🔖 Release version 0.42.0: Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything

* ➕ Add development/testing dependencies for Python 3.6

* ✨ Add concurrency submodule with contextmanager_in_threadpool

* ✨ Add AsyncExitStack to ASGI scope in FastAPI app call

* ✨ Use async stack for contextmanager-able dependencies

including running in threadpool sync dependencies

* ✅ Add tests for contextmanager dependencies

including internal raise checks when exceptions should be handled and when not

* ✅ Add test for fake asynccontextmanager raiser

* 🐛 Fix mypy errors and coverage

* 🔇 Remove development logs and prints

* ✅ Add tests for sub-contextmanagers, background tasks, and sync functions

* 🐛 Fix mypy errors for Python 3.7

* 💬 Fix error texts for clarity

* 📝 Add docs for dependencies with yield

* ✨ Update SQL with SQLAlchemy tutorial to use dependencies with yield

and add an alternative with a middleware (from the old tutorial)

* ✅ Update SQL tests to remove DB file during the same tests

* ✅ Add tests for example with middleware

as a copy from the tests with dependencies with yield, removing the DB in the tests

* ✏️ Fix typos with suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: dmontagu <35119617+dmontagu@users.noreply.github.com>

Pipfile

@@ -25,10 +25,11 @@ sqlalchemy = "*"
 uvicorn = "*"
 
 [packages]
-starlette = "==0.12.7"
-pydantic = "==0.30.0"
+starlette = "==0.12.9"
+pydantic = "==0.32.2"
 databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
 hypercorn = "*"
+orjson = "*"
 
 [requires]
 python_version = "3.6"

README.md

@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"
 
+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"
 
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
 
 ## Requirements
 

docs/external-links.md

@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 
 * <a href="https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915" target="_blank">Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann" target="_blank">Nico Axtmann</a>.
 
+* <a href="https://geekflare.com/python-asynchronous-web-frameworks/" target="_blank">Top 5 Asynchronous Web Frameworks for Python</a> by <a href="https://geekflare.com/author/ankush/" target="_blank">Ankush Thakur</a> on <a href="https://geekflare.com" target="_blank">GeekFlare</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@gntrm/jwt-authentication-with-fastapi-and-aws-cognito-1333f7f2729e" target="_blank">JWT Authentication with FastAPI and AWS Cognito</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/gntrm" target="_blank">Johannes Gontrum</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-deploy-a-machine-learning-model-dc51200fe8cf" target="_blank">How to Deploy a Machine Learning Model</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mgrootendorst/" target="_blank">Maarten Grootendorst</a> on <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/" target="_blank">Towards Data Science</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank">Uber: Ludwig v0.2 Adds New Features and Other Improvements to its Deep Learning Toolbox [including a FastAPI server]</a> on <a href="https://eng.uber.com" target="_blank">Uber Engineering</a>.
+
 ### Japanese
 
 * <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.

docs/index.md

@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"
 
+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"
 
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
 
 ## Requirements
 

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,66 @@
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.42.0
+
+* Add dependencies with `yield`, a.k.a. exit steps, context managers, cleanup, teardown, ...
+    * This allows adding extra code after a dependency is done. It can be used, for example, to close database connections.
+    * Dependencies with `yield` can be normal or `async`, **FastAPI** will run normal dependencies in a threadpool.
+    * They can be combined with normal dependencies.
+    * It's possible to have arbitrary trees/levels of dependencies with `yield` and exit steps are handled in the correct order automatically.
+    * It works by default in Python 3.7 or above. For Python 3.6, it requires the extra backport dependencies:
+        * `async-exit-stack`
+        * `async-generator`
+    * New docs at [Dependencies with `yield`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/).
+    * Updated database docs [SQL (Relational) Databases: Main **FastAPI** app](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#main-fastapi-app).
+    * PR [#595](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/595).
+* Fix `sitemap.xml` in website. PR [#598](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/598) by [@samuelcolvin](https://github.com/samuelcolvin).
+
+## 0.41.0
+
+* Upgrade required Starlette to `0.12.9`, the new range is `>=0.12.9,<=0.12.9`.
+    * Add `State` to FastAPI apps at `app.state`.
+    * PR [#593](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/593).
+* Improve handling of custom classes for `Request`s and `APIRoute`s.
+    * This helps to more easily solve use cases like:
+        * Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
+        * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
+        * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
+        * Processing a response after being generated by *path operation functions* but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
+    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-request-and-route/).
+    * PR [#589](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/589) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR [#538](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/538) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.40.0
+
+* Add notes to docs about installing `python-multipart` when using forms. PR [#574](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/574) by [@sliptonic](https://github.com/sliptonic).
+* Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR [#554](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/554) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Add support for truncating docstrings from *path operation functions*.
+    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
+    * PR [#556](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/556) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `DOCTYPE` in HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR [#537](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/537) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+* Fix handling `4XX` responses overriding default `422` validation error responses. PR [#517](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/517) by [@tsouvarev](https://github.com/tsouvarev).
+* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Fix incorrect documentation example in [first steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/). PR [#511](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/511) by [@IgnatovFedor](https://github.com/IgnatovFedor).
+* Add support for Swagger UI [initOauth](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/master/docs/usage/oauth2.md) settings with the parameter `swagger_ui_init_oauth`. PR [#499](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/499) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.39.0
+
+* Allow path parameters to have default values (e.g. `None`) and discard them instead of raising an error.
+    * This allows declaring a parameter like `user_id: str = None` that can be taken from a query parameter, but the same path operation can be included in a router with a path `/users/{user_id}`, in which case will be taken from the path and will be required.
+    * PR [#464](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/464) by [@jonathanunderwood](https://github.com/jonathanunderwood).
+* Add support for setting a `default_response_class` in the `FastAPI` instance or in `include_router`. Initial PR [#467](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/467) by [@toppk](https://github.com/toppk).
+* Add support for type annotations using strings and `from __future__ import annotations`. PR [#451](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/451) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.38.1
+
+* Fix incorrect `Request` class import. PR [#493](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/493) by [@kamalgill](https://github.com/kamalgill).
+
+## 0.38.0
+
+* Add recent articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) and recent opinions. PR [#490](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/490).
+* Upgrade support range for Starlette to include `0.12.8`. The new range is `>=0.11.1,<=0.12.8"`. PR [#477](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/477) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Upgrade support to Pydantic version 0.32.2 and update internal code to use it (breaking change). PR [#463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/463) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
 ## 0.37.0
 
 * Add support for custom route classes for advanced use cases. PR [#468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/468) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import gzip
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class GzipRequest(Request):
+    async def body(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            body = await super().body()
+            if "gzip" in self.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding"):
+                body = gzip.decompress(body)
+            self._body = body
+        return self._body
+
+
+class GzipRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            request = GzipRequest(request.scope, request.receive)
+            return await original_route_handler(request)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = GzipRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/sum")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return {"sum": sum(numbers)}

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class ValidationErrorLoggingRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            try:
+                return await original_route_handler(request)
+            except RequestValidationError as exc:
+                body = await request.body()
+                detail = {"errors": exc.errors(), "body": body.decode()}
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=422, detail=detail)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = ValidationErrorLoggingRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return sum(numbers)

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import time
+from typing import Callable
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class TimedRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            before = time.time()
+            response: Response = await original_route_handler(request)
+            duration = time.time() - before
+            response.headers["X-Response-Time"] = str(duration)
+            print(f"route duration: {duration}")
+            print(f"route response: {response}")
+            print(f"route response headers: {response.headers}")
+            return response
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router = APIRouter(route_class=TimedRoute)
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def not_timed():
+    return {"message": "Not timed"}
+
+
+@router.get("/timed")
+async def timed():
+    return {"message": "It's the time of my life"}
+
+
+app.include_router(router)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py

@@ -1,21 +1,6 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-
-app = FastAPI()
-
-
-class FixedContentQueryChecker:
-    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
-        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
-
-    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
-        if q:
-            return self.fixed_content in q
-        return False
-
-
-checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
-
-
-@app.get("/query-checker/")
-async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
-    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
+async def get_db():
+    db = DBSession()
+    try:
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial008.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial009.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial010.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+class MySuperContextManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.db = DBSession()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.db
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.db.close()
+
+
+async def get_db():
+    with MySuperContextManager() as db:
+        yield db

