🔖 Release version 0.46.0

The links to post @tiangolo were not working

.travis.yml

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ after_script:
     - bash <(curl -s https://codecov.io/bash)
 
 deploy:
-  provider: script
-  script: bash scripts/deploy.sh
-  on:
-    tags: true
-    python: "3.6"
+    provider: script
+    script: bash scripts/deploy.sh
+    on:
+        tags: true
+        python: "3.6"

README.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
     <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
-    <img src="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
+<a href="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
 </a>
 <a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
     <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage">
@@ -206,8 +206,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
-
-```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 24"
+```Python hl_lines="2  7 8 9 10  23 24 25"
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
 
 * <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.
 
-You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[all]`.
+You can install all of these with `pip install fastapi[all]`.
 
 ## License
 

docs/external-links.md

@@ -51,10 +51,20 @@ Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 
 * <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
 
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-environment" target="_blank">【第1回】FastAPIチュートリアル: ToDoアプリを作ってみよう【環境構築編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-model-building" target="_blank">【第2回】FastAPIチュートリアル: ToDoアプリを作ってみよう【モデル構築編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-authentication-user-registration" target="_blank">【第3回】FastAPIチュートリアル: toDoアプリを作ってみよう【認証・ユーザ登録編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
+* <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-admin-page-improvement" target="_blank">【第4回】FastAPIチュートリアル: toDoアプリを作ってみよう【管理者ページ改良編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
+
 ### Chinese
 
 * <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
 
+* <a href="https://wxq0309.github.io/" target="_blank">FastAPI框架中文文档</a> by <a href="https://wxq0309.github.io/" target="_blank">何大仙</a>.
+
 ### Vietnamese
 
 * <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.

docs/help-fastapi.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ You can:
 
 ## Tweet about **FastAPI**
 
-<a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=I'm loving FastAPI because... https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi cc @tiangolo" target="_blank">Tweet about **FastAPI**</a> and let me and others why you like it.
+<a href="https://twitter.com/compose/tweet?text=I'm loving FastAPI because... https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi cc @tiangolo" target="_blank">Tweet about **FastAPI**</a> and let me and others know why you like it.
 
 ## Let me know how are you using **FastAPI**
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ I love to hear about how **FastAPI** is being used, what have you liked in it, i
 
 You can let me know:
 
-* <a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=Hey @tiangolo, I'm using FastAPI at..." target="_blank">On **Twitter**</a>.
+* <a href="https://twitter.com/compose/tweet?text=Hey @tiangolo, I'm using FastAPI at..." target="_blank">On **Twitter**</a>.
 * <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" target="_blank">On **Linkedin**</a>.
 * <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" target="_blank">On **Medium**</a>.
 

docs/index.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
     <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
 </p>
 <p align="center">
-<a href="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
-    <img src="https://travis-ci.org/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
+<a href="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://travis-ci.com/tiangolo/fastapi.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status">
 </a>
 <a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
     <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" alt="Coverage">
@@ -206,8 +206,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
-
-```Python hl_lines="2 7 8 9 10 24"
+```Python hl_lines="2  7 8 9 10  23 24 25"
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
 
 * <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.
 
-You can install all of these with `pip3 install fastapi[all]`.
+You can install all of these with `pip install fastapi[all]`.
 
 ## License
 

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.46.0
+
+* Fix typos and tweak configs. PR [#837](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/837).
+* Add link to Chinese article in [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [810](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/810) by [@wxq0309](https://github.com/wxq0309).
+* Implement `OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer` class. PR [#797](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/797) by [@kuwv](https://github.com/kuwv).
+* Update example upgrade in docs main page. PR [#795](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/795) by [@cdeil](https://github.com/cdeil).
+* Fix callback handling for sub-routers. PR [#792](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/792) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+* Fix typos. PR [#784](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/784) by [@kkinder](https://github.com/kkinder).
+* Add 4 Japanese articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [#783](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/783) by [@HymanZHAN](https://github.com/HymanZHAN).
+* Add support for subtypes of main types in `jsonable_encoder`, e.g. asyncpg's UUIDs. PR [#756](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/756) by [@RmStorm](https://github.com/RmStorm).
+* Fix usage of Pydantic's `HttpUrl` in docs. PR [#832](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/832) by [@Dustyposa](https://github.com/Dustyposa).
+* Fix Twitter links in docs. PR [#813](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/813) by [@justindujardin](https://github.com/justindujardin).
+* Add docs for correctly [using FastAPI with Peewee ORM](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases-peewee/). Including how to overwrite parts of Peewee to correctly handle async threads. PR [#789](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/789).
+
 ## 0.45.0
 
 * Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks:

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial005.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import Set
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial006.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import List, Set
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial007.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import List, Set
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/body_nested_models/tutorial008.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, UrlStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Image(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: HttpUrl
     name: str
 
