🔖 Release version 0.45.0

* 🔧 Update the "new issue" templates

* 💚 Trigger Travis CI after Travis migration

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -7,29 +7,48 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Describe the bug**
-A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
+### Describe the bug
 
-**To Reproduce**
-Steps to reproduce the behavior:
-1. Create a file with '...'
-2. Add a path operation function with '....'
-3. Open the browser and call it with a payload of '....'
-4. See error
+Write here a clear and concise description of what the bug is.
 
-**Expected behavior**
-A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+### To Reproduce
 
-**Screenshots**
-If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+Steps to reproduce the behavior with a minimum self-contained file.
 
-**Environment:**
- - OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
- - FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+Replace each part with your own scenario:
+
+1. Create a file with:
 
 ```Python
-import fastapi
-print(fastapi.__version__)
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+```
+
+3. Open the browser and call the endpoint `/`.
+4. It returns a JSON with `{"Hello": "World"}`.
+5. But I expected it to return `{"Hello": "Sara"}`.
+
+### Expected behavior
+
+Add a clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+
+### Screenshots
+
+If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+
+### Environment
+
+- OS: [e.g. Linux / Windows / macOS]
+- FastAPI Version [e.g. 0.3.0], get it with:
+
+```bash
+python -c "import fastapi; print(fastapi.__version__)"
 ```
 
 - Python version, get it with:
@@ -38,5 +57,6 @@ print(fastapi.__version__)
 python --version
 ```
 
-**Additional context**
+### Additional context
+
 Add any other context about the problem here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.md

@@ -7,14 +7,20 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
-A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+### Is your feature request related to a problem
 
-**Describe the solution you'd like**
-A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+Is your feature request related to a problem?
 
-**Describe alternatives you've considered**
-A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+Add a clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I want to be able to [...] but I can't because [...]
+
+### The solution you would like
+
+Add a clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
+
+### Describe alternatives you've considered
+
+Add a clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+
+### Additional context
 
-**Additional context**
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.md

@@ -7,11 +7,18 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-**Description**
+### First check
+
+* [ ] I used the GitHub search to find a similar issue and didn't find it.
+* [ ] I searched the FastAPI documentation, with the integrated search.
+* [ ] I already searched in Google "How to X in FastAPI" and didn't find any information.
+
+### Description
 
 How can I [...]?
 
 Is it possible to [...]?
 
-**Additional context**
+### Additional context
+
 Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

.travis.yml

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ cache: pip
 python:
     - "3.6"
     - "3.7"
-    - "3.8-dev"
+    - "3.8"
     - "nightly"
 
 matrix:
     allow_failures:
-        - python: "3.8-dev"
         - python: "nightly"
 
 install:

docs/external-links.md

@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 
 * <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
 
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/478620/" target="_blank">Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?</a> by <a href="https://github.com/prostomarkeloff" target="_blank">prostomarkeloff</a>.
+
 ## Podcasts
 
 * <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.

docs/img/github-social-preview.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<svg
+   xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
+   xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
+   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd"
+   xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape"
+   id="svg8"
+   version="1.1"
+   viewBox="0 0 338.66665 169.33332"
+   height="169.33333mm"
+   width="338.66666mm"
+   sodipodi:docname="github-social-preview.svg"
+   inkscape:version="0.92.3 (2405546, 2018-03-11)"
+   inkscape:export-filename="/home/user/code/fastapi/docs/img/github-social-preview.png"
+   inkscape:export-xdpi="96"
+   inkscape:export-ydpi="96">
+  <sodipodi:namedview
+     pagecolor="#ffffff"
+     bordercolor="#666666"
+     borderopacity="1"
+     objecttolerance="10"
+     gridtolerance="10"
+     guidetolerance="10"
+     inkscape:pageopacity="0"
+     inkscape:pageshadow="2"
+     inkscape:window-width="1920"
+     inkscape:window-height="1025"
+     id="namedview9"
+     showgrid="false"
+     inkscape:zoom="0.52249777"
+     inkscape:cx="565.37328"
+     inkscape:cy="403.61034"
+     inkscape:window-x="0"
+     inkscape:window-y="27"
+     inkscape:window-maximized="1"