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial011.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class FixedContentQueryChecker:
+    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
+        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
+
+    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
+        if q:
+            return self.fixed_content in q
+        return False
+
+
+checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+
+
+@app.get("/query-checker/")
+async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
+    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Set
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = None
+    tags: Set[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
+async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+    """
+    Create an item with all the information:
+
+    - **name**: each item must have a name
+    - **description**: a long description
+    - **price**: required
+    - **tax**: if the item doesn't have tax, you can omit this
+    - **tags**: a set of unique tag strings for this item
+    \f
+    :param item: User input.
+    """
+    return item

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+from . import crud, models, schemas
+from .database import SessionLocal, engine
+
+models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
+    try:
+        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
+        response = await call_next(request)
+    finally:
+        request.state.db.close()
+    return response
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db(request: Request):
+    return request.state.db
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(db, email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(db=db, user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    users = crud.get_users(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post("/users/{user_id}/items/", response_model=schemas.Item)
+def create_item_for_user(
+    user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
+):
+    return crud.create_user_item(db=db, item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    items = crud.get_items(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
-from starlette.requests import Request
-from starlette.responses import Response
 
 from . import crud, models, schemas
 from .database import SessionLocal, engine
@@ -13,20 +11,13 @@ models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
-    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
-    try:
-        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
-        response = await call_next(request)
-    finally:
-        request.state.db.close()
-    return response
-
-
 # Dependency
-def get_db(request: Request):
-    return request.state.db
+def get_db():
+    try:
+        db = SessionLocal()
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
 
 
 @app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)

docs/tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+In some cases, you may want to override the logic used by the `Request` and `APIRoute` classes.
+
+In particular, this may be a good alternative to logic in a middleware.
+
+For example, if you want to read or manipulate the request body before it is processed by your application.
+
+!!! danger
+    This is an "advanced" feature.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this section.
+
+## Use cases
+
+Some use cases include:
+
+* Converting non-JSON request bodies to JSON (e.g. [`msgpack`](https://msgpack.org/index.html)).
+* Decompressing gzip-compressed request bodies.
+* Automatically logging all request bodies.
+* Accessing the request body in an exception handler.
+
+## Handling custom request body encodings
+
+Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.
+
+And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class
+
+First, we create a `GzipRequest` class, which will overwrite the `Request.body()` method to decompress the body in the presence of an appropriate header.
+
+If there's no `gzip` in the header, it will not try to decompress the body.
+
+That way, the same route class can handle gzip compressed or uncompressed requests.
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRoute` class
+
+Next, we create a custom subclass of `fastapi.routing.APIRoute` that will make use of the `GzipRequest`.
+
+This time, it will overwrite the method `APIRoute.get_route_handler()`.
+
+This method returns a function. And that function is what will receive a request and return a response.
+
+Here we use it to create a `GzipRequest` from the original request.
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.
+
+    A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.
+
+    The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.
+
+    And those two things, `scope` and `receive`, are what is needed to create a new `Request` instance.
+
+    To learn more about the `Request` check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Requests</a>.
+
+The only thing the function returned by `GzipRequest.get_route_handler` does differently is convert the `Request` to a `GzipRequest`.
+
+Doing this, our `GzipRequest` will take care of decompressing the data (if necessary) before passing it to our *path operations*.
+
+After that, all of the processing logic is the same.
+
+But because of our changes in `GzipRequest.body`, the request body will be automatically decompressed when it is loaded by **FastAPI** when needed.
+
+## Accessing the request body in an exception handler
+
+We can also use this same approach to access the request body in an exception handler.
+
+All we need to do is handle the request inside a `try`/`except` block:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+If an exception occurs, the`Request` instance will still be in scope, so we can read and make use of the request body when handling the error:
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+## Custom `APIRoute` class in a router
+
+You can also set the `route_class` parameter of an `APIRouter`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="25"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, the *path operations* under the `router` will use the custom `TimedRoute` class, and will have an extra `X-Response-Time` header in the response with the time it took to generate the response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```

docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-!!! danger
+!!! warning
     This is, more or less, an "advanced" chapter.
     
     If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this chapter and come back to it later.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas
 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="10"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition
 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use
 We could create an instance of this class with:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="16"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ checker(q="somequery")
 ...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our path operation function as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="20"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 !!! tip

docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# Dependencies with `yield`
+
+FastAPI supports dependencies that do some <abbr title='sometimes also called "exit", "cleanup", "teardown", "close", "context managers", ...'>extra steps after finishing</abbr>.
+
+To do this, use `yield` instead of `return`, and write the extra steps after.
+
+!!! tip
+    Make sure to use `yield` one single time.
+
+!!! info
+    For this to work, you need to use **Python 3.7** or above, or in **Python 3.6**, install the "backports":
+
+    ```bash
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+    ```
+
+    This installs <a href="https://github.com/sorcio/async_exit_stack" target="_blank">async-exit-stack</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-trio/async_generator" target="_blank">async-generator</a>.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    Any function that is valid to use with:
+
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
+
+    would be valid to use as a **FastAPI** dependency.
+
+    In fact, FastAPI uses those two decorators internally.
+
+## A database dependency with `yield`
+
+For example, you could use this to create a database session and close it after finishing.
+
+Only the code prior to and including the `yield` statement is executed before sending a response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+The yielded value is what is injected into *path operations* and other dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+The code following the `yield` statement is executed after the response has been delivered:
+
+```Python hl_lines="5 6"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You can use `async` or normal functions.
+
+    **FastAPI** will do the right thing with each, the same as with normal dependencies.
+
+## A dependency with `yield` and `try`
+
+If you use a `try` block in a dependency with `yield`, you'll receive any exception that was thrown when using the dependency.
+
+For example, if some code at some point in the middle, in another dependency or in a *path operation*, made a database transaction "rollback" or create any other error, you will receive the exception in your dependency.
+
+So, you can look for that specific exception inside the dependency with `except SomeException`.
+
+In the same way, you can use `finally` to make sure the exit steps are executed, no matter if there was an exception or not.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 5"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+## Sub-dependencies with `yield`
+
+You can have sub-dependencies and "trees" of sub-dependencies of any size and shape, and any or all of them can use `yield`.
+
+**FastAPI** will make sure that the "exit code" in each dependency with `yield` is run in the correct order.
+
+For example, `dependency_c` can have a dependency on `dependency_b`, and `dependency_b` on `dependency_a`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4 12 20"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+And all of them can use `yield`.
+
+In this case `dependency_c`, to execute its exit code, needs the value from `dependency_b` (here named `dep_b`) to still be available.
+
+And, in turn, `dependency_b` needs the value from `dependency_a` (here named `dep_a`) to be available for its exit code.
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 24 25"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+The same way, you could have dependencies with `yield` and `return` mixed.
+
+And you could have a single dependency that requires several other dependencies with `yield`, etc.
+
+You can have any combinations of dependencies that you want.
+
+**FastAPI** will make sure everything is run in the correct order.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    This works thanks to Python's <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html" target="_blank">Context Managers</a>.
+
+    **FastAPI** uses them internally to achieve this.
+
+## Context Managers
+
+### What are "Context Managers"
+
+"Context Managers" are any of those Python objects that you can use in a `with` statement.
+
+For example, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" target="_blank">you can use `with` to read a file</a>:
+
+```Python
+with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
+    contents = f.read()
+    print(contents)
+```
+
+Underneath, the `open("./somefile.txt")` returns an object that is a called a "Context Manager".
+
+When the `with` block finishes, it makes sure to close the file, even if there were exceptions.
+
+When you create a dependency with `yield`, **FastAPI** will internally convert it to a context manager, and combine it with some other related tools.
+
+### Using context managers in dependencies with `yield`
+
+!!! warning
+    This is, more or less, an "advanced" idea.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip it for now.
+
+In Python, you can create context managers by <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#context-managers" target="_blank">creating a class with two methods: `__enter__()` and `__exit__()`</a>.
+
+You can also use them with **FastAPI** dependencies with `yield` by using
+`with` or `async with` statements inside of the dependency function:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial010.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Another way to create a context manager is with:
+
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
+
+    using them to decorate a function with a single `yield`.
+
+    That's what **FastAPI** uses internally for dependencies with `yield`.
+
+    But you don't have to use the decorators for FastAPI dependencies (and you shouldn't).
+
+    FastAPI will do it for you internally.

docs/tutorial/first-steps.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.
 You will see the JSON response as:
 
 ```JSON
-{"hello": "world"}
+{"message": "Hello World"}
 ```
 
 ### Interactive API docs

docs/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md

@@ -18,3 +18,15 @@ To exclude a path operation from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from th
 ```Python hl_lines="6"
 {!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
+
+## Advanced description from docstring
+
+You can limit the lines used from the docstring of a *path operation function* for OpenAPI.
+
+Adding an `\f` (an escaped "form feed" character) causes **FastAPI** to truncate the output used for OpenAPI at this point.
+
+It won't show up in the documentation, but other tools (such as Sphinx) will be able to use the rest.
+
+```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py!}
+```

docs/tutorial/request-files.md

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 You can define files to be uploaded by the client using `File`.
 