 

docs/src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py

@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ invoices_callback_router = APIRouter(default_response_class=JSONResponse)
 
 
 @invoices_callback_router.post(
-    "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}",
-    response_model=InvoiceEventReceived,
+    "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}", response_model=InvoiceEventReceived,
 )
 def invoice_notification(body: InvoiceEvent):
     pass

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from . import models, schemas
+
+
+def get_user(user_id: int):
+    return models.User.filter(models.User.id == user_id).first()
+
+
+def get_user_by_email(email: str):
+    return models.User.filter(models.User.email == email).first()
+
+
+def get_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return list(models.User.select().offset(skip).limit(limit))
+
+
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate):
+    fake_hashed_password = user.password + "notreallyhashed"
+    db_user = models.User(email=user.email, hashed_password=fake_hashed_password)
+    db_user.save()
+    return db_user
+
+
+def get_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    return list(models.Item.select().offset(skip).limit(limit))
+
+
+def create_user_item(item: schemas.ItemCreate, user_id: int):
+    db_item = models.Item(**item.dict(), owner_id=user_id)
+    db_item.save()
+    return db_item

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+
+import peewee
+
+DATABASE_NAME = "test.db"
+
+
+class PeeweeConnectionState(peewee._ConnectionState):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__setattr__("_state", {})
+        self._state["closed"] = ContextVar("closed", default=True)
+        self._state["conn"] = ContextVar("conn", default=None)
+        self._state["ctx"] = ContextVar("ctx", default=[])
+        self._state["transactions"] = ContextVar("transactions", default=[])
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        self._state[name].set(value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return self._state[name].get()
+
+
+db = peewee.SqliteDatabase(DATABASE_NAME, check_same_thread=False)
+
+db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import time
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+
+from . import crud, database, models, schemas
+
+database.db.connect()
+database.db.create_tables([models.User, models.Item])
+database.db.close()
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db():
+    try:
+        database.db.connect()
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if not database.db.is_closed():
+            database.db.close()
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User, dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User], dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    users = crud.get_users(skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User, dependencies=[Depends(get_db)]
+)
+def read_user(user_id: int):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post(
+    "/users/{user_id}/items/",
+    response_model=schemas.Item,
+    dependencies=[Depends(get_db)],
+)
+def create_item_for_user(user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate):
+    return crud.create_user_item(item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item], dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    items = crud.get_items(skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/slowusers/", response_model=List[schemas.User], dependencies=[Depends(get_db)]
+)
+def read_slow_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    time.sleep(15)  # Fake long processing request
+    users = crud.get_users(skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import peewee
+
+from .database import db
+
+
+class User(peewee.Model):
+    email = peewee.CharField(unique=True, index=True)
+    hashed_password = peewee.CharField()
+    is_active = peewee.BooleanField(default=True)
+
+    class Meta:
+        database = db
+
+
+class Item(peewee.Model):
+    title = peewee.CharField(index=True)
+    description = peewee.CharField(index=True)
+    owner = peewee.ForeignKeyField(User, backref="items")
+
+    class Meta:
+        database = db

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from typing import Any, List
+
+import peewee
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic.utils import GetterDict
+
+
+class PeeweeGetterDict(GetterDict):
+    def get(self, key: Any, default: Any = None):
+        res = getattr(self._obj, key, default)
+        if isinstance(res, peewee.ModelSelect):
+            return list(res)
+        return res
+
+
+class ItemBase(BaseModel):
+    title: str
+    description: str = None
+
+
+class ItemCreate(ItemBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class Item(ItemBase):
+    id: int
+    owner_id: int
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
+        getter_dict = PeeweeGetterDict
+
+
+class UserBase(BaseModel):
+    email: str
+
+
+class UserCreate(UserBase):
+    password: str
+
+
+class User(UserBase):
+    id: int
+    is_active: bool
+    items: List[Item] = []
+
+    class Config:
+        orm_mode = True
+        getter_dict = PeeweeGetterDict

docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Apart from normal singular types like `str`, `int`, `float`, etc. You can use mo
 
 To see all the options you have, checkout the docs for <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#exotic-types" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a>. You will see some examples in the next chapter.
 
-For example, as in the `Image` model we have a `url` field, we can declare it to be instead of a `str`, a Pydantic's `UrlStr`:
+For example, as in the `Image` model we have a `url` field, we can declare it to be instead of a `str`, a Pydantic's `HttpUrl`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="4 10"
 {!./src/body_nested_models/tutorial005.py!}

docs/tutorial/openapi-callbacks.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ It will have a *path operation* that will receive an `Invoice` body, and a query
 
 This part is pretty normal, most of the code is probably already familiar to you:
 
-```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12  35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54"
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12  34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53"
 {!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ It should look just like a normal FastAPI *path operation*:
 * It should probably have a declaration of the body it should receive, e.g. `body: InvoiceEvent`.
 * And it could also have a declaration of the response it should return, e.g. `response_model=InvoiceEventReceived`.
 
