        BodyFieldInfo = params.Body
+
+        body_param_media_types = [
+            getattr(get_field_info(f), "media_type")
+            for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+            if isinstance(get_field_info(f), params.Body)
+        ]
+        if len(set(body_param_media_types)) == 1:
+            BodyFieldInfo_kwargs["media_type"] = body_param_media_types[0]
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        field = ModelField(
+            name="body",
+            type_=BodyModel,
+            default=None,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            alias="body",
+            field_info=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
+        )
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+            name="body",
+            type_=BodyModel,
+            default=None,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            alias="body",
+            schema=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
+        )
    return field
--- a/fastapi/encoders.py
+++ b/fastapi/encoders.py
@@ -1,34 +1,57 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from types import GeneratorType
-from typing import Any, List, Set
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Union

+from fastapi.logger import logger
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.json import ENCODERS_BY_TYPE

+SetIntStr = Set[Union[int, str]]
+DictIntStrAny = Dict[Union[int, str], Any]
+

 def jsonable_encoder(
    obj: Any,
-    include: Set[str] = None,
-    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
    by_alias: bool = True,
-    skip_defaults: bool = False,
+    skip_defaults: bool = None,
+    exclude_unset: bool = False,
    include_none: bool = True,
    custom_encoder: dict = {},
    sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
 ) -> Any:
+    if skip_defaults is not None:
+        logger.warning(  # pragma: nocover
+            "skip_defaults in jsonable_encoder has been deprecated in favor of "
+            "exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, support for it will be "
+            "removed soon."
+        )
    if include is not None and not isinstance(include, set):
        include = set(include)
    if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, set):
        exclude = set(exclude)
    if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
-        encoder = getattr(obj.Config, "json_encoders", custom_encoder)
-        return jsonable_encoder(
-            obj.dict(
+        encoder = getattr(obj.Config, "json_encoders", {})
+        if custom_encoder:
+            encoder.update(custom_encoder)
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            obj_dict = obj.dict(
                include=include,
                exclude=exclude,
                by_alias=by_alias,
-                skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
-            ),
+                exclude_unset=bool(exclude_unset or skip_defaults),
+            )
+        else:  # pragma: nocover
+            obj_dict = obj.dict(
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                skip_defaults=bool(exclude_unset or skip_defaults),
+            )
+        return jsonable_encoder(
+            obj_dict,
            include_none=include_none,
            custom_encoder=encoder,
            sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -52,7 +75,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
                    key,
                    by_alias=by_alias,
-                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                    include_none=include_none,
                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -60,7 +83,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
                    value,
                    by_alias=by_alias,
-                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                    include_none=include_none,
                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -76,7 +99,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                    include=include,
                    exclude=exclude,
                    by_alias=by_alias,
-                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                    include_none=include_none,
                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -104,7 +127,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
    return jsonable_encoder(
        data,
        by_alias=by_alias,
-        skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
        include_none=include_none,
        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
--- a/fastapi/exception_handlers.py
+++ b/fastapi/exception_handlers.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
 from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
 from starlette.requests import Request
@@ -19,5 +20,6 @@ async def request_validation_exception_handler(
    request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError
 ) -> JSONResponse:
    return JSONResponse(
-        status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, content={"detail": exc.errors()}
+        status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+        content={"detail": jsonable_encoder(exc.errors())},
    )
--- a/fastapi/exceptions.py
+++ b/fastapi/exceptions.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Sequence

-from pydantic import ValidationError
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
+from pydantic import ValidationError, create_model
+from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorList
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket


 class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
@@ -12,9 +16,21 @@ class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
        self.headers = headers


+RequestErrorModel = create_model("Request")
+WebSocketErrorModel = create_model("WebSocket")
+
+
 class RequestValidationError(ValidationError):
-    pass
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList]) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            super().__init__(errors, RequestErrorModel)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(errors, Request)  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover


 class WebSocketRequestValidationError(ValidationError):
-    pass
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList]) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            super().__init__(errors, WebSocketErrorModel)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(errors, WebSocket)  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More