+!!! info
+    To receive uploaded files, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
+    This is because uploaded files are sent as "form data".
+
 ## Import `File`
 
 Import `File` and `UploadFile` from `fastapi`:

docs/tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 You can define files and form fields at the same time using `File` and `Form`.
 
+!!! info
+    To receive uploaded files and/or form data, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
 ## Import `File` and `Form`
 
 ```Python hl_lines="1"

docs/tutorial/request-forms.md

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 When you need to receive form fields instead of JSON, you can use `Form`.
 
+!!! info
+    To use forms, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
 ## Import `Form`
 
 Import `Form` from `fastapi`:

docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md

@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ Copy the example in a file `main.py`:
 
 ## Run it
 
+!!! info
+    First install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
+    This is because **OAuth2** uses "form data" for sending the `username` and `password`.
+
 Run the example with:
 
 ```bash

docs/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth.md

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ Then, when you type that username and password, the browser sends them in the he
 
 ## Simple HTTP Basic Auth
 
-* Import `HTTPBAsic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
-* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBAsic`.
+* Import `HTTPBasic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
+* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBasic`.
 * Use that `security` with a dependency in your *path operation*.
 * It returns an object of type `HTTPBasicCredentials`:
     * It contains the `username` and `password` sent.

docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md

@@ -427,21 +427,30 @@ And you would also use Alembic for "migrations" (that's its main job).
 
 A "migration" is the set of steps needed whenever you change the structure of your SQLAlchemy models, add a new attribute, etc. to replicate those changes in the database, add a new column, a new table, etc.
 
-### Create a middleware to handle sessions
+### Create a dependency
 
-Now use the `SessionLocal` class we created in the `sql_app/databases.py` file.
+!!! info
+    For this to work, you need to use **Python 3.7** or above, or in **Python 3.6**, install the "backports":
+
+    ```bash
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+    ```
+
+    This installs <a href="https://github.com/sorcio/async_exit_stack" target="_blank">async-exit-stack</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-trio/async_generator" target="_blank">async-generator</a>.
+
+    You can also use the alternative method with a "middleware" explained at the end.
+
+Now use the `SessionLocal` class we created in the `sql_app/databases.py` file to create a dependency.
 
 We need to have an independent database session/connection (`SessionLocal`) per request, use the same session through all the request and then close it after the request is finished.
 
 And then a new session will be created for the next request.
 
-For that, we will create a new middleware.
+For that, we will create a new dependency with `yield`, as explained before in the section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/" target="_blank">Dependencies with `yield`</a>.
 
-A "middleware" is a function that is always executed for each request, and have code before and after the request.
+Our dependency will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` that will be used in a single request, and then close it once the request is finished.
 
-This middleware (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.
-
-```Python hl_lines="16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -452,21 +461,11 @@ This middleware (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` fo
     
     This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.
 
-#### About `request.state`
+And then, when using the dependency in a *path operation function*, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.
 
-<a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/#other-state" target="_blank">`request.state` is a property of each Starlette `Request` object</a>, it is there to store arbitrary objects attached to the request itself, like the database session in this case.
+This will then give us better editor support inside the *path operation function*, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`:
 
-For us in this case, it helps us ensuring a single database session is used through all the request, and then closed afterwards (in the middleware).
-
-### Create a dependency
-
-To simplify the code, reduce repetition and get better editor support, we will create a dependency that returns this same database session from the request.
-
-And when using the dependency in a path operation function, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.
-
-This will then give us better editor support inside the path operation function, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`.
-
-```Python hl_lines="28 29"
+```Python hl_lines="24  32  38  47  53"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -479,22 +478,16 @@ This will then give us better editor support inside the path operation function,
 
 Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** *path operations* code.
 
-```Python hl_lines="32 33 34 35 36 37 40 41 42 43 46 47 48 49 50 51 54 55 56 57 58 61 62 63 64 65"
+```Python hl_lines="23 24 25 26 27 28  31 32 33 34  37 38 39 40 41 42  45 46 47 48 49  52 53 54 55"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
-We are creating the database session before each request, attaching it to the request, and then closing it afterwards.
+We are creating the database session before each request in the dependency with `yield`, and then closing it afterwards.
 
-All of this is done in the middleware explained above.
-
-Then, in the dependency `get_db()` we are extracting the database session from the request.
-
-And then we can create the dependency in the path operation function, to get that session directly.
+And then we can create the required dependency in the path operation function, to get that session directly.
 
 With that, we can just call `crud.get_user` directly from inside of the path operation function and use that session.
 
-Having this 3-step process (middleware, dependency, path operation) you get better support/checks/completion in all the path operation functions while reducing code repetition.
-
 !!! tip
     Notice that the values you return are SQLAlchemy models, or lists of SQLAlchemy models.
 
@@ -507,7 +500,7 @@ Having this 3-step process (middleware, dependency, path operation) you get bett
 
 ### About `def` vs `async def`
 
-Here we are using SQLAlchemy code inside of the path operation function, and, in turn, it will go and communicate with an external database.
+Here we are using SQLAlchemy code inside of the path operation function and in the dependency, and, in turn, it will go and communicate with an external database.
 
 That could potentially require some "waiting".
 
@@ -523,7 +516,7 @@ user = await db.query(User).first()
 user = db.query(User).first()
 ```
 
-Then we should declare the path operation without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:
+Then we should declare the *path operation functions* and the dependency without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2"
 @app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
@@ -548,8 +541,8 @@ For example, in a background task worker with <a href="http://www.celeryproject.
 ## Review all the files
 
  Remember you should have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app`.
- 
- `sql_app` should have the following files:
+
+`sql_app` should have the following files:
 
 * `sql_app/__init__.py`: is an empty file.
 
@@ -591,9 +584,6 @@ You can copy this code and use it as is.
 
     In fact, the code shown here is part of the tests. As most of the code in these docs.
 