-```Python hl_lines="15 16 17  20 21  27 28 29 30 31 32"
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17  20 21  27 28 29 30 31"
 {!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ At this point you have the *callback path operation(s)* needed (the one(s) that
 
 Now use the parameter `callbacks` in *your API's path operation decorator* to pass the attribute `.routes` (that's actually just a `list` of routes/*path operations*) from that callback router:
 
-```Python hl_lines="35"
+```Python hl_lines="34"
 {!./src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 

docs/tutorial/sql-databases-peewee.md

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+!!! warning
+    If you are just starting, the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy tutorial</a> should be enough.
+
+    Feel free to skip this.
+
+If you are starting a project from scratch, you are probably better off with <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy ORM</a>, or any other async ORM.
+
+If you already have a code base that uses <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/" target="_blank">Peewee ORM</a>, you can check here how to use it with **FastAPI**.
+
+!!! warning "Python 3.7+ required"
+    You will need Python 3.7 or above to safely use Peewee with FastAPI.
+
+## Peewee for async
+
+Peewee was not designed for async frameworks, or with them in mind.
+
+Peewee has some heavy assumptions about its defaults and about how it should be used.
+
+If you are developing an application with an older non-async framework, and can work with all its defaults, **it can be a great tool**.
+
+But if you need to change some of the defaults, support more than one predefined database, work with an async framework (like FastAPI), etc, you will need to add quite some complex extra code to override those defaults.
+
+Nevertheless, it's possible to do it, and here you'll see exactly what code you have to add to be able to use Peewee with FastAPI.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    You can read more about Peewee's stand about async in Python <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/peewee/database.html#async-with-gevent" target="_blank">in the docs</a>, <a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee/issues/263#issuecomment-517347032" target="_blank">an issue</a>, <a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee/pull/2072#issuecomment-563215132" target="_blank">a PR</a>.
+
+## The same app
+
+We are going to create the same application as in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy tutorial</a>.
+
+Most of the code is actually the same.
+
+So, we are going to focus only on the differences.
+
+## File structure
+
+Let's say you have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app` with a structure like this:
+
+```
+.
+└── sql_app
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── crud.py
+    ├── database.py
+    ├── main.py
+    └── schemas.py
+```
+
+This is almost the same structure as we had for the SQLAlchemy tutorial.
+
+Now let's see what each file/module does.
+
+## Create the Peewee parts
+
+Let's refer to the file `sql_app/database.py`.
+
+### The standard Peewee code
+
+Let's first check all the normal Peewee code, create a Peewee database:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3  5  24"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Have in mind that if you wanted to use a different database, like PostgreSQL, you couldn't just change the string. You would need to use a different Peewee database class.
+
+#### Note
+
+The argument:
+
+```Python
+check_same_thread=False
+```
+
+is equivalent to the one in the SQLAlchemy tutorial:
+
+```Python
+connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+```
+
+...it is needed only for `SQLite`.
+
+!!! info "Technical Details"
+
+    Exactly the same technical details as in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#note" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy tutorial</a> apply.
+
+### Make Peewee async-compatible `PeeweeConnectionState`
+
+The main issue with Peewee and FastAPI is that Peewee relies heavily on <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/threading.html#thread-local-data" target="_blank">Python's `threading.local`</a>, and it doesn't have a direct way to override it or let you handle connections/sessions directly (as is done in the SQLAlchemy tutorial).
+
+And `threading.local` is not compatible with the new async features of modern Python.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    `threading.local` is used to have a "magic" variable that has a different value for each thread.
+
+    This was useful in older frameworks designed to have one single thread per request, no more, no less.
+
+    Using this, each request would have its own database connection/session, which is the actual final goal.
+
+    But FastAPI, using the new async features, could handle more than one request on the same thread. And at the same time, for a single request, it could run multiple things in different threads (in a threadpool), depending on if you use `async def` or normal `def`. This is what gives all the performance improvements to FastAPI.
+
+But Python 3.7 and above provide a more advanced alternative to `threading.local`, that can also be used in the places where `threading.local` would be used, but is compatible with the new async features.
+
+We are going to use that. It's called <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextvars.html" target="_blank">`contextvars`</a>.
+
+We are going to override the internal parts of Peewee that use `threading.local` and replace them with `contextvars`, with the corresponding updates.
+
+This might seem a bit complex (and it actually is), you don't really need to completely understand how it works to use it.