+     inkscape:current-layer="svg8" />
+  <defs
+     id="defs2" />
+  <metadata
+     id="metadata5">
+    <rdf:RDF>
+      <cc:Work
+         rdf:about="">
+        <dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>
+        <dc:type
+           rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" />
+        <dc:title></dc:title>
+      </cc:Work>
+    </rdf:RDF>
+  </metadata>
+  <rect
+     style="opacity:0.98000004;fill:#ffffff;fill-opacity:1;stroke-width:0.26458332"
+     id="rect853"
+     width="338.66666"
+     height="169.33333"
+     x="-1.0833333e-05"
+     y="0.71613133"
+     inkscape:export-xdpi="96"
+     inkscape:export-ydpi="96" />
+  <g
+     transform="matrix(0.73259569,0,0,0.73259569,64.842852,-4.5763945)"
+     id="layer1">
+    <path
+       style="opacity:0.98000004;fill:#009688;fill-opacity:1;stroke-width:3.20526505"
+       id="path817"
+       d="m 1.4365174,55.50154 c -17.6610514,0 -31.9886064,14.327532 -31.9886064,31.988554 0,17.661036 14.327555,31.988586 31.9886064,31.988586 17.6609756,0 31.9885196,-14.32755 31.9885196,-31.988586 0,-17.661022 -14.327544,-31.988554 -31.9885196,-31.988554 z m -1.66678692,57.63069 V 93.067264 H -11.384533 L 4.6417437,61.847974 V 81.912929 H 15.379405 Z"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <text
+       id="text979"
+       y="114.91215"
+       x="52.115433"
+       style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:79.71511078px;line-height:1.25;font-family:sans-serif;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;fill:#009688;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:1.99287772"
+       xml:space="preserve"><tspan
+         style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-family:Ubuntu;-inkscape-font-specification:Ubuntu;fill:#009688;fill-opacity:1;stroke-width:1.99287772"
+         y="114.91215"
+         x="52.115433"
+         id="tspan977">FastAPI</tspan></text>
+  </g>
+  <text
+     xml:space="preserve"
+     style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:10.58333302px;line-height:1.25;font-family:sans-serif;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.26458332"
+     x="169.60979"
+     y="119.20409"
+     id="text851"><tspan
+       sodipodi:role="line"
+       id="tspan849"
+       x="169.60979"
+       y="119.20409"
+       style="font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-family:Roboto;-inkscape-font-specification:'Roboto Italic';text-align:center;text-anchor:middle;stroke-width:0.26458332">High performance, easy to learn,</tspan><tspan
+       sodipodi:role="line"
+       x="169.60979"
+       y="132.53661"
+       style="font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-family:Roboto;-inkscape-font-specification:'Roboto Italic';text-align:center;text-anchor:middle;stroke-width:0.26458332"
+       id="tspan855">fast to code, ready for production</tspan></text>
+</svg>

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,25 @@
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.45.0
+
+* Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks:
+    * New docs: [OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/).
+    * Refactor generation of `operationId`s to be valid Python names (also valid variables in most languages).
+    * Add `default_response_class` parameter to `APIRouter`.
+    * Original PR [#722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/722) by [@booooh](https://github.com/booooh).
+* Refactor logging to use the same logger everywhere, update log strings and levels. PR [#781](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/781).
+* Add article to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/): [Почему Вы должны попробовать FastAPI?](https://habr.com/ru/post/478620/). PR [#766](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/766) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Remove gender bias in docs for handling errors. PR [#780](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/780). Original idea in PR [#761](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/761) by [@classywhetten](https://github.com/classywhetten).
+* Rename docs and references to `body-schema` to `body-fields` to keep in line with Pydantic. PR [#746](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/746) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+
+## 0.44.1
+
+* Add GitHub social preview images to git. PR [#752](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/752).
+* Update PyPI "trove classifiers". PR [#751](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/751).
+* Add full support for Python 3.8. Enable Python 3.8 in full in Travis. PR [749](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/749).
+* Update "new issue" templates. PR [#749](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/749).
+* Fix serialization of errors for exotic Pydantic types. PR [#748](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/748) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
 ## 0.44.0
 
 * Add GitHub action [Issue Manager](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager). PR [#742](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/742).

