🔖 Release version 0.47.0

The links to post @tiangolo were not working

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -7,29 +7,48 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Describe the bug**
-A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
+### Describe the bug
 
-**To Reproduce**
-Steps to reproduce the behavior:
-1. Create a file with '...'
-2. Add a path operation function with '....'
-3. Open the browser and call it with a payload of '....'
-4. See error
+Write here a clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 
-**Expected behavior**
-A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+### To Reproduce
 
-**Screenshots**
-If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+Steps to reproduce the behavior with a minimum self-contained file.
 
-**Environment:**
- - OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
- - FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+Replace each part with your own scenario:
+
+1. Create a file with:
 
 ```Python
-import fastapi
-print(fastapi.__version__)
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+```
+
+3. Open the browser and call the endpoint `/`.
+4. It returns a JSON with `{"Hello": "World"}`.
+5. But I expected it to return `{"Hello": "Sara"}`.
+
+### Expected behavior
+
+Add a clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+
+### Screenshots
+
+If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+
+### Environment
+
+- OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
+- FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+
+```bash
+python -c "import fastapi; print(fastapi.__version__)"
 ```
 
 - Python version, get it with:
@@ -38,5 +57,6 @@ print(fastapi.__version__)
 python --version
 ```
 
-**Additional context**
+### Additional context
+
 Add any other context about the problem here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -7,14 +7,20 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
-A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+### Is your feature request related to a problem
 
-**Describe the solution you'd like**
-A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+Is your feature request related to a problem?
 
-**Describe alternatives you've considered**
-A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+Add a clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+
+### The solution you would like
+
+Add a clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+
+### Describe alternatives you've considered
+
+Add a clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+
+### Additional context
 
-**Additional context**
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md

@@ -7,11 +7,18 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Description**
+### First check
+
+* [ ] I used the GitHub search to find a similar issue and didn't find it.
+* [ ] I searched the FastAPI documentation, with the integrated search.
+* [ ] I already searched in Google "How to X in FastAPI" and didn't find any information.
+
+### Description
 
 How can I [...]?
 
 Is it possible to [...]?
 
-**Additional context**
+### Additional context
+
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+on:
+  schedule:
+  - cron: "0 0 * * *"
+
+jobs:
+  issue-manager:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: tiangolo/issue-manager@master
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        config: >
+            {
+              "answered": {
+                "users": ["tiangolo", "dmontagu"],
+                "delay": 864000,
+                "message": "Assuming the original issue was solved, it will be automatically closed now. But feel free to add more comments or create new issues."
+              }
+            }

.gitignore

@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ coverage.xml
 test.db
 log.txt
 Pipfile.lock
+env3.*

.travis.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ cache: pip
 python:
     - "3.6"
     - "3.7"
+    - "3.8"
+    - "nightly"
+
+matrix:
+    allow_failures:
+        - python: "nightly"
 
 install:
     - pip install flit
@@ -19,8 +25,8 @@ after_script:
     - bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
 
 deploy:
-  provider: script
-  script: bash scripts/deploy.sh
-  on:
-    tags: true
-    python: "3.6"
+    provider: script
+    script: bash scripts/deploy.sh
+    on:
+        tags: true
+        python: "3.6"

Pipfile

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-[[source]]
-name = "pypi"
-url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
-verify_ssl = true
-
-[dev-packages]
-mypy = "*"
-black = "*"
-jupyter = "*"
-better-exceptions = "*"
-pytest = "*"
-pytest-cov = "*"
-isort = "*"
-requests = "*"
-flit = "*"
-mkdocs = "*"
-mkdocs-material = "*"
-markdown-include = "*"
-autoflake = "*"
-email-validator = "*"
-ujson = "*"
-flake8 = "*"
-python-multipart = "*"
-sqlalchemy = "*"
-uvicorn = "*"
-
-[packages]
-starlette = "==0.12.7"
-pydantic = "==0.30.0"
-databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
-hypercorn = "*"
-
-[requires]
-python_version = "3.6"
-
-[pipenv]
-allow_prereleases = true

README.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
     <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
-    <img src="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
+<a href="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
 </a>
 <a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
     <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage">
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The key features are:
 * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
 * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
 * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
-* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
 
 <small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>
 
@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"
 
+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"
 
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
 
 ## Requirements
 
@@ -72,20 +83,19 @@ Python 3.6+
 
 FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 
-* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
-* <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
-
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
+* <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
 
 ## Installation
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install fastapi
+pip install fastapi
 ```
 
-You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install uvicorn
+pip install uvicorn
 ```
 
 ## Example
@@ -109,6 +119,7 @@ def read_root():
 def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
+
 <details markdown="1">
 <summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>
 
@@ -131,7 +142,7 @@ async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
 ```
 
 **Note**:
-    
+
 If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.
 
 </details>
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
 
 ### Check it
 
-Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>. 
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>.
 
 You will see the JSON response as:
 
@@ -174,18 +185,17 @@ You already created an API that:
 
 ### Interactive API docs
 
-Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>. 
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
-You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
 
 ![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
 
-
 ### Alternative API docs
 
-And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
 
-You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
 
 ![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
 
@@ -195,8 +205,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
-
-```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 24"
+```Python hl_lines="2  7 8 9 10  23 24 25"
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -228,7 +237,7 @@ The server should reload automatically (because you added `--reload` to the `uvi
 
 ### Interactive API docs upgrade
 
-Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
 * The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:
 
@@ -242,16 +251,14 @@ Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:
 
 ![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png)
 
-
 ### Alternative API docs upgrade
 
-And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
 
 * The alternative documentation will also reflect the new query parameter and body:
 
 ![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)
 
-
 ### Recap
 
 In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters. 
@@ -321,7 +328,6 @@ Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
     * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
 * Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.
 
-
 ---
 
 We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
@@ -348,8 +354,7 @@ Try changing the line with:
 
 ![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)
 
-
-For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/intro/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
 
 **Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:
 
@@ -366,12 +371,11 @@ For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fa
     * **Cookie Sessions**
     * ...and more.
 
-
 ## Performance
 
-Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
 
-To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" class="internal-link" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
 
 ## Optional Dependencies
 
@@ -380,7 +384,6 @@ Used by Pydantic:
 * <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - for faster JSON <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.
 * <a href="https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator" target="_blank"><code>email_validator</code></a> - for email validation.
 
-
 Used by Starlette:
 
 * <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" target="_blank"><code>requests</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@ Used by Starlette:
 * <a href="http://jinja.pocoo.org" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
 * <a href="https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
 * <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/itsdangerous/" target="_blank"><code>itsdangerous</code></a> - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.
-* <a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" target="_blank"><code>pyyaml</code></a> - Required for `SchemaGenerator` support.
+* <a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" target="_blank"><code>pyyaml</code></a> - Required for Starlette's `SchemaGenerator` support (you probably don't need it with FastAPI).
 * <a href="https://graphene-python.org/" target="_blank"><code>graphene</code></a> - Required for `GraphQLApp` support.
 * <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `UJSONResponse`.
 
@@ -396,7 +399,7 @@ Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
 
 * <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.
 
-You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[all]`.
+You can install all of these with `pip install fastapi[all]`.
 
 ## License
 

docs/advanced/additional-responses.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 !!! warning
     This is a rather advanced topic.
-    
+
     If you are starting with **FastAPI**, you might not need this.
 
 You can declare additional responses, with additional status codes, media types, descriptions, etc.
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ Each of those response `dict`s can have a key `model`, containing a Pydantic mod
 
 For example, to declare another response with a status code `404` and a Pydantic model `Message`, you can write:
 
-
 ```Python hl_lines="18 23"
 {!./src/additional_responses/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
@@ -174,6 +173,11 @@ For example, you can add an additional media type of `image/png`, declaring that
 !!! note
     Notice that you have to return the image using a `FileResponse` directly.
 
+!!! info
+    Unless you specify a different media type explicitly in your `responses` parameter, FastAPI will assume the response has the same media type as the main response class (default `application/json`).
+
+    But if you have specified a custom response class with `None` as its media type, FastAPI will use `application/json` for any additional response that has an associated model.
+
 ## Combining information
 
 You can also combine response information from multiple places, including the `response_model`, `status_code`, and `responses` parameters.
@@ -194,7 +198,6 @@ It will all be combined and included in your OpenAPI, and shown in the API docs:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/additional-responses/image01.png">
 
-
 ## Combine predefined responses and custom ones
 
 You might want to have some predefined responses that apply to many *path operations*, but you want to combine them with custom responses needed by each *path operation*.
@@ -231,5 +234,5 @@ For example:
 
 To see what exactly you can include in the responses, you can check these sections in the OpenAPI specification:
 
-* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#responsesObject" target="_blank">OpenAPI Responses Object</a>, it includes the `Response Object`.
-* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#responseObject" target="_blank">OpenAPI Response Object</a>, you can include anything from this directly in each response inside your `responses` parameter. Including `description`, `headers`, `content` (inside of this is that you declare different media types and JSON Schemas), and `links`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#responsesObject" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI Responses Object</a>, it includes the `Response Object`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#responseObject" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI Response Object</a>, you can include anything from this directly in each response inside your `responses` parameter. Including `description`, `headers`, `content` (inside of this is that you declare different media types and JSON Schemas), and `links`.

docs/advanced/additional-status-codes.md

@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ To achieve that, import `JSONResponse`, and return your content there directly,
 
 If you return additional status codes and responses directly, they won't be included in the OpenAPI schema (the API docs), because FastAPI doesn't have a way to know before hand what you are going to return.
 
-But you can document that in your code, using: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">Additional Responses</a>.
+But you can document that in your code, using: [Additional Responses](additional-responses.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

docs/advanced/advanced-dependencies.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-!!! danger
+!!! warning
     This is, more or less, an "advanced" chapter.
     
     If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this chapter and come back to it later.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas
 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="10"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition
 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use
 We could create an instance of this class with:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="16"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ And when solving the dependency, **FastAPI** will call this `checker` like:
 checker(q="somequery")
 ```
 
-...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our path operation function as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:
+...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our *path operation function* as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="20"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 !!! tip
@@ -68,6 +68,6 @@ checker(q="somequery")
 
     These examples are intentionally simple, but show how it all works.
 
-    In the chapters about security, you will be using utility functions that are implemented in this same way.
+    In the chapters about security, there are utility functions that are implemented in this same way.
 
     If you understood all this, you already know how those utility tools for security work underneath.

docs/advanced/async-sql-databases.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-You can also use <a href="https://github.com/encode/databases" target="_blank">`encode/databases`</a> with **FastAPI** to connect to databases using `async` and `await`.
+You can also use <a href="https://github.com/encode/databases" class="external-link" target="_blank">`encode/databases`</a> with **FastAPI** to connect to databases using `async` and `await`.
 
 It is compatible with:
 
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ In this example, we'll use **SQLite**, because it uses a single file and Python
 Later, for your production application, you might want to use a database server like **PostgreSQL**.
 
 !!! tip
-    You could adopt ideas from the previous section about <a href="/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy ORM</a>, like using utility functions to perform operations in the database, independent of your **FastAPI** code.
+    You could adopt ideas from the section about SQLAlchemy ORM ([SQL (Relational) Databases](../tutorial/sql-databases.md){.internal-link target=_blank}), like using utility functions to perform operations in the database, independent of your **FastAPI** code.
 
-    This section doesn't apply those ideas, to be equivalent to the counterpart in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/database/" target="_blank">Starlette</a>.
+    This section doesn't apply those ideas, to be equivalent to the counterpart in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/database/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a>.
 
 ## Import and set up `SQLAlchemy`
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Later, for your production application, you might want to use a database server
 ```
 
 !!! tip
-    If you where connecting to a different database (e.g. PostgreSQL), you would need to change the `DATABASE_URL`.
+    If you were connecting to a different database (e.g. PostgreSQL), you would need to change the `DATABASE_URL`.
 
 ## Create the tables
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ So, the final result returned would be something like:
 
 ## Check it
 
-You can copy this code as is, and see the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+You can copy this code as is, and see the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
 There you can see all your API documented and interact with it:
 
@@ -157,4 +157,4 @@ There you can see all your API documented and interact with it:
 
 ## More info
 
-You can read more about <a href="https://github.com/encode/databases" target="_blank">`encode/databases` at its GitHub page</a>.
+You can read more about <a href="https://github.com/encode/databases" class="external-link" target="_blank">`encode/databases` at its GitHub page</a>.

docs/advanced/custom-request-and-route.md

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+In some cases, you may want to override the logic used by the `Request` and `APIRoute` classes.
+
+In particular, this may be a good alternative to logic in a middleware.
+
+For example, if you want to read or manipulate the request body before it is processed by your application.
+
+!!! danger
+    This is an "advanced" feature.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this section.
+
+## Use cases
+
+Some use cases include:
+
+* Converting non-JSON request bodies to JSON (e.g. <a href="https://msgpack.org/index.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`msgpack`</a>).
+* Decompressing gzip-compressed request bodies.
+* Automatically logging all request bodies.
+
+## Handling custom request body encodings
+
+Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.
+
+And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class
+
+First, we create a `GzipRequest` class, which will overwrite the `Request.body()` method to decompress the body in the presence of an appropriate header.
+
+If there's no `gzip` in the header, it will not try to decompress the body.
+
+That way, the same route class can handle gzip compressed or uncompressed requests.
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRoute` class
+
+Next, we create a custom subclass of `fastapi.routing.APIRoute` that will make use of the `GzipRequest`.
+
+This time, it will overwrite the method `APIRoute.get_route_handler()`.
+
+This method returns a function. And that function is what will receive a request and return a response.
+
+Here we use it to create a `GzipRequest` from the original request.
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.
+
+    A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.
+
+    The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.
+
+    And those two things, `scope` and `receive`, are what is needed to create a new `Request` instance.
+
+    To learn more about the `Request` check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Requests</a>.
+
+The only thing the function returned by `GzipRequest.get_route_handler` does differently is convert the `Request` to a `GzipRequest`.
+
+Doing this, our `GzipRequest` will take care of decompressing the data (if necessary) before passing it to our *path operations*.
+
+After that, all of the processing logic is the same.
+
+But because of our changes in `GzipRequest.body`, the request body will be automatically decompressed when it is loaded by **FastAPI** when needed.
+
+## Accessing the request body in an exception handler
+
+!!! tip
+    To solve this same problem, it's probably a lot easier to use the `body` in a custom handler for `RequestValidationError` ([Handling Errors](../tutorial/handling-errors.md#use-the-requestvalidationerror-body){.internal-link target=_blank}).
+
+    But this example is still valid and it shows how to interact with the internal components.
+
+We can also use this same approach to access the request body in an exception handler.
+
+All we need to do is handle the request inside a `try`/`except` block:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+If an exception occurs, the`Request` instance will still be in scope, so we can read and make use of the request body when handling the error:
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+## Custom `APIRoute` class in a router
+
+You can also set the `route_class` parameter of an `APIRouter`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="28"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, the *path operations* under the `router` will use the custom `TimedRoute` class, and will have an extra `X-Response-Time` header in the response with the time it took to generate the response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```

docs/advanced/custom-response.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 By default, **FastAPI** will return the responses using Starlette's `JSONResponse`.
 
-You can override it by returning a `Response` directly, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">as seen in a previous section</a>.
+You can override it by returning a `Response` directly as seen in [Return a Response directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 But if you return a `Response` directly, the data won't be automatically converted, and the documentation won't be automatically generated (for example, including the specific "media type", in the HTTP header `Content-Type`).
 
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ The contents that you return from your *path operation function* will be put ins
 
 And if that `Response` has a JSON media type (`application/json`), like is the case with the `JSONResponse` and `UJSONResponse`, the data you return will be automatically converted (and filtered) with any Pydantic `response_model` that you declared in the *path operation decorator*.
 
+!!! note
+    If you use a response class with no media type, FastAPI will expect your response to have no content, so it will not document the response format in its generated OpenAPI docs.
+
 ## Use `UJSONResponse`
 
 For example, if you are squeezing performance, you can install and use `ujson` and set the response to be Starlette's `UJSONResponse`.
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ Import the `Response` class (sub-class) you want to use and declare it in the *p
 To return a response with HTML directly from **FastAPI**, use `HTMLResponse`.
 
 * Import `HTMLResponse`.
-* Pass `HTMLResponse` as the parameter `content_type` of your path operation.
+* Pass `HTMLResponse` as the parameter `content_type` of your *path operation*.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2 7"
 {!./src/custom_response/tutorial002.py!}
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@ To return a response with HTML directly from **FastAPI**, use `HTMLResponse`.
 
 ### Return a Starlette `Response`
 
-As seen in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">another section</a>, you can also override the response directly in your path operation, by returning it.
+As seen in [Return a Response directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, you can also override the response directly in your *path operation*, by returning it.
 
 The same example from above, returning an `HTMLResponse`, could look like:
 
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ The same example from above, returning an `HTMLResponse`, could look like:
 ```
 
 !!! warning
-    A `Response` returned directly by your path operation function won't be documented in OpenAPI (for example, the `Content-Type` won't be documented) and won't be visible in the automatic interactive docs.
+    A `Response` returned directly by your *path operation function* won't be documented in OpenAPI (for example, the `Content-Type` won't be documented) and won't be visible in the automatic interactive docs.
 
 !!! info
     Of course, the actual `Content-Type` header, status code, etc, will come from the `Response` object your returned.
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@ The same example from above, returning an `HTMLResponse`, could look like:
 
 If you want to override the response from inside of the function but at the same time document the "media type" in OpenAPI, you can use the `response_class` parameter AND return a `Response` object.
 
-The `response_class` will then be used only to document the OpenAPI path operation, but your `Response` will be used as is.
+The `response_class` will then be used only to document the OpenAPI *path operation*, but your `Response` will be used as is.
 
 #### Return an `HTMLResponse` directly
 
@@ -96,4 +99,4 @@ But as you passed the `HTMLResponse` in the `response_class`, **FastAPI** will k
 
 ## Additional documentation
 
-You can also declare the media type and many other details in OpenAPI using `responses`: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">Additional Responses in OpenAPI</a>.
+You can also declare the media type and many other details in OpenAPI using `responses`: [Additional Responses in OpenAPI](additional-responses.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

docs/advanced/events.md

@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ Here, the `shutdown` event handler function will write a text line `"Application
 
 !!! tip
     Notice that in this case we are using a standard Python `open()` function that interacts with a file.
-    
+
     So, it involves I/O (input/output), that requires "waiting" for things to be written to disk.
-    
+
     But `open()` doesn't use `async` and `await`.
-    
+
     So, we declare the event handler function with standard `def` instead of `async def`.
 
 !!! info
-    You can read more about these event handlers in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/events/" target="_blank">Starlette's  Events' docs</a>.
+    You can read more about these event handlers in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/events/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's  Events' docs</a>.

docs/advanced/extending-openapi.md

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+!!! warning
+    This is a rather advanced feature. You probably can skip it.
+
+    If you are just following the tutorial - user guide, you can probably skip this section.
+
+    If you already know that you need to modify the generated OpenAPI schema, continue reading.
+
+There are some cases where you might need to modify the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+In this section you will see how.
+
+## The normal process
+
+The normal (default) process, is as follows.
+
+A `FastAPI` application (instance) has an `.openapi()` method that is expected to return the OpenAPI schema.
+
+As part of the application object creation, a *path operation* for `/openapi.json` (or for whatever you set your `openapi_url`) is registered.
+
+It just returns a JSON response with the result of the application's `.openapi()` method.
+
+By default, what the method `.openapi()` does is check the property `.openapi_schema` to see if it has contents and return them.
+
+If it doesn't, it generates them using the utility function at `fastapi.openapi.utils.get_openapi`.
+
+And that function `get_openapi()` receives as parameters:
+
+* `title`: The OpenAPI title, shown in the docs.
+* `version`: The version of your API, e.g. `2.5.0`.
+* `openapi_version`: The version of the OpenAPI specification used. By default, the latest: `3.0.2`.
+* `description`: The description of your API.
+* `routes`: A list of routes, these are each of the registered *path operations*. They are taken from `app.routes`.
+* `openapi_prefix`: The URL prefix to be used in your OpenAPI.
+
+## Overriding the defaults
+
+Using the information above, you can use the same utility function to generate the OpenAPI schema and override each part that you need.
+
+For example, let's add <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc/blob/master/docs/redoc-vendor-extensions.md#x-logo" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc's OpenAPI extension to include a custom logo</a>.
+
+### Normal **FastAPI**
+
+First, write all your **FastAPI** application as normally:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 4 7 8 9"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Generate the OpenAPI schema
+
+Then, use the same utility function to generate the OpenAPI schema, inside a `custom_openapi()` function:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 15 16 17 18 19 20"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Modify the OpenAPI schema
+
+Now you can add the ReDoc extension, adding a custom `x-logo` to the `info` "object" in the OpenAPI schema:
+
+```Python hl_lines="21 22 23"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Cache the OpenAPI schema
+
+You can use the property `.openapi_schema` as a "cache", to store your generated schema.
+
+That way, your application won't have to generate the schema every time a user opens your API docs.
+
+It will be generated only once, and then the same cached schema will be used for the next requests.
+
+```Python hl_lines="13 14 24 25"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Override the method
+
+Now you can replace the `.openapi()` method with your new function.
+
+```Python hl_lines="28"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Check it
+
+Once you go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a> you will see that you are using your custom logo (in this example, **FastAPI**'s logo):
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image01.png">
+
+## Self-hosting JavaScript and CSS for docs
+
+The API docs use **Swagger UI** and **ReDoc**, and each of those need some JavaScript and CSS files.
+
+By default, those files are served from a <abbr title="Content Delivery Network: A service, normally composed of several servers, that provides static files, like JavaScript and CSS. It's commonly used to serve those files from the server closer to the client, improving performance.">CDN</abbr>.
+
+But it's possible to customize it, you can set a specific CDN, or serve the files yourself.
+
+That's useful, for example, if you need your app to keep working even while offline, without open Internet access, or in a local network.
+
+Here you'll see how to serve those files yourself, in the same FastAPI app, and configure the docs to use them.
+
+### Project file structure
+
+Let's say your project file structure looks like this:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+```
+
+Now create a directory to store those static files.
+
+Your new file structure could look like this:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+└── static/
+```
+
+### Download the files
+
+Download the static files needed for the docs and put them on that `static/` directory.
+
+You can probably right-click each link and select an option similar to `Save link as...`.
+
+**Swagger UI** uses the files:
+
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
+
+And **ReDoc** uses the file:
+
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">`redoc.standalone.js`</a>
+
+After that, your file structure could look like:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+└── static
+    ├── redoc.standalone.js
+    ├── swagger-ui-bundle.js
+    └── swagger-ui.css
+```
+
+### Install `aiofiles`
+
+Now you need to install `aiofiles`:
+
+```bash
+pip install aiofiles
+```
+
+### Serve the static files
+
+* Import `StaticFiles` from Starlette.
+* "Mount" a `StaticFiles()` instance in a specific path.
+
+```Python hl_lines="7 11"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Test the static files
+
+Start your application and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/redoc.standalone.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/redoc.standalone.js</a>.
+
+You should see a very long JavaScript file for **ReDoc**.
+
+It could start with something like:
+
+```JavaScript
+/*!
+ * ReDoc - OpenAPI/Swagger-generated API Reference Documentation
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------
+ *   Version: "2.0.0-rc.18"
+ *   Repo: https://github.com/Redocly/redoc
+ */
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof m
+
+...
+```
+
+That confirms that you are being able to serve static files from your app, and that you placed the static files for the docs in the correct place.
+
+Now we can configure the app to use those static files for the docs.
+
+### Disable the automatic docs
+
+The first step is to disable the automatic docs, as those use the CDN by default.
+
+To disable them, set their URLs to `None` when creating your `FastAPI` app:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Include the custom docs
+
+Now you can create the *path operations* for the custom docs.
+
+You can re-use FastAPI's internal functions to create the HTML pages for the docs, and pass them the needed arguments:
+
+* `openapi_url`: the URL where the HTML page for the docs can get the OpenAPI schema for your API. You can use here the attribute `app.openapi_url`.
+* `title`: the title of your API.
+* `oauth2_redirect_url`: you can use `app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url` here to use the default.
+* `swagger_js_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **JavaScript** file. This is the one that your own app is now serving.
+* `swagger_css_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **CSS** file. This is the one that your own app is now serving.
+
+And similarly for ReDoc...
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4 5 6   14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22    25 26 27   30 31 32 33 34 35 36"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The *path operation* for `swagger_ui_redirect` is a helper for when you use OAuth2.
+
+    If you integrate your API with an OAuth2 provider, you will be able to authenticate and come back to the API docs with the acquired credentials. And interact with it using the real OAuth2 authentication.
+
+    Swagger UI will handle it behind the scenes for you, but it needs this "redirect" helper.
+
+### Create a *path operation* to test it
+
+Now, to be able to test that everything works, create a *path operation*:
+
+```Python hl_lines="39 40 41"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Test it
+
+Now, you should be able to disconnect your WiFi, go to your docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>, and reload the page.
+
+And even without Internet, you would be able to see the docs for your API and interact with it.

docs/advanced/graphql.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 
 **FastAPI** has optional support for GraphQL (provided by Starlette directly), using the `graphene` library.
 