-
-You can copy it as is.
-
 Then you can run it with Uvicorn:
 
 ```bash
@@ -615,3 +605,51 @@ It will look like this:
 <img src="/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image02.png">
 
 You can also use an online SQLite browser like <a href="https://inloop.github.io/sqlite-viewer/" target="_blank">SQLite Viewer</a> or <a href="https://extendsclass.com/sqlite-browser.html" target="_blank">ExtendsClass</a>.
+
+## Alternative DB session with middleware
+
+If you can't use dependencies with `yield` -- for example, if you are not using **Python 3.7** and can't install the "backports" mentioned above for **Python 3.6** -- you can set up the session in a "middleware" in a similar way.
+
+A "middleware" is basically a function that is always executed for each request, with some code executed before, and some code executed after the endpoint function.
+
+### Create a middleware
+
+The middleware we'll add (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py!}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    We put the creation of the `SessionLocal()` and handling of the requests in a `try` block.
+
+    And then we close it in the `finally` block.
+    
+    This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.
+
+### About `request.state`
+
+<a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/#other-state" target="_blank">`request.state` is a property of each Starlette `Request` object</a>. It is there to store arbitrary objects attached to the request itself, like the database session in this case.
+
+For us in this case, it helps us ensure a single database session is used through all the request, and then closed afterwards (in the middleware).
+
+### Dependencies with `yield` or middleware
+
+Adding a **middleware** here is similar to what a dependency with `yield` does, with some differences:
+
+* It requires more code and is a bit more complex.
+* The middleware has to be an `async` function.
+    * If there is code in it that has to "wait" for the network, it could "block" your application there and degrade performance a bit.
+    * Although it's probably not very problematic here with the way `SQLAlchemy` works.
+    * But if you added more code to the middleware that had a lot of <abbr title="input and output">I/O</abbr> waiting, it could then be problematic.
+* A middleware is run for *every* request.
+    * So, a connection will be created for every request.
+    * Even when the *path operation* that handles that request didn't need the DB.
+
+!!! tip
+    It's probably better to use dependencies with `yield` when they are enough for the use case.
+
+!!! info
+    Dependencies with `yield` were added recently to **FastAPI**.
+
+    A previous version of this tutorial only had the examples with a middleware and there are probably several applications using the middleware for database session management.

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.37.0"
+__version__ = "0.42.0"
 
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 

fastapi/applications.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, Union
 
 from fastapi import routing
+from fastapi.concurrency import AsyncExitStack
+from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr
 from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
     http_exception_handler,
     request_validation_exception_handler,
@@ -14,11 +16,13 @@ from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
 from fastapi.openapi.utils import get_openapi
 from fastapi.params import Depends
 from starlette.applications import Starlette
+from starlette.datastructures import State
 from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware, HTTPException
 from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.requests import Request
 from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, Response
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send
 
 
 class FastAPI(Starlette):
@@ -32,12 +36,16 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         version: str = "0.1.0",
         openapi_url: Optional[str] = "/openapi.json",
         openapi_prefix: str = "",
+        default_response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
         docs_url: Optional[str] = "/docs",
         redoc_url: Optional[str] = "/redoc",
         swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = "/docs/oauth2-redirect",
+        swagger_ui_init_oauth: Optional[dict] = None,
         **extra: Dict[str, Any],
     ) -> None:
+        self.default_response_class = default_response_class
         self._debug = debug
+        self.state = State()
         self.router: routing.APIRouter = routing.APIRouter(
             routes, dependency_overrides_provider=self
         )
@@ -54,6 +62,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self.docs_url = docs_url
         self.redoc_url = redoc_url
         self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url = swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url
+        self.swagger_ui_init_oauth = swagger_ui_init_oauth
         self.extra = extra
         self.dependency_overrides: Dict[Callable, Callable] = {}
 
@@ -95,6 +104,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                     openapi_url=openapi_url,
                     title=self.title + " - Swagger UI",
                     oauth2_redirect_url=self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+                    init_oauth=self.swagger_ui_init_oauth,
                 )
 
             self.add_route(self.docs_url, swagger_ui_html, include_in_schema=False)
@@ -122,6 +132,14 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             RequestValidationError, request_validation_exception_handler
         )
 
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if AsyncExitStack:
+            async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
+                scope["fastapi_astack"] = stack
+                await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)  # pragma: no cover
+
     def add_api_route(
         self,
         path: str,
@@ -138,12 +156,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: List[str] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.router.add_api_route(
@@ -165,7 +183,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -184,12 +202,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: List[str] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
@@ -212,7 +230,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                 response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
                 response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
                 include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-                response_class=response_class,
+                response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
                 name=name,
             )
             return func
@@ -239,6 +257,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         tags: List[str] = None,
         dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.router.include_router(
             router,
@@ -246,6 +265,8 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             tags=tags,
             dependencies=dependencies,
             responses=responses or {},
+            default_response_class=default_response_class
+            or self.default_response_class,
         )
 
     def get(
@@ -262,12 +283,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.get(
@@ -287,7 +308,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -305,12 +326,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.put(
@@ -330,7 +351,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -348,12 +369,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.post(
@@ -373,7 +394,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -391,12 +412,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.delete(
@@ -416,7 +437,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             operation_id=operation_id,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -434,12 +455,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.options(
@@ -459,7 +480,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -477,12 +498,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.head(
@@ -502,7 +523,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -520,12 +541,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.patch(
@@ -545,7 +566,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -563,12 +584,12 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.router.trace(
@@ -588,6 +609,6 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )

fastapi/concurrency.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from starlette.concurrency import iterate_in_threadpool, run_in_threadpool  # noqa
+
+asynccontextmanager_error_message = """
+FastAPI's contextmanager_in_threadpool require Python 3.7 or above,
+or the backport for Python 3.6, installed with:
+    pip install async-generator
+"""
+
+
+def _fake_asynccontextmanager(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    def raiser(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        raise RuntimeError(asynccontextmanager_error_message)
+
+    return raiser
+
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from async_generator import asynccontextmanager  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        asynccontextmanager = _fake_asynccontextmanager
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import AsyncExitStack  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from async_exit_stack import AsyncExitStack  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        AsyncExitStack = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def contextmanager_in_threadpool(cm: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        yield await run_in_threadpool(cm.__enter__)
+    except Exception as e:
+        ok = await run_in_threadpool(cm.__exit__, type(e), e, None)
+        if not ok:
+            raise e
+    else:
+        await run_in_threadpool(cm.__exit__, None, None, None)

fastapi/dependencies/utils.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 from copy import deepcopy
 from typing import (
     Any,
@@ -16,6 +17,12 @@ from typing import (
 )
 
 from fastapi import params
+from fastapi.concurrency import (
+    AsyncExitStack,
+    _fake_asynccontextmanager,
+    asynccontextmanager,
+    contextmanager_in_threadpool,
+)
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant, SecurityRequirement
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 from fastapi.security.oauth2 import OAuth2, SecurityScopes
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper
 from pydantic.errors import MissingError
 from pydantic.fields import Field, Required, Shape
 from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_schema
-from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
+from pydantic.utils import ForwardRef, evaluate_forwardref, lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.datastructures import FormData, Headers, QueryParams, UploadFile
@@ -171,6 +178,42 @@ def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: Field) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
+def get_typed_signature(call: Callable) -> inspect.Signature:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
+    typed_params = [
+        inspect.Parameter(
+            name=param.name,
+            kind=param.kind,
+            default=param.default,
+            annotation=get_typed_annotation(param, globalns),
+        )
+        for param in signature.parameters.values()
+    ]
+    typed_signature = inspect.Signature(typed_params)
+    return typed_signature
+
+
+def get_typed_annotation(param: inspect.Parameter, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    annotation = param.annotation
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
+        annotation = evaluate_forwardref(annotation, globalns, globalns)
+    return annotation
+
+
+async_contextmanager_dependencies_error = """
+FastAPI dependencies with yield require Python 3.7 or above,
+or the backports for Python 3.6, installed with:
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+"""
+
+
+def check_dependency_contextmanagers() -> None:
+    if AsyncExitStack is None or asynccontextmanager == _fake_asynccontextmanager:
+        raise RuntimeError(async_contextmanager_dependencies_error)  # pragma: no cover
+
+
 def get_dependant(
     *,
     path: str,
@@ -180,8 +223,10 @@ def get_dependant(
     use_cache: bool = True,
 ) -> Dependant:
     path_param_names = get_path_param_names(path)
-    endpoint_signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    endpoint_signature = get_typed_signature(call)
     signature_params = endpoint_signature.parameters
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        check_dependency_contextmanagers()
     dependant = Dependant(call=call, name=name, path=path, use_cache=use_cache)
     for param_name, param in signature_params.items():
         if isinstance(param.default, params.Depends):
@@ -196,16 +241,18 @@ def get_dependant(
             continue
         param_field = get_param_field(param=param, default_schema=params.Query)