docs/src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Invoice(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str = None
+    customer: str
+    total: float
+
+
+class InvoiceEvent(BaseModel):
+    description: str
+    paid: bool
+
+
+class InvoiceEventReceived(BaseModel):
+    ok: bool
+
+
+invoices_callback_router = APIRouter(default_response_class=JSONResponse)
+
+
+@invoices_callback_router.post(
+    "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}",
+    response_model=InvoiceEventReceived,
+)
+def invoice_notification(body: InvoiceEvent):
+    pass
+
+
+@app.post("/invoices/", callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes)
+def create_invoice(invoice: Invoice, callback_url: HttpUrl = None):
+    """
+    Create an invoice.
+
+    This will (let's imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an
+    invoice.
+
+    And this path operation will:
+
+    * Send the invoice to the client.
+    * Collect the money from the client.
+    * Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer), as a callback.
+        * At this point is that the API will somehow send a POST request to the
+            external API with the notification of the invoice event
+            (e.g. "payment successful").
+    """
+    # Send the invoice, collect the money, send the notification (the callback)
+    return {"msg": "Invoice received"}

docs/tutorial/body-fields.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in path operatio
 First, you have to import it:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
 !!! warning
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ First, you have to import it:
 You can then use `Field` with model attributes:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="9 10"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
 `Field` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ You can then use `Field` with model attributes:
 !!! tip
     Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Field` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Field` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
 
-## Schema extras
+## JSON Schema extras
 
 In `Field`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
 
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ If you know JSON Schema and want to add extra information apart from what we hav
 For example, you can use that functionality to pass a <a href="http://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.8.5" target="_blank">JSON Schema example</a> field to a body request JSON Schema:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25"
-{!./src/body_schema/tutorial002.py!}
+{!./src/body_fields/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
 
 And it would look in the `/docs` like this:
 
-<img src="/img/tutorial/body-schema/image01.png">
+<img src="/img/tutorial/body-fields/image01.png">
 
 ## Recap
 

docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ This client could be a browser with a frontend, the code from someone else, an I
 
 You could need to tell that client that:
 
-* He doesn't have enough privileges for that operation.
-* He doesn't have access to that resource.
-* The item he was trying to access doesn't exist.
+* The client doesn't have enough privileges for that operation.
+* The client doesn't have access to that resource.
+* The item the client was trying to access doesn't exist.
 * etc.
 
 In these cases, you would normally return an **HTTP status code** in the range of **400** (from 400 to 499).

docs/tutorial/openapi-callbacks.md

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+You could create an API with a *path operation* that could trigger a request to an *external API* created by someone else (probably the same developer that would be *using* your API).
+
+The process that happens when your API app calls the *external API* is named a "callback". Because the software that the external developer wrote sends a request to your API and then your API *calls back*, sending a request to an *external API* (that was probably created by the same developer).
+
+In this case, you could want to document how that external API *should* look like. What *path operation* it should have, what body it should expect, what response it should return, etc.
+
+## An app with callbacks
+
+Let's see all this with an example.
+
+Imagine you develop an app that allows creating invoices.
+
+These invoices will have an `id`, `title` (optional), `customer`, and `total`.
+
+The user of your API (an external developer) will create an invoice in your API with a POST request.
+
+Then your API will (let's imagine):
+
+* Send the invoice to some customer of the external developer.
+* Collect the money.
+* Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer).
+    * This will be done by sending a POST request (from *your API*) to some *external API* provided by that external developer (this is the "callback").
+
+## The normal **FastAPI** app
+
+Let's first see how the normal API app would look like before adding the callback.
+
+It will have a *path operation* that will receive an `Invoice` body, and a query parameter `callback_url` that will contain the URL for the callback.
+
+This part is pretty normal, most of the code is probably already familiar to you:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12  35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The `callback_url` query parameter uses a Pydantic <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/types/#urls" target="_blank">URL</a> type.
+
+The only new thing is the `callbacks=messages_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.
+
+## Documenting the callback
+
+The actual callback code will depend heavily on your own API app.
+
+And it will probably vary a lot from one app to the next.
+
+It could be just one or two lines of code, like:
+
+```Python
+callback_url = "https://example.com/api/v1/invoices/events/"
+requests.post(callback_url, json={"description": "Invoice paid", "paid": True})
+```
+
+But possibly the most important part of the callback is making sure that your API user (the external developer) implements the *external API* correctly, according to the data that *your API* is going to send in the request body of the callback, etc.