+
+We will create a `PeeweeConnectionState`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+This class inherits from a special internal class used by Peewee.
+
+It has all the logic to make Peewee use `contextvars` instead of `threading.local`.
+
+`contextvars` works a bit differently than `threading.local`. But the rest of Peewee's internal code assumes that this class works with `threading.local`.
+
+So, we need to do some extra tricks to make it work as if it was just using `threading.local`. The `__init__`, `__setattr__`, and `__getattr__` implement all the required tricks for this to be used by Peewee without knowing that it is now compatible with FastAPI.
+
+!!! tip
+    This will just make Peewee behave correctly when used with FastAPI. Not randomly opening or closing connections that are being used, creating errors, etc.
+
+    But it doesn't give Peewee async super-powers. You should still use normal `def` functions and not `async def`.
+
+### Use the custom `PeeweeConnectionState` class
+
+Now, overwrite the `._state` internal attribute in the Peewee database `db` object using the new `PeeweeConnectionState`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="26"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Make sure you overwrite `db._state` *after* creating `db`.
+
+!!! tip
+    You would do the same for any other Peewee database, including `PostgresqlDatabase`, `MySQLDatabase`, etc.
+
+## Create the database models
+
+Let's now see the file `sql_app/models.py`.
+
+### Create Peewee models for our data
+
+Now create the Peewee models (classes) for `User` and `Item`.
+
+This is the same you would do if you followed the Peewee tutorial and updated the models to have the same data as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial.
+
+!!! tip
+    Peewee also uses the term "**model**" to refer to these classes and instances that interact with the database.
+
+    But Pydantic also uses the term "**model**" to refer to something different, the data validation, conversion, and documentation classes and instances.
+
+Import `db` from `database` (the file `database.py` from above) and use it here.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3  6 7 8 9 10 11 12  15 16 17 18 19 20 21"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Peewee creates several magic attributes.
+
+    It will automatically add an `id` attribute as an integer to be the primary key.
+
+    It will chose the name of the tables based on the class names.
+
+    For the `Item`, it will create an attribute `owner_id` with the integer ID of the `User`. But we don't declare it anywhere.
+
+## Create the Pydantic models
+
+Now let's check the file `sql_app/schemas.py`.
+
+!!! tip
+    To avoid confusion between the Peewee *models* and the Pydantic *models*, we will have the file `models.py` with the Peewee models, and the file `schemas.py` with the Pydantic models.
+
+    These Pydantic models define more or less a "schema" (a valid data shape).
+    
+    So this will help us avoiding confusion while using both.
+
+### Create the Pydantic *models* / schemas
+
+Create all the same Pydantic models as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial:
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 18  21 22  25 26 27 28 29 30  34 35  38 39  42 43 44 45 46 47 48"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Here we are creating the models with an `id`.
+
+    We didn't explicitly specify an `id` attribute in the Peewee models, but Peewee adds one automatically.
+
+    We are also adding the magic `owner_id` attribute to `Item`.
+
+### Create a `PeeweeGetterDict` for the Pydantic *models* / schemas
+
+When you access a relationship in a Peewee object, like in `some_user.items`, Peewee doesn't provide a `list` of `Item`.
+
+It provides a special custom object of class `ModelSelect`.
+
+It's possible to create a `list` of its items with `list(some_user.items)`.
+
+But the object itself is not a `list`. And it's also not an actual Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-generator" target="_blank">generator</a>. Because of this, Pydantic doesn't know by default how to convert it to a `list` of Pydantic *models* / schemas.
+
+But recent versions of Pydantic allow providing a custom class that inherits from `pydantic.utils.GetterDict`, to provide the functionality used when using the `orm_mode = True` to retrieve the values for ORM model attributes.
+
+We are going to create a custom `PeeweeGetterDict` class and use it in all the same Pydantic *models* / schemas that use `orm_mode`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 8 9 10 11 12 13  31  49"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+Here we are checking if the attribute that is being accessed (e.g. `.items` in `some_user.items`) is an instance of `peewee.ModelSelect`.
+
+And if that's the case, just return a `list` with it.
+
+And then we use it in the Pydantic *models* / schemas that use `orm_mode = True`, with the configuration variable `getter_dict = PeeweeGetterDict`.
+
+!!! tip
+    We only need to create one `PeeweeGetterDict` class, and we can use it in all the Pydantic *models* / schemas.
+
+## CRUD utils
+
+Now let's see the file `sql_app/crud.py`.
+
+### Create all the CRUD utils
+
+Create all the same CRUD utils as in the SQLAlchemy tutorial, all the code is very similar:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4 5  8 9  12 13  16 17 18 19 20  23 24  27 28 29 30"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+There are some differences with the code for the SQLAlchemy tutorial.
+
+We don't pass a `db` attribute around. Instead we use the models directly. This is because the `db` object is a global object, that includes all the connection logic. That's why we had to do all the `contextvars` updates above.