         if param_name in path_param_names:
-            assert param.default == param.empty or isinstance(
-                param.default, params.Path
-            ), "Path params must have no defaults or use Path(...)"
             assert is_scalar_field(
                 field=param_field
             ), f"Path params must be of one of the supported types"
+            if isinstance(param.default, params.Path):
+                ignore_default = False
+            else:
+                ignore_default = True
             param_field = get_param_field(
                 param=param,
                 default_schema=params.Path,
                 force_type=params.ParamTypes.path,
+                ignore_default=ignore_default,
             )
             add_param_to_fields(field=param_field, dependant=dependant)
         elif is_scalar_field(field=param_field):
@@ -248,10 +295,11 @@ def get_param_field(
     param: inspect.Parameter,
     default_schema: Type[params.Param] = params.Param,
     force_type: params.ParamTypes = None,
+    ignore_default: bool = False,
 ) -> Field:
     default_value = Required
     had_schema = False
-    if not param.default == param.empty:
+    if not param.default == param.empty and ignore_default is False:
         default_value = param.default
     if isinstance(default_value, Schema):
         had_schema = True
@@ -311,6 +359,16 @@ def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable) -> bool:
     return asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(call)
 
 
+async def solve_generator(
+    *, call: Callable, stack: AsyncExitStack, sub_values: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> Any:
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call):
+        cm = contextmanager_in_threadpool(contextmanager(call)(**sub_values))
+    elif inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        cm = asynccontextmanager(call)(**sub_values)
+    return await stack.enter_async_context(cm)
+
+
 async def solve_dependencies(
     *,
     request: Union[Request, WebSocket],
@@ -329,8 +387,12 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
 ]:
     values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     errors: List[ErrorWrapper] = []
-    response = response or Response(  # type: ignore
-        content=None, status_code=None, headers=None, media_type=None, background=None
+    response = response or Response(
+        content=None,
+        status_code=None,  # type: ignore
+        headers=None,
+        media_type=None,
+        background=None,
     )
     dependency_cache = dependency_cache or {}
     sub_dependant: Dependant
@@ -379,6 +441,15 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
             continue
         if sub_dependant.use_cache and sub_dependant.cache_key in dependency_cache:
             solved = dependency_cache[sub_dependant.cache_key]
+        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+            stack = request.scope.get("fastapi_astack")
+            if stack is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    async_contextmanager_dependencies_error
+                )  # pragma: no cover
+            solved = await solve_generator(
+                call=call, stack=stack, sub_values=sub_values
+            )
         elif is_coroutine_callable(call):
             solved = await call(**sub_values)
         else:
@@ -405,7 +476,7 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
     values.update(cookie_values)
     errors += path_errors + query_errors + header_errors + cookie_errors
     if dependant.body_params:
-        body_values, body_errors = await request_body_to_args(  # type: ignore # body_params checked above
+        body_values, body_errors = await request_body_to_args(  # body_params checked above
             required_params=dependant.body_params, received_body=body
         )
         values.update(body_values)

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from types import GeneratorType
-from typing import Any, List, Set
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Union
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.json import ENCODERS_BY_TYPE
 
+SetIntStr = Set[Union[int, str]]
+DictIntStrAny = Dict[Union[int, str], Any]
+
 
 def jsonable_encoder(
     obj: Any,
-    include: Set[str] = None,
-    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
     skip_defaults: bool = False,
     include_none: bool = True,

fastapi/exceptions.py

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Sequence
 
 from pydantic import ValidationError
+from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorList
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
 
 
 class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
@@ -13,8 +16,10 @@ class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
 
 
 class RequestValidationError(ValidationError):
-    pass
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(errors, Request)
 
 
 class WebSocketRequestValidationError(ValidationError):
-    pass
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(errors, WebSocket)

fastapi/openapi/docs.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import json
 from typing import Optional
 
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
 from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
 
 
@@ -11,10 +13,11 @@ def get_swagger_ui_html(
     swagger_css_url: str = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css",
     swagger_favicon_url: str = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
     oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    init_oauth: Optional[dict] = None,
 ) -> HTMLResponse:
 
     html = f"""
-    <! doctype html>
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
     <html>
     <head>
     <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{swagger_css_url}">
@@ -42,7 +45,14 @@ def get_swagger_ui_html(
         ],
         layout: "BaseLayout",
         deepLinking: true
-    })
+    })"""
+
+    if init_oauth:
+        html += f"""
+        ui.initOAuth({json.dumps(jsonable_encoder(init_oauth))})
+        """
+
+    html += """
     </script>
     </body>
     </html>
@@ -94,7 +104,7 @@ def get_redoc_html(
 
 def get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html() -> HTMLResponse:
     html = """
-    <!doctype html>
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
     <html lang="en-US">
     <body onload="run()">
     </body>

fastapi/openapi/models.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ try:
     import email_validator
 
     assert email_validator  # make autoflake ignore the unused import
-    from pydantic.types import EmailStr  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.types import EmailStr
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
     logger.warning(
         "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"

fastapi/openapi/utils.py

@@ -151,6 +151,10 @@ def get_openapi_path(
     security_schemes: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     assert route.methods is not None, "Methods must be a list"
+    assert (
+        route.response_class and route.response_class.media_type
+    ), "A response class with media_type is needed to generate OpenAPI"
+    route_response_media_type: str = route.response_class.media_type
     if route.include_in_schema:
         for method in route.methods:
             operation = get_openapi_operation_metadata(route=route, method=method)
@@ -185,7 +189,7 @@ def get_openapi_path(
                             field, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX
                         )
                         response.setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(
-                            route.response_class.media_type, {}
+                            route_response_media_type, {}
                         )["schema"] = response_schema
                     status_text: Optional[str] = status_code_ranges.get(
                         str(additional_status_code).upper()
@@ -213,7 +217,7 @@ def get_openapi_path(
             ] = route.response_description
             operation.setdefault("responses", {}).setdefault(
                 status_code, {}
-            ).setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(route.response_class.media_type, {})[
+            ).setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(route_response_media_type, {})[
                 "schema"
             ] = response_schema
 
@@ -221,7 +225,7 @@ def get_openapi_path(
             if (all_route_params or route.body_field) and not any(
                 [
                     status in operation["responses"]
-                    for status in [http422, "4xx", "default"]
+                    for status in [http422, "4XX", "default"]
                 ]
             ):
                 operation["responses"][http422] = {
@@ -279,7 +283,7 @@ def get_openapi(
                 if path_definitions:
                     definitions.update(path_definitions)
     if definitions:
-        components.setdefault("schemas", {}).update(definitions)
+        components["schemas"] = {k: definitions[k] for k in sorted(definitions)}
     if components:
         output["components"] = components
     output["paths"] = paths

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
     get_parameterless_sub_dependant,
     solve_dependencies,
 )
-from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr, jsonable_encoder
 from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError, WebSocketRequestValidationError
 from fastapi.utils import create_cloned_field, generate_operation_id_for_path
 from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Schema
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ def serialize_response(
     *,
     field: Field = None,
     response: Response,
-    include: Set[str] = None,
-    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
     skip_defaults: bool = False,
 ) -> Any:
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def serialize_response(
         elif isinstance(errors_, list):
             errors.extend(errors_)
         if errors:
-            raise ValidationError(errors)
+            raise ValidationError(errors, field.type_)
         return jsonable_encoder(
             value,
             include=include,
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ def serialize_response(
         return jsonable_encoder(response)
 
 
-def get_app(
+def get_request_handler(
     dependant: Dependant,
     body_field: Field = None,
     status_code: int = 200,
     response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
     response_field: Field = None,
-    response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-    response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
     response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
     dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
@@ -195,12 +195,12 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         name: str = None,
         methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
         dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.path = path
@@ -215,9 +215,6 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         )
         self.response_model = response_model
         if self.response_model:
-            assert lenient_issubclass(
-                response_class, JSONResponse
-            ), "To declare a type the response must be a JSON response"
             response_name = "Response_" + self.unique_id
             self.response_field: Optional[Field] = Field(
                 name=response_name,
@@ -249,6 +246,9 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
             self.dependencies = []
         self.summary = summary
         self.description = description or inspect.cleandoc(self.endpoint.__doc__ or "")
+        # if a "form feed" character (page break) is found in the description text,
+        # truncate description text to the content preceding the first "form feed"
+        self.description = self.description.split("\f")[0]
         self.response_description = response_description
         self.responses = responses or {}
         response_fields = {}
@@ -294,19 +294,20 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
             )
         self.body_field = get_body_field(dependant=self.dependant, name=self.unique_id)
         self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
-        self.app = request_response(
-            get_app(
-                dependant=self.dependant,
-                body_field=self.body_field,
-                status_code=self.status_code,
-                response_class=self.response_class,
-                response_field=self.secure_cloned_response_field,
-                response_model_include=self.response_model_include,
-                response_model_exclude=self.response_model_exclude,
-                response_model_by_alias=self.response_model_by_alias,
-                response_model_skip_defaults=self.response_model_skip_defaults,
-                dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
-            )
+        self.app = request_response(self.get_route_handler())