-You can combine normal FastAPI path operations with GraphQL on the same application.
+You can combine normal FastAPI *path operations* with GraphQL on the same application.
 
 ## Import and use `graphene`
 
-GraphQL is implemented with Graphene, you can check <a href="https://docs.graphene-python.org/en/latest/quickstart/" target="_blank">Graphene's docs</a> for more details.
+GraphQL is implemented with Graphene, you can check <a href="https://docs.graphene-python.org/en/latest/quickstart/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Graphene's docs</a> for more details.
 
 Import `graphene` and define your GraphQL data:
 
@@ -26,13 +26,12 @@ Then import and add Starlette's `GraphQLApp`:
 
 ## Check it
 
-Run it with Uvicorn and open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>.
+Run it with Uvicorn and open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>.
 
 You will see GraphiQL web user interface:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/graphql/image01.png">
 
-
 ## More details
 
 For more details, including:
@@ -41,4 +40,4 @@ For more details, including:
 * Adding background tasks
 * Using normal or async functions
 
-check the official <a href="https://www.starlette.io/graphql/" target="_blank">Starlette GraphQL docs</a>.
+check the official <a href="https://www.starlette.io/graphql/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette GraphQL docs</a>.

docs/advanced/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+## Additional Features
+
+The main [Tutorial - User Guide](../tutorial/){.internal-link target=_blank} should be enough to give you a tour through all the main features of **FastAPI**.
+
+In the next sections you will see other options, configurations, and additional features.
+
+!!! tip
+    The next sections are **not necessarily "advanced"**.
+
+    And it's possible that for your use case, the solution is in one of them.
+
+## Read the Tutorial first
+
+You could still use most of the features in **FastAPI** with the knowledge from the main [Tutorial - User Guide](../tutorial/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+And the next sections assume you already read it, and assume that you know those main ideas.

docs/advanced/nosql-databases.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 **FastAPI** can also be integrated with any <abbr title="Distributed database (Big Data), also 'Not Only SQL'">NoSQL</abbr>.
 
-Here we'll see an example using **<a href="https://www.couchbase.com/" target="_blank">Couchbase</a>**, a <abbr title="Document here refers to a JSON object (a dict), with keys and values, and those values can also be other JSON objects, arrays (lists), numbers, strings, booleans, etc.">document</abbr> based NoSQL database.
+Here we'll see an example using **<a href="https://www.couchbase.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Couchbase</a>**, a <abbr title="Document here refers to a JSON object (a dict), with keys and values, and those values can also be other JSON objects, arrays (lists), numbers, strings, booleans, etc.">document</abbr> based NoSQL database.
 
 You can adapt it to any other NoSQL database like:
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ You can adapt it to any other NoSQL database like:
 * **ElasticSearch**, etc.
 
 !!! tip
-    There is an official project generator with **FastAPI** and **Couchbase**, all based on **Docker**, including a frontend and more tools: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase</a>
+    There is an official project generator with **FastAPI** and **Couchbase**, all based on **Docker**, including a frontend and more tools: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase</a>
 
 ## Import Couchbase components
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ First, let's create a `User` model:
 {!./src/nosql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
-We will use this model in our path operation function, so, we don't include in it the `hashed_password`.
+We will use this model in our *path operation function*, so, we don't include in it the `hashed_password`.
 
 ### `UserInDB` model
 
@@ -84,9 +84,8 @@ We don't create it as a subclass of Pydantic's `BaseModel` but as a subclass of
 
 !!! note
     Notice that we have a `hashed_password` and a `type` field that will be stored in the database.
-    
-    But it is not part of the general `User` model (the one we will return in the path operation).
 
+    But it is not part of the general `User` model (the one we will return in the *path operation*).
 
 ## Get the user
 
@@ -97,21 +96,21 @@ Now create a function that will:
 * Get the document with that ID.
 * Put the contents of the document in a `UserInDB` model.
 
-By creating a function that is only dedicated to getting your user from a `username` (or any other parameter) independent of your path operation function, you can more easily re-use it in multiple parts and also add <abbr title="Automated test, written in code, that checks if another piece of code is working correctly.">unit tests</abbr> for it:
+By creating a function that is only dedicated to getting your user from a `username` (or any other parameter) independent of your *path operation function*, you can more easily re-use it in multiple parts and also add <abbr title="Automated test, written in code, that checks if another piece of code is working correctly.">unit tests</abbr> for it:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="37 38 39 40 41 42 43"
 {!./src/nosql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
 ### f-strings
-    
-If you are not familiar with the `f"userprofile::{username}"`, it is a Python "<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-f-string" target="_blank">f-string</a>".
+
+If you are not familiar with the `f"userprofile::{username}"`, it is a Python "<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-f-string" class="external-link" target="_blank">f-string</a>".
 
 Any variable that is put inside of `{}` in an f-string will be expanded / injected in the string.
 
 ### `dict` unpacking
 
-If you are not familiar with the `UserInDB(**result.value)`, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-argument" target="_blank">it is using `dict` "unpacking"</a>.
+If you are not familiar with the `UserInDB(**result.value)`, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-argument" class="external-link" target="_blank">it is using `dict` "unpacking"</a>.
 
 It will take the `dict` at `result.value`, and take each of its keys and values and pass them as key-values to `UserInDB` as keyword arguments.
 
@@ -138,9 +137,9 @@ UserInDB(username="johndoe", hashed_password="some_hash")
 {!./src/nosql_databases/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
-### Create the path operation function
+### Create the *path operation function*
 
-As our code is calling Couchbase and we are not using the <a href="https://docs.couchbase.com/python-sdk/2.5/async-programming.html#asyncio-python-3-5" target="_blank">experimental Python <code>await</code> support</a>, we should declare our function with normal `def` instead of `async def`.
+As our code is calling Couchbase and we are not using the <a href="https://docs.couchbase.com/python-sdk/2.5/async-programming.html#asyncio-python-3-5" class="external-link" target="_blank">experimental Python <code>await</code> support</a>, we should declare our function with normal `def` instead of `async def`.
 
 Also, Couchbase recommends not using a single `Bucket` object in multiple "<abbr title="A sequence of code being executed by the program, while at the same time, or at intervals, there can be others being executed too.">thread</abbr>s", so, we can get just get the bucket directly and pass it to our utility functions:
 

docs/advanced/openapi-callbacks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+You could create an API with a *path operation* that could trigger a request to an *external API* created by someone else (probably the same developer that would be *using* your API).
+
+The process that happens when your API app calls the *external API* is named a "callback". Because the software that the external developer wrote sends a request to your API and then your API *calls back*, sending a request to an *external API* (that was probably created by the same developer).
+
+In this case, you could want to document how that external API *should* look like. What *path operation* it should have, what body it should expect, what response it should return, etc.
+
+## An app with callbacks
+
+Let's see all this with an example.
+
+Imagine you develop an app that allows creating invoices.
+
+These invoices will have an `id`, `title` (optional), `customer`, and `total`.
+
+The user of your API (an external developer) will create an invoice in your API with a POST request.
+
+Then your API will (let's imagine):
+
+* Send the invoice to some customer of the external developer.
+* Collect the money.
+* Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer).
+    * This will be done by sending a POST request (from *your API*) to some *external API* provided by that external developer (this is the "callback").
+
+## The normal **FastAPI** app
+
+Let's first see how the normal API app would look like before adding the callback.
+
+It will have a *path operation* that will receive an `Invoice` body, and a query parameter `callback_url` that will contain the URL for the callback.
+
+This part is pretty normal, most of the code is probably already familiar to you:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12  34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The `callback_url` query parameter uses a Pydantic <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/types/#urls" class="external-link" target="_blank">URL</a> type.
+
+The only new thing is the `callbacks=messages_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.
+
+## Documenting the callback
+
+The actual callback code will depend heavily on your own API app.
+
+And it will probably vary a lot from one app to the next.
+
+It could be just one or two lines of code, like:
+
+```Python
+callback_url = "https://example.com/api/v1/invoices/events/"
+requests.post(callback_url, json={"description": "Invoice paid", "paid": True})
+```
+
+But possibly the most important part of the callback is making sure that your API user (the external developer) implements the *external API* correctly, according to the data that *your API* is going to send in the request body of the callback, etc.
+
+So, what we will do next is add the code to document how that *external API* should look like to receive the callback from *your API*.
+
+That documentation will show up in the Swagger UI at `/docs` in your API, and it will let external developers know how to build the *external API*.
+
+This example doesn't implement the callback itself (that could be just a line of code), only the documentation part.
+
+!!! tip
+    The actual callback is just an HTTP request.
+
+    When implementing the callback yourself, you could use something like <a href="https://www.encode.io/httpx/" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> or <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Requests</a>.
+
+## Write the callback documentation code
+
+This code won't be executed in your app, we only need it to *document* how that *external API* should look like.
+
+But, you already know how to easily create automatic documentation for an API with **FastAPI**.
+
+So we are going to use that same knowledge to document how the *external API* should look like... by creating the *path operation(s)* that the external API should implement (the ones your API will call).
+
+!!! tip
+    When writing the code to document a callback, it might be useful to imagine that you are that *external developer*. And that you are currently implementing the *external API*, not *your API*.
+
+    Temporarily adopting this point of view (of the *external developer*) can help you feel like it's more obvious where to put the parameters, the Pydantic model for the body, for the response, etc. for that *external API*.
+
+### Create a callback `APIRouter`
+
+First create a new `APIRouter` that will contain one or more callbacks.
+
+This router will never be added to an actual `FastAPI` app (i.e. it will never be passed to `app.include_router(...)`).
+
+Because of that, you need to declare what will be the `default_response_class`, and set it to `JSONResponse`.
+
+!!! Note "Technical Details"
+    The `response_class` is normally set by the `FastAPI` app during the call to `app.include_router(some_router)`.
+
+    But as we are never calling `app.include_router(some_router)`, we need to set the `default_response_class` during creation of the `APIRouter`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 24"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create the callback *path operation*
+
+To create the callback *path operation* use the same `APIRouter` you created above.
+
+It should look just like a normal FastAPI *path operation*:
+
+* It should probably have a declaration of the body it should receive, e.g. `body: InvoiceEvent`.
+* And it could also have a declaration of the response it should return, e.g. `response_model=InvoiceEventReceived`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17  20 21  27 28 29 30 31"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+There are 2 main differences from a normal *path operation*:
+
+* It doesn't need to have any actual code, because your app will never call this code. It's only used to document the *external API*. So, the function could just have `pass`.
+* The *path* can contain an <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#key-expression" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI 3 expression</a> (see more below) where it can use variables with parameters and parts of the original request sent to *your API*.
+
+### The callback path expression
+
+The callback *path* can have an <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#key-expression" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI 3 expression</a> that can contain parts of the original request sent to *your API*.
+
+In this case, it's the `str`:
+
+```Python
+"{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}"
+```
+
+So, if your API user (the external developer) sends a request to *your API* to:
+
+```
+https://yourapi.com/invoices/?callback_url=https://www.external.org/events
+```
+
+with a JSON body of:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "id": "2expen51ve",
+    "customer": "Mr. Richie Rich",
+    "total": "9999"
+}
+```
+
+Then *your API* will process the invoice, and at some point later, send a callback request to the `callback_url` (the *external API*):
+
+```
+https://www.external.org/events/invoices/2expen51ve
+```
+
+with a JSON body containing something like:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "description": "Payment celebration",
+    "paid": true
+}
+```
+
+and it would expect a response from that *external API* with a JSON body like:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "ok": true
+}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice how the callback URL used contains the URL received as a query parameter in `callback_url` (`https://www.external.org/events`) and also the invoice `id` from inside of the JSON body (`2expen51ve`).
+
+### Add the callback router
+
+At this point you have the *callback path operation(s)* needed (the one(s) that the *external developer*  should implement in the *external API*) in the callback router you created above.
+
+Now use the parameter `callbacks` in *your API's path operation decorator* to pass the attribute `.routes` (that's actually just a `list` of routes/*path operations*) from that callback router:
+
+```Python hl_lines="34"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice that you are not passing the router itself (`invoices_callback_router`) to `callback=`, but the attribute `.routes`, as in `invoices_callback_router.routes`.
+
+### Check the docs
+
+Now you can start your app with Uvicorn and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+You will see your docs including a "Callback" section for your *path operation* that shows how the *external API* should look like:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/image01.png">

docs/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+## OpenAPI operationId
+
+!!! warning
+    If you are not an "expert" in OpenAPI, you probably don't need this.
+
+You can set the OpenAPI `operationId` to be used in your *path operation* with the parameter `operation_id`.
+
+You would have to make sure that it is unique for each operation.
+
+```Python hl_lines="6"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Using the *path operation function* name as the operationId
+
+If you want to use your APIs' function names as `operationId`s, you can iterate over all of them and override each *path operation's* `operation_id` using their `APIRoute.name`.
+
+You should do it after adding all your *path operations*.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    If you manually call `app.openapi()`, you should update the `operationId`s before that.
+
+!!! warning
+    If you do this, you have to make sure each one of your *path operation functions* has a unique name.
+
+    Even if they are in different modules (Python files).
+
+## Exclude from OpenAPI
+
+To exclude a *path operation* from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from the automatic documentation systems), use the parameter `include_in_schema` and set it to `False`;
+
+```Python hl_lines="6"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+## Advanced description from docstring
+
+You can limit the lines used from the docstring of a *path operation function* for OpenAPI.
+
+Adding an `\f` (an escaped "form feed" character) causes **FastAPI** to truncate the output used for OpenAPI at this point.
+
+It won't show up in the documentation, but other tools (such as Sphinx) will be able to use the rest.
+
+```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py!}
+```

docs/advanced/response-change-status-code.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-You probably read before that you can set a <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/" target="_blank">default Response Status Code</a>.
+You probably read before that you can set a default [Response Status Code](../tutorial/response-status-code.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 But in some cases you need to return a different status code than the default.
 

docs/advanced/response-cookies.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ## Use a `Response` parameter
 
-You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*, the same way you can declare a `Request` parameter.
+You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*.
 
 And then you can set headers in that *temporal* response object.
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set cookies (
 
 You can also create cookies when returning a `Response` directly in your code.
 