+
+So, what we will do next is add the code to document how that *external API* should look like to receive the callback from *your API*.
+
+That documentation will show up in the Swagger UI at `/docs` in your API, and it will let external developers know how to build the *external API*.
+
+This example doesn't implement the callback itself (that could be just a line of code), only the documentation part.
+
+!!! tip
+    The actual callback is just an HTTP request.
+
+    When implementing the callback yourself, you could use something like <a href="https://www.encode.io/httpx/" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> or <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/" target="_blank">Requests</a>.
+
+## Write the callback documentation code
+
+This code won't be executed in your app, we only need it to *document* how that *external API* should look like.
+
+But, you already know how to easily create automatic documentation for an API with **FastAPI**.
+
+So we are going to use that same knowledge to document how the *external API* should look like... by creating the *path operation(s)* that the external API should implement (the ones your API will call).
+
+!!! tip
+    When writing the code to document a callback, it might be useful to imagine that you are that *external developer*. And that you are currently implementing the *external API*, not *your API*.
+
+    Temporarily adopting this point of view (of the *external developer*) can help you feel like it's more obvious where to put the parameters, the Pydantic model for the body, for the response, etc. for that *external API*.
+
+### Create a callback `APIRouter`
+
+First create a new `APIRouter` that will contain one or more callbacks.
+
+This router will never be added to an actual `FastAPI` app (i.e. it will never be passed to `app.include_router(...)`).
+
+Because of that, you need to declare what will be the `default_response_class`, and set it to `JSONResponse`.
+
+!!! Note "Technical Details"
+    The `response_class` is normally set by the `FastAPI` app during the call to `app.include_router(some_router)`.
+
+    But as we are never calling `app.include_router(some_router)`, we need to set the `default_response_class` during creation of the `APIRouter`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 24"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create the callback *path operation*
+
+To create the callback *path operation* use the same `APIRouter` you created above.
+
+It should look just like a normal FastAPI *path operation*:
+
+* It should probably have a declaration of the body it should receive, e.g. `body: InvoiceEvent`.
+* And it could also have a declaration of the response it should return, e.g. `response_model=InvoiceEventReceived`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17  20 21  27 28 29 30 31 32"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+There are 2 main differences from a normal *path operation*:
+
+* It doesn't need to have any actual code, because your app will never call this code. It's only used to document the *external API*. So, the function could just have `pass`.
+* The *path* can contain an <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#key-expression" target="_blank">OpenAPI 3 expression</a> (see more below) where it can use variables with parameters and parts of the original request sent to *your API*.
+
+### The callback path expression
+
+The callback *path* can have an <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#key-expression" target="_blank">OpenAPI 3 expression</a> that can contain parts of the original request sent to *your API*.
+
+In this case, it's the `str`:
+
+```Python
+"{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}"
+```
+
+So, if your API user (the external developer) sends a request to *your API* to:
+
+```
+https://yourapi.com/invoices/?callback_url=https://www.external.org/events
+```
+
+with a JSON body of:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "id": "2expen51ve",
+    "customer": "Mr. Richie Rich",
+    "total": "9999"
+}
+```
+
+Then *your API* will process the invoice, and at some point later, send a callback request to the `callback_url` (the *external API*):
+
+```
+https://www.external.org/events/invoices/2expen51ve
+```
+
+with a JSON body containing something like:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "description": "Payment celebration",
+    "paid": true
+}
+```
+
+and it would expect a response from that *external API* with a JSON body like:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "ok": true
+}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice how the callback URL used contains the URL received as a query parameter in `callback_url` (`https://www.external.org/events`) and also the invoice `id` from inside of the JSON body (`2expen51ve`).
+
+### Add the callback router
+
+At this point you have the *callback path operation(s)* needed (the one(s) that the *external developer*  should implement in the *external API*) in the callback router you created above.
+
+Now use the parameter `callbacks` in *your API's path operation decorator* to pass the attribute `.routes` (that's actually just a `list` of routes/*path operations*) from that callback router:
+
+```Python hl_lines="35"
+{!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice that you are not passing the router itself (`invoices_callback_router`) to `callback=`, but the attribute `.routes`, as in `invoices_callback_router.routes`.