+
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        return get_request_handler(
+            dependant=self.dependant,
+            body_field=self.body_field,
+            status_code=self.status_code,
+            response_class=self.response_class or JSONResponse,
+            response_field=self.secure_cloned_response_field,
+            response_model_include=self.response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=self.response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=self.response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_skip_defaults=self.response_model_skip_defaults,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
         )
 
 
@@ -341,15 +342,17 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        route_class_override: Optional[Type[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> None:
-        route = self.route_class(
+        route_class = route_class_override or self.route_class
+        route = route_class(
             path,
             endpoint=endpoint,
             response_model=response_model,
@@ -389,12 +392,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: List[str] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
@@ -445,6 +448,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         tags: List[str] = None,
         dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         if prefix:
             assert prefix.startswith("/"), "A path prefix must start with '/'"
@@ -484,8 +488,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                     response_model_by_alias=route.response_model_by_alias,
                     response_model_skip_defaults=route.response_model_skip_defaults,
                     include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema,
-                    response_class=route.response_class,
+                    response_class=route.response_class or default_response_class,
                     name=route.name,
+                    route_class_override=type(route),
                 )
             elif isinstance(route, routing.Route):
                 self.add_route(
@@ -518,15 +523,14 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
-
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
@@ -563,12 +567,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(
@@ -607,12 +611,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(
@@ -651,12 +655,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(
@@ -695,12 +699,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(
@@ -739,12 +743,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(
@@ -783,12 +787,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(
@@ -827,12 +831,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         return self.api_route(

fastapi/utils.py

@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ def create_cloned_field(field: Field) -> Field:
     use_type = original_type
     if lenient_issubclass(original_type, BaseModel):
         original_type = cast(Type[BaseModel], original_type)
-        use_type = create_model(  # type: ignore
+        use_type = create_model(
             original_type.__name__,
             __config__=original_type.__config__,
-            __validators__=original_type.__validators__,
+            __validators__=original_type.__validators__,  # type: ignore
         )
         for f in original_type.__fields__.values():
             use_type.__fields__[f.name] = f

mkdocs.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 site_name: FastAPI
 site_description: FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production
+site_url: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
 
 theme:
     name: 'material'
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ nav:
             - Classes as Dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md'
             - Sub-dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md'
             - Dependencies in path operation decorators: 'tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md'
+            - Dependencies with yield: 'tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md'
             - Advanced Dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md'
         - Security: 
             - Security Intro: 'tutorial/security/intro.md'
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ nav:
         - GraphQL: 'tutorial/graphql.md'
         - WebSockets: 'tutorial/websockets.md'
         - 'Events: startup - shutdown': 'tutorial/events.md'
+        - Custom Request and APIRoute class: 'tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md'
         - Testing: 'tutorial/testing.md'
         - Testing Dependencies with Overrides: 'tutorial/testing-dependencies.md'
         - Debugging: 'tutorial/debugging.md'

pyproject.toml

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: HTTP Servers",
 ]
 requires = [
-    "starlette >=0.11.1,<=0.12.7",
-    "pydantic >=0.30,<=0.30.0"
+    "starlette >=0.12.9,<=0.12.9",
+    "pydantic >=0.32.2,<=0.32.2"
 ]
 description-file = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.6"
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ test = [
     "email_validator",
     "sqlalchemy",
     "databases[sqlite]",
+    "orjson",
+    "async_exit_stack",
+    "async_generator"
 ]
 doc = [
     "mkdocs",
@@ -60,4 +63,6 @@ all = [
     "ujson",
     "email_validator",
     "uvicorn",
+    "async_exit_stack",
+    "async_generator"
 ]

tests/test_custom_route_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class APIRouteA(APIRoute):
+    x_type = "A"
+
+
+class APIRouteB(APIRoute):
+    x_type = "B"
+
+
+class APIRouteC(APIRoute):
+    x_type = "C"
+
+
+router_a = APIRouter(route_class=APIRouteA)
+router_b = APIRouter(route_class=APIRouteB)
+router_c = APIRouter(route_class=APIRouteC)
+
+
+@router_a.get("/")
+def get_a():
+    return {"msg": "A"}
+
+
+@router_b.get("/")
+def get_b():
+    return {"msg": "B"}
+
+
+@router_c.get("/")
+def get_c():
+    return {"msg": "C"}
+
+
+router_b.include_router(router=router_c, prefix="/c")
+router_a.include_router(router=router_b, prefix="/b")
+app.include_router(router=router_a, prefix="/a")
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/a/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Get A",
+                "operationId": "get_a_a__get",
+            }
+        },
+        "/a/b/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Get B",
+                "operationId": "get_b_a_b__get",
+            }
+        },
+        "/a/b/c/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Get C",
+                "operationId": "get_c_a_b_c__get",
+            }
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "path,expected_status,expected_response",
+    [
+        ("/a", 200, {"msg": "A"}),
+        ("/a/b", 200, {"msg": "B"}),
+        ("/a/b/c", 200, {"msg": "C"}),
+        ("/openapi.json", 200, openapi_schema),
+    ],
+)
+def test_get_path(path, expected_status, expected_response):
+    response = client.get(path)
+    assert response.status_code == expected_status
+    assert response.json() == expected_response
+
+
+def test_route_classes():
+    routes = {}
+    r: APIRoute
+    for r in app.router.routes:
+        routes[r.path] = r
+    assert routes["/a/"].x_type == "A"
+    assert routes["/a/b/"].x_type == "B"
+    assert routes["/a/b/c/"].x_type == "C"

tests/test_default_response_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+import orjson
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, PlainTextResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+
+class ORJSONResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/x-orjson"
+
+    def render(self, content: Any) -> bytes:
+        return orjson.dumps(content)
+
+
+class OverrideResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+app = FastAPI(default_response_class=ORJSONResponse)
+router_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_a = APIRouter()
+router_b_a_c_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class again
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def get_root():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_path_override():
+    return "Hello World"
+
+
+@router_a.get("/")
+def get_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A"}
+
+
+@router_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A"
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/")
+def get_a_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A A"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/")
+def get_a_b():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_a_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/")
+def get_b():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/")
+def get_b_a():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/")
+def get_b_a_c():
+    return "Hello B A C"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/override", response_class=OverrideResponse)
+def get_b_a_c_path_override():
+    return {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+
+
+router_b_a.include_router(
+    router_b_a_c_override, prefix="/c", default_response_class=HTMLResponse
+)
+router_b_override.include_router(router_b_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(router_a_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(
+    router_a_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+app.include_router(router_a, prefix="/a")
+app.include_router(
+    router_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+orjson_type = "application/x-orjson"
+text_type = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+html_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+override_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+def test_app():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type
+
+
+def test_app_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello World"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A C"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c/override")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == override_type

tests/test_default_response_class_router.py

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, PlainTextResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+
+class OverrideResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_a = APIRouter()
+router_b_a_c_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class again
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def get_root():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_path_override():
+    return "Hello World"
+
+
+@router_a.get("/")
+def get_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A"}
+
+
+@router_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A"
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/")
+def get_a_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A A"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/")
+def get_a_b():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_a_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/")
+def get_b():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/")
+def get_b_a():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/")
+def get_b_a_c():
+    return "Hello B A C"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/override", response_class=OverrideResponse)
+def get_b_a_c_path_override():
+    return {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+
+
+router_b_a.include_router(
+    router_b_a_c_override, prefix="/c", default_response_class=HTMLResponse
+)
+router_b_override.include_router(router_b_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(router_a_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(
+    router_a_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+app.include_router(router_a, prefix="/a")
+app.include_router(
+    router_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+json_type = "application/json"
+text_type = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+html_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+override_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+def test_app():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == json_type
+
+
+def test_app_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello World"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == json_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == json_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A C"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c/override")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == override_type

tests/test_dependency_contextmanager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import BackgroundTasks, Depends, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+state = {
+    "/async": "asyncgen not started",
+    "/sync": "generator not started",
+    "/async_raise": "asyncgen raise not started",
+    "/sync_raise": "generator raise not started",
+    "context_a": "not started a",
+    "context_b": "not started b",
+    "bg": "not set",
+    "sync_bg": "not set",
+}
+
+errors = []
+
+
+async def get_state():
+    return state
+
+
+class AsyncDependencyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class SyncDependencyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class OtherDependencyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+async def asyncgen_state(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/async"] = "asyncgen started"
+    yield state["/async"]
+    state["/async"] = "asyncgen completed"
+
+
+def generator_state(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/sync"] = "generator started"
+    yield state["/sync"]
+    state["/sync"] = "generator completed"
+
+
+async def asyncgen_state_try(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/async_raise"] = "asyncgen raise started"
+    try:
+        yield state["/async_raise"]
+    except AsyncDependencyError:
+        errors.append("/async_raise")
+    finally:
+        state["/async_raise"] = "asyncgen raise finalized"
+
+
+def generator_state_try(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/sync_raise"] = "generator raise started"
+    try:
+        yield state["/sync_raise"]
+    except SyncDependencyError:
+        errors.append("/sync_raise")
+    finally:
+        state["/sync_raise"] = "generator raise finalized"
+
+
+async def context_a(state: dict = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["context_a"] = "started a"
+    try:
+        yield state
+    finally:
+        state["context_a"] = "finished a"
+
+
+async def context_b(state: dict = Depends(context_a)):
+    state["context_b"] = "started b"
+    try:
+        yield state
+    finally:
+        state["context_b"] = f"finished b with a: {state['context_a']}"
+
+
+@app.get("/async")
+async def get_async(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync")
+async def get_sync(state: str = Depends(generator_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/async_raise")
+async def get_async_raise(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise AsyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_raise")
+async def get_sync_raise(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise SyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/async_raise_other")
+async def get_async_raise_other(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_raise_other")
+async def get_sync_raise_other(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/context_b")
+async def get_context_b(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/context_b_raise")
+async def get_context_b_raise(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    assert state["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "started a"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/context_b_bg")
+async def get_context_b_bg(tasks: BackgroundTasks, state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    async def bg(state: dict):
+        state["bg"] = f"bg set - b: {state['context_b']} - a: {state['context_a']}"
+
+    tasks.add_task(bg, state)
+    return state
+
+
+# Sync versions
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_async")
+def get_sync_async(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_sync")
+def get_sync_sync(state: str = Depends(generator_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_async_raise")
+def get_sync_async_raise(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise AsyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_sync_raise")
+def get_sync_sync_raise(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise SyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_async_raise_other")
+def get_sync_async_raise_other(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_sync_raise_other")
+def get_sync_sync_raise_other(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_context_b")
+def get_sync_context_b(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_context_b_raise")
+def get_sync_context_b_raise(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    assert state["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "started a"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_context_b_bg")
+async def get_sync_context_b_bg(
+    tasks: BackgroundTasks, state: dict = Depends(context_b)
+):
+    async def bg(state: dict):
+        state[
+            "sync_bg"
+        ] = f"sync_bg set - b: {state['context_b']} - a: {state['context_a']}"
+
+    tasks.add_task(bg, state)
+    return state
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_async_state():
+    assert state["/async"] == f"asyncgen not started"
+    response = client.get("/async")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"asyncgen started"
+    assert state["/async"] == f"asyncgen completed"
+
+
+def test_sync_state():
+    assert state["/sync"] == f"generator not started"
+    response = client.get("/sync")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"generator started"
+    assert state["/sync"] == f"generator completed"
+
+
+def test_async_raise_other():
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise not started"
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/async_raise_other")
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_sync_raise_other():
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise not started"
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_raise_other")
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_async_raise():
+    response = client.get("/async_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_context_b():
+    response = client.get("/context_b")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_context_b_raise():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/context_b_raise")
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_background_tasks():
+    response = client.get("/context_b_bg")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert data["bg"] == "not set"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+    assert state["bg"] == "bg set - b: started b - a: started a"
+
+
+def test_sync_raise():
+    response = client.get("/sync_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_sync_async_state():
+    response = client.get("/sync_async")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"asyncgen started"
+    assert state["/async"] == f"asyncgen completed"
+
+
+def test_sync_sync_state():
+    response = client.get("/sync_sync")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"generator started"
+    assert state["/sync"] == f"generator completed"
+
+
+def test_sync_async_raise_other():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_async_raise_other")
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_sync_sync_raise_other():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_sync_raise_other")
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_sync_async_raise():
+    response = client.get("/sync_async_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_sync_sync_raise():
+    response = client.get("/sync_sync_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_sync_context_b():
+    response = client.get("/sync_context_b")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_sync_context_b_raise():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_context_b_raise")
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_sync_background_tasks():
+    response = client.get("/sync_context_b_bg")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert data["sync_bg"] == "not set"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+    assert state["sync_bg"] == "sync_bg set - b: started b - a: started a"

tests/test_fakeasync.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi.concurrency import _fake_asynccontextmanager
+
+
+@_fake_asynccontextmanager
+def never_run():
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def test_fake_async():
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        never_run()

tests/test_infer_param_optionality.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+user_router = APIRouter()
+item_router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@user_router.get("/")
+def get_users():
+    return [{"user_id": "u1"}, {"user_id": "u2"}]
+
+
+@user_router.get("/{user_id}")
+def get_user(user_id: str):
+    return {"user_id": user_id}
+
+
+@item_router.get("/")
+def get_items(user_id: str = None):
+    if user_id is None:
+        return [{"item_id": "i1", "user_id": "u1"}, {"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "u2"}]
+    else:
+        return [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": user_id}]
+
+
+@item_router.get("/{item_id}")
+def get_item(item_id: str, user_id: str = None):
+    if user_id is None:
+        return {"item_id": item_id}
+    else:
+        return {"item_id": item_id, "user_id": user_id}
+
+
+app.include_router(user_router, prefix="/users")
+app.include_router(item_router, prefix="/items")
+
+app.include_router(item_router, prefix="/users/{user_id}/items")
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_get_users():
+    """Check that /users returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"user_id": "u1"}, {"user_id": "u2"}]
+
+
+def test_get_user():
+    """Check that /users/{user_id} returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users/abc123")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"user_id": "abc123"}
+
+
+def test_get_items_1():
+    """Check that /items returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/items")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [
+        {"item_id": "i1", "user_id": "u1"},
+        {"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "u2"},
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_items_2():
+    """Check that /items returns expected data with user_id specified"""
+    response = client.get("/items?user_id=abc123")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "abc123"}]
+
+
+def test_get_item_1():
+    """Check that /items/{item_id} returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/items/item01")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "item01"}
+
+
+def test_get_item_2():
+    """Check that /items/{item_id} returns expected data with user_id specified"""
+    response = client.get("/items/item01?user_id=abc123")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "item01", "user_id": "abc123"}
+
+
+def test_get_users_items():
+    """Check that /users/{user_id}/items returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users/abc123/items")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "abc123"}]
+
+
+def test_get_users_item():
+    """Check that /users/{user_id}/items returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users/abc123/items/item01")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "item01", "user_id": "abc123"}
+
+
+def test_schema_1():
+    """Check that the user_id is a required path parameter under /users"""
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    r = response.json()
+
+    d = {
+        "required": True,
+        "schema": {"title": "User_Id", "type": "string"},
+        "name": "user_id",
+        "in": "path",
+    }
+
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/users/{user_id}"]["get"]["parameters"]
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/users/{user_id}/items/"]["get"]["parameters"]
+
+
+def test_schema_2():
+    """Check that the user_id is an optional query parameter under /items"""
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    r = response.json()
+
+    d = {
+        "required": False,
+        "schema": {"title": "User_Id", "type": "string"},
+        "name": "user_id",
+        "in": "query",
+    }
+
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/items/{item_id}"]["get"]["parameters"]
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/items/"]["get"]["parameters"]

tests/test_security_oauth2.py

@@ -21,18 +21,21 @@ class User(BaseModel):
     username: str
 
 
-def get_current_user(oauth_header: str = Security(reusable_oauth2)):
+# Here we use string annotations to test them
+def get_current_user(oauth_header: "str" = Security(reusable_oauth2)):
     user = User(username=oauth_header)
     return user
 
 
 @app.post("/login")
-def read_current_user(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict = Depends()):
+# Here we use string annotations to test them
+def read_current_user(form_data: "OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict" = Depends()):
     return form_data
 
 
 @app.get("/users/me")
-def read_current_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
+# Here we use string annotations to test them
+def read_current_user(current_user: "User" = Depends(get_current_user)):
     return current_user
 
 

tests/test_swagger_ui_init_oauth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+swagger_ui_init_oauth = {"clientId": "the-foo-clients", "appName": "The Predendapp"}
+
+app = FastAPI(swagger_ui_init_oauth=swagger_ui_init_oauth)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items():
+    return {"id": "foo"}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_swagger_ui():
+    response = client.get("/docs")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    print(response.text)
+    assert f"ui.initOAuth" in response.text
+    assert f'"appName": "The Predendapp"' in response.text
+    assert f'"clientId": "the-foo-clients"' in response.text
+
+
+def test_response():
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.json() == {"id": "foo"}

tests/test_tutorial/test_custom_request_and_route/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import gzip
+import json
+
+import pytest
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from custom_request_and_route.tutorial001 import app
+
+
+@app.get("/check-class")
+async def check_gzip_request(request: Request):
+    return {"request_class": type(request).__name__}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("compress", [True, False])
+def test_gzip_request(compress):
+    n = 1000
+    headers = {}
+    body = [1] * n
+    data = json.dumps(body).encode()
+    if compress:
+        data = gzip.compress(data)
+        headers["Content-Encoding"] = "gzip"
+    response = client.post("/sum", data=data, headers=headers)
+    assert response.json() == {"sum": n}
+
+
+def test_request_class():
+    response = client.get("/check-class")
+    assert response.json() == {"request_class": "GzipRequest"}

tests/test_tutorial/test_custom_request_and_route/test_tutorial002.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from custom_request_and_route.tutorial002 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_endpoint_works():
+    response = client.post("/", json=[1, 2, 3])
+    assert response.json() == 6
+
+
+def test_exception_handler_body_access():
+    response = client.post("/", json={"numbers": [1, 2, 3]})
+
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "detail": {
+            "body": '{"numbers": [1, 2, 3]}',
+            "errors": [
+                {
+                    "loc": ["body", "numbers"],
+                    "msg": "value is not a valid list",
+                    "type": "type_error.list",
+                }
+            ],
+        }
+    }

tests/test_tutorial/test_custom_request_and_route/test_tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from custom_request_and_route.tutorial003 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.json() == {"message": "Not timed"}
+    assert "X-Response-Time" not in response.headers
+
+
+def test_get_timed():
+    response = client.get("/timed")
+    assert response.json() == {"message": "It's the time of my life"}
+    assert "X-Response-Time" in response.headers
+    assert float(response.headers["X-Response-Time"]) > 0

tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial004.py

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def test_get_validation_error():
     response = client.get("/items/foo")
     assert response.status_code == 400
     validation_error_str_lines = [
-        b"1 validation error",
+        b"1 validation error for Request",
         b"path -> item_id",
         b"  value is not a valid integer (type=type_error.integer)",
     ]

tests/test_tutorial/test_path_operation_advanced_configurations/test_tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from path_operation_advanced_configuration.tutorial003 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/": {
+            "post": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Create an item",
+                "description": "Create an item with all the information:\n\n- **name**: each item must have a name\n- **description**: a long description\n- **price**: required\n- **tax**: if the item doesn't have tax, you can omit this\n- **tags**: a set of unique tag strings for this item\n",
+                "operationId": "create_item_items__post",
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "required": ["name", "price"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "price": {"title": "Price", "type": "number"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "tax": {"title": "Tax", "type": "number"},
+                    "tags": {
+                        "title": "Tags",
+                        "uniqueItems": True,
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                        "default": [],
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_query_params_str_validations():
+    response = client.post("/items/", json={"name": "Foo", "price": 42})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "name": "Foo",
+        "price": 42,
+        "description": None,
+        "tax": None,
+        "tags": [],
+    }

tests/test_tutorial/test_path_params/test_tutorial005.py

@@ -106,8 +106,9 @@ def test_openapi():
             {
                 "detail": [
                     {
+                        "ctx": {"enum_values": ["alexnet", "resnet", "lenet"]},
                         "loc": ["path", "model_name"],
-                        "msg": "value is not a valid enumeration member",
+                        "msg": "value is not a valid enumeration member; permitted: 'alexnet', 'resnet', 'lenet'",
                         "type": "type_error.enum",
                     }
                 ]

tests/test_tutorial/test_sql_databases/test_sql_databases.py

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
-from sql_databases.sql_app.main import app
-
-client = TestClient(app)
-
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
     "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
@@ -282,13 +281,24 @@ openapi_schema = {
 }
 
 
-def test_openapi_schema():
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def client():
+    # Import while creating the client to create the DB after starting the test session
+    from sql_databases.sql_app.main import app
+
+    test_db = Path("./test.db")
+    with TestClient(app) as c:
+        yield c
+    test_db.unlink()
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema(client):
     response = client.get("/openapi.json")
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert response.json() == openapi_schema
 
 
-def test_create_user():
+def test_create_user(client):
     test_user = {"email": "johndoe@example.com", "password": "secret"}
     response = client.post("/users/", json=test_user)
     assert response.status_code == 200
@@ -299,7 +309,7 @@ def test_create_user():
     assert response.status_code == 400
 
 
-def test_get_user():
+def test_get_user(client):
     response = client.get("/users/1")
     assert response.status_code == 200
     data = response.json()
@@ -307,12 +317,12 @@ def test_get_user():
     assert "id" in data
 
 
-def test_inexistent_user():
+def test_inexistent_user(client):
     response = client.get("/users/999")
     assert response.status_code == 404
 
 
-def test_get_users():
+def test_get_users(client):
     response = client.get("/users/")
     assert response.status_code == 200
     data = response.json()
@@ -320,7 +330,7 @@ def test_get_users():
     assert "id" in data[0]
 
 
-def test_create_item():
+def test_create_item(client):
     item = {"title": "Foo", "description": "Something that fights"}
     response = client.post("/users/1/items/", json=item)
     assert response.status_code == 200
@@ -343,7 +353,7 @@ def test_create_item():
     assert item_to_check["description"] == item["description"]
 
 
-def test_read_items():
+def test_read_items(client):
     response = client.get("/items/")
     assert response.status_code == 200
     data = response.json()

tests/test_tutorial/test_sql_databases/test_sql_databases_middleware.py

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/users/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response_Read_Users_Users__Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Users",
+                "operationId": "read_users_users__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Skip", "type": "integer", "default": 0},
+                        "name": "skip",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Limit", "type": "integer", "default": 100},
+                        "name": "limit",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                ],
+            },
+            "post": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Create User",
+                "operationId": "create_user_users__post",
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserCreate"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+            },
+        },
+        "/users/{user_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read User",
+                "operationId": "read_user_users__user_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "User_Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "user_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+        "/users/{user_id}/items/": {
+            "post": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Create Item For User",
+                "operationId": "create_item_for_user_users__user_id__items__post",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "User_Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "user_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ItemCreate"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/items/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response_Read_Items_Items__Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Items",
+                "operationId": "read_items_items__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Skip", "type": "integer", "default": 0},
+                        "name": "skip",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Limit", "type": "integer", "default": 100},
+                        "name": "limit",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                ],
+            }
+        },
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ItemCreate": {
+                "title": "ItemCreate",
+                "required": ["title"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "required": ["title", "id", "owner_id"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "id": {"title": "Id", "type": "integer"},
+                    "owner_id": {"title": "Owner_Id", "type": "integer"},
+                },
+            },
+            "User": {
+                "title": "User",
+                "required": ["email", "id", "is_active"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string"},
+                    "id": {"title": "Id", "type": "integer"},
+                    "is_active": {"title": "Is_Active", "type": "boolean"},
+                    "items": {
+                        "title": "Items",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"},
+                        "default": [],
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            "UserCreate": {
+                "title": "UserCreate",
+                "required": ["email", "password"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string"},
+                    "password": {"title": "Password", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def client():
+    # Import while creating the client to create the DB after starting the test session
+    from sql_databases.sql_app.alt_main import app
+
+    test_db = Path("./test.db")
+    with TestClient(app) as c:
+        yield c
+    test_db.unlink()
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema(client):
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_create_user(client):
+    test_user = {"email": "johndoe@example.com", "password": "secret"}
+    response = client.post("/users/", json=test_user)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert test_user["email"] == data["email"]
+    assert "id" in data
+    response = client.post("/users/", json=test_user)
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+
+
+def test_get_user(client):
+    response = client.get("/users/1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert "email" in data
+    assert "id" in data
+
+
+def test_inexistent_user(client):
+    response = client.get("/users/999")
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+
+
+def test_get_users(client):
+    response = client.get("/users/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert "email" in data[0]
+    assert "id" in data[0]
+
+
+def test_create_item(client):
+    item = {"title": "Foo", "description": "Something that fights"}
+    response = client.post("/users/1/items/", json=item)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    item_data = response.json()
+    assert item["title"] == item_data["title"]
+    assert item["description"] == item_data["description"]
+    assert "id" in item_data
+    assert "owner_id" in item_data
+    response = client.get("/users/1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    user_data = response.json()
+    item_to_check = [it for it in user_data["items"] if it["id"] == item_data["id"]][0]
+    assert item_to_check["title"] == item["title"]
+    assert item_to_check["description"] == item["description"]
+    response = client.get("/users/1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    user_data = response.json()
+    item_to_check = [it for it in user_data["items"] if it["id"] == item_data["id"]][0]
+    assert item_to_check["title"] == item["title"]
+    assert item_to_check["description"] == item["description"]
+
+
+def test_read_items(client):
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data
+    first_item = data[0]
+    assert "title" in first_item
+    assert "description" in first_item