+
+Aso, when returning several objects, like in `get_users`, we directly call `list`, like in:
+
+```Python
+list(models.User.select())
+```
+
+This is for the same reason that we had to create a custom `PeeweeGetterDict`. But by returning something that is already a `list` instead of the `peewee.ModelSelect` the `response_model` in the path operation with `List[models.User]` (that we'll see later) will work correctly.
+
+## Main **FastAPI** app
+
+And now in the file `sql_app/main.py` let's integrate and use all the other parts we created before.
+
+### Create the database tables
+
+In a very simplistic way create the database tables:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8 9 10"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a dependency
+
+Create a dependency that will connect the database right at the beginning of a request and disconnect it at the end:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+Here we have an empty `yield` because we are actually not using the database object directly.
+
+It is connecting to the database and storing the connection data in an internal variable that is independent for each request (using the `contextvars` tricks from above).
+
+And then, in each *path operation function* that needs to access the database we add it as a dependency.
+
+But we are not using the value given by this dependency (it actually doesn't give any value, as it has an empty `yield`). So, we don't add it to the *path operation function* but to the *path operation decorator* in the `dependencies` parameter:
+
+```Python hl_lines="25  33  40  52  58  65"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+### Create your **FastAPI** *path operations*
+
+Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** *path operations* code.
+
+```Python hl_lines="25 26 27 28 29 30  33 34 35 36  39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46  49 50 51 52 53 54 55  58 59 60 61  64 65 66 67 68 69 70"
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+### About `def` vs `async def`
+
+The same as with SQLAlchemy, we are not doing something like:
+
+```Python
+user = await models.User.select().first()
+```
+
+...but instead we are using:
+
+```Python
+user = models.User.select().first()
+```
+
+So, again, we should declare the *path operation functions* and the dependency without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2"
+# Something goes here
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+    # Something goes here
+```
+
+## Testing Peewee with async
+
+This example includes an extra *path operation* that simulates a long processing request with `time.sleep(15)`.
+
+It will have the database connection open at the beginning and will just wait 15 seconds before replying back.
+
+This will easily let you test that your app with Peewee and FastAPI is behaving correctly with all the stuff about threads.
+
+If you want to check how Peewee would break your app if used without modification, go the the `sql_app/database.py` file and comment the line:
+
+```Python
+# db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()
+```
+
+Then run your app with Uvicorn:
+
+```bash
+uvicorn sql_app.main:app --reload
+```
+
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>  and create a couple of users.
+
+Then open 10 tabs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs#/default/read_slow_users_slowusers__get" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs#/default/read_slow_users_slowusers__get</a> at the same time.
+
+Go to the *path operation* "Get `/slowusers/`" in all of the tabs. Use the "Try it out" button and execute the request in each tab, one right after the other.
+
+The tabs will wait for a bit and then some of them will show `Internal Server Error`.
+
+### What happens
+
+The first tab will make your app create a connection to the database and wait for 15 seconds before replying back and closing the connection.
+
+Then one of the other tabs will try to open a database connection, but as one of those requests for the other tabs will probably be handled in the same thread as the first one, it will have the same database connection that is already open, and Peewee will throw an error and you will see it in the terminal, and the response will have an `Internal Server Error`.
+
+This will probably happen for more than one of those tabs.
+
+If you had multiple clients talking to your app exactly at the same time, this is what could happen.
+
+And as your app starts to handle more and more clients at the same time, the waiting time in a single requests needs to be shorter and shorter to trigger the error.
+
+### Fix Peewee with FastAPI
+
+Now go back to the file `sql_app/database.py`, and uncomment the line:
+
+```Python
+db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()
+```
+
+Terminate your running app and start it again.
+
+Repeat the same process with the 10 tabs. This time all of them will wait and you will get all the results without errors.
+
+...You fixed it!
+
+## Review all the files
+
+ Remember you should have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app`.
+
+`sql_app` should have the following files:
+
+* `sql_app/__init__.py`: is an empty file.
+
+* `sql_app/database.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/models.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/schemas.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/crud.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py!}
+```
+
+* `sql_app/main.py`:
+
+```Python hl_lines=""
+{!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
+```
+
+## Technical Details
+
+If you want to go deeper into the technical details related to Peewee with FastAPI, you can <a href="https://github.com/coleifer/peewee/pull/2072" target="_blank">read more about it here</a>.

docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md

@@ -55,20 +55,24 @@ Common ORMs are for example: Django-ORM (part of the Django framework), SQLAlche
 
 Here we will see how to work with **SQLAlchemy ORM**.
 
-The same way, you could use Peewee or any other.
+In a similar way you could use any other ORM.
+
+!!! tip
+    There's an equivalent article using Peewee here in the docs.
 
 ## File structure
 
 For these examples, let's say you have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app` with a structure like this:
 
 ```
-├── sql_app
-│   ├── __init__.py
-│   ├── crud.py
-│   ├── database.py
-│   ├── main.py
-│   ├── models.py
-│   ├── schemas.py
+.
+└── sql_app
+    ├── __init__.py
+    ├── crud.py
+    ├── database.py
+    ├── main.py
+    ├── models.py
+    └── schemas.py
 ```
 
 The file `__init__.py` is just an empty file, but it tells Python that `sql_app` with all its modules (Python files) is a package.
@@ -131,12 +135,17 @@ connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
 
 !!! info "Technical Details"
 
-    That argument `check_same_thread` is there mainly to be able to run the tests that cover this example.
-    
+    By default SQLite will only allow one thread to communicate with it, assuming that each thread would handle an independent request.
+
+    This is to prevent accidentally sharing the same connection for different things (for different requests).
+
+    But in FastAPI, using normal functions (`def`) more than one thread could interact with the database for the same request, so we need to make SQLite know that it should allow that with `connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}`.
+
+    Also, we will make sure each request gets its own database connection session in a dependency, so there's no need for that default mechanism.
 
 ### Create a `SessionLocal` class
 
-Each instance of the `SessionLocal` class will be a database session. The class itself is not a database session yet. 
+Each instance of the `SessionLocal` class will be a database session. The class itself is not a database session yet.
 
 But once we create an instance of the `SessionLocal` class, this instance will be the actual database session.
 
@@ -413,9 +422,9 @@ And now in the file `sql_app/main.py` let's integrate and use all the other part
 
 ### Create the database tables
 
-In a very simplistic way, create the database tables:
+In a very simplistic way create the database tables:
 
-```Python hl_lines="11"
+```Python hl_lines="9"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.45.0"
+__version__ = "0.46.0"
 
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from types import GeneratorType
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 from fastapi.logger import logger
 from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
@@ -11,6 +11,21 @@ SetIntStr = Set[Union[int, str]]
 DictIntStrAny = Dict[Union[int, str], Any]
 
 
+def generate_encoders_by_class_tuples(
+    type_encoder_map: Dict[Any, Callable]
+) -> Dict[Callable, Tuple]:
+    encoders_by_classes: Dict[Callable, List] = {}
+    for type_, encoder in type_encoder_map.items():
+        encoders_by_classes.setdefault(encoder, []).append(type_)
+    encoders_by_class_tuples: Dict[Callable, Tuple] = {}
+    for encoder, classes in encoders_by_classes.items():
+        encoders_by_class_tuples[encoder] = tuple(classes)
+    return encoders_by_class_tuples
+
+
+encoders_by_class_tuples = generate_encoders_by_class_tuples(ENCODERS_BY_TYPE)
+
+
 def jsonable_encoder(
     obj: Any,
     include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
@@ -106,24 +121,31 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                 )
             )
         return encoded_list
+
+    if custom_encoder:
+        if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
+            return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
+        else:
+            for encoder_type, encoder in custom_encoder.items():
+                if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
+                    return encoder(obj)
+
+    if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
+        return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
+    for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
+        if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
+            return encoder(obj)
+
     errors: List[Exception] = []
     try:
-        if custom_encoder and type(obj) in custom_encoder:
-            encoder = custom_encoder[type(obj)]
-        else:
-            encoder = ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)]
-        return encoder(obj)
-    except KeyError as e:
+        data = dict(obj)
+    except Exception as e:
         errors.append(e)
         try:
-            data = dict(obj)
+            data = vars(obj)
         except Exception as e:
             errors.append(e)
-            try:
-                data = vars(obj)
-            except Exception as e:
-                errors.append(e)
-                raise ValueError(errors)
+            raise ValueError(errors)
     return jsonable_encoder(
         data,
         by_alias=by_alias,

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -554,6 +554,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                     response_class=route.response_class or default_response_class,
                     name=route.name,
                     route_class_override=type(route),
+                    callbacks=route.callbacks,
                 )
             elif isinstance(route, routing.Route):
                 self.add_route(

fastapi/security/__init__.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from .http import (
 )
 from .oauth2 import (
     OAuth2,
+    OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer,
     OAuth2PasswordBearer,
     OAuth2PasswordRequestForm,
     SecurityScopes,

fastapi/security/oauth2.py

@@ -163,6 +163,43 @@ class OAuth2PasswordBearer(OAuth2):
         return param
 
 
+class OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer(OAuth2):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        authorizationUrl: str,
+        tokenUrl: str,
+        refreshUrl: str = None,
+        scheme_name: str = None,
+        scopes: dict = None,
+        auto_error: bool = True,
+    ):
+        if not scopes:
+            scopes = {}
+        flows = OAuthFlowsModel(
+            authorizationCode={
+                "authorizationUrl": authorizationUrl,
+                "tokenUrl": tokenUrl,
+                "refreshUrl": refreshUrl,
+                "scopes": scopes,
+            }
+        )
+        super().__init__(flows=flows, scheme_name=scheme_name, auto_error=auto_error)
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        authorization: str = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, param = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if not authorization or scheme.lower() != "bearer":
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+                    detail="Not authenticated",
+                    headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
+                )
+            else:
+                return None  # pragma: nocover
+        return param
+
+
 class SecurityScopes:
     def __init__(self, scopes: List[str] = None):
         self.scopes = scopes or []

mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ site_url: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
 theme:
     name: 'material'
     palette:
-      primary: 'teal'
-      accent: 'amber'
+        primary: 'teal'
+        accent: 'amber'
     logo: 'img/icon-white.svg'
     favicon: 'img/favicon.png'
 
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ nav:
         - CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing): 'tutorial/cors.md'    
         - Using the Request Directly: 'tutorial/using-request-directly.md'    
         - SQL (Relational) Databases: 'tutorial/sql-databases.md'
+        - SQL (Relational) Databases with Peewee: 'tutorial/sql-databases-peewee.md'
         - Async SQL (Relational) Databases: 'tutorial/async-sql-databases.md'
         - NoSQL (Distributed / Big Data) Databases: 'tutorial/nosql-databases.md'
         - Bigger Applications - Multiple Files: 'tutorial/bigger-applications.md'
@@ -101,10 +102,27 @@ nav:
     - Release Notes: release-notes.md
 
 markdown_extensions:
-  - markdown.extensions.codehilite:
-      guess_lang: false
-  - markdown_include.include:
-      base_path: docs
-  - admonition
-  - codehilite
-  - extra
+    - toc:
+        permalink: true
+    - markdown.extensions.codehilite:
+        guess_lang: false
+    - markdown_include.include:
+        base_path: docs
+    - admonition
+    - codehilite
+    - extra
+
+extra:
+    social:
+        - type: 'github'
+          link: 'https://github.com/tiangolo/typer'
+        - type: 'twitter'
+          link: 'https://twitter.com/tiangolo'
+        - type: 'linkedin'
+          link: 'https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo'
+        - type: 'rss'
+          link: 'https://dev.to/tiangolo'
+        - type: 'medium'
+          link: 'https://medium.com/@tiangolo'
+        - type: 'globe'
+          link: 'https://tiangolo.com'

pyproject.toml

@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ author = "Sebastián Ramírez"
 author-email = "tiangolo@gmail.com"
 home-page = "https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi"
 classifiers = [
-    'Intended Audience :: Information Technology',
-    'Intended Audience :: System Administrators',
-    'Operating System :: OS Independent',
-    'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-    'Programming Language :: Python',
-    'Topic :: Internet',
-    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks',
-    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules',
-    'Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries',
-    'Topic :: Software Development',
-    'Typing :: Typed',
+    "Intended Audience :: Information Technology",
+    "Intended Audience :: System Administrators",
+    "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+    "Programming Language :: Python",
+    "Topic :: Internet",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules",
+    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
+    "Topic :: Software Development",
+    "Typing :: Typed",
     "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
     "Environment :: Web Environment",
     "Framework :: AsyncIO",
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ test = [
     "requests",
     "email_validator",
     "sqlalchemy",
+    "peewee",
     "databases[sqlite]",
     "orjson",
     "async_exit_stack",

scripts/test.sh

@@ -11,3 +11,5 @@ fi
 export PYTHONPATH=./docs/src
 pytest --cov=fastapi --cov=tests --cov=docs/src --cov-report=term-missing ${@}
 bash ./scripts/lint.sh
+# Check README.md is up to date
+diff --brief docs/index.md README.md

tests/test_inherited_custom_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import uuid
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class MyUuid:
+    def __init__(self, uuid_string: str):
+        self.uuid = uuid_string
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.uuid
+
+    @property
+    def __class__(self):
+        return uuid.UUID
+
+    @property
+    def __dict__(self):
+        """Spoof a missing __dict__ by raising TypeError, this is how
+        asyncpg.pgroto.pgproto.UUID behaves"""
+        raise TypeError("vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute")
+
+
+@app.get("/fast_uuid")
+def return_fast_uuid():
+    # I don't want to import asyncpg for this test so I made my own UUID
+    # Import asyncpg and uncomment the two lines below for the actual bug
+
+    # from asyncpg.pgproto import pgproto
+    # asyncpg_uuid = pgproto.UUID("a10ff360-3b1e-4984-a26f-d3ab460bdb51")
+
+    asyncpg_uuid = MyUuid("a10ff360-3b1e-4984-a26f-d3ab460bdb51")
+    assert isinstance(asyncpg_uuid, uuid.UUID)
+    assert type(asyncpg_uuid) != uuid.UUID
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        vars(asyncpg_uuid)
+    return {"fast_uuid": asyncpg_uuid}
+
+
+class SomeCustomClass(BaseModel):
+    class Config:
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+        json_encoders = {uuid.UUID: str}
+
+    a_uuid: MyUuid
+
+
+@app.get("/get_custom_class")
+def return_some_user():
+    # Test that the fix also works for custom pydantic classes
+    return SomeCustomClass(a_uuid=MyUuid("b8799909-f914-42de-91bc-95c819218d01"))
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_dt():
+    with client:
+        response_simple = client.get("/fast_uuid")
+        response_pydantic = client.get("/get_custom_class")
+
+    assert response_simple.json() == {
+        "fast_uuid": "a10ff360-3b1e-4984-a26f-d3ab460bdb51"
+    }
+
+    assert response_pydantic.json() == {
+        "a_uuid": "b8799909-f914-42de-91bc-95c819218d01"
+    }