+
+### Check the docs
+
+Now you can start your app with Uvicorn and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+You will see your docs including a "Callback" section for your *path operation* that shows how the *external API* should look like:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/image01.png">

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.44.0"
+__version__ = "0.45.0"
 
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 

fastapi/applications.py

@@ -303,6 +303,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -327,6 +328,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def put(
@@ -351,6 +353,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -375,6 +378,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def post(
@@ -399,6 +403,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -423,6 +428,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def delete(
@@ -447,6 +453,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -471,6 +478,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def options(
@@ -495,6 +503,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -519,6 +528,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def head(
@@ -543,6 +553,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -567,6 +578,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def patch(
@@ -591,6 +603,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -615,6 +628,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def trace(
@@ -639,6 +653,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -663,4 +678,5 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ from enum import Enum
 from types import GeneratorType
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Union
 
-from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1, logger
+from fastapi.logger import logger
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.json import ENCODERS_BY_TYPE
 
@@ -23,9 +24,9 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
 ) -> Any:
     if skip_defaults is not None:
         logger.warning(  # pragma: nocover
-            "skip_defaults in jsonable_encoder has been deprecated in \
-            favor of exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, support for it \
-                will be removed soon."
+            "skip_defaults in jsonable_encoder has been deprecated in favor of "
+            "exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, support for it will be "
+            "removed soon."
         )
     if include is not None and not isinstance(include, set):
         include = set(include)

fastapi/exception_handlers.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
 from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
 from starlette.requests import Request
@@ -19,5 +20,6 @@ async def request_validation_exception_handler(
     request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError
 ) -> JSONResponse:
     return JSONResponse(
-        status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, content={"detail": exc.errors()}
+        status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+        content={"detail": jsonable_encoder(exc.errors())},
     )

fastapi/logger.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("fastapi")

fastapi/openapi/models.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
-from fastapi.utils import logger
+from fastapi.logger import logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 try:
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ try:
         # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
         from pydantic.types import EmailStr  # type: ignore
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
-    logger.warning(
+    logger.info(
         "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
-        + "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
+        "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
     )
 
     class EmailStr(str):  # type: ignore

fastapi/openapi/utils.py

@@ -187,6 +187,14 @@ def get_openapi_path(
                 )
                 if request_body_oai:
                     operation["requestBody"] = request_body_oai
+            if route.callbacks:
+                callbacks = {}
+                for callback in route.callbacks:
+                    cb_path, cb_security_schemes, cb_definitions, = get_openapi_path(
+                        route=callback, model_name_map=model_name_map
+                    )
+                    callbacks[callback.name] = {callback.path: cb_path}
+                operation["callbacks"] = callbacks
             if route.responses:
                 for (additional_status_code, response) in route.responses.items():
                     assert isinstance(

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
-import logging
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
 
 from fastapi import params
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
 )
 from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr, jsonable_encoder
 from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError, WebSocketRequestValidationError
+from fastapi.logger import logger
 from fastapi.openapi.constants import STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
 from fastapi.utils import (
     PYDANTIC_1,
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def get_request_handler(
                     if body_bytes:
                         body = await request.json()
         except Exception as e:
-            logging.error(f"Error getting request body: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Error getting request body: {e}")
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=400, detail="There was an error parsing the body"
             ) from e
@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
         dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List["APIRoute"]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.path = path
         self.endpoint = endpoint
@@ -338,6 +339,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
             )
         self.body_field = get_body_field(dependant=self.dependant, name=self.unique_id)
         self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
+        self.callbacks = callbacks
         self.app = request_response(self.get_route_handler())
 
     def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
@@ -363,12 +365,14 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         default: ASGIApp = None,
         dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
         route_class: Type[APIRoute] = APIRoute,
+        default_response_class: Type[Response] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             routes=routes, redirect_slashes=redirect_slashes, default=default
         )
         self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
         self.route_class = route_class
+        self.default_response_class = default_response_class
 
     def add_api_route(
         self,
@@ -395,6 +399,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
         route_class_override: Optional[Type[APIRoute]] = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> None:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -420,9 +425,10 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
             dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
         self.routes.append(route)
 
@@ -449,6 +455,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -475,8 +482,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                     response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
                 ),
                 include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-                response_class=response_class,
+                response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
                 name=name,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
             )
             return func
 
@@ -586,6 +594,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -609,8 +618,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def put(
@@ -635,6 +645,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -658,8 +669,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def post(
@@ -684,6 +696,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -707,8 +720,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def delete(
@@ -733,6 +747,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -756,8 +771,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def options(
@@ -782,6 +798,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -805,8 +822,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def head(
@@ -831,6 +849,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -854,8 +873,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def patch(
@@ -880,6 +900,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -903,8 +924,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )
 
     def trace(
@@ -929,6 +951,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -952,6 +975,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
             ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
         )

fastapi/utils.py

@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-import logging
 import re
 from dataclasses import is_dataclass
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Sequence, Set, Type, cast
 
 from fastapi import routing
+from fastapi.logger import logger
 from fastapi.openapi.constants import REF_PREFIX
 from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, create_model
 from pydantic.schema import get_flat_models_from_fields, model_process_schema
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
 
-logger = logging.getLogger("fastapi")
-
 try:
     from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo, ModelField
 
@@ -22,8 +20,8 @@ except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
     from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
 
     logger.warning(
-        "Pydantic versions < 1.0.0 are deprecated in FastAPI and support will be \
-            removed soon"
+        "Pydantic versions < 1.0.0 are deprecated in FastAPI and support will be "
+        "removed soon."
     )
     PYDANTIC_1 = False
 
@@ -39,15 +37,16 @@ def get_field_info(field: ModelField) -> FieldInfo:
 # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
 def warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated() -> None:
     logger.warning(  # pragma: nocover
-        "response_model_skip_defaults has been deprecated in favor \
-                of response_model_exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, \
-                support for it will be removed soon."
+        "response_model_skip_defaults has been deprecated in favor of "
+        "response_model_exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, support for "
+        "it will be removed soon."
     )
 
 
 def get_flat_models_from_routes(routes: Sequence[BaseRoute]) -> Set[Type[BaseModel]]:
     body_fields_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
     responses_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
+    callback_flat_models: Set[Type[BaseModel]] = set()
     for route in routes:
         if getattr(route, "include_in_schema", None) and isinstance(
             route, routing.APIRoute
@@ -61,7 +60,9 @@ def get_flat_models_from_routes(routes: Sequence[BaseRoute]) -> Set[Type[BaseMod
                 responses_from_routes.append(route.response_field)
             if route.response_fields:
                 responses_from_routes.extend(route.response_fields.values())
-    flat_models = get_flat_models_from_fields(
+            if route.callbacks:
+                callback_flat_models |= get_flat_models_from_routes(route.callbacks)
+    flat_models = callback_flat_models | get_flat_models_from_fields(
         body_fields_from_routes + responses_from_routes, known_models=set()
     )
     return flat_models
@@ -155,6 +156,6 @@ def create_cloned_field(field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
 
 def generate_operation_id_for_path(*, name: str, path: str, method: str) -> str:
     operation_id = name + path
-    operation_id = operation_id.replace("{", "_").replace("}", "_").replace("/", "_")
+    operation_id = re.sub("[^0-9a-zA-Z_]", "_", operation_id)
     operation_id = operation_id + "_" + method.lower()
     return operation_id

mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ nav:
         - Query Parameters and String Validations: 'tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md'
         - Path Parameters and Numeric Validations: 'tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md'
         - Body - Multiple Parameters: 'tutorial/body-multiple-params.md'
-        - Body - Schema: 'tutorial/body-schema.md'
+        - Body - Fields: 'tutorial/body-fields.md'
         - Body - Nested Models: 'tutorial/body-nested-models.md'
         - Extra data types: 'tutorial/extra-data-types.md'
         - Cookie Parameters: 'tutorial/cookie-params.md'
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ nav:
         - Testing Dependencies with Overrides: 'tutorial/testing-dependencies.md'
         - Debugging: 'tutorial/debugging.md'
         - Extending OpenAPI: 'tutorial/extending-openapi.md'
+        - OpenAPI Callbacks: 'tutorial/openapi-callbacks.md'
     - Concurrency and async / await: 'async.md'
     - Deployment: 'deployment.md'
     - Project Generation - Template: 'project-generation.md'

pyproject.toml

@@ -8,15 +8,28 @@ author = "Sebastián Ramírez"
 author-email = "tiangolo@gmail.com"
 home-page = "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi"
 classifiers = [
-    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+    'Intended Audience :: Information Technology',
+    'Intended Audience :: System Administrators',
+    'Operating System :: OS Independent',
+    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
+    'Programming Language :: Python',
+    'Topic :: Internet',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
+    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
+    'Topic :: Software Development',
+    'Typing :: Typed',
     "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
+    "Environment :: Web Environment",
     "Framework :: AsyncIO",
     "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
     "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: HTTP Servers",
+    "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
 ]
 requires = [
     "starlette >=0.12.9,<=0.12.9",

tests/test_application.py

@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Required Id",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_required_id_path_param-required__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_required_id_path_param_required__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Min Length",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_min_length_path_param-minlength__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_min_length_path_param_minlength__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Max Length",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_max_length_path_param-maxlength__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_max_length_path_param_maxlength__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Min Max Length",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_min_max_length_path_param-min_maxlength__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_min_max_length_path_param_min_maxlength__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Gt",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_gt_path_param-gt__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_gt_path_param_gt__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Gt0",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_gt0_path_param-gt0__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_gt0_path_param_gt0__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Ge",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_ge_path_param-ge__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_ge_path_param_ge__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Lt",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_path_param-lt__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_path_param_lt__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Lt0",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt0_path_param-lt0__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt0_path_param_lt0__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Le",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_path_param-le__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_path_param_le__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Lt Gt",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_gt_path_param-lt-gt__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_gt_path_param_lt_gt__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Le Ge",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_ge_path_param-le-ge__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_ge_path_param_le_ge__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Lt Int",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_int_path_param-lt-int__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_int_path_param_lt_int__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Gt Int",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_gt_int_path_param-gt-int__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_gt_int_path_param_gt_int__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Le Int",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_int_path_param-le-int__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_int_path_param_le_int__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Ge Int",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_ge_int_path_param-ge-int__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_ge_int_path_param_ge_int__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Lt Gt Int",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_gt_int_path_param-lt-gt-int__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_lt_gt_int_path_param_lt_gt_int__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Path Param Le Ge Int",
-                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_ge_int_path_param-le-ge-int__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_path_param_le_ge_int_path_param_le_ge_int__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Query Param Required",
-                "operationId": "get_query_param_required_query_param-required_get",
+                "operationId": "get_query_param_required_query_param_required_get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Query Param Required Type",
-                "operationId": "get_query_param_required_type_query_param-required_int_get",
+                "operationId": "get_query_param_required_type_query_param_required_int_get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,

tests/test_extra_routes.py

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Get Not Decorated",
-                "operationId": "get_not_decorated_items-not-decorated__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "get_not_decorated_items_not_decorated__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,

tests/test_multi_body_errors.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+from decimal import Decimal
 from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic import BaseModel, condecimal
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
 app = FastAPI()
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
-    age: int
+    age: condecimal(gt=Decimal(0.0))
 
 
 @app.post("/items/")
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "type": "object",
                 "properties": {
                     "name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
-                    "age": {"title": "Age", "type": "integer"},
+                    "age": {"title": "Age", "exclusiveMinimum": 0.0, "type": "number"},
                 },
             },
             "ValidationError": {
@@ -99,6 +100,17 @@ openapi_schema = {
     },
 }
 
+single_error = {
+    "detail": [
+        {
+            "ctx": {"limit_value": 0.0},
+            "loc": ["body", "item", 0, "age"],
+            "msg": "ensure this value is greater than 0",
+            "type": "value_error.number.not_gt",
+        }
+    ]
+}
+
 multiple_errors = {
     "detail": [
         {
@@ -108,8 +120,8 @@ multiple_errors = {
         },
         {
             "loc": ["body", "item", 0, "age"],
-            "msg": "value is not a valid integer",
-            "type": "type_error.integer",
+            "msg": "value is not a valid decimal",
+            "type": "type_error.decimal",
         },
         {
             "loc": ["body", "item", 1, "name"],
@@ -118,8 +130,8 @@ multiple_errors = {
         },
         {
             "loc": ["body", "item", 1, "age"],
-            "msg": "value is not a valid integer",
-            "type": "type_error.integer",
+            "msg": "value is not a valid decimal",
+            "type": "type_error.decimal",
         },
     ]
 }
@@ -137,7 +149,13 @@ def test_put_correct_body():
     assert response.json() == {"item": [{"name": "Foo", "age": 5}]}
 
 
-def test_put_incorrect_body():
+def test_jsonable_encoder_requiring_error():
+    response = client.post("/items/", json=[{"name": "Foo", "age": -1.0}])
+    assert response.status_code == 422
+    assert response.json() == single_error
+
+
+def test_put_incorrect_body_multiple():
     response = client.post("/items/", json=[{"age": "five"}, {"age": "six"}])
     assert response.status_code == 422
     assert response.json() == multiple_errors

tests/test_starlette_exception.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Create Item",
-                "operationId": "create_item_starlette-items__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "create_item_starlette_items__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_fields/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import pytest
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
-from body_schema.tutorial001 import app
+from body_fields.tutorial001 import app
 
 # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
 try:

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_nested_models/test_tutorial009.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Create Index Weights",
-                "operationId": "create_index_weights_index-weights__post",
+                "operationId": "create_index_weights_index_weights__post",
                 "requestBody": {
                     "content": {
                         "application/json": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_extra_models/test_tutorial005.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                         "content": {
                             "application/json": {
                                 "schema": {
-                                    "title": "Response Read Keyword Weights Keyword-Weights  Get",
+                                    "title": "Response Read Keyword Weights Keyword Weights  Get",
                                     "type": "object",
                                     "additionalProperties": {"type": "number"},
                                 }
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     }
                 },
                 "summary": "Read Keyword Weights",
-                "operationId": "read_keyword_weights_keyword-weights__get",
+                "operationId": "read_keyword_weights_keyword_weights__get",
             }
         }
     },

tests/test_tutorial/test_handling_errors/test_tutorial002.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     },
                 },
                 "summary": "Read Item Header",
-                "operationId": "read_item_header_items-header__item_id__get",
+                "operationId": "read_item_header_items_header__item_id__get",
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,

tests/test_tutorial/test_openapi_callbacks/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from openapi_callbacks.tutorial001 import app, invoice_notification
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/invoices/": {
+            "post": {
+                "summary": "Create Invoice",
+                "description": 'Create an invoice.\n\nThis will (let\'s imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an\ninvoice.\n\nAnd this path operation will:\n\n* Send the invoice to the client.\n* Collect the money from the client.\n* Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer), as a callback.\n    * At this point is that the API will somehow send a POST request to the\n        external API with the notification of the invoice event\n        (e.g. "payment successful").',
+                "operationId": "create_invoice_invoices__post",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {
+                            "title": "Callback Url",
+                            "maxLength": 2083,
+                            "minLength": 1,
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "format": "uri",
+                        },
+                        "name": "callback_url",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Invoice"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "callbacks": {
+                    "invoice_notification": {
+                        "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}": {
+                            "post": {
+                                "summary": "Invoice Notification",
+                                "operationId": "invoice_notification__callback_url__invoices___request_body_id__post",
+                                "requestBody": {
+                                    "required": True,
+                                    "content": {
+                                        "application/json": {
+                                            "schema": {
+                                                "$ref": "#/components/schemas/InvoiceEvent"
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    },
+                                },
+                                "responses": {
+                                    "200": {
+                                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                                        "content": {
+                                            "application/json": {
+                                                "schema": {
+                                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/InvoiceEventReceived"
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    "422": {
+                                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                                        "content": {
+                                            "application/json": {
+                                                "schema": {
+                                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "Invoice": {
+                "title": "Invoice",
+                "required": ["id", "customer", "total"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "id": {"title": "Id", "type": "string"},
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                    "customer": {"title": "Customer", "type": "string"},
+                    "total": {"title": "Total", "type": "number"},
+                },
+            },
+            "InvoiceEvent": {
+                "title": "InvoiceEvent",
+                "required": ["description", "paid"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "paid": {"title": "Paid", "type": "boolean"},
+                },
+            },
+            "InvoiceEventReceived": {
+                "title": "InvoiceEventReceived",
+                "required": ["ok"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"ok": {"title": "Ok", "type": "boolean"}},
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+
+        assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/invoices/", json={"id": "fooinvoice", "customer": "John", "total": 5.3}
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Invoice received"}
+
+
+def test_dummy_callback():
+    # Just for coverage
+    invoice_notification({})