-To do that, you can create a response as described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">Return a Response directly</a>.
+To do that, you can create a response as described in [Return a Response Directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:
 ```
 
 !!! tip
-    Have in mind that if you return a response directly instead of using the `Response` parameter, FastAPI will return it directly. 
+    Have in mind that if you return a response directly instead of using the `Response` parameter, FastAPI will return it directly.
 
     So, you will have to make sure your data is of the correct type. E.g. it is compatible with JSON, if you are returning a `JSONResponse`.
 
@@ -37,4 +37,4 @@ Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:
 
 ### More info
 
-To see all the available parameters and options, check the <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/#set-cookie" target="_blank">documentation in Starlette</a>.
+To see all the available parameters and options, check the <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/#set-cookie" class="external-link" target="_blank">documentation in Starlette</a>.

docs/advanced/response-directly.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 When you create a **FastAPI** *path operation* you can normally return any data from it: a `dict`, a `list`, a Pydantic model, a database model, etc.
 
-By default, **FastAPI** would automatically convert that return value to JSON using the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/" target="_blank">`jsonable_encoder`</a>.
+By default, **FastAPI** would automatically convert that return value to JSON using the `jsonable_encoder` explained in [JSON Compatible Encoder](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 Then, behind the scenes, it would put that JSON-compatible data (e.g. a `dict`) inside of a Starlette `JSONResponse` that would be used to send the response to the client.
 
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ It might be useful, for example, to return custom headers or cookies.
 
 ## Starlette `Response`
 
-In fact, you can return any <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/" target="_blank">Starlette `Response`</a> or any sub-class of it.
+In fact, you can return any <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette `Response`</a> or any sub-class of it.
 
 !!! tip
     `JSONResponse` itself is a sub-class of `Response`.
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ The example above shows all the parts you need, but it's not very useful yet, as
 
 Now, let's see how you could use that to return a custom response.
 
-Let's say you want to return a response that is not available in the default <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/" target="_blank">Starlette `Response`s</a>.
+Let's say you want to return a response that is not available in the default <a href="https://www.starlette.io/responses/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette `Response`s</a>.
 
-Let's say that you want to return <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" target="_blank">XML</a>.
+Let's say that you want to return <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" class="external-link" target="_blank">XML</a>.
 
 You could put your XML content in a string, put it in a Starlette Response, and return it:
 
@@ -56,8 +56,6 @@ You could put your XML content in a string, put it in a Starlette Response, and
 
 When you return a `Response` directly its data is not validated, converted (serialized), nor documented automatically.
 
-But you can still <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/" target="_blank">document it</a>.
+But you can still document it as described in [Additional Responses in OpenAPI](additional-responses.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
-In the next sections you will see how to use/declare these custom `Response`s while still having automatic data conversion, documentation, etc.
-
-You will also see how to use them to set response Headers and Cookies.
+You can see in later sections how to use/declare these custom `Response`s while still having automatic data conversion, documentation, etc.

docs/advanced/response-headers.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ## Use a `Response` parameter
 
-You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function* (as you can do for cookies), the same way you can declare a `Request` parameter.
+You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function* (as you can do for cookies).
 
 And then you can set headers in that *temporal* response object.
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set headers (
 
 You can also add headers when you return a `Response` directly.
 
-Create a response as described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/" target="_blank">Return a Response directly</a> and pass the headers as an additional parameter:
+Create a response as described in [Return a Response Directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank} and pass the headers as an additional parameter:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="10 11 12"
 {!./src/response_headers/tutorial001.py!}
@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ Create a response as described in <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial
 
 ## Custom Headers
 
-Have in mind that custom proprietary headers can be added <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" target="_blank">using the 'X-' prefix</a>.
+Have in mind that custom proprietary headers can be added <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" class="external-link" target="_blank">using the 'X-' prefix</a>.
 
-But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/cors/" target="_blank">CORS configurations</a>, using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.
+But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your CORS configurations (read more in [CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}), using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.

docs/advanced/security/http-basic-auth.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+For the simplest cases, you can use HTTP Basic Auth.
+
+In HTTP Basic Auth, the application expects a header that contains a username and a password.
+
+If it doesn't receive it, it returns an HTTP 401 "Unauthorized" error.
+
+And returns a header `WWW-Authenticate` with a value of `Basic`, and an optional `realm` parameter.
+
+That tells the browser to show the integrated prompt for a username and password.
+
+Then, when you type that username and password, the browser sends them in the header automatically.
+
+## Simple HTTP Basic Auth
+
+* Import `HTTPBasic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
+* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBasic`.
+* Use that `security` with a dependency in your *path operation*.
+* It returns an object of type `HTTPBasicCredentials`:
+    * It contains the `username` and `password` sent.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 6 10"
+{!./src/security/tutorial006.py!}
+```
+
+When you try to open the URL for the first time (or click the "Execute" button in the docs) the browser will ask you for your username and password:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/security/image12.png">
+
+## Check the username
+
+Here's a more complete example.
+
+Use a dependency to check if the username and password are correct.
+
+For this, use the Python standard module <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/secrets.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`secrets`</a> to check the username and password:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  13 14 15"
+{!./src/security/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+This will ensure that `credentials.username` is `"stanleyjobson"`, and that `credentials.password` is `"swordfish"`. This would be similar to:
+
+```Python
+if not (credentials.username == "stanleyjobson") or not (credentials.password == "swordfish"):
+    # Return some error
+    ...
+```
+
+But by using the `secrets.compare_digest()` it will be secure against a type of attacks called "timing attacks".
+
+### Timing Attacks
+
+But what's a "timing attack"?
+
+Let's imagine an attacker is trying to guess the username and password.
+
+And that attacker sends a request with a username `johndoe` and a password `love123`.
+
+Then the Python code in your application would be equivalent to something like:
+
+```Python
+if "johndoe" == "stanleyjobson" and "love123" == "swordfish":
+    ...
+```
+
+But right at the moment Python compares the first `j` in `johndoe` to the first `s` in `stanleyjobson`, it will return `False`, because it already knows that those two strings are not the same, thinking that "there's no need to waste more computation comparing the rest of the letters". And your application will say "incorrect user or password".
+
+But then the attacker tries with username `stanleyjobsox` and password `love123`.
+
+And your application code does something like:
+
+```Python
+if "stanleyjobsox" == "stanleyjobson" and "love123" == "swordfish":
+    ...
+```
+
+Python will have to compare the whole `stanleyjobso` in both `stanleyjobsox` and `stanleyjobson` before realizing that both strings are not the same. So it will take some extra microseconds to reply back "incorrect user or password".
+
+#### The time to answer helps the attacker
+
+At that point, by noticing that the server took some microseconds longer to send the "incorrect user or password" response, the attacker will know that she/he got _something_ right, some of the initial letters were right.
+
+And then she/he can try again knowing that it's probably something more similar to `stanleyjobsox` than to `johndoe`.
+
+#### A "professional" attack
+
+Of course, the attacker would not try all this by hand, she/he would write a program to do it, possibly with thousands or millions of tests per second. And would get just one extra correct letter at a time.
+
+But doing that, in some minutes or hours the attacker would have guessed the correct username and password, with the "help" of our application, just using the time taken to answer.
+
+#### Fix it with `secrets.compare_digest()`
+
+But in our code we are actually using `secrets.compare_digest()`.
+
+In short, it will take the same time to compare `stanleyjobsox` to `stanleyjobson` than it takes to compare `johndoe` to `stanleyjobson`. And the same for the password.
+
+That way, using `secrets.compare_digest()` in your application code, it will be safe against this whole range of security attacks.
+
+### Return the error
+
+After detecting that the credentials are incorrect, return an `HTTPException` with a status code 401 (the same returned when no credentials are provided) and add the header `WWW-Authenticate` to make the browser show the login prompt again:
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 18 19 20"
+{!./src/security/tutorial007.py!}
+```

docs/advanced/security/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+## Additional Features
+
+There are some extra features to handle security apart from the ones covered in the [Tutorial - User Guide: Security](../../tutorial/security/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+!!! tip
+    The next sections are **not necessarily "advanced"**.
+
+    And it's possible that for your use case, the solution is in one of them.
+
+## Read the Tutorial first
+
+The next sections assume you already read the main [Tutorial - User Guide: Security](../../tutorial/security/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+They are all based on the same concepts, but allow some extra functionalities.

docs/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md

@@ -29,13 +29,30 @@ The content of each of these strings can have any format, but should not contain
 
 These scopes represent "permissions".
 
-In OpenAPI (e.g. the API docs), you can define "security schemes", the same as you saw in the previous sections.
+In OpenAPI (e.g. the API docs), you can define "security schemes".
 
 When one of these security schemes uses OAuth2, you can also declare and use scopes.
 
+Each "scope" is just a string (without spaces).
+
+They are normally used to declare specific security permissions, for example:
+
+* `users:read` or `users:write` are common examples.
+* `instagram_basic` is used by Facebook / Instagram.
+* `https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive` is used by Google.
+
+!!! info
+    In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.
+
+    It doesn't matter if it has other characters like `:` or if it is a URL.
+    
+    Those details are implementation specific.
+
+    For OAuth2 they are just strings.
+
 ## Global view
 
-First, let's quickly see the parts that change from the previous section about OAuth2 and JWT. Now using OAuth2 scopes:
+First, let's quickly see the parts that change from the examples in the main **Tutorial - User Guide** for [OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens](../../tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md){.internal-link target=_blank}. Now using OAuth2 scopes:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2 5 9 13 48 66 107 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 123 124 125 126 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 141 155"
 {!./src/security/tutorial005.py!}
@@ -108,7 +125,7 @@ In this case, it requires the scope `me` (it could require more than one scope).
 
     But by using `Security` instead of `Depends`, **FastAPI** will know that it can declare security scopes, use them internally, and document the API with OpenAPI.
 
-    But when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Depends`, `Security` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+    But when you import `Query`, `Path`, `Depends`, `Security` and others from `fastapi`, those are actually functions that return special classes.
 
 ## Use `SecurityScopes`
 
@@ -200,7 +217,7 @@ Here's how the hierarchy of dependencies and scopes looks like:
 !!! tip
     The important and "magic" thing here is that `get_current_user` will have a different list of `scopes` to check for each *path operation*.
 
-    All depending on the `scopes` declared in each *path operation* and each dependency in the dependency tree for that specific path operation.
+    All depending on the `scopes` declared in each *path operation* and each dependency in the dependency tree for that specific *path operation*.
 
 ## More details about `SecurityScopes`
 
@@ -210,7 +227,7 @@ It will always have the security scopes declared in the current `Security` depen
 
 Because the `SecurityScopes` will have all the scopes declared by dependants, you can use it to verify that a token has the required scopes in a central dependency function, and then declare different scope requirements in different *path operations*.
 
-They will be checked independently for each path operation.
+They will be checked independently for each *path operation*.
 
 ## Check it
 
@@ -247,4 +264,4 @@ The most secure is the code flow, but is more complex to implement as it require
 
 ## `Security` in decorator `dependencies`
 
-The same way you can define a `list` of <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/" target="_blank">`Depends` in the decorator's `dependencies` parameter</a>, you could also use `Security` with `scopes` there.
+The same way you can define a `list` of `Depends` in the decorator's `dependencies` parameter (as explained in [Dependencies in path operation decorators](../../tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md){.internal-link target=_blank}), you could also use `Security` with `scopes` there.

docs/advanced/sql-databases-peewee.md

@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+!!! warning
+    If you are just starting, the tutorial [SQL (Relational) Databases](../tutorial/sql-databases.md){.internal-link target=_blank} that uses SQLAlchemy should be enough.
+
+    Feel free to skip this.
+
+If you are starting a project from scratch, you are probably better off with SQLAlchemy ORM ([SQL (Relational) Databases](../tutorial/sql-databases.md){.internal-link target=_blank}), or any other async ORM.
+
+If you already have a code base that uses <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Peewee ORM</a>, you can check here how to use it with **FastAPI**.
+
+!!! warning "Python 3.7+ required"
+    You will need Python 3.7 or above to safely use Peewee with FastAPI.
+
+## Peewee for async
+
+Peewee was not designed for async frameworks, or with them in mind.
+
+Peewee has some heavy assumptions about its defaults and about how it should be used.
+
+If you are developing an application with an older non-async framework, and can work with all its defaults, **it can be a great tool**.
+
+But if you need to change some of the defaults, support more than one predefined database, work with an async framework (like FastAPI), etc, you will need to add quite some complex extra code to override those defaults.
+
+Nevertheless, it's possible to do it, and here you'll see exactly what code you have to add to be able to use Peewee with FastAPI.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    You can read more about Peewee's stand about async in Python <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/peewee/database.html#async-with-gevent" class="external-link" target="_blank">in the docs</a>, <a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee/issues/263#issuecomment-517347032" class="external-link" target="_blank">an issue</a>, <a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee/pull/2072#issuecomment-563215132" class="external-link" target="_blank">a PR</a>.
+
+## The same app
+
+We are going to create the same application as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial ([SQL (Relational) Databases](../tutorial/sql-databases.md){.internal-link target=_blank}).
+
+Most of the code is actually the same.
+
+So, we are going to focus only on the differences.
+
+## File structure
+
+Let's say you have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app` with a structure like this:
+
+```
+.
+└── sql_app
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── crud.py
+    ├── database.py
+    ├── main.py
+    └── schemas.py
+```
+
+This is almost the same structure as we had for the SQLAlchemy tutorial.
+
+Now let's see what each file/module does.
+
+## Create the Peewee parts
+
+Let's refer to the file `sql_app/database.py`.
+
+### The standard Peewee code
+
+Let's first check all the normal Peewee code, create a Peewee database:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3  5  22"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Have in mind that if you wanted to use a different database, like PostgreSQL, you couldn't just change the string. You would need to use a different Peewee database class.
+
+#### Note
+
+The argument:
+
+```Python
+check_same_thread=False
+```
+
+is equivalent to the one in the SQLAlchemy tutorial:
+
+```Python
+connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+```
+
+...it is needed only for `SQLite`.
+
+!!! info "Technical Details"
+
+    Exactly the same technical details as in [SQL (Relational) Databases](../tutorial/sql-databases.md#note){.internal-link target=_blank} apply.
+
+### Make Peewee async-compatible `PeeweeConnectionState`
+
+The main issue with Peewee and FastAPI is that Peewee relies heavily on <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/threading.html#thread-local-data" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python's `threading.local`</a>, and it doesn't have a direct way to override it or let you handle connections/sessions directly (as is done in the SQLAlchemy tutorial).
+
+And `threading.local` is not compatible with the new async features of modern Python.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    `threading.local` is used to have a "magic" variable that has a different value for each thread.
+
+    This was useful in older frameworks designed to have one single thread per request, no more, no less.
+
+    Using this, each request would have its own database connection/session, which is the actual final goal.
+
+    But FastAPI, using the new async features, could handle more than one request on the same thread. And at the same time, for a single request, it could run multiple things in different threads (in a threadpool), depending on if you use `async def` or normal `def`. This is what gives all the performance improvements to FastAPI.
+
+But Python 3.7 and above provide a more advanced alternative to `threading.local`, that can also be used in the places where `threading.local` would be used, but is compatible with the new async features.
+
+We are going to use that. It's called <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextvars.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`contextvars`</a>.
+
+We are going to override the internal parts of Peewee that use `threading.local` and replace them with `contextvars`, with the corresponding updates.
+
+This might seem a bit complex (and it actually is), you don't really need to completely understand how it works to use it.
+
+We will create a `PeeweeConnectionState`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+This class inherits from a special internal class used by Peewee.
+
+It has all the logic to make Peewee use `contextvars` instead of `threading.local`.
+
+`contextvars` works a bit differently than `threading.local`. But the rest of Peewee's internal code assumes that this class works with `threading.local`.
+
+So, we need to do some extra tricks to make it work as if it was just using `threading.local`. The `__init__`, `__setattr__`, and `__getattr__` implement all the required tricks for this to be used by Peewee without knowing that it is now compatible with FastAPI.
+
+!!! tip
+    This will just make Peewee behave correctly when used with FastAPI. Not randomly opening or closing connections that are being used, creating errors, etc.
+
+    But it doesn't give Peewee async super-powers. You should still use normal `def` functions and not `async def`.
+
+### Use the custom `PeeweeConnectionState` class
+
+Now, overwrite the `._state` internal attribute in the Peewee database `db` object using the new `PeeweeConnectionState`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="24"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Make sure you overwrite `db._state` *after* creating `db`.
+
+!!! tip
+    You would do the same for any other Peewee database, including `PostgresqlDatabase`, `MySQLDatabase`, etc.
+
+## Create the database models
+
+Let's now see the file `sql_app/models.py`.
+
+### Create Peewee models for our data
+
+Now create the Peewee models (classes) for `User` and `Item`.
+
+This is the same you would do if you followed the Peewee tutorial and updated the models to have the same data as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial.
+
+!!! tip
+    Peewee also uses the term "**model**" to refer to these classes and instances that interact with the database.
+
+    But Pydantic also uses the term "**model**" to refer to something different, the data validation, conversion, and documentation classes and instances.
+
+Import `db` from `database` (the file `database.py` from above) and use it here.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3  6 7 8 9 10 11 12  15 16 17 18 19 20 21"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Peewee creates several magic attributes.
+
+    It will automatically add an `id` attribute as an integer to be the primary key.
+
+    It will chose the name of the tables based on the class names.
+
+    For the `Item`, it will create an attribute `owner_id` with the integer ID of the `User`. But we don't declare it anywhere.
+
+## Create the Pydantic models
+
+Now let's check the file `sql_app/schemas.py`.
+
+!!! tip
+    To avoid confusion between the Peewee *models* and the Pydantic *models*, we will have the file `models.py` with the Peewee models, and the file `schemas.py` with the Pydantic models.
+
+    These Pydantic models define more or less a "schema" (a valid data shape).
+    
+    So this will help us avoiding confusion while using both.
+
+### Create the Pydantic *models* / schemas
+
+Create all the same Pydantic models as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial:
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 18  21 22  25 26 27 28 29 30  34 35  38 39  42 43 44 45 46 47 48"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Here we are creating the models with an `id`.
+
+    We didn't explicitly specify an `id` attribute in the Peewee models, but Peewee adds one automatically.
+
+    We are also adding the magic `owner_id` attribute to `Item`.
+
+### Create a `PeeweeGetterDict` for the Pydantic *models* / schemas
+
+When you access a relationship in a Peewee object, like in `some_user.items`, Peewee doesn't provide a `list` of `Item`.
+
+It provides a special custom object of class `ModelSelect`.
+
+It's possible to create a `list` of its items with `list(some_user.items)`.
+
+But the object itself is not a `list`. And it's also not an actual Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-generator" class="external-link" target="_blank">generator</a>. Because of this, Pydantic doesn't know by default how to convert it to a `list` of Pydantic *models* / schemas.
+
+But recent versions of Pydantic allow providing a custom class that inherits from `pydantic.utils.GetterDict`, to provide the functionality used when using the `orm_mode = True` to retrieve the values for ORM model attributes.
+
+We are going to create a custom `PeeweeGetterDict` class and use it in all the same Pydantic *models* / schemas that use `orm_mode`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 8 9 10 11 12 13  31  49"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+Here we are checking if the attribute that is being accessed (e.g. `.items` in `some_user.items`) is an instance of `peewee.ModelSelect`.
+
+And if that's the case, just return a `list` with it.
+
+And then we use it in the Pydantic *models* / schemas that use `orm_mode = True`, with the configuration variable `getter_dict = PeeweeGetterDict`.
+
+!!! tip
+    We only need to create one `PeeweeGetterDict` class, and we can use it in all the Pydantic *models* / schemas.
+
+## CRUD utils
+
+Now let's see the file `sql_app/crud.py`.
+
+### Create all the CRUD utils
+
+Create all the same CRUD utils as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial, all the code is very similar:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4 5  8 9  12 13  16 17 18 19 20  23 24  27 28 29 30"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+There are some differences with the code for the SQLAlchemy tutorial.
+
+We don't pass a `db` attribute around. Instead we use the models directly. This is because the `db` object is a global object, that includes all the connection logic. That's why we had to do all the `contextvars` updates above.
+
+Aso, when returning several objects, like in `get_users`, we directly call `list`, like in:
+
+```Python
+list(models.User.select())
+```
+
+This is for the same reason that we had to create a custom `PeeweeGetterDict`. But by returning something that is already a `list` instead of the `peewee.ModelSelect` the `response_model` in the *path operation* with `List[models.User]` (that we'll see later) will work correctly.
+
+## Main **FastAPI** app
+
+And now in the file `sql_app/main.py` let's integrate and use all the other parts we created before.
+
+### Create the database tables
+
+In a very simplistic way create the database tables:
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a dependency
+
+Create a dependency that will connect the database right at the beginning of a request and disconnect it at the end:
+
+```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+Here we have an empty `yield` because we are actually not using the database object directly.
+
+It is connecting to the database and storing the connection data in an internal variable that is independent for each request (using the `contextvars` tricks from above).
+
+And then, in each *path operation function* that needs to access the database we add it as a dependency.
+
+But we are not using the value given by this dependency (it actually doesn't give any value, as it has an empty `yield`). So, we don't add it to the *path operation function* but to the *path operation decorator* in the `dependencies` parameter:
+
+```Python hl_lines="36  44  51  63  69  76"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+### Context Variable Middleware
+
+For all the `contextvars` parts to work, we need to make sure there's a new "context" each time there's a new request, so that we have a specific context variable Peewee can use to save its state (database connection, transactions, etc).
+
+For that, we need to create a middleware.
+
+Right before the request, we are going to reset the database state. We will "set" a value to the context variable and then we will ask the Peewee database state to "reset" (this will create the default values it uses).
+
+And then the rest of the request is processed with that new context variable we just set, all automatically and more or less "magically".
+
+For the **next request**, as we will reset that context variable again in the middleware, that new request will have its own database state (connection, transactions, etc).
+
+```Python hl_lines="28 29 30 31 32 33"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    As FastAPI is an async framework, one request could start being processed, and before finishing, another request could be received and start processing as well, and it all could be processed in the same thread.
+
+    But context variables are aware of these async features, so, a Peewee database state set in the middleware will keep its own data throughout the entire request.
+
+    And at the same time, the other concurrent request will have its own database state that will be independent for the whole request.
+
+#### Peewee Proxy
+
+
+If you are using a <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/peewee/database.html#dynamically-defining-a-database" class="external-link" target="_blank">Peewee Proxy</a>, the actual database is at `db.obj`.
+
+So, you would reset it with:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 4"
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    database.db.obj._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
+    database.db.obj._state.reset()
+    response = await call_next(request)
+    return response
+```
+
+### Create your **FastAPI** *path operations*
+
+Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** *path operations* code.
+
+```Python hl_lines="36 37 38 39 40 41  44 45 46 47  50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57  60 61 62 63 64 65 66  69 70 71 72  75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+### About `def` vs `async def`
+
+The same as with SQLAlchemy, we are not doing something like:
+
+```Python
+user = await models.User.select().first()
+```
+
+...but instead we are using:
+
+```Python
+user = models.User.select().first()
+```
+
+So, again, we should declare the *path operation functions* and the dependency without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+# Something goes here
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    # Something goes here
+```
+
+## Testing Peewee with async
+
+This example includes an extra *path operation* that simulates a long processing request with `time.sleep(sleep_time)`.
+
+It will have the database connection open at the beginning and will just wait some seconds before replying back. And each new request will wait one second less.
+
+This will easily let you test that your app with Peewee and FastAPI is behaving correctly with all the stuff about threads.
+
+If you want to check how Peewee would break your app if used without modification, go the the `sql_app/database.py` file and comment the line:
+
+```Python
+# db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()
+```
+
+And in the file `sql_app/main.py` file, comment the middleware:
+
+```Python
+# @app.middleware("http")
+# async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+#     database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
+#     database.db._state.reset()
+#     response = await call_next(request)
+#     return response
+```
+
+Then run your app with Uvicorn:
+
+```bash
+uvicorn sql_app.main:app --reload
+```
+
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>  and create a couple of users.
+
+Then open 10 tabs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs#/default/read_slow_users_slowusers__get" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs#/default/read_slow_users_slowusers__get</a> at the same time.
+
+Go to the *path operation* "Get `/slowusers/`" in all of the tabs. Use the "Try it out" button and execute the request in each tab, one right after the other.
+
+The tabs will wait for a bit and then some of them will show `Internal Server Error`.
+
+### What happens
+
+The first tab will make your app create a connection to the database and wait for some seconds before replying back and closing the connection.
+
+Then, for the request in the next tab, your app will wait for one second less, and so on.
+
+This means that it will end up finishing some of the last tabs' requests than some of the previous ones.
+
+Then one the last requests that wait less seconds will try to open a database connection, but as one of those previous requests for the other tabs will probably be handled in the same thread as the first one, it will have the same database connection that is already open, and Peewee will throw an error and you will see it in the terminal, and the response will have an `Internal Server Error`.
+
+This will probably happen for more than one of those tabs.
+
+If you had multiple clients talking to your app exactly at the same time, this is what could happen.
+
+And as your app starts to handle more and more clients at the same time, the waiting time in a single request needs to be shorter and shorter to trigger the error.
+
+### Fix Peewee with FastAPI
+
+Now go back to the file `sql_app/database.py`, and uncomment the line:
+
+```Python
+db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()
+```
+
+And in the file `sql_app/main.py` file, uncomment the middleware:
+
+```Python
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
+    database.db._state.reset()
+    response = await call_next(request)
+    return response
+```
+
+Terminate your running app and start it again.
+
+Repeat the same process with the 10 tabs. This time all of them will wait and you will get all the results without errors.
+
+...You fixed it!
+
+## Review all the files
+
+ Remember you should have a directory named `my_super_project` (or however you want) that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app`.
+
+`sql_app` should have the following files:
+
+* `sql_app/__init__.py`: is an empty file.
+
+* `sql_app/database.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/models.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/schemas.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/crud.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/main.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+## Technical Details
+
+!!! warning
+    These are very technical details that you probably don't need.
+
+### The problem
+
+Peewee uses <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/threading.html#thread-local-data" class="external-link" target="_blank">`threading.local`</a> by default to store it's database "state" data (connection, transactions, etc).
+
+`threading.local` creates a value exclusive to the current thread, but an async framework would run all the "tasks" (e.g. requests) in the same thread, and possibly not in order.
+
+On top of that, an async framework could run some sync code in a threadpool (using `asyncio.run_in_executor`), but belonging to the same "task" (e.g. to the same request).
+
+This means that, with Peewee's current implementation, multiple tasks could be using the same `threading.local` variable and end up sharing the same connection and data, and at the same time, if they execute sync IO-blocking code in a threadpool (as with normal `def` functions in FastAPI, in *path operations*  and dependencies), that code won't have access to the database state variables, even while it's part of the same "task" (request) and it should be able to get access to that.
+
+### Context variables
+
+Python 3.7 has <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextvars.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`contextvars`</a> that can create a local variable very similar to `threading.local`, but also supporting these async features.
+
+There are several things to have in mind.
+
+The `ContextVar` has to be created at the top of the module, like `some_var = ContextVar("some_var", default="default value")`.
+
+To set a value used in the current "context" (e.g. for the current request) use `some_var.set("new value")`.
+
+To get a value anywhere inside of the context (e.g. in any part handling the current request) use `some_var.get()`.
+
+### Set context variables in middleware
+
+If some part of the async code sets the value with `some_var.set("updated in function")` (e.g. the middleware), the rest of the code in it will see that new value.
+
+And if it calls any other function with `await some_function()` (e.g. `response = await call_next(request)` in our middleware) that internal `some_function()` (or `response = await call_next(request)` in our example) and everything it calls inside, will see that same new value `"updated in function"`.
+
+So, in our case, if we set the Peewee state variable in the middleware and then call `response = await call_next(request)` all the rest of the internal code in our app (that is called by `call_next()`) will see this value we set in the middleware and will be able to reuse it.
+
+But if the value is set in an internal function (e.g. in `get_db()`) that value will be seen only by that internal function and any code it calls, not by the parent function nor by any sibling function. So, we can't set the Peewee database state in `get_db()`, or the *path operation functions* wouldn't see the new Peewee database state for that "context".
+
+### But `get_db` is an async context manager
+
+You might be thinking that `get_db()` is actually not used as a function, it's converted to a context manager.
+
+So the *path operation function* is part of it.
+
+But the code after the `yield`, in the `finally` is not executed in the same "context".
+
+So, if you reset the state in `get_db()`, the *path operation function* would see the database connection set there. But the `finally` block would not see the same context variable value, and so, as the database object would not have the same context variable for its state, it would not have the same connection, so you couldn't close it in the `finally` in `get_db()` after the request is done.
+
+In the middleware we are setting the Peewee state to a context variable that holds a `dict`. So, it's set for every new request.
+
+And as the database state variables are stored inside of that `dict` instead of new context variables, when Peewee sets the new database state (connection, transactions, etc) in any part of the internal code, underneath, all that will be set as keys in that `dict`. But the `dict` would still be the same we set in the middleware. That's what allows the `get_db()` dependency to make Peewee create a new connection (that is stored in that `dict`) and allows the `finally` block to still have access to the same connection.
+
+Because the context variable is set outside all that, in the middleware.
+
+### Connect and disconnect in dependency
+
+Then the next question would be, why not just connect and disconnect the database in the middleware itself, instead of `get_db()`?
+
+First, the middleware has to be `async`, and creating and closing the database connection is potentially blocking, so it could degrade performance.
+
+But more importantly, the middleware returns a `response`, and this `response` is actually an awaitable function that will do all the work in your code, including background tasks.
+
+If you closed the connection in the middleware right before returning the `response`, some of your code would not have the chance to use the database connection set in the context variable.
+
+Because some other code will call that `response` with `await response(...)`. And inside of that `await response(...)` is that, for example, background tasks are run. But if the connection was already closed before `response` is awaited, then it won't be able to access it.

docs/advanced/sub-applications-proxy.md

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ For these cases, you can declare an `openapi_prefix` parameter in your `FastAPI`
 
 See the section below, about "mounting", for an example.
 
-
 ## Mounting a **FastAPI** application
 
 "Mounting" means adding a complete "independent" application in a specific path, that then takes care of handling all the sub-paths.
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ You could want to do this if you have several "independent" applications that yo
 
 ### Top-level application
 
-First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its path operations:
+First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its *path operations*:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="3 6 7 8"
 {!./src/sub_applications/tutorial001.py!}
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its path operati
 
 ### Sub-application
 
-Then, create your sub-application, and its path operations.
+Then, create your sub-application, and its *path operations*.
 
 This sub-application is just another standard FastAPI application, but this is the one that will be "mounted".
 
@@ -78,18 +77,16 @@ Now, run `uvicorn`, if your file is at `main.py`, it would be:
 uvicorn main:app --reload
 ```
 
-And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
 You will see the automatic API docs for the main app, including only its own paths:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/sub-applications/image01.png">
 
-
-And then, open the docs for the sub-application, at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/subapi/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/subapi/docs</a>.
+And then, open the docs for the sub-application, at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/subapi/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/subapi/docs</a>.
 
 You will see the automatic API docs for the sub-application, including only its own sub-paths, with their correct prefix:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/sub-applications/image02.png">
 
-
-If you try interacting with any of the two user interfaces, they will work, because the browser will be able to talk to the correct path (or sub-path).
+If you try interacting with any of the two user interfaces, they will work, because the browser will be able to talk to the correct path (or sub-path).

docs/advanced/templates.md

@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ And because you are using `StaticFiles`, that CSS file would be served automatic
 
 ## More details
 
-For more details, including how to test templates, check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/templates/" target="_blank">Starlette's docs on templates</a>.
+For more details, including how to test templates, check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/templates/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's docs on templates</a>.

docs/advanced/testing-events.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Testing Events, `startup` and `shutdown`
+
+When you need your event handlers (`startup` and `shutdown`) to run in your tests, you can use the `TestClient` with a `with` statement:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 10 11 12 20 21 22 23 24"
+{!./src/app_testing/tutorial003.py!}
+```

docs/advanced/testing-websockets.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+## Testing WebSockets
+
+You can use the same `TestClient` to test WebSockets.
+
+For this, you use the `TestClient` in a `with` statement, connecting to the WebSocket:
+
+```Python hl_lines="27 28 29 30 31"
+{!./src/app_testing/tutorial002.py!}
+```

docs/advanced/using-request-directly.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ But there are situations where you might need to access the `Request` object dir
 
 ## Details about the `Request` object
 
-As **FastAPI** is actually **Starlette** underneath, with a layer of several tools on top, you can use Starlette's <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" target="_blank">`Request`</a> object directly when you need to.
+As **FastAPI** is actually **Starlette** underneath, with a layer of several tools on top, you can use Starlette's <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Request`</a> object directly when you need to.
 
 It would also mean that if you get data from the `Request` object directly (for example, read the body) it won't be validated, converted or annotated (with OpenAPI, for the automatic documentation) by FastAPI.
 
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ Then declare a *path operation function* parameter with the type being the `Requ
 
 ## `Request` documentation
 
-You can read more details about the <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" target="_blank">`Request` object in the official Starlette documentation site</a>.
+You can read more details about the <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Request` object in the official Starlette documentation site</a>.

docs/advanced/websockets.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-You can use <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API" target="_blank">WebSockets</a> with **FastAPI**.
+You can use <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API" class="external-link" target="_blank">WebSockets</a> with **FastAPI**.
 
 ## WebSockets client
 
@@ -68,18 +68,17 @@ They work the same way as for other FastAPI endpoints/*path operations*:
 !!! info
     In a WebSocket it doesn't really make sense to raise an `HTTPException`. So it's better to close the WebSocket connection directly.
 
-    You can use a closing code from the <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-7.4.1" target="_blank">valid codes defined in the specification</a>.
+    You can use a closing code from the <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6455#section-7.4.1" class="external-link" target="_blank">valid codes defined in the specification</a>.
 
-    In the future, there will be a `WebSocketException` that you will be able to `raise` from anywhere, and add exception handlers for it. It depends on the <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/527" target="_blank">PR #527</a> in Starlette.
+    In the future, there will be a `WebSocketException` that you will be able to `raise` from anywhere, and add exception handlers for it. It depends on the <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/527" class="external-link" target="_blank">PR #527</a> in Starlette.
 
 ## More info
 
 To learn more about the options, check Starlette's documentation for:
 
-* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/applications/" target="_blank">Applications (`websocket_route`)</a>.
-* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/websockets/" target="_blank">The `WebSocket` class</a>.
-* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/endpoints/#websocketendpoint" target="_blank">Class-based WebSocket handling</a>.
-
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/applications/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Applications (`websocket_route`)</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/websockets/" class="external-link" target="_blank">The `WebSocket` class</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/endpoints/#websocketendpoint" class="external-link" target="_blank">Class-based WebSocket handling</a>.
 
 ## Test it
 
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ If your file is named `main.py`, run your application with:
 uvicorn main:app --reload
 ```
 
-Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>.
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>.
 
 You will see a simple page like:
 

docs/alternatives.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ But at some point, there was no other option than creating something that provid
 
 ## Previous tools
 
-### <a href="https://www.djangoproject.com/" target="_blank">Django</a>
+### <a href="https://www.djangoproject.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Django</a>
 
 It's the most popular Python framework and is widely trusted. It is used to build systems like Instagram.
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ It's relatively tightly coupled with relational databases (like MySQL or Postgre
 
 It was created to generate the HTML in the backend, not to create APIs used by a modern frontend (like React, Vue.js and Angular) or by other systems (like <abbr title="Internet of Things">IoT</abbr> devices) communicating with it.
 
-### <a href="https://www.django-rest-framework.org/" target="_blank">Django REST Framework</a>
+### <a href="https://www.django-rest-framework.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Django REST Framework</a>
 
 Django REST framework was created to be a flexible toolkit for building Web APIs using Django underneath, to improve its API capabilities.
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ It was one of the first examples of **automatic API documentation**, and this wa
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Have an automatic API documentation web user interface.
 
-### <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" target="_blank">Flask</a>
+### <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Flask</a>
 
 Flask is a "microframework", it doesn't include database integrations nor many of the things that come by default in Django.
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Given the simplicity of Flask, it seemed like a good match for building APIs. Th
     Have a simple and easy to use routing system.
 
 
-### <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" target="_blank">Requests</a>
+### <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Requests</a>
 
 **FastAPI** is not actually an alternative to **Requests**. Their scope is very different.
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ The way you use it is very simple. For example, to do a `GET` request, you would
 response = requests.get("http://example.com/some/url")
 ```
 
-The FastAPI counterpart API path operation could look like:
+The FastAPI counterpart API *path operation* could look like:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="1"
 @app.get("/some/url")
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ See the similarities in `requests.get(...)` and `@app.get(...)`.
     * Have sensible defaults, but powerful customizations.
 
 
-### <a href="https://swagger.io/" target="_blank">Swagger</a> / <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a>
+### <a href="https://swagger.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger</a> / <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a>
 
 The main feature I wanted from Django REST Framework was the automatic API documentation.
 
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ That's why when talking about version 2.0 it's common to say "Swagger", and for
 
     And integrate standards-based user interface tools:
 
-    * <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>
-    * <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>
+    * <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>
+    * <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>
 
     These two were chosen for being fairly popular and stable, but doing a quick search, you could find dozens of additional alternative user interfaces for OpenAPI (that you can use with **FastAPI**).
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ That's why when talking about version 2.0 it's common to say "Swagger", and for
 
 There are several Flask REST frameworks, but after investing the time and work into investigating them, I found that many are discontinued or abandoned, with several standing issues that made them unfit.
 
-### <a href="https://marshmallow.readthedocs.io/en/3.0/" target="_blank">Marshmallow</a>
+### <a href="https://marshmallow.readthedocs.io/en/3.0/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Marshmallow</a>
 
 One of the main features needed by API systems is data "<abbr title="also called marshalling, conversion">serialization</abbr>" which is taking data from the code (Python) and converting it into something that can be sent through the network. For example, converting an object containing data from a database into a JSON object. Converting `datetime` objects into strings, etc.
 
@@ -136,23 +136,23 @@ But it was created before there existed Python type hints. So, to define every <
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Use code to define "schemas" that provide data types and validation, automatically.
 
-### <a href="https://webargs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Webargs</a>
+### <a href="https://webargs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Webargs</a>
 
 Another big feature required by APIs is <abbr title="reading and converting to Python data">parsing</abbr> data from incoming requests.
 
 Webargs is a tool that was made to provide that on top of several frameworks, including Flask.
 
-It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same guys.
+It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same developers.
 
 It's a great tool and I have used it a lot too, before having **FastAPI**.
 
 !!! info
-    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow developers.
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Have automatic validation of incoming request data.
 
-### <a href="https://apispec.readthedocs.io/en/stable/" target="_blank">APISpec</a>
+### <a href="https://apispec.readthedocs.io/en/stable/" class="external-link" target="_blank">APISpec</a>
 
 Marshmallow and Webargs provide validation, parsing and serialization as plug-ins.
 
@@ -171,13 +171,13 @@ But then, we have again the problem of having a micro-syntax, inside of a Python
 The editor can't help much with that. And if we modify parameters or Marshmallow schemas and forget to also modify that YAML docstring, the generated schema would be obsolete.
 
 !!! info
-    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow developers.
 
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Support the open standard for APIs, OpenAPI.
 
-### <a href="https://flask-apispec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Flask-apispec</a>
+### <a href="https://flask-apispec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Flask-apispec</a>
 
 It's a Flask plug-in, that ties together Webargs, Marshmallow and APISpec.
 
@@ -191,19 +191,19 @@ This combination of Flask, Flask-apispec with Marshmallow and Webargs was my fav
 
 Using it led to the creation of several Flask full-stack generators. These are the main stack I (and several external teams) have been using up to now:
 
-* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack</a>
-* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchbase" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchbase</a>
-* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchdb" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchdb</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchbase" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchbase</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchdb" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-flask-couchdb</a>
 
-And these same full-stack generators were the base of the <a href="/project-generation/" target="_blank">**FastAPI** project generator</a>.
+And these same full-stack generators were the base of the [**FastAPI** Project Generators](project-generation.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 !!! info
-    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow developers.
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Generate the OpenAPI schema automatically, from the same code that defines serialization and validation.
 
-### <a href="https://nestjs.com/" target="_blank">NestJS</a> (and <a href="https://angular.io/" target="_blank">Angular</a>)
+### <a href="https://nestjs.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">NestJS</a> (and <a href="https://angular.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Angular</a>)
 
 This isn't even Python, NestJS is a JavaScript (TypeScript) NodeJS framework inspired by Angular.
 
@@ -222,21 +222,21 @@ It can't handle nested models very well. So, if the JSON body in the request is
 
     Have a powerful dependency injection system. Find a way to minimize code repetition.
 
-### <a href="https://sanic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Sanic</a>
+### <a href="https://sanic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Sanic</a>
 
 It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It was made to be very similar to Flask.
 
 !!! note "Technical Details"
-    It used <a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop" target="_blank">`uvloop`</a> instead of the default Python `asyncio` loop. That's what made it so fast.
+    It used <a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop" class="external-link" target="_blank">`uvloop`</a> instead of the default Python `asyncio` loop. That's what made it so fast.
 
-    It <a href="https://github.com/huge-success/sanic/issues/761" target="_blank">still doesn't implement the ASGI spec for Python asynchronous web development</a>, but it clearly inspired Uvicorn and Starlette, that are currently faster than Sanic in open benchmarks.
+    It <a href="https://github.com/huge-success/sanic/issues/761" class="external-link" target="_blank">still doesn't implement the ASGI spec for Python asynchronous web development</a>, but it clearly inspired Uvicorn and Starlette, that are currently faster than Sanic in open benchmarks.
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Find a way to have a crazy performance.
     
     That's why **FastAPI** is based on Starlette, as it is the fastest framework available (tested by third-party benchmarks).
 
-### <a href="https://falconframework.org/" target="_blank">Falcon</a>
+### <a href="https://falconframework.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Falcon</a>
 
 Falcon is another high performance Python framework, it is designed to be minimal, and work as the foundation of other frameworks like Hug.
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ So, data validation, serialization, and documentation, have to be done in code,
 
     Although in FastAPI it's optional, and is used mainly to set headers, cookies, and alternative status codes.
 
-### <a href="https://moltenframework.com/" target="_blank">Molten</a>
+### <a href="https://moltenframework.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Molten</a>
 
 I discovered Molten in the first stages of building **FastAPI**. And it has quite similar ideas:
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Routes are declared in a single place, using functions declared in other places
 
     This actually inspired updating parts of Pydantic, to support the same validation declaration style (all this functionality is now already available in Pydantic).
 
-### <a href="http://www.hug.rest/" target="_blank">Hug</a>
+### <a href="http://www.hug.rest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hug</a>
 
 Hug was one of the first frameworks to implement the declaration of API parameter types using Python type hints. This was a great idea that inspired other tools to do the same.
 
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ It has an interesting, uncommon feature: using the same framework, it's possible
 As it is based on the previous standard for synchronous Python web frameworks (WSGI), it can't handle Websockets and other things, although it still has high performance too.
 
 !!! info
-    Hug was created by Timothy Crosley, the same creator of <a href="https://github.com/timothycrosley/isort" target="_blank">`isort`</a>, a great tool to automatically sort imports in Python files.
+    Hug was created by Timothy Crosley, the same creator of <a href="https://github.com/timothycrosley/isort" class="external-link" target="_blank">`isort`</a>, a great tool to automatically sort imports in Python files.
 
 !!! check "Ideas inspired in **FastAPI**"
     Hug inspired parts of APIStar, and was one of the tools I found most promising, alongside APIStar.
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ As it is based on the previous standard for synchronous Python web frameworks (W
 
     Hug inspired **FastAPI** to declare a `response` parameter in functions to set headers and cookies.
 
-### <a href="https://github.com/encode/apistar" target="_blank">APIStar</a> (<= 0.5)
+### <a href="https://github.com/encode/apistar" class="external-link" target="_blank">APIStar</a> (<= 0.5)
 
 Right before deciding to build **FastAPI** I found **APIStar** server. It had almost everything I was looking for and had a great design.
 
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ Now APIStar is a set of tools to validate OpenAPI specifications, not a web fram
 
 ## Used by **FastAPI**
 
-### <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic</a>
+### <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a>
 
 Pydantic is a library to define data validation, serialization and documentation (using JSON Schema) based on Python type hints.
 
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ It is comparable to Marshmallow. Although it's faster than Marshmallow in benchm
 
     **FastAPI** then takes that JSON Schema data and puts it in OpenAPI, apart from all the other things it does.
 
-### <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">Starlette</a>
+### <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a>
 
 Starlette is a lightweight <abbr title="The new standard for building asynchronous Python web">ASGI</abbr> framework/toolkit, which is ideal for building high-performance asyncio services.
 
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ That's one of the main things that **FastAPI** adds on top, all based on Python
     
     So, anything that you can do with Starlette, you can do it directly with **FastAPI**, as it is basically Starlette on steroids.
 
-### <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>
+### <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>
 
 Uvicorn is a lightning-fast ASGI server, built on uvloop and httptools.
 
@@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ It is the recommended server for Starlette and **FastAPI**.
 
     You can combine it with Gunicorn, to have an asynchronous multi-process server.
 
-    Check more details in the <a href="/deployment/" target="_blank">Deployment</a> section.
+    Check more details in the [Deployment](deployment.md){.internal-link target=_blank} section.
 
 ## Benchmarks and speed
 
-To understand, compare, and see the difference between Uvicorn, Starlette and FastAPI, check the section about [Benchmarks](/benchmarks/).
+To understand, compare, and see the difference between Uvicorn, Starlette and FastAPI, check the section about [Benchmarks](benchmarks.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

docs/async.md

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-Details about the `async def` syntax for path operation functions and some background about asynchronous code, concurrency, and parallelism.
-
+Details about the `async def` syntax for *path operation functions* and some background about asynchronous code, concurrency, and parallelism.
 
 ## In a hurry?
 
@@ -7,12 +6,11 @@ Details about the `async def` syntax for path operation functions and some backg
 
 If you are using third party libraries that tell you to call them with `await`, like:
 
-
 ```Python
 results = await some_library()
 ```
 
-Then, declare your path operation functions with `async def` like:
+Then, declare your *path operation functions* with `async def` like:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2"
 @app.get('/')
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ async def read_results():
 
 ---
 
-If you are using a third party library that communicates with something (a database, an API, the file system, etc) and doesn't have support for using `await`, (this is currently the case for most database libraries), then declare your path operation functions as normally, with just `def`, like:
+If you are using a third party library that communicates with something (a database, an API, the file system, etc) and doesn't have support for using `await`, (this is currently the case for most database libraries), then declare your *path operation functions* as normally, with just `def`, like:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2"
 @app.get('/')
@@ -45,13 +43,12 @@ If you just don't know, use normal `def`.
 
 ---
 
-**Note**: you can mix `def` and `async def` in your path operation functions as much as you need and define each one using the best option for you. FastAPI will do the right thing with them.
+**Note**: you can mix `def` and `async def` in your *path operation functions* as much as you need and define each one using the best option for you. FastAPI will do the right thing with them.
 
 Anyway, in any of the cases above, FastAPI will still work asynchronously and be extremely fast.
 
 But by following the steps above, it will be able to do some performance optimizations.
 
-
 ## Technical Details
 
 Modern versions of Python have support for **"asynchronous code"** using something called **"coroutines"**, with **`async` and `await`** syntax.
@@ -62,7 +59,6 @@ Let's see that phrase by parts in the sections below, below:
 * **`async` and `await`**
 * **Coroutines**
 
-
 ## Asynchronous Code
 
 Asynchronous code just means that the language has a way to tell the computer / program that at some point in the code, he will have to wait for *something else* to finish somewhere else. Let's say that *something else* is called "slow-file". 
@@ -92,7 +88,6 @@ Instead of that, by being an "asynchronous" system, once finished, the task can
 
 For "synchronous" (contrary to "asynchronous") they commonly also use the term "sequential", because the computer / program follows all the steps in sequence before switching to a different task, even if those steps involve waiting.
 
-
 ### Concurrency and Burgers
 
 This idea of **asynchronous** code described above is also sometimes called **"concurrency"**. It is different from **"parallelism"**.
@@ -103,7 +98,6 @@ But the details between *concurrency* and *parallelism* are quite different.
 
 To see the difference, imagine the following story about burgers:
 
-
 ### Concurrent Burgers
 
 You go with your crush to get fast food, you stand in line while the cashier takes the orders from the people in front of you.
@@ -144,7 +138,6 @@ So you wait for your crush to finish the story (finish the current work / task b
 
 Then you go to the counter, to the initial task that is now finished, pick the burgers, say thanks and take them to the table. That finishes that step / task of interaction with the counter. That in turn, creates a new task, of "eating burgers", but the previous one of "getting burgers" is finished.
 
-
 ### Parallel Burgers
 
 You go with your crush to get parallel fast food.
@@ -195,7 +188,6 @@ And you have to wait in the line for a long time or you lose your turn.
 
 You probably wouldn't want to take your crush with you to do errands at the bank.
 
-
 ### Burger Conclusion
 
 In this scenario of "fast food burgers with your crush", as there is a lot of waiting, it makes a lot more sense to have a concurrent system.
@@ -218,8 +210,7 @@ That kind of asynchronicity is what made NodeJS popular (even though NodeJS is n
 
 And that's the same level of performance</a> you get with **FastAPI**.
 
-And as you can have parallelism and asynchronicity at the same time, you get higher performance than most of the tested NodeJS frameworks and on par with Go, which is a compiled language closer to C <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r17&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijmkf-1" target="_blank">(all thanks to Starlette)</a>.
-
+And as you can have parallelism and asynchronicity at the same time, you get higher performance than most of the tested NodeJS frameworks and on par with Go, which is a compiled language closer to C <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=data-r17&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijmkf-1" class="external-link" target="_blank">(all thanks to Starlette)</a>.
 
 ### Is concurrency better than parallelism?
 
@@ -258,7 +249,6 @@ For example:
 * **Machine Learning**: it normally requires lots of "matrix" and "vector" multiplications. Think of a huge spreadsheet with numbers and multiplying all of them together at the same time.
 * **Deep Learning**: this is a sub-field of Machine Learning, so, the same applies. It's just that there is not a single spreadsheet of numbers to multiply, but a huge set of them, and in many cases, you use a special processor to build and / or use those models.
 
-
 ### Concurrency + Parallelism: Web + Machine Learning
 
 With **FastAPI** you can take the advantage of concurrency that is very common for web development (the same main attractive of NodeJS).
@@ -267,8 +257,7 @@ But you can also exploit the benefits of parallelism and multiprocessing (having
 
 That, plus the simple fact that Python is the main language for **Data Science**, Machine Learning and especially Deep Learning, make FastAPI a very good match for Data Science / Machine Learning web APIs and applications (among many others).
 
-To see how to achieve this parallelism in production see the section about [Deployment](deployment.md).
-
+To see how to achieve this parallelism in production see the section about [Deployment](deployment.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 ## `async` and `await`
 
@@ -310,7 +299,7 @@ burgers = get_burgers(2)
 
 ---
 
-So, if you are using a library that tells you that you can call it with `await`, you need to create the path operation functions that uses it with `async def`, like in:
+So, if you are using a library that tells you that you can call it with `await`, you need to create the *path operation functions* that uses it with `async def`, like in:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2 3"
 @app.get('/burgers')
@@ -327,10 +316,9 @@ But at the same time, functions defined with `async def` have to be "awaited". S
 
 So, about the egg and the chicken, how do you call the first `async` function?
 
-If you are working with **FastAPI** you don't have to worry about that, because that "first" function will be your path operation function, and FastAPI will know how to do the right thing.
-
-But if you want to use `async` / `await` without FastAPI, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutine" target="_blank">check the official Python docs</a>.
+If you are working with **FastAPI** you don't have to worry about that, because that "first" function will be your *path operation function*, and FastAPI will know how to do the right thing.
 
+But if you want to use `async` / `await` without FastAPI, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#coroutine" class="external-link" target="_blank">check the official Python docs</a>.
 
 ### Other forms of asynchronous code
 
@@ -342,10 +330,9 @@ This same syntax (or almost identical) was also included recently in modern vers
 
 But before that, handling asynchronous code was quite more complex and difficult.
 
-In previous versions of Python, you could have used threads or <a href="http://www.gevent.org/" target="_blank">Gevent</a>. But the code is way more complex to understand, debug, and think about.
-
-In previous versions of NodeJS / Browser JavaScript, you would have used "callbacks". Which lead to <a href="http://callbackhell.com/" target="_blank">callback hell</a>.
+In previous versions of Python, you could have used threads or <a href="http://www.gevent.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Gevent</a>. But the code is way more complex to understand, debug, and think about.
 
+In previous versions of NodeJS / Browser JavaScript, you would have used "callbacks". Which lead to <a href="http://callbackhell.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">callback hell</a>.
 
 ## Coroutines
 
@@ -363,7 +350,6 @@ That should make more sense now.
 
 All that is what powers FastAPI (through Starlette) and what makes it have such an impressive performance.
 
-
 ## Very Technical Details
 
 !!! warning
@@ -379,7 +365,7 @@ When you declare a *path operation function* with normal `def` instead of `async
 
 If you are coming from another async framework that does not work in the way described above and you are used to define trivial compute-only *path operation functions* with plain `def` for a tiny performance gain (about 100 nanoseconds), please note that in **FastAPI** the effect would be quite opposite. In these cases, it's better to use `async def` unless your *path operation functions* use code that performs blocking <abbr title="Input/Output: disk reading or writing, network communications.">IO</abbr>.
 
-Still, in both situations, chances are that **FastAPI** will <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/#performance" target="_blank">still be faster</a> than (or at least comparable to) your previous framework.
+Still, in both situations, chances are that **FastAPI** will [still be faster](/#performance){.internal-link target=_blank} than (or at least comparable to) your previous framework.
 
 ### Dependencies
 

docs/benchmarks.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
 
 But when checking benchmarks and comparisons you should have the following in mind.
 

docs/contributing.md

@@ -1,44 +1,80 @@
-First, you might want to see the basic ways to <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/" target="_blank">help FastAPI and get help</a>.
+First, you might want to see the basic ways to [help FastAPI and get help](help-fastapi.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 ## Developing
 
 If you already cloned the repository and you know that you need to deep dive in the code, here are some guidelines to set up your environment.
 
+### Virtual environment with `venv`
 
-### Pipenv
+You can create a virtual environment in a directory using Python's `venv` module:
 
-If you are using <a href="https://pipenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" target="_blank">Pipenv</a>, you can create a virtual environment and install the packages with:
-
-```bash
-pipenv install --dev
+```console
+$ python -m venv env
 ```
 
-Then you can activate that virtual environment with:
+That will create a directory `./env/` with the Python binaries and then you will be able to install packages for that isolated environment.
 
-```bash
-pipenv shell
+### Activate the environment
+
+Activate the new environment with:
+
+```console
+$ source ./env/bin/activate
 ```
 
+Or in Windows' PowerShell:
 
-### No Pipenv
+```console
+$ .\env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
+```
 
-If you are not using Pipenv, you can create a virtual environment with your preferred tool, and install the packages listed in the file `Pipfile`.
+Or if you use Bash for Windows (e.g. <a href="https://gitforwindows.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Git Bash</a>):
 
+```console
+$ source ./env/Scripts/activate
+```
+
+To check it worked, use:
+
+```console
+$ which pip
+
+some/directory/fastapi/env/bin/pip
+```
+
+If it shows the `pip` binary at `env/bin/pip` then it worked. 🎉
+
+Or in Windows PowerShell:
+
+```console
+$ Get-Command pip
+
+some/directory/fastapi/env/bin/pip
+```
+!!! tip
+    Every time you install a new package with `pip` under that environment, activate the environment again.
+
+    This makes sure that if you use a terminal program installed by that package (like `flit`), you use the one from your local environment and not any other that could be installed globally.
 
 ### Flit
 
-**FastAPI** uses <a href="https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html" target="_blank">Flit</a> to build, package and publish the project.
+**FastAPI** uses <a href="https://flit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">Flit</a> to build, package and publish the project.
 
-If you installed the development dependencies with one of the methods above, you already have the `flit` command.
+After activating the environment  as described above, install `flit`:
 
-To install your local version of FastAPI as a package in your local environment, run:
-
-```bash
-flit install --symlink
+```console
+$ pip install flit
 ```
 
-It will install your local FastAPI in your local environment.
+Now re-activate the environment to make sure you are using the `flit` you just installed (and not a global one).
 
+And now use `flit` to install the development dependencies:
+
+```console
+$ flit install --deps develop --symlink
+```
+
+It will install all the dependencies and your local FastAPI in your local environment.
 
 #### Using your local FastAPI
 
@@ -48,27 +84,35 @@ And if you update that local FastAPI source code, as it is installed with `--sym
 
 That way, you don't have to "install" your local version to be able to test every change.
 
-
 ### Format
 
 There is a script that you can run that will format and clean all your code:
 
-```bash
-bash scripts/lint.sh
+```console
+$ bash scripts/format.sh
 ```
 
 It will also auto-sort all your imports.
 
 For it to sort them correctly, you need to have FastAPI installed locally in your environment, with the command in the section above:
 
-```bash
-flit install --symlink
+```console
+$ flit install --symlink
 ```
 
+### Format imports
 
-### Docs
+There is another script that formats all the imports and makes sure you don't have unused imports:
 
-The documentation uses <a href="https://www.mkdocs.org/" target="_blank">MkDocs</a>.
+```console
+$ bash scripts/format-imports.sh
+```
+
+As it runs one command after the other and modifies and reverts many files, it takes a bit longer to run, so it might be easier to use `scripts/format.sh` frequently and `scripts/format-imports.sh` only before committing.
+
+## Docs
+
+The documentation uses <a href="https://www.mkdocs.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">MkDocs</a>.
 
 All the documentation is in Markdown format in the directory `./docs`.
 
@@ -80,8 +124,7 @@ In fact, those blocks of code are not written inside the Markdown, they are Pyth
 
 And those Python files are included/injected in the documentation when generating the site.
 
-
-#### Docs for tests
+### Docs for tests
 
 Most of the tests actually run against the example source files in the documentation.
 
@@ -89,35 +132,44 @@ This helps making sure that:
 
 * The documentation is up to date.
 * The documentation examples can be run as is.
-* Most of the features are covered by the documentation, ensured by the coverage tests.
+* Most of the features are covered by the documentation, ensured by test coverage.
 
 During local development, there is a script that builds the site and checks for any changes, live-reloading:
 
-```bash
-bash scripts/docs-live.sh
+```console
+$ bash scripts/docs-live.sh
 ```
 
 It will serve the documentation on `http://0.0.0.0:8008`.
 
 That way, you can edit the documentation/source files and see the changes live.
 
-#### Apps and docs at the same time
+### Apps and docs at the same time
 
-And if you run the examples with, e.g.:
+If you run the examples with, e.g.:
 
-```bash
-uvicorn tutorial001:app --reload
+```console
+$ uvicorn tutorial001:app --reload
 ```
 
 as Uvicorn by default will use the port `8000`, the documentation on port `8008` won't clash.
 
-
-### Tests
+## Tests
 
 There is a script that you can run locally to test all the code and generate coverage reports in HTML:
 
-```bash
-bash scripts/test-cov-html.sh
+```console
+$ bash scripts/test-cov-html.sh
 ```
 
 This command generates a directory `./htmlcov/`, if you open the file `./htmlcov/index.html` in your browser, you can explore interactively the regions of code that are covered by the tests, and notice if there is any region missing.
+
+### Tests in your editor
+
+If you want to use the integrated tests in your editor add `./docs/src` to your `PYTHONPATH` variable.
+
+For example, in VS Code you can create a file `.env` with:
+
+```env
+PYTHONPATH=./docs/src
+```

docs/css/custom.css

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+a.external-link::after {
+    /* \00A0 is a non-breaking space
+        to make the mark be on the same line as the link
+    */
+    content: "\00A0[↪]";
+}
+
+a.internal-link::after {
+    /* \00A0 is a non-breaking space
+        to make the mark be on the same line as the link
+    */
+    content: "\00A0↪";
+}

docs/deployment.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-You can use <a href="https://www.docker.com/" target="_blank">**Docker**</a> for deployment. It has several advantages like security, replicability, development simplicity, etc.
+You can use <a href="https://www.docker.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Docker**</a> for deployment. It has several advantages like security, replicability, development simplicity, etc.
 
 In this section you'll see instructions and links to guides to know how to:
 
@@ -11,20 +11,18 @@ In this section you'll see instructions and links to guides to know how to:
 
 You can also easily use **FastAPI** in a standard server directly too (without Docker).
 
-
 ## Docker
 
 If you are using Docker, you can use the official Docker image:
 
-### <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>
+### <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" class="external-link" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>
 
 This image has an "auto-tuning" mechanism included, so that you can just add your code and get very high performance automatically. And without making sacrifices.
 
 But you can still change and update all the configurations with environment variables or configuration files.
 
 !!! tip
-    To see all the configurations and options, go to the Docker image page: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>.
-
+    To see all the configurations and options, go to the Docker image page: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" class="external-link" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>.
 
 ### Create a `Dockerfile`
 
@@ -39,8 +37,7 @@ COPY ./app /app
 
 #### Bigger Applications
 
-If you followed the section about creating <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/" target="_blank">Bigger Applications with Multiple Files
-</a>, your `Dockerfile` might instead look like:
+If you followed the section about creating [Bigger Applications with Multiple Files](tutorial/bigger-applications.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, your `Dockerfile` might instead look like:
 
 ```Dockerfile
 FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.7
@@ -115,10 +112,9 @@ docker run -d --name mycontainer -p 80:80 myimage
 
 Now you have an optimized FastAPI server in a Docker container. Auto-tuned for your current server (and number of CPU cores).
 
-
 ### Check it
 
-You should be able to check it in your Docker container's URL, for example: <a href="http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
+You should be able to check it in your Docker container's URL, for example: <a href="http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
 
 You will see something like:
 
@@ -126,25 +122,22 @@ You will see something like:
 {"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
 ```
 
-
 ### Interactive API docs
 
-Now you can go to <a href="http://192.168.99.100/docs" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/docs</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/docs</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
+Now you can go to <a href="http://192.168.99.100/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/docs</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/docs</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
 
-You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
 
 ![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
 
-
 ### Alternative API docs
 
-And you can also go to <a href="http://192.168.99.100/redoc" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/redoc</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/redoc</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
+And you can also go to <a href="http://192.168.99.100/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/redoc</a> or <a href="http://127.0.0.1/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/redoc</a> (or equivalent, using your Docker host).
 
-You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
 
 ![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
 
-
 ## HTTPS
 
 ### About HTTPS
@@ -156,7 +149,7 @@ But it is way more complex than that.
 !!! tip
     If you are in a hurry or don't care, continue with the next section for step by step instructions to set everything up.
 
-To learn the basics of HTTPS, from a consumer perspective, check <a href="https://howhttps.works/" target="_blank">https://howhttps.works/</a>.
+To learn the basics of HTTPS, from a consumer perspective, check <a href="https://howhttps.works/" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://howhttps.works/</a>.
 
 Now, from a developer's perspective, here are several things to have in mind while thinking about HTTPS:
 
@@ -170,47 +163,44 @@ Now, from a developer's perspective, here are several things to have in mind whi
     * So, the certificate and encryption handling is done before HTTP.
 * TCP doesn't know about "domains". Only about IP addresses.
     * The information about the specific domain requested goes in the HTTP data.
-* The HTTPS certificates "certificate" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
+* The HTTPS certificates "certify" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
 * By default, that would mean that you can only have one HTTPS certificate per IP address.
-    * No matter how big is your server and how small each application you have there might be. But...
-* There's an extension to the TLS protocol (the one handling the encryption at the TCP level, before HTTP) called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" target="_blank"><abbr title="Server Name Indication">SNI</abbr></a>.
-    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and server multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
-    * For this to work, a single component (program) running in the server, listening in the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
-* After having a secure connection, the communication protocol is the same HTTP.
-    * It goes encrypted, but the encrypted contents are the same HTTP protocol.
-
-
-It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running in the server (the machine, host, etc) and managing all the HTTPS parts, sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is ofter called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.
+    * No matter how big your server is or how small each application you have on it might be.
+    * There is a solution to this, however.
+* There's an extension to the TLS protocol (the one handling the encryption at the TCP level, before HTTP) called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" class="external-link" target="_blank"><abbr title="Server Name Indication">SNI</abbr></a>.
+    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and serve multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
+    * For this to work, a single component (program) running on the server, listening on the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
+* After obtaining a secure connection, the communication protocol is still HTTP.
+    * The contents are encrypted, even though they are being sent with the HTTP protocol.
 
+It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running on the server (the machine, host, etc.) and managing all the HTTPS parts : sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is often called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" class="external-link" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.
 
 ### Let's Encrypt
 
-Up to some years ago, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.
+Before Let's Encrypt, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.
 
 The process to acquire one of these certificates used to be cumbersome, require quite some paperwork and the certificates were quite expensive.
 
-But then <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a> was created.
+But then <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a> was created.
 
-It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so, the security is actually increased, by reducing their lifespan.
+It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so the security is actually better because of their reduced lifespan.
 
-The domains are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automatizing the renewal of these certificates.
-
-The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, free, forever.
+The domains are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automating the renewal of these certificates.
 
+The idea is to automate the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, for free, forever.
 
 ### Traefik
 
-<a href="https://traefik.io/" target="_blank">Traefik</a> is a high performance reverse proxy / load balancer. It can do the "TLS Termination Proxy" job (apart from other features).
+<a href="https://traefik.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Traefik</a> is a high performance reverse proxy / load balancer. It can do the "TLS Termination Proxy" job (apart from other features).
 
 It has integration with Let's Encrypt. So, it can handle all the HTTPS parts, including certificate acquisition and renewal.
 
-It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application, all automatically. Without requiring any change in its configuration.
+It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application automatically, without requiring any change in its configuration.
 
 ---
 
 With this information and tools, continue with the next section to combine everything.
 
-
 ## Docker Swarm mode cluster with Traefik and HTTPS
 
 You can have a Docker Swarm mode cluster set up in minutes (about 20 min) with a main Traefik handling HTTPS (including certificate acquisition and renewal).
@@ -219,19 +209,17 @@ By using Docker Swarm mode, you can start with a "cluster" of a single machine (
 
 To set up a Docker Swarm Mode cluster with Traefik and HTTPS handling, follow this guide:
 
-### <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo/docker-swarm-mode-and-traefik-for-a-https-cluster-20328dba6232" target="_blank">Docker Swarm Mode and Traefik for an HTTPS cluster</a>.
-
+### <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo/docker-swarm-mode-and-traefik-for-a-https-cluster-20328dba6232" class="external-link" target="_blank">Docker Swarm Mode and Traefik for an HTTPS cluster</a>
 
 ### Deploy a FastAPI application
 
-The easiest way to set everything up, would be using the <a href="/project-generation/" target="_blank">FastAPI project generator</a>.
+The easiest way to set everything up, would be using the [**FastAPI** Project Generators](project-generation.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 It is designed to be integrated with this Docker Swarm cluster with Traefik and HTTPS described above.
 
 You can generate a project in about 2 min.
 
-The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes other 2 min.
-
+The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes another 2 min.
 
 ## Alternatively, deploy **FastAPI** without Docker
 
@@ -239,13 +227,13 @@ You can deploy **FastAPI** directly without Docker too.
 
 You just need to install an ASGI compatible server like:
 
-* <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>, a lightning-fast ASGI server, built on uvloop and httptools.
+* <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>, a lightning-fast ASGI server, built on uvloop and httptools.
 
 ```bash
 pip install uvicorn
 ```
 
-* <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>, an ASGI server also compatible with HTTP/2.
+* <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>, an ASGI server also compatible with HTTP/2.
 
 ```bash
 pip install hypercorn
@@ -267,7 +255,7 @@ hypercorn main:app --bind 0.0.0.0:80
 
 You might want to set up some tooling to make sure it is restarted automatically if it stops.
 
-You might also want to install <a href="https://gunicorn.org/" target="_blank">Gunicorn</a> and <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/#running-with-gunicorn" target="_blank">use it as a manager for Uvicorn</a>, or use Hypercorn with multiple workers.
+You might also want to install <a href="https://gunicorn.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Gunicorn</a> and <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/#running-with-gunicorn" class="external-link" target="_blank">use it as a manager for Uvicorn</a>, or use Hypercorn with multiple workers.
 
 Making sure to fine-tune the number of workers, etc.
 

docs/external-links.md

@@ -5,52 +5,107 @@ There are many posts, articles, tools, and projects, related to **FastAPI**.
 Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 
 !!! tip
-    If you have an article, project, tool, or anything related to **FastAPI** that is not yet listed here, create a <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/external-links.md" target="_blank">Pull Request adding it</a>.
+    If you have an article, project, tool, or anything related to **FastAPI** that is not yet listed here, create a <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/external-links.md" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pull Request adding it</a>.
 
 ## Articles
 
 ### English
 
-* <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59" target="_blank">FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes" target="_blank">William Hayes</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes" class="external-link" target="_blank">William Hayes</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-google-as-an-external-authentication-provider-3a527672cf33" target="_blank">FastAPI — Google as an external authentication provider</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-google-as-an-external-authentication-provider-3a527672cf33" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI — Google as an external authentication provider</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-how-to-add-basic-and-cookie-authentication-a45c85ef47d3" target="_blank">FastAPI — How to add basic and cookie authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-how-to-add-basic-and-cookie-authentication-a45c85ef47d3" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI — How to add basic and cookie authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://dev.to/errietta/introduction-to-the-fastapi-python-framework-2n10" target="_blank">Introduction to the fastapi python framework</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/errietta" target="_blank">Errieta Kostala</a>.
+* <a href="https://dev.to/errietta/introduction-to-the-fastapi-python-framework-2n10" class="external-link" target="_blank">Introduction to the fastapi python framework</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/errietta" class="external-link" target="_blank">Errieta Kostala</a>.
 
-* <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/api,/scikit-learn/2019/01/10/scikit-fastapi.html" target="_blank">FastAPI and Scikit-Learn: Easily Deploy Models</a> by <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/" target="_blank">Nick Cortale</a>.
+* <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/api,/scikit-learn/2019/01/10/scikit-fastapi.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI and Scikit-Learn: Easily Deploy Models</a> by <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nick Cortale</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-authentication-revisited-enabling-api-key-authentication-122dc5975680" target="_blank">FastAPI authentication revisited: Enabling API key authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-authentication-revisited-enabling-api-key-authentication-122dc5975680" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI authentication revisited: Enabling API key authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/fastapi-logging-on-the-fly/" target="_blank">FastAPI, a simple use case on logging</a> by <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+* <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/fastapi-logging-on-the-fly/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI, a simple use case on logging</a> by <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/" class="external-link" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915" class="external-link" target="_blank">Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nico Axtmann</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://geekflare.com/python-asynchronous-web-frameworks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Top 5 Asynchronous Web Frameworks for Python</a> by <a href="https://geekflare.com/author/ankush/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Ankush Thakur</a> on <a href="https://geekflare.com" class="external-link" target="_blank">GeekFlare</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@gntrm/jwt-authentication-with-fastapi-and-aws-cognito-1333f7f2729e" class="external-link" target="_blank">JWT Authentication with FastAPI and AWS Cognito</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/gntrm" class="external-link" target="_blank">Johannes Gontrum</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-deploy-a-machine-learning-model-dc51200fe8cf" class="external-link" target="_blank">How to Deploy a Machine Learning Model</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mgrootendorst/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Maarten Grootendorst</a> on <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Towards Data Science</a>.
+
+* [Uber: Ludwig v0.2 Adds New Features and Other Improvements to its Deep Learning Toolbox [including a FastAPI server]](https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/){.external-link target=_blank} on <a href="https://eng.uber.com" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uber Engineering</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://gitlab.com/euri10/fastapi_cheatsheet" class="external-link" target="_blank">A FastAPI and Swagger UI visual cheatsheet</a> by <a href="https://gitlab.com/euri10" class="external-link" target="_blank">@euri10</a>
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@mike.p.moritz/using-docker-compose-to-deploy-a-lightweight-python-rest-api-with-a-job-queue-37e6072a209b" class="external-link" target="_blank">Using Docker Compose to deploy a lightweight Python REST API with a job queue</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@mike.p.moritz" class="external-link" target="_blank">Mike Moritz</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://robwagner.dev/tortoise-fastapi-setup/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Setting up Tortoise ORM with FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://robwagner.dev/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Rob Wagner</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://dev.to/dbanty/why-i-m-leaving-flask-3ki6" class="external-link" target="_blank">Why I'm Leaving Flask</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/dbanty" class="external-link" target="_blank">Dylan Anthony</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/python-data/how-to-deploy-tensorflow-2-0-models-as-an-api-service-with-fastapi-docker-128b177e81f3" class="external-link" target="_blank">How To Deploy Tensorflow 2.0 Models As An API Service With FastAPI & Docker</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@bbrenyah" class="external-link" target="_blank">Bernard Brenyah</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://testdriven.io/blog/fastapi-crud/" class="external-link" target="_blank">TestDriven.io: Developing and Testing an Asynchronous API with FastAPI and Pytest</a> by <a href="https://testdriven.io/authors/herman/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Michael Herman</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/deploying-iris-classifications-with-fastapi-and-docker-7c9b83fdec3a" class="external-link" target="_blank">Towards Data Science: Deploying Iris Classifications with FastAPI and Docker</a> by <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/@mandygu" class="external-link" target="_blank">Mandy Gu</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/deploy-machine-learning-models-with-keras-fastapi-redis-and-docker-4940df614ece" class="external-link" target="_blank">Deploy Machine Learning Models with Keras, FastAPI, Redis and Docker</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@shane.soh" class="external-link" target="_blank">Shane Soh</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@arthur393/another-boilerplate-to-fastapi-azure-pipeline-ci-pytest-3c8d9a4be0bb" class="external-link" target="_blank">Another Boilerplate to FastAPI: Azure Pipeline CI + Pytest</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/arthurheinrique" class="external-link" target="_blank">Arthur Henrique</a>.
 
 ### Japanese
 
-* <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" class="external-link" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru/items/59958ed385b3571d50de" target="_blank">python製の最新APIフレームワーク FastAPI を触ってみた</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru" target="_blank">@ryoryomaru</a>.
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru/items/59958ed385b3571d50de" class="external-link" target="_blank">python製の最新APIフレームワーク FastAPI を触ってみた</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru" class="external-link" target="_blank">@ryoryomaru</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/0e1f5dbbe62efc612a78" target="_blank">FastAPIでCORSを回避</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/0e1f5dbbe62efc612a78" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPIでCORSを回避</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" class="external-link" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/4fbc1a4e2b33fa2237d2" target="_blank">FastAPIをMySQLと接続してDockerで管理してみる</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/4fbc1a4e2b33fa2237d2" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPIをMySQLと接続してDockerで管理してみる</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" class="external-link" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/8a458a8952f50b73f420" target="_blank">FastAPIでPOSTされたJSONのレスポンスbodyを受け取る</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/8a458a8952f50b73f420" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPIでPOSTされたJSONのレスポンスbodyを受け取る</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" class="external-link" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
 
-* <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" class="external-link" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-environment" class="external-link" target="_blank">【第1回】FastAPIチュートリアル: ToDoアプリを作ってみよう【環境構築編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" class="external-link" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-model-building" class="external-link" target="_blank">【第2回】FastAPIチュートリアル: ToDoアプリを作ってみよう【モデル構築編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" class="external-link" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-authentication-user-registration" class="external-link" target="_blank">【第3回】FastAPIチュートリアル: toDoアプリを作ってみよう【認証・ユーザ登録編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" class="external-link" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-admin-page-improvement" class="external-link" target="_blank">【第4回】FastAPIチュートリアル: toDoアプリを作ってみよう【管理者ページ改良編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" class="external-link" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
 
 ### Chinese
 
-* <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
+* <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" class="external-link" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" class="external-link" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://wxq0309.github.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI框架中文文档</a> by <a href="https://wxq0309.github.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">何大仙</a>.
 
 ### Vietnamese
 
-* <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.
+* <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.
 
 ### Russian
 
-* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/478620/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?</a> by <a href="https://github.com/prostomarkeloff" class="external-link" target="_blank">prostomarkeloff</a>.
+
+### German
+
+* <a href="https://blog.codecentric.de/2019/08/inbetriebnahme-eines-scikit-learn-modells-mit-onnx-und-fastapi/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Inbetriebnahme eines scikit-learn-Modells mit ONNX und FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/_nicoax" class="external-link" target="_blank">Nico Axtmann</a>.
 
 ## Podcasts
 
-* <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.
+* <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.
+
+## Talks
+
+* <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DLwPcrE5mA" class="external-link" target="_blank">PyCon UK 2019: FastAPI from the ground up</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/chriswithers13" class="external-link" target="_blank">Chris Withers</a>.
+
+## Projects
+
+Latest GitHub projects with the topic `fastapi`:
+
+<div class="github-topic-projects">
+</div>

docs/features.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 ### Based on open standards
 
-* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank"><strong>OpenAPI</strong></a> for API creation, including declarations of <abbr title="also known as: endpoints, routes">path</abbr> <abbr title="also known as HTTP methods, as POST, GET, PUT, DELETE">operations</abbr>, parameters, body requests, security, etc.
-* Automatic data model documentation with <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank"><strong>JSON Schema</strong></a> (as OpenAPI itself is based on JSON Schema).
+* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>OpenAPI</strong></a> for API creation, including declarations of <abbr title="also known as: endpoints, routes">path</abbr> <abbr title="also known as HTTP methods, as POST, GET, PUT, DELETE">operations</abbr>, parameters, body requests, security, etc.
+* Automatic data model documentation with <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>JSON Schema</strong></a> (as OpenAPI itself is based on JSON Schema).
 * Designed around these standards, after a meticulous study. Instead of an afterthought layer on top.
 * This also allows using automatic **client code generation** in many languages.
 
@@ -14,20 +14,19 @@
 
 Interactive API documentation and exploration web user interfaces. As the framework is based on OpenAPI, there are multiple options, 2 included by default.
 
-* <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank"><strong>Swagger UI</strong></a>, with interactive exploration, call and test your API directly from the browser.
+* <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Swagger UI</strong></a>, with interactive exploration, call and test your API directly from the browser.
 
 ![Swagger UI interaction](img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png)
 
-* Alternative API documentation with <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank"><strong>ReDoc</strong></a>.
+* Alternative API documentation with <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>ReDoc</strong></a>.
 
 ![ReDoc](img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)
 
-
 ### Just Modern Python
 
 It's all based on standard **Python 3.6 type** declarations (thanks to Pydantic). No new syntax to learn. Just standard modern Python.
 
-If you need a 2 minute refresher of how to use Python types (even if you don't use FastAPI), check the tutorial section: [Python types](python-types.md).
+If you need a 2 minute refresher of how to use Python types (even if you don't use FastAPI), check the short tutorial: [Python Types](python-types.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 You write standard Python with types:
 
@@ -66,14 +65,14 @@ my_second_user: User = User(**second_user_data)
 
 !!! info
     `**second_user_data` means:
-    
+
     Pass the keys and values of the `second_user_data` dict directly as key-value arguments, equivalent to: `User(id=4, name="Mary", joined="2018-11-30")`
 
 ### Editor support
 
 All the framework was designed to be easy and intuitive to use, all the decisions where tested on multiple editors even before starting development, to ensure the best development experience.
 
-In the last Python developer survey it was clear <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/research/python-developers-survey-2017/#tools-and-features" target="_blank">that the most used feature is "autocompletion"</a>. 
+In the last Python developer survey it was clear <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/research/python-developers-survey-2017/#tools-and-features" class="external-link" target="_blank">that the most used feature is "autocompletion"</a>.
 
 The whole **FastAPI** framework is based to satisfy that. Autocompletion works everywhere.
 
@@ -81,11 +80,11 @@ You will rarely need to come back to the docs.
 
 Here's how your editor might help you:
 
-* in <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/" target="_blank">Visual Studio Code</a>:
+* in <a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Visual Studio Code</a>:
 
 ![editor support](img/vscode-completion.png)
 
-* in <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/" target="_blank">PyCharm</a>:
+* in <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/" class="external-link" target="_blank">PyCharm</a>:
 
 ![editor support](img/pycharm-completion.png)
 
@@ -122,13 +121,13 @@ Security and authentication integrated. Without any compromise with databases or
 All the security schemes defined in OpenAPI, including:
 
 * HTTP Basic.
-* **OAuth2** (also with **JWT tokens**). Check the [tutorial on OAuth2 with JWT](tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md).
+* **OAuth2** (also with **JWT tokens**). Check the tutorial on [OAuth2 with JWT](tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 * API keys in:
     * Headers.
     * Query parameters.
     * Cookies, etc.
 
-Plus all the security features from Starlette (including **session cookies**). 
+Plus all the security features from Starlette (including **session cookies**).
 
 All built as reusable tools and components that are easy to integrate with your systems, data stores, relational and NoSQL databases, etc.
 
@@ -137,19 +136,17 @@ All built as reusable tools and components that are easy to integrate with your
 FastAPI includes an extremely easy to use, but extremely powerful <abbr title='also known as "components", "resources", "services", "providers"'><strong>Dependency Injection</strong></abbr> system.
 
 * Even dependencies can have dependencies, creating a hierarchy or **"graph" of dependencies**.
-* All **automatically handled** by the framework. 
+* All **automatically handled** by the framework.
 * All the dependencies can require data from requests and **augment the path operation** constraints and automatic documentation.
-* **Automatic validation** even for path operation parameters defined in dependencies.
+* **Automatic validation** even for *path operation* parameters defined in dependencies.
 * Support for complex user authentication systems, **database connections**, etc.
 * **No compromise** with databases, frontends, etc. But easy integration with all of them.
 
-
 ### Unlimited "plug-ins"
 
-Or in other way, no need for them, import and use the code you need. 
-
-Any integration is designed to be so simple to use (with dependencies) that you can create a "plug-in" for your application in 2 lines of code using the same structure and syntax used for your path operations.
+Or in other way, no need for them, import and use the code you need.
 
+Any integration is designed to be so simple to use (with dependencies) that you can create a "plug-in" for your application in 2 lines of code using the same structure and syntax used for your *path operations*.
 
 ### Tested
 
@@ -159,13 +156,13 @@ Any integration is designed to be so simple to use (with dependencies) that you
 
 ## Starlette features
 
-**FastAPI** is fully compatible with (and based on) <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank"><strong>Starlette</strong></a>. So, any additional Starlette code you have, will also work.
+**FastAPI** is fully compatible with (and based on) <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Starlette</strong></a>. So, any additional Starlette code you have, will also work.
 
 `FastAPI` is actually a sub-class of `Starlette`. So, if you already know or use Starlette, most of the functionality will work the same way.
 
 With **FastAPI** you get all of **Starlette**'s features (as FastAPI is just Starlette on steroids):
 
-* Seriously impressive performance. It is <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette#performance" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go**</a>.
+* Seriously impressive performance. It is <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette#performance" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go**</a>.
 * **WebSocket** support.
 * **GraphQL** support.
 * In-process background tasks.
@@ -178,7 +175,7 @@ With **FastAPI** you get all of **Starlette**'s features (as FastAPI is just Sta
 
 ## Pydantic features
 
-**FastAPI** is fully compatible with (and based on) <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io" target="_blank"><strong>Pydantic</strong></a>. So, any additional Pydantic code you have, will also work.
+**FastAPI** is fully compatible with (and based on) <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Pydantic</strong></a>. So, any additional Pydantic code you have, will also work.
 
 Including external libraries also based on Pydantic, as <abbr title="Object-Relational Mapper">ORM</abbr>s, <abbr title="Object-Document Mapper">ODM</abbr>s for databases.
 
@@ -188,13 +185,13 @@ The same applies the other way around, in many cases you can just pass the objec
 
 With **FastAPI** you get all of **Pydantic**'s features (as FastAPI is based on Pydantic for all the data handling):
 
-* **No brainfuck**: 
+* **No brainfuck**:
     * No new schema definition micro-language to learn.
     * If you know Python types you know how to use Pydantic.
 * Plays nicely with your **<abbr title="Integrated Development Environment, similar to a code editor">IDE</abbr>/<abbr title="A program that checks for code errors">linter</abbr>/brain**:
     * Because pydantic data structures are just instances of classes you define; auto-completion, linting, mypy and your intuition should all work properly with your validated data.
 * **Fast**:
-    * in <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#benchmarks-tag" target="_blank">benchmarks</a> Pydantic is faster than all other tested libraries.
+    * in <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#benchmarks-tag" class="external-link" target="_blank">benchmarks</a> Pydantic is faster than all other tested libraries.
 * Validate **complex structures**:
     * Use of hierarchical Pydantic models, Python `typing`’s `List` and `Dict`, etc.
     * And validators allow complex data schemas to be clearly and easily defined, checked and documented as JSON Schema.

docs/help-fastapi.md

@@ -8,17 +8,15 @@ There are very simple ways to help (several involve just one or two clicks).
 
 And there are several ways to get help too.
 
-
 ## Star **FastAPI** in GitHub
 
-You can "star" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the star button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+You can "star" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the star button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
 
 By adding a star, other users will be able to find it more easily and see that it has been already useful for others.
 
-
 ## Watch the GitHub repository for releases
 
-You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
 
 There you can select "Releases only".
 
@@ -30,33 +28,32 @@ Doing it, you will receive notifications (in your email) whenever there's a new
     <img src="https://badges.gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi.svg" alt="Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi">
 </a>
 
-Join the chat on Gitter: <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+Join the chat on Gitter: <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
 
 There you can ask quick questions, help others, share ideas, etc.
 
 ## Connect with the author
 
-You can connect with <a href="https://tiangolo.com" target="_blank">me (Sebastián Ramírez / `tiangolo`)</a>, the author.
+You can connect with <a href="https://tiangolo.com" class="external-link" target="_blank">me (Sebastián Ramírez / `tiangolo`)</a>, the author.
 
 You can:
 
-* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo" target="_blank">Follow me on **GitHub**</a>.
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Follow me on **GitHub**</a>.
     * See other Open Source projects I have created that could help you.
     * Follow me to see when I create a new Open Source project.
-* <a href="https://twitter.com/tiangolo" target="_blank">Follow me on **Twitter**</a>.
+* <a href="https://twitter.com/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Follow me on **Twitter**</a>.
     * Tell me how you use FastAPI (I love to hear that).
     * Ask questions.
-* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" target="_blank">Connect with me on **Linkedin**</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Connect with me on **Linkedin**</a>.
     * Talk to me.
     * Endorse me or recommend me :)
-* <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" target="_blank">Read what I write (or follow me) on **Medium**</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Read what I write (or follow me) on **Medium**</a>.
     * Read other ideas, articles and tools I have created.
     * Follow me to see when I publish something new.
 
-
 ## Tweet about **FastAPI**
 
-<a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=I'm loving FastAPI because... https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi cc @tiangolo" target="_blank">Tweet about **FastAPI**</a> and let me and others why you like it.
+<a href="https://twitter.com/compose/tweet?text=I'm loving FastAPI because... https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi cc @tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Tweet about **FastAPI**</a> and let me and others know why you like it.
 
 ## Let me know how are you using **FastAPI**
 
@@ -64,22 +61,22 @@ I love to hear about how **FastAPI** is being used, what have you liked in it, i
 
 You can let me know:
 
-* <a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=Hey @tiangolo, I'm using FastAPI at..." target="_blank">On **Twitter**</a>.
-* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" target="_blank">On **Linkedin**</a>.
-* <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" target="_blank">On **Medium**</a>.
+* <a href="https://twitter.com/compose/tweet?text=Hey @tiangolo, I'm using FastAPI at..." class="external-link" target="_blank">On **Twitter**</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" class="external-link" target="_blank">On **Linkedin**</a>.
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">On **Medium**</a>.
 
 ## Vote for FastAPI
 
-* <a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python/pull/1209" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-python`</a>.
-* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in Slant</a>.
+* <a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python/pull/1209" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-python`</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in Slant</a>.
 
 ## Help others with issues in GitHub
 
-You can see <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues" target="_blank">existing issues</a> and try and help others.
+You can see <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues" class="external-link" target="_blank">existing issues</a> and try and help others.
 
 ## Watch the GitHub repository
 
-You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
+You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>.
 
 If you select "Watching" instead of "Releases only", you will receive notifications when someone creates a new issue.
 
@@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ Then you can try and help them solving those issues.
 
 ## Create issues
 
-You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" target="_blank">create a new issue</a> in the GitHub repository, for example to:
+You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" class="external-link" target="_blank">create a new issue</a> in the GitHub repository, for example to:
 
 * Report a bug/issue.
 * Suggest a new feature.
@@ -95,7 +92,7 @@ You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" target="
 
 ## Create a Pull Request
 
-You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">create a Pull Request</a>, for example:
+You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">create a Pull Request</a>, for example:
 
 * To fix a typo you found on the documentation.
 * To propose new documentation sections.

docs/history-design-future.md

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-Some time ago, <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/3#issuecomment-454956920" target="_blank">a **FastAPI** user asked</a>:
+Some time ago, <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/3#issuecomment-454956920" class="external-link" target="_blank">a **FastAPI** user asked</a>:
 
 > What’s the history of this project? It seems to have come from nowhere to awesome in a few weeks [...]
 
 Here's a little bit of that history.
 
-
 ## Alternatives
 
 I have been creating APIs with complex requirements for several years (Machine Learning, distributed systems, asynchronous jobs, NoSQL databases, etc), leading several teams of developers.
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ As part of that, I needed to investigate, test and use many alternatives.
 
 The history of **FastAPI** is in great part the history of its predecessors.
 
-As said in the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/alternatives/" target="_blank">Alternatives</a>:
+As said in the section [Alternatives](alternatives.md){.internal-link target=_blank}:
 
 <blockquote markdown="1">
 
@@ -27,7 +26,6 @@ But at some point, there was no other option than creating something that provid
 
 </blockquote>
 
-
 ## Investigation
 
 By using all the previous alternatives I had the chance to learn from all of them, take ideas, and combine them in the best way I could find for myself and the teams of developers I have worked with.
@@ -38,14 +36,13 @@ Also, the best approach was to use already existing standards.
 
 So, before even starting to code **FastAPI**, I spent several months studying the specs for OpenAPI, JSON Schema, OAuth2, etc. Understanding their relationship, overlap, and differences.
 
-
 ## Design
 
 Then I spent some time designing the developer "API" I wanted to have as a user (as a developer using FastAPI).
 
 I tested several ideas in the most popular Python editors: PyCharm, VS Code, Jedi based editors.
 
-By the last <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/research/python-developers-survey-2018/#development-tools" target="_blank">Python Developer Survey</a>, that covers about 80% of the users.
+By the last <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/research/python-developers-survey-2018/#development-tools" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python Developer Survey</a>, that covers about 80% of the users.
 
 It means that **FastAPI** was specifically tested with the editors used by 80% of the Python developers. And as most of the other editors tend to work similarly, all its benefits should work for virtually all editors.
 
@@ -53,21 +50,18 @@ That way I could find the best ways to reduce code duplication as much as possib
 
 All in a way that provided the best development experience for all the developers.
 
-
 ## Requirements
 
-After testing several alternatives, I decided that I was going to use <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">**Pydantic**</a> for its advantages.
+After testing several alternatives, I decided that I was going to use <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Pydantic**</a> for its advantages.
 
 Then I contributed to it, to make it fully compliant with JSON Schema, to support different ways to define constraint declarations, and to improve editor support (type checks, autocompletion) based on the tests in several editors.
 
-During the development, I also contributed to <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">**Starlette**</a>, the other key requirement.
-
+During the development, I also contributed to <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Starlette**</a>, the other key requirement.
 
 ## Development
 
 By the time I started creating **FastAPI** itself, most of the pieces were already in place, the design was defined, the requirements and tools were ready, and the knowledge about the standards and specifications was clear and fresh.
 
-
 ## Future
 
 By this point, it's already clear that **FastAPI** with its ideas is being useful for many people.
@@ -80,4 +74,4 @@ But still, there are many improvements and features to come.
 
 **FastAPI** has a great future ahead.
 
-And <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/" target="_blank">your help</a> is greatly appreciated.
+And [your help](help-fastapi.md){.internal-link target=_blank} is greatly appreciated.

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docs/index.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
     <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
-    <img src="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
+<a href="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
 </a>
 <a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
     <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage">
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The key features are:
 * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
 * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
 * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
-* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
 
 <small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>
 
@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"
 
+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"
 
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
 
 ## Requirements
 
@@ -72,20 +83,19 @@ Python 3.6+
 
 FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 
-* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
-* <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
-
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
+* <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
 
 ## Installation
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install fastapi
+pip install fastapi
 ```
 
-You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install uvicorn
+pip install uvicorn
 ```
 
 ## Example
@@ -109,6 +119,7 @@ def read_root():
 def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
+
 <details markdown="1">
 <summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>
 
@@ -131,7 +142,7 @@ async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None):
 ```
 
 **Note**:
-    
+
 If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.
 
 </details>
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
 
 ### Check it
 
-Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>. 
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>.
 
 You will see the JSON response as:
 
@@ -174,18 +185,17 @@ You already created an API that:
 
 ### Interactive API docs
 
-Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>. 
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
-You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
 
 ![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
 
-
 ### Alternative API docs
 
-And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
 
-You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
 
 ![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
 
@@ -195,8 +205,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
-
-```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 24"
+```Python hl_lines="2  7 8 9 10  23 24 25"
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -228,7 +237,7 @@ The server should reload automatically (because you added `--reload` to the `uvi
 
 ### Interactive API docs upgrade
 
-Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
 * The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:
 
@@ -242,16 +251,14 @@ Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:
 
 ![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png)
 
-
 ### Alternative API docs upgrade
 
-And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
 
 * The alternative documentation will also reflect the new query parameter and body:
 
 ![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)
 
-
 ### Recap
 
 In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters. 
@@ -321,7 +328,6 @@ Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
     * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
 * Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.
 
-
 ---
 
 We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
@@ -348,8 +354,7 @@ Try changing the line with:
 
 ![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)
 
-
-For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/intro/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
 
 **Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:
 
@@ -366,12 +371,11 @@ For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fa
     * **Cookie Sessions**
     * ...and more.
 
-
 ## Performance
 
-Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
 
-To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" class="internal-link" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
 
 ## Optional Dependencies
 
@@ -380,7 +384,6 @@ Used by Pydantic:
 * <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - for faster JSON <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.
 * <a href="https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator" target="_blank"><code>email_validator</code></a> - for email validation.
 
-
 Used by Starlette:
 
 * <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" target="_blank"><code>requests</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@ Used by Starlette:
 * <a href="http://jinja.pocoo.org" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
 * <a href="https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
 * <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/itsdangerous/" target="_blank"><code>itsdangerous</code></a> - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.
-* <a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" target="_blank"><code>pyyaml</code></a> - Required for `SchemaGenerator` support.
+* <a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" target="_blank"><code>pyyaml</code></a> - Required for Starlette's `SchemaGenerator` support (you probably don't need it with FastAPI).
 * <a href="https://graphene-python.org/" target="_blank"><code>graphene</code></a> - Required for `GraphQLApp` support.
 * <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `UJSONResponse`.
 
@@ -396,7 +399,7 @@ Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
 
 * <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.
 
-You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[all]`.
+You can install all of these with `pip install fastapi[all]`.
 
 ## License
 

docs/js/custom.js

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+const div = document.querySelector('.github-topic-projects')
+
+async function getDataBatch(page) {
+    const response = await fetch(`https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=topic:fastapi&per_page=100&page=${page}`, { headers: { Accept: 'application/vnd.github.mercy-preview+json' } })
+    const data = await response.json()
+    return data
+}
+
+async function getData() {
+    let page = 1
+    let data = []
+    let dataBatch = await getDataBatch(page)
+    data = data.concat(dataBatch.items)
+    const totalCount = dataBatch.total_count
+    while (data.length < totalCount) {
+        page += 1
+        dataBatch = await getDataBatch(page)
+        data = data.concat(dataBatch.items)
+    }
+    return data
+}
+
+async function main() {
+    if (div) {
+        data = await getData()
+        div.innerHTML = '<ul></ul>'
+        const ul = document.querySelector('.github-topic-projects ul')
+        data.forEach(v => {
+            if (v.full_name === 'tiangolo/fastapi') {
+                return
+            }
+            const li = document.createElement('li')
+            li.innerHTML = `<a href="${v.html_url}" target="_blank">★ ${v.stargazers_count} - ${v.full_name}</a> by <a href="${v.owner.html_url}" target="_blank">@${v.owner.login}</a>`
+            ul.append(li)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+main()

docs/project-generation.md

@@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
 There is a project generator that you can use to get started, with a lot of the initial set up, security, database and first API endpoints already done for you.
 
-
 ## Full-Stack-FastAPI-PostgreSQL
 
-GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql</a>
+GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql</a>
 
-### Features
+### Full-Stack-FastAPI-PostgreSQL Features
 
 * Full **Docker** integration (Docker based).
 * Docker Swarm Mode deployment.
 * **Docker Compose** integration and optimization for local development
 * **Production ready** Python web server using Uvicorn and Gunicorn.
-* Python **[FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)** backend:
+* Python <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">**FastAPI**</a> backend:
     * **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic).
     * **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
     * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
     * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration.
     * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
-    * **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
-    * [**Many other features**](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi) including automatic validation, serialization, interactive documentation, authentication with OAuth2 JWT tokens, etc.
+    * **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+    * Many other features including automatic validation, serialization, interactive documentation, authentication with OAuth2 JWT tokens, etc.
 * **Secure password** hashing by default.
 * **JWT token** authentication.
 * **SQLAlchemy** models (independent of Flask extensions, so they can be used with Celery workers directly).
@@ -49,26 +48,24 @@ GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-postgresql" targ
 * Traefik integration, including Let's Encrypt **HTTPS** certificates automatic generation.
 * GitLab **CI** (continuous integration), including frontend and backend testing.
 
-
-
 ## Full-Stack-FastAPI-Couchbase
 
-GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase</a>
+GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/full-stack-fastapi-couchbase</a>
 
-### Features
+### Full-Stack-FastAPI-Couchbase Features
 
 * Full **Docker** integration (Docker based).
 * Docker Swarm Mode deployment.
 * **Docker Compose** integration and optimization for local development.
 * **Production ready** Python web server using Uvicorn and Gunicorn.
-* Python **[FastAPI](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi)** backend:
+* Python <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">**FastAPI**</a> backend:
     * **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic).
     * **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
     * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
     * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration.
     * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
-    * **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
-    * [**Many other features**](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi) including automatic validation, serialization, interactive documentation, authentication with OAuth2 JWT tokens, etc.
+    * **Standards-based**: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+    * Many other features including automatic validation, serialization, interactive documentation, authentication with OAuth2 JWT tokens, etc.
 * **Secure password** hashing by default.
 * **JWT token** authentication.
 * **CORS** (Cross Origin Resource Sharing).

docs/python-types.md

@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ Now you know that you have to fix it, convert `age` to a string with `str(age)`:
 {!./src/python_types/tutorial004.py!}
 ```
 
-
 ## Declaring types
 
 You just saw the main place to declare type hints. As function parameters.
@@ -214,7 +213,6 @@ This means:
     * The keys of this `dict` are of type `str` (let's say, the name of each item).
     * The values of this `dict` are of type `float` (let's say, the price of each item).
 
-
 ### Classes as types
 
 You can also declare a class as the type of a variable.
@@ -235,10 +233,9 @@ And then, again, you get all the editor support:
 
 <img src="/img/python-types/image06.png">
 
-
 ## Pydantic models
 
-<a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> is a Python library to perform data validation.
+<a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> is a Python library to perform data validation.
 
 You declare the "shape" of the data as classes with attributes.
 
@@ -255,12 +252,11 @@ Taken from the official Pydantic docs:
 ```
 
 !!! info
-    To learn more about <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" target="_blank">Pydantic, check its docs</a>.
+    To learn more about <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic, check its docs</a>.
 
 **FastAPI** is all based on Pydantic.
 
-You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the <a href="/tutorial/intro/" target="_blank">Tutorial - User Guide</a> (the next section).
-
+You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 ## Type hints in **FastAPI**
 
@@ -280,9 +276,9 @@ With **FastAPI** you declare parameters with type hints and you get:
 * **Document** the API using OpenAPI:
     * which is then used by the automatic interactive documentation user interfaces.
 
-This might all sound abstract. Don't worry. You'll see all this in action in the <a href="/tutorial/intro/" target="_blank">Tutorial - User Guide</a> (the next section).
+This might all sound abstract. Don't worry. You'll see all this in action in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 The important thing is that by using standard Python types, in a single place (instead of adding more classes, decorators, etc), **FastAPI** will do a lot of the work for you.
 
 !!! info
-    If you already went through all the tutorial and came back to see more about types, a good resource is <a href="https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html" target="_blank">the "cheat sheet" from `mypy`</a>.
+    If you already went through all the tutorial and came back to see more about types, a good resource is <a href="https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">the "cheat sheet" from `mypy`</a>.

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,151 @@
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.47.0
+
+* Refactor documentation to make a simpler and shorter [Tutorial - User Guide](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/) and an additional [Advanced User Guide](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/) with all the additional docs. PR [#887](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/887).
+* Tweak external links, Markdown format, typos. PR [#881](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/881).
+* Fix bug in tutorial handling HTTP Basic Auth `username` and `password`. PR [#865](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/865) by [@isaevpd](https://github.com/isaevpd).
+* Fix handling form *path operation* parameters declared with pure classes like `list`, `tuple`, etc. PR [#856](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/856) by [@nsidnev](https://github.com/nsidnev).
+* Add request `body` to `RequestValidationError`, new docs: [Use the `RequestValidationError` body](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#use-the-requestvalidationerror-body). Initial PR [#853](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/853) by [@aviramha](https://github.com/aviramha).
+* Update [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) with new links and dynamic GitHub projects with `fastapi` topic. PR [#850](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/850).
+* Fix Peewee `contextvars` handling in docs: [SQL (Relational) Databases with Peewee](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases-peewee/). PR [#879](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/879).
+* Setup development environment with Python's Venv and Flit, instead of requiring the extra Pipenv duplicating dependencies. Updated docs: [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/). PR [#877](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/877).
+* Update docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/) to improve security against timing attacks. Initial PR [#807](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/807) by [@zwass](https://github.com/zwass).
+
+## 0.46.0
+
+* Fix typos and tweak configs. PR [#837](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/837).
+* Add link to Chinese article in [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [810](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/810) by [@wxq0309](https://github.com/wxq0309).
+* Implement `OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer` class. PR [#797](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/797) by [@kuwv](https://github.com/kuwv).
+* Update example upgrade in docs main page. PR [#795](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/795) by [@cdeil](https://github.com/cdeil).
+* Fix callback handling for sub-routers. PR [#792](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/792) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+* Fix typos. PR [#784](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/784) by [@kkinder](https://github.com/kkinder).
+* Add 4 Japanese articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [#783](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/783) by [@HymanZHAN](https://github.com/HymanZHAN).
+* Add support for subtypes of main types in `jsonable_encoder`, e.g. asyncpg's UUIDs. PR [#756](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/756) by [@RmStorm](https://github.com/RmStorm).
+* Fix usage of Pydantic's `HttpUrl` in docs. PR [#832](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/832) by [@Dustyposa](https://github.com/Dustyposa).
+* Fix Twitter links in docs. PR [#813](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/813) by [@justindujardin](https://github.com/justindujardin).
+* Add docs for correctly [using FastAPI with Peewee ORM](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases-peewee/). Including how to overwrite parts of Peewee to correctly handle async threads. PR [#789](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/789).
+
+## 0.45.0
+
+* Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks:
+    * New docs: [OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/).
+    * Refactor generation of `operationId`s to be valid Python names (also valid variables in most languages).
+    * Add `default_response_class` parameter to `APIRouter`.
+    * Original PR [#722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/722) by [@booooh](https://github.com/booooh).
+* Refactor logging to use the same logger everywhere, update log strings and levels. PR [#781](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/781).
+* Add article to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/): [Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?](https://habr.com/ru/post/478620/). PR [#766](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/766) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Remove gender bias in docs for handling errors. PR [#780](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/780). Original idea in PR [#761](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/761) by [@classywhetten](https://github.com/classywhetten).
+* Rename docs and references to `body-schema` to `body-fields` to keep in line with Pydantic. PR [#746](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/746) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+
+## 0.44.1
+
+* Add GitHub social preview images to git. PR [#752](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/752).
+* Update PyPI "trove classifiers". PR [#751](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/751).
+* Add full support for Python 3.8. Enable Python 3.8 in full in Travis. PR [749](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/749).
+* Update "new issue" templates. PR [#749](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/749).
+* Fix serialization of errors for exotic Pydantic types. PR [#748](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/748) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.44.0
+
+* Add GitHub action [Issue Manager](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager). PR [#742](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/742).
+* Fix typos in docs. PR [734](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/734) by [@bundabrg](https://github.com/bundabrg).
+* Fix usage of `custom_encoder` in `jsonable_encoder`. PR [#715](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/715) by [@matrixise](https://github.com/matrixise).
+* Fix invalid XML example. PR [710](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/710) by [@OcasoProtal](https://github.com/OcasoProtal).
+* Fix typos and update wording in deployment docs. PR [#700](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/700) by [@marier-nico](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/700).
+* Add note about dependencies in `APIRouter` docs. PR [#698](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/698) by [@marier-nico](https://github.com/marier-nico).
+* Add support for async class methods as dependencies [#681](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/681) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
+* Add FastAPI with Swagger UI cheatsheet to external links. PR [#671](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/671) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+* Fix typo in HTTP protocol in CORS example. PR [#647](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/647) by [@forestmonster](https://github.com/forestmonster).
+* Add support for Pydantic versions `1.0.0` and above, with temporary (deprecated) backwards compatibility for Pydantic `0.32.2`. PR [#646](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/646) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.43.0
+
+* Update docs to reduce gender bias. PR [#645](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/645) by [@ticosax](https://github.com/ticosax).
+* Add docs about [overriding the `operationId` for all the *path operations*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#using-the-path-operation-function-name-as-the-operationid) based on their function name. PR [#642](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/642) by [@SKalt](https://github.com/SKalt).
+* Fix validators in models generating an incorrect key order. PR [#637](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/637) by [@jaddison](https://github.com/jaddison).
+* Generate correct OpenAPI docs for responses with no content. PR [#621](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/621) by [@brotskydotcom](https://github.com/brotskydotcom).
+* Remove `$` from Bash code blocks in docs for consistency. PR [#613](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/613) by [@nstapelbroek](https://github.com/nstapelbroek).
+* Add docs for [self-serving docs' (Swagger UI) static assets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/#self-hosting-javascript-and-css-for-docs), e.g. to use the docs offline, or without Internet. Initial PR [#557](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/557) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `black` linting after upgrade. PR [#682](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/682) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
+
+## 0.42.0
+
+* Add dependencies with `yield`, a.k.a. exit steps, context managers, cleanup, teardown, ...
+    * This allows adding extra code after a dependency is done. It can be used, for example, to close database connections.
+    * Dependencies with `yield` can be normal or `async`, **FastAPI** will run normal dependencies in a threadpool.
+    * They can be combined with normal dependencies.
+    * It's possible to have arbitrary trees/levels of dependencies with `yield` and exit steps are handled in the correct order automatically.
+    * It works by default in Python 3.7 or above. For Python 3.6, it requires the extra backport dependencies:
+        * `async-exit-stack`
+        * `async-generator`
+    * New docs at [Dependencies with `yield`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/).
+    * Updated database docs [SQL (Relational) Databases: Main **FastAPI** app](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#main-fastapi-app).
+    * PR [#595](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/595).
+* Fix `sitemap.xml` in website. PR [#598](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/598) by [@samuelcolvin](https://github.com/samuelcolvin).
+
+## 0.41.0
+
+* Upgrade required Starlette to `0.12.9`, the new range is `>=0.12.9,<=0.12.9`.
+    * Add `State` to FastAPI apps at `app.state`.
+    * PR [#593](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/593).
+* Improve handling of custom classes for `Request`s and `APIRoute`s.
+    * This helps to more easily solve use cases like:
+        * Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
+        * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
+        * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
+        * Processing a response after being generated by *path operation functions* but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
+    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-request-and-route/).
+    * PR [#589](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/589) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR [#538](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/538) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.40.0
+
+* Add notes to docs about installing `python-multipart` when using forms. PR [#574](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/574) by [@sliptonic](https://github.com/sliptonic).
+* Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR [#554](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/554) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Add support for truncating docstrings from *path operation functions*.
+    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
+    * PR [#556](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/556) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `DOCTYPE` in HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR [#537](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/537) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+* Fix handling `4XX` responses overriding default `422` validation error responses. PR [#517](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/517) by [@tsouvarev](https://github.com/tsouvarev).
+* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Fix incorrect documentation example in [first steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/). PR [#511](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/511) by [@IgnatovFedor](https://github.com/IgnatovFedor).
+* Add support for Swagger UI [initOauth](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/master/docs/usage/oauth2.md) settings with the parameter `swagger_ui_init_oauth`. PR [#499](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/499) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.39.0
+
+* Allow path parameters to have default values (e.g. `None`) and discard them instead of raising an error.
+    * This allows declaring a parameter like `user_id: str = None` that can be taken from a query parameter, but the same *path operation* can be included in a router with a path `/users/{user_id}`, in which case will be taken from the path and will be required.
+    * PR [#464](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/464) by [@jonathanunderwood](https://github.com/jonathanunderwood).
+* Add support for setting a `default_response_class` in the `FastAPI` instance or in `include_router`. Initial PR [#467](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/467) by [@toppk](https://github.com/toppk).
+* Add support for type annotations using strings and `from __future__ import annotations`. PR [#451](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/451) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.38.1
+
+* Fix incorrect `Request` class import. PR [#493](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/493) by [@kamalgill](https://github.com/kamalgill).
+
+## 0.38.0
+
+* Add recent articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) and recent opinions. PR [#490](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/490).
+* Upgrade support range for Starlette to include `0.12.8`. The new range is `>=0.11.1,<=0.12.8"`. PR [#477](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/477) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Upgrade support to Pydantic version 0.32.2 and update internal code to use it (breaking change). PR [#463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/463) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.37.0
+
+* Add support for custom route classes for advanced use cases. PR [#468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/468) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow disabling Google fonts in ReDoc. PR [#481](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/481) by [@b1-luettje](https://github.com/b1-luettje).
+* Fix security issue: when returning a sub-class of a response model and using `skip_defaults` it could leak information. PR [#485](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/485) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Enable tests for Python 3.8-dev. PR [#465](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/465) by [@Jamim](https://github.com/Jamim).
+* Add support and tests for Pydantic dataclasses in `response_model`. PR [#454](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/454) by [@dconathan](https://github.com/dconathan).
+* Fix typo in OAuth2 JWT tutorial. PR [#447](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/447) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Use the `media_type` parameter in `Body()` params to set the media type in OpenAPI for `requestBody`. PR [#439](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/439) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Add article [Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI](https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915) by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann](Nico Axtmann). PR [#438](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/438) by [@naxty](https://github.com/naxty).
+* Allow setting custom `422` (validation error) response/schema in OpenAPI.
+    * And use media type from response class instead of fixed `application/json` (the default).
+    * PR [#437](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/437) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Fix using `"default"` extra response with status codes at the same time. PR [#489](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/489).
+* Allow additional responses to use status code ranges (like `5XX` and `4XX`) and `"default"`. PR [#435](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/435) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+
 ## 0.36.0
 
 * Fix implementation for `skip_defaults` when returning a Pydantic model. PR [#422](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/422) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
@@ -280,7 +426,7 @@
 
 ## 0.19.0
 
-* Rename _path operation decorator_ parameter `content_type` to `response_class`. PR [#183](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/183).
+* Rename *path operation decorator* parameter `content_type` to `response_class`. PR [#183](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/183).
 
 * Add docs:
     * How to use the `jsonable_encoder` in [JSON compatible encoder](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/).
@@ -308,7 +454,7 @@
 
 ## 0.16.0
 
-* Upgrade _path operation_ `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).
+* Upgrade *path operation* `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).
 
 * Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR [#164](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164).
 
@@ -326,11 +472,11 @@
 
 ## 0.14.0
 
-* Improve automatically generated names of path operations in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR [#155](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155).
+* Improve automatically generated names of *path operations* in OpenAPI (in API docs). A function `read_items` instead of having a generated name "Read Items Get" will have "Read Items". PR [#155](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/155).
 
 * Add docs for: [Testing **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing/). PR [#151](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/151).
 
-* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the path operation documentation in the docs. PR [#148](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
+* Update `/docs` Swagger UI to enable deep linking. This allows sharing the URL pointing directly to the *path operation* documentation in the docs. PR [#148](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/148) by [@wshayes](https://github.com/wshayes).
 
 * Update development dependencies, `Pipfile.lock`. PR [#150](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/150).
 
@@ -356,7 +502,7 @@
 
 ## 0.12.0
 
-* Add additional `responses` parameter to _path operation decorators_ to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
+* Add additional `responses` parameter to *path operation decorators* to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
     * It also allows extending existing responses generated from `response_model`, declare other media types (like images), etc.
     * The new documentation is here: [Additional Responses](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/).
     * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses).
@@ -399,7 +545,7 @@
 
 ## 0.10.0
 
-* Add support for Background Tasks in _path operation functions_ and dependencies. New documentation about [Background Tasks is here](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/). PR [#103](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103).
+* Add support for Background Tasks in *path operation functions* and dependencies. New documentation about [Background Tasks is here](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/). PR [#103](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/103).
 
 * Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR [#100](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
 

docs/src/body_fields/tutorial001.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Schema
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
-    description: str = Schema(None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300)
-    price: float = Schema(..., gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
+    description: str = Field(None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300)
+    price: float = Field(..., gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
     tax: float = None
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial005.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import Set
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial006.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import List, Set
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial007.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import List, Set
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial008.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ async def read_item(item_id: str):
 async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
     stored_item_data = items[item_id]
     stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
-    update_data = item.dict(skip_defaults=True)
+    update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
     updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
     items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
     return updated_item

docs/src/cors/tutorial001.py

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ app = FastAPI()
 origins = [
     "http://localhost.tiangolo.com",
     "https://localhost.tiangolo.com",
-    "http:localhost",
-    "http:localhost:8080",
+    "http://localhost",
+    "http://localhost:8080",
 ]
 
 app.add_middleware(

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import gzip
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class GzipRequest(Request):
+    async def body(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            body = await super().body()
+            if "gzip" in self.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding"):
+                body = gzip.decompress(body)
+            self._body = body
+        return self._body
+
+
+class GzipRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            request = GzipRequest(request.scope, request.receive)
+            return await original_route_handler(request)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = GzipRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/sum")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return {"sum": sum(numbers)}

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class ValidationErrorLoggingRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            try:
+                return await original_route_handler(request)
+            except RequestValidationError as exc:
+                body = await request.body()
+                detail = {"errors": exc.errors(), "body": body.decode()}
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=422, detail=detail)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = ValidationErrorLoggingRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return sum(numbers)

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import time
+from typing import Callable
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class TimedRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            before = time.time()
+            response: Response = await original_route_handler(request)
+            duration = time.time() - before
+            response.headers["X-Response-Time"] = str(duration)
+            print(f"route duration: {duration}")
+            print(f"route response: {response}")
+            print(f"route response headers: {response.headers}")
+            return response
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router = APIRouter(route_class=TimedRoute)
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def not_timed():
+    return {"message": "Not timed"}
+
+
+@router.get("/timed")
+async def timed():
+    return {"message": "It's the time of my life"}
+
+
+app.include_router(router)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py

@@ -1,21 +1,6 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-
-app = FastAPI()
-
-
-class FixedContentQueryChecker:
-    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
-        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
-
-    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
-        if q:
-            return self.fixed_content in q
-        return False
-
-
-checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
-
-
-@app.get("/query-checker/")
-async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
-    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
+async def get_db():
+    db = DBSession()
+    try:
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial008.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial009.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial010.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+class MySuperContextManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.db = DBSession()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.db
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.db.close()
+
+
+async def get_db():
+    with MySuperContextManager() as db:
+        yield db

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial011.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class FixedContentQueryChecker:
+    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
+        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
+
+    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
+        if q:
+            return self.fixed_content in q
+        return False
+
+
+checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+
+
+@app.get("/query-checker/")
+async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
+    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}

docs/src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
+    get_redoc_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html,
+)
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+
+app = FastAPI(docs_url=None, redoc_url=None)
+
+app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static")
+
+
+@app.get("/docs", include_in_schema=False)
+async def custom_swagger_ui_html():
+    return get_swagger_ui_html(
+        openapi_url=app.openapi_url,
+        title=app.title + " - Swagger UI",
+        oauth2_redirect_url=app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+        swagger_js_url="/static/swagger-ui-bundle.js",
+        swagger_css_url="/static/swagger-ui.css",
+    )
+
+
+@app.get(app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url, include_in_schema=False)
+async def swagger_ui_redirect():
+    return get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html()
+
+
+@app.get("/redoc", include_in_schema=False)
+async def redoc_html():
+    return get_redoc_html(
+        openapi_url=app.openapi_url,
+        title=app.title + " - ReDoc",
+        redoc_js_url="/static/redoc.standalone.js",
+    )
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{username}")
+async def read_user(username: str):
+    return {"message": f"Hello {username}"}

docs/src/extra_models/tutorial001.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/extra_models/tutorial002.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial005.py

@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
-from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
-from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
-    http_exception_handler,
-    request_validation_exception_handler,
-)
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
 from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
-from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette import status
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
-@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
-async def custom_http_exception_handler(request, exc):
-    print(f"OMG! An HTTP error!: {exc}")
-    return await http_exception_handler(request, exc)
-
-
 @app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
-async def validation_exception_handler(request, exc):
-    print(f"OMG! The client sent invalid data!: {exc}")
-    return await request_validation_exception_handler(request, exc)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+        content=jsonable_encoder({"detail": exc.errors(), "body": exc.body}),
+    )
 
 
-@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int):
-    if item_id == 3:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=418, detail="Nope! I don't like 3.")
-    return {"item_id": item_id}
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    size: int
+
+
+@app.post("/items/")
+async def create_item(item: Item):
+    return item

docs/src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
+    http_exception_handler,
+    request_validation_exception_handler,
+)
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
+async def custom_http_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    print(f"OMG! An HTTP error!: {exc}")
+    return await http_exception_handler(request, exc)
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def validation_exception_handler(request, exc):
+    print(f"OMG! The client sent invalid data!: {exc}")
+    return await request_validation_exception_handler(request, exc)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int):
+    if item_id == 3:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=418, detail="Nope! I don't like 3.")
+    return {"item_id": item_id}

docs/src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Invoice(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str = None
+    customer: str
+    total: float
+
+
+class InvoiceEvent(BaseModel):
+    description: str
+    paid: bool
+
+
+class InvoiceEventReceived(BaseModel):
+    ok: bool
+
+
+invoices_callback_router = APIRouter(default_response_class=JSONResponse)
+
+
+@invoices_callback_router.post(
+    "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}", response_model=InvoiceEventReceived,
+)
+def invoice_notification(body: InvoiceEvent):
+    pass
+
+
+@app.post("/invoices/", callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes)
+def create_invoice(invoice: Invoice, callback_url: HttpUrl = None):
+    """
+    Create an invoice.
+
+    This will (let's imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an
+    invoice.
+
+    And this path operation will:
+
+    * Send the invoice to the client.
+    * Collect the money from the client.
+    * Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer), as a callback.
+        * At this point is that the API will somehow send a POST request to the
+            external API with the notification of the invoice event
+            (e.g. "payment successful").
+    """
+    # Send the invoice, collect the money, send the notification (the callback)
+    return {"msg": "Invoice received"}

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
-@app.get("/items/", include_in_schema=False)
+@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items():
     return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]
+
+
+def use_route_names_as_operation_ids(app: FastAPI) -> None:
+    """
+    Simplify operation IDs so that generated API clients have simpler function
+    names.
+
+    Should be called only after all routes have been added.
+    """
+    for route in app.routes:
+        if isinstance(route, APIRoute):
+            route.operation_id = route.name  # in this case, 'read_items'
+
+
+use_route_names_as_operation_ids(app)

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", include_in_schema=False)
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Set
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = None
+    tags: Set[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
+async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+    """
+    Create an item with all the information:
+
+    - **name**: each item must have a name
+    - **description**: a long description
+    - **price**: required
+    - **tax**: if the item doesn't have tax, you can omit this
+    - **tags**: a set of unique tag strings for this item
+    \f
+    :param item: User input.
+    """
+    return item

docs/src/response_directly/tutorial002.py

@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ app = FastAPI()
 
 @app.get("/legacy/")
 def get_legacy_data():
-    data = """
-    <?xml version="1.0"?>
+    data = """<?xml version="1.0"?>
     <shampoo>
     <Header>
         Apply shampoo here.
-    <Header>
+    </Header>
     <Body>
         You'll have to use soap here.
     </Body>

docs/src/response_model/tutorial002.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/response_model/tutorial003.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py

@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ items = {
 }
 
 
-@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_skip_defaults=True)
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude_unset=True)
 async def read_item(item_id: str):
     return items[item_id]

docs/src/security/tutorial007.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import secrets
+
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
 from fastapi.security import HTTPBasic, HTTPBasicCredentials
 from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
@@ -8,7 +10,9 @@ security = HTTPBasic()
 
 
 def get_current_username(credentials: HTTPBasicCredentials = Depends(security)):
-    if credentials.username != "foo" or credentials.password != "password":
+    correct_username = secrets.compare_digest(credentials.username, "stanleyjobson")
+    correct_password = secrets.compare_digest(credentials.password, "swordfish")
+    if not (correct_username and correct_password):
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
             detail="Incorrect email or password",

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+from . import crud, models, schemas
+from .database import SessionLocal, engine
+
+models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
+    try:
+        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
+        response = await call_next(request)
+    finally:
+        request.state.db.close()
+    return response
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db(request: Request):
+    return request.state.db
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(db, email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(db=db, user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    users = crud.get_users(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post("/users/{user_id}/items/", response_model=schemas.Item)
+def create_item_for_user(
+    user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
+):
+    return crud.create_user_item(db=db, item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    items = crud.get_items(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
-from starlette.requests import Request
-from starlette.responses import Response
 
 from . import crud, models, schemas
 from .database import SessionLocal, engine
@@ -13,20 +11,13 @@ models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
-    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
-    try:
-        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
-        response = await call_next(request)
-    finally:
-        request.state.db.close()
-    return response
-
-
 # Dependency
-def get_db(request: Request):
-    return request.state.db
+def get_db():
+    try:
+        db = SessionLocal()
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
 
 
 @app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from . import models, schemas
+
+
+def get_user(user_id: int):
+    return models.User.filter(models.User.id == user_id).first()
+
+
+def get_user_by_email(email: str):
+    return models.User.filter(models.User.email == email).first()
+
+
+def get_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return list(models.User.select().offset(skip).limit(limit))
+
+
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate):
+    fake_hashed_password = user.password + "notreallyhashed"
+    db_user = models.User(email=user.email, hashed_password=fake_hashed_password)
+    db_user.save()
+    return db_user
+
+
+def get_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return list(models.Item.select().offset(skip).limit(limit))
+
+
+def create_user_item(item: schemas.ItemCreate, user_id: int):
+    db_item = models.Item(**item.dict(), owner_id=user_id)
+    db_item.save()
+    return db_item

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+
+import peewee
+
+DATABASE_NAME = "test.db"
+db_state_default = {"closed": None, "conn": None, "ctx": None, "transactions": None}
+db_state = ContextVar("db_state", default=db_state_default.copy())
+
+
+class PeeweeConnectionState(peewee._ConnectionState):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__setattr__("_state", db_state)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        self._state.get()[name] = value
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return self._state.get()[name]
+
+
+db = peewee.SqliteDatabase(DATABASE_NAME, check_same_thread=False)
+
+db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import time
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+from . import crud, database, models, schemas
+from .database import db_state_default
+
+database.db.connect()
+database.db.create_tables([models.User, models.Item])
+database.db.close()
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+sleep_time = 10
+
+
+def get_db():
+    try:
+        database.db.connect()
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if not database.db.is_closed():
+            database.db.close()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
+    database.db._state.reset()
+    response = await call_next(request)
+    return response
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User, dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User], dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    users = crud.get_users(skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User, dependencies=[Depends(get_db)]
+)
+def read_user(user_id: int):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post(
+    "/users/{user_id}/items/",
+    response_model=schemas.Item,
+    dependencies=[Depends(get_db)],
+)
+def create_item_for_user(user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate):
+    return crud.create_user_item(item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item], dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    items = crud.get_items(skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/slowusers/", response_model=List[schemas.User], dependencies=[Depends(get_db)]
+)
+def read_slow_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    global sleep_time
+    sleep_time = max(0, sleep_time - 1)
+    time.sleep(sleep_time)  # Fake long processing request
+    users = crud.get_users(skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import peewee
+
+from .database import db
+
+
+class User(peewee.Model):
+    email = peewee.CharField(unique=True, index=True)
+    hashed_password = peewee.CharField()
+    is_active = peewee.BooleanField(default=True)
+
+    class Meta:
+        database = db
+
+
+class Item(peewee.Model):
+    title = peewee.CharField(index=True)
+    description = peewee.CharField(index=True)
+    owner = peewee.ForeignKeyField(User, backref="items")
+
+    class Meta:
+        database = db

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from typing import Any, List
+
+import peewee
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic.utils import GetterDict
+
+
+class PeeweeGetterDict(GetterDict):
+    def get(self, key: Any, default: Any = None):
+        res = getattr(self._obj, key, default)
+        if isinstance(res, peewee.ModelSelect):
+            return list(res)
+        return res
+
+
+class ItemBase(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+class ItemCreate(ItemBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class Item(ItemBase):
+    id: int
+    owner_id: int
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
+        getter_dict = PeeweeGetterDict
+
+
+class UserBase(BaseModel):
+    email: str
+
+
+class UserCreate(UserBase):
+    password: str
+
+
+class User(UserBase):
+    id: int
+    is_active: bool
+    items: List[Item] = []
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
+        getter_dict = PeeweeGetterDict

docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md

@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ First, import `BackgroundTasks` and define a parameter in your *path operation f
 
 **FastAPI** will create the object of type `BackgroundTasks` for you and pass it as that parameter.
 
-!!! tip
-    You declare a parameter of `BackgroundTasks` and use it in a very similar way as to when <a href="/tutorial/using-request-directly/" target="_blank">using the `Request` directly</a>.
-
-
 ## Create a task function
 
 Create a function to be run as the background task.
@@ -31,7 +27,7 @@ It is just a standard function that can receive parameters.
 
 It can be an `async def` or normal `def` function, **FastAPI** will know how to handle it correctly.
 
-In this case, the task function will write to a file (simulating sending an email). 
+In this case, the task function will write to a file (simulating sending an email).
 
 And as the write operation doesn't use `async` and `await`, we define the function with normal `def`:
 
@@ -71,7 +67,7 @@ And then another background task generated at the *path operation function* will
 
 ## Technical Details
 
-The class `BackgroundTasks` comes directly from <a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" target="_blank">`starlette.background`</a>.
+The class `BackgroundTasks` comes directly from <a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" class="external-link" target="_blank">`starlette.background`</a>.
 
 It is imported/included directly into FastAPI so that you can import it from `fastapi` and avoid accidentally importing the alternative `BackgroundTask` (without the `s` at the end) from `starlette.background`.
 
@@ -79,15 +75,15 @@ By only using `BackgroundTasks` (and not `BackgroundTask`), it's then possible t
 
 It's still possible to use `BackgroundTask` alone in FastAPI, but you have to create the object in your code and return a Starlette `Response` including it.
 
-You can see more details in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" target="_blank">Starlette's official docs for Background Tasks</a>.
+You can see more details in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's official docs for Background Tasks</a>.
 
 ## Caveat
 
-If you need to perform heavy background computation and you don't necessarily need it to be run by the same process (for example, you don't need to share memory, variables, etc), you might benefit from using other bigger tools like <a href="http://www.celeryproject.org/" target="_blank">Celery</a>.
+If you need to perform heavy background computation and you don't necessarily need it to be run by the same process (for example, you don't need to share memory, variables, etc), you might benefit from using other bigger tools like <a href="http://www.celeryproject.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Celery</a>.
 
 They tend to require more complex configurations, a message/job queue manager, like RabbitMQ or Redis, but they allow you to run background tasks in multiple processes, and especially, in multiple servers.
 
-To see an example, check the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/project-generation/" target="_blank">Project Generators</a>, they all include Celery already configured.
+To see an example, check the [Project Generators](../project-generation.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, they all include Celery already configured.
 
 But if you need to access variables and objects from the same **FastAPI** app, or you need to perform small background tasks (like sending an email notification), you can simply just use `BackgroundTasks`.
 

docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md

@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ Let's say you have a file structure like this:
 * The file `app/routers/users.py` is beside the `app/routers/__init__.py`.
     * So, it's a submodule: `app.routers.users`.
 
-
 ## `APIRouter`
 
 Let's say the file dedicated to handling just users is the submodule at `/app/routers/users.py`.
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ But it's still part of the same **FastAPI** application/web API (it's part of th
 
 You can create the *path operations* for that module using `APIRouter`.
 
-
 ### Import `APIRouter`
 
 You import it and create an "instance" the same way you would with the class `FastAPI`:
@@ -64,8 +62,7 @@ You import it and create an "instance" the same way you would with the class `Fa
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/routers/users.py!}
 ```
 
-
-### Path operations with `APIRouter`
+### *Path operations* with `APIRouter`
 
 And then you use it to declare your *path operations*.
 
@@ -86,12 +83,11 @@ All the same parameters, responses, dependencies, tags, etc.
 
 We are going to include this `APIrouter` in the main `FastAPI` app, but first, let's add another `APIRouter`.
 
-
 ## Another module with `APIRouter`
 
 Let's say you also have the endpoints dedicated to handling "Items" from your application in the module at `app/routers/items.py`.
 
-You have path operations for:
+You have *path operations* for:
 
 * `/items/`
 * `/items/{item_id}`
@@ -144,7 +140,6 @@ We import the other submodules that have `APIRouter`s:
 
 As the file `app/routers/items.py` is part of the same Python package, we can import it using "dot notation".
 
-
 ### How the importing works
 
 The section:
@@ -172,7 +167,7 @@ from app.routers import items, users
 
     The second version is an "absolute import".
 
-    To learn more about Python Packages and Modules, read <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html" target="_blank">the official Python documentation about Modules</a>.
+    To learn more about Python Packages and Modules, read <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">the official Python documentation about Modules</a>.
 
 ### Avoid name collisions
 
@@ -228,9 +223,9 @@ Now, let's include the router from the `items` submodule.
 
 But, remember that we were lazy and didn't add `/items/` nor `tags` to all the *path operations*?
 
-We can add a prefix to all the path operations using the parameter `prefix` of `app.include_router()`.
+We can add a prefix to all the *path operations* using the parameter `prefix` of `app.include_router()`.
 
-As the path of each path operation has to start with `/`, like in:
+As the path of each *path operation* has to start with `/`, like in:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="1"
 @router.get("/{item_id}")
@@ -246,7 +241,7 @@ We can also add a list of `tags` that will be applied to all the *path operation
 
 And we can add predefined `responses` that will be included in all the *path operations* too.
 
-And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them.
+And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them. Note that, much like dependencies in *path operation decorators*, no value will be passed to your *path operation function*.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
@@ -266,8 +261,8 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:
 * The *path operation* that declared a custom `403` response will have both the predefined responses (`404`) and the `403` declared in it directly.
 * All these *path operations* will have the list of `dependencies` evaluated/executed before them.
     * If you also declare dependencies in a specific *path operation*, **they will be executed too**.
-    * The router dependencies are executed first, then the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-decorator/" target="_blank">`dependencies` in the decorator</a>, and then the normal parameter dependencies.
-    * You can also add <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/" target="_blank">`Security` dependencies with `scopes`</a>.
+    * The router dependencies are executed first, then the [`dependencies` in the decorator](dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, and then the normal parameter dependencies.
+    * You can also add [`Security` dependencies with `scopes`](../advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 !!! tip
     Having `dependencies` in a decorator can be used, for example, to require authentication for a whole group of *path operations*. Even if the dependencies are not added individually to each one of them.
@@ -276,7 +271,7 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:
     The `prefix`, `tags`, `responses` and `dependencies` parameters are (as in many other cases) just a feature from **FastAPI** to help you avoid code duplication.
 
 !!! tip
-    You could also add path operations directly, for example with: `@app.get(...)`.
+    You could also add *path operations* directly, for example with: `@app.get(...)`.
 
     Apart from `app.include_router()`, in the same **FastAPI** app.
 
@@ -289,9 +284,9 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:
 
     The `APIRouter`s are not "mounted", they are not isolated from the rest of the application.
 
-    This is because we want to include their path operations in the OpenAPI schema and the user interfaces.
+    This is because we want to include their *path operations* in the OpenAPI schema and the user interfaces.
 
-    As we cannot just isolate them and "mount" them independently of the rest, the path operations are "cloned" (re-created), not included directly.
+    As we cannot just isolate them and "mount" them independently of the rest, the *path operations* are "cloned" (re-created), not included directly.
 
 ## Check the automatic API docs
 
@@ -301,7 +296,7 @@ Now, run `uvicorn`, using the module `app.main` and the variable `app`:
 uvicorn app.main:app --reload
 ```
 
-And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
 
 You will see the automatic API docs, including the paths from all the submodules, using the correct paths (and prefixes) and the correct tags:
 

docs/tutorial/body-fields.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in *path operation function* parameters with `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, you can declare validation and metadata inside of Pydantic models using Pydantic's `Field`.
+
+## Import `Field`
+
+First, you have to import it:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! warning
+    Notice that `Field` is imported directly from `pydantic`, not from `fastapi` as are all the rest (`Query`, `Path`, `Body`, etc).
+
+## Declare model attributes
+
+You can then use `Field` with model attributes:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 10"
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`Field` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next create objects of subclasses of a common `Param` class, which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `FieldInfo` class.
+
+    And Pydantic's `Field` returns an instance of `FieldInfo` as well.
+
+    `Body` also returns objects of a subclass of `FieldInfo` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of the `Body` class.
+
+    Remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, and others from `fastapi`, those are actually functions that return special classes.
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Field` has the same structure as a *path operation function's* parameter, with `Field` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
+
+## JSON Schema extras
+
+In `Field`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
+
+Those parameters will be added as-is to the output JSON Schema.
+
+If you know JSON Schema and want to add extra information apart from what we have discussed here, you can pass that as extra keyword arguments.
+
+!!! warning
+    Have in mind that extra parameters passed won't add any validation, only annotation, for documentation purposes.
+
+For example, you can use that functionality to pass a <a href="http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.8.5" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema example</a> field to a body request JSON Schema:
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25"
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+And it would look in the `/docs` like this:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/body-fields/image01.png">
+
+## Recap
+
+You can use Pydantic's `Field` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
+
+You can also use the extra keyword arguments to pass additional JSON Schema metadata.

docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md

@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ And you can also declare body parameters as optional, by setting the default to
 !!! note
     Notice that, in this case, the `item` that would be taken from the body is optional. As it has a `None` default value.
 
-
 ## Multiple body parameters
 
-In the previous example, the path operations would expect a JSON body with the attributes of an `Item`, like:
+In the previous example, the *path operations* would expect a JSON body with the attributes of an `Item`, like:
 
 ```JSON
 {
@@ -160,9 +159,9 @@ instead of:
 
 ## Recap
 
-You can add multiple body parameters to your path operation function, even though a request can only have a single body.
+You can add multiple body parameters to your *path operation function*, even though a request can only have a single body.
 
-But **FastAPI** will handle it, give you the correct data in your function, and validate and document the correct schema in the path operation.
+But **FastAPI** will handle it, give you the correct data in your function, and validate and document the correct schema in the *path operation*.
 
 You can also declare singular values to be received as part of the body.
 

docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md

@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ Again, doing just that declaration, with **FastAPI** you get:
 
 Apart from normal singular types like `str`, `int`, `float`, etc. You can use more complex singular types that inherit from `str`.
 
-To see all the options you have, checkout the docs for <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#exotic-types" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a>. You will see some examples in the next chapter.
+To see all the options you have, checkout the docs for <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a>. You will see some examples in the next chapter.
 
-For example, as in the `Image` model we have a `url` field, we can declare it to be instead of a `str`, a Pydantic's `UrlStr`:
+For example, as in the `Image` model we have a `url` field, we can declare it to be instead of a `str`, a Pydantic's `HttpUrl`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="4 10"
 {!./src/body_nested_models/tutorial005.py!}
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ In this case, you would accept any `dict` as long as it has `int` keys with `flo
 
 ## Recap
 
-With **FastAPI** you have the maximum flexibility provided by Pydantic models, while keeping your code simple, short and elegant. 
+With **FastAPI** you have the maximum flexibility provided by Pydantic models, while keeping your code simple, short and elegant.
 
 But with all the benefits:
 

docs/tutorial/body-schema.md

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in path operation function parameters with `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, you can declare validation and metadata inside of Pydantic models using `Schema`.
-
-## Import Schema
-
-First, you have to import it:
-
-```Python hl_lines="2"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-!!! warning
-    Notice that `Schema` is imported directly from `pydantic`, not from `fastapi` as are all the rest (`Query`, `Path`, `Body`, etc).
-
-
-## Declare model attributes
-
-You can then use `Schema` with model attributes:
-
-```Python hl_lines="9 10"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
-```
-
-`Schema` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
-
-!!! note "Technical Details"
-    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next are subclasses of a common `Param` which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `Schema`.
-
-    `Body` is also a subclass of `Schema` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of `Body`.
-
-    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
-
-!!! tip
-    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Schema` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Schema` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
-
-## Schema extras
-
-In `Schema`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
-
-Those parameters will be added as-is to the output JSON Schema.
-
-If you know JSON Schema and want to add extra information apart from what we have discussed here, you can pass that as extra keyword arguments.
-
-!!! warning
-    Have in mind that extra parameters passed won't add any validation, only annotation, for documentation purposes.
-
-For example, you can use that functionality to pass a <a href="http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.8.5" target="_blank">JSON Schema example</a> field to a body request JSON Schema:
-
-```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial002.py!}
-```
-
-And it would look in the `/docs` like this:
-
-<img src="/img/tutorial/body-schema/image01.png">
-
-## Recap
-
-You can use Pydantic's `Schema` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
-
-You can also use the extra keyword arguments to pass additional JSON Schema metadata.