tests/test_security_oauth2_authorization_code_bearer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Security
+from fastapi.security import OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+oauth2_scheme = OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer(
+    authorizationUrl="/authorize", tokenUrl="/token", auto_error=True
+)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items(token: Optional[str] = Security(oauth2_scheme)):
+    return {"token": token}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Read Items",
+                "operationId": "read_items_items__get",
+                "security": [{"OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer": []}],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "securitySchemes": {
+            "OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer": {
+                "type": "oauth2",
+                "flows": {
+                    "authorizationCode": {
+                        "authorizationUrl": "/authorize",
+                        "tokenUrl": "/token",
+                        "scopes": {},
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_no_token():
+    response = client.get("/items")
+    assert response.status_code == 401
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Not authenticated"}
+
+
+def test_incorrect_token():
+    response = client.get("/items", headers={"Authorization": "Non-existent testtoken"})
+    assert response.status_code == 401
+    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Not authenticated"}
+
+
+def test_token():
+    response = client.get("/items", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer testtoken"})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"token": "testtoken"}

tests/test_sub_callbacks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Invoice(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    title: str = None
+    customer: str
+    total: float
+
+
+class InvoiceEvent(BaseModel):
+    description: str
+    paid: bool
+
+
+class InvoiceEventReceived(BaseModel):
+    ok: bool
+
+
+invoices_callback_router = APIRouter(default_response_class=JSONResponse)
+
+
+@invoices_callback_router.post(
+    "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}", response_model=InvoiceEventReceived,
+)
+def invoice_notification(body: InvoiceEvent):
+    pass
+
+
+subrouter = APIRouter()
+
+
+@subrouter.post("/invoices/", callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes)
+def create_invoice(invoice: Invoice, callback_url: HttpUrl = None):
+    """
+    Create an invoice.
+
+    This will (let's imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an
+    invoice.
+
+    And this path operation will:
+
+    * Send the invoice to the client.
+    * Collect the money from the client.
+    * Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer), as a callback.
+        * At this point is that the API will somehow send a POST request to the
+            external API with the notification of the invoice event
+            (e.g. "payment successful").
+    """
+    # Send the invoice, collect the money, send the notification (the callback)
+    return {"msg": "Invoice received"}
+
+
+app.include_router(subrouter)
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/invoices/": {
+            "post": {
+                "summary": "Create Invoice",
+                "description": 'Create an invoice.\n\nThis will (let\'s imagine) let the API user (some external developer) create an\ninvoice.\n\nAnd this path operation will:\n\n* Send the invoice to the client.\n* Collect the money from the client.\n* Send a notification back to the API user (the external developer), as a callback.\n    * At this point is that the API will somehow send a POST request to the\n        external API with the notification of the invoice event\n        (e.g. "payment successful").',
+                "operationId": "create_invoice_invoices__post",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {
+                            "title": "Callback Url",
+                            "maxLength": 2083,
+                            "minLength": 1,
+                            "type": "string",
+                            "format": "uri",
+                        },
+                        "name": "callback_url",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Invoice"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+                "callbacks": {
+                    "invoice_notification": {
+                        "{$callback_url}/invoices/{$request.body.id}": {
+                            "post": {
+                                "summary": "Invoice Notification",
+                                "operationId": "invoice_notification__callback_url__invoices___request_body_id__post",
+                                "requestBody": {
+                                    "required": True,
+                                    "content": {
+                                        "application/json": {
+                                            "schema": {
+                                                "$ref": "#/components/schemas/InvoiceEvent"
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    },
+                                },
+                                "responses": {
+                                    "200": {
+                                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                                        "content": {
+                                            "application/json": {
+                                                "schema": {
+                                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/InvoiceEventReceived"
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                    "422": {
+                                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                                        "content": {
+                                            "application/json": {
+                                                "schema": {
+                                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        },
+                                    },
+                                },
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "Invoice": {
+                "title": "Invoice",
+                "required": ["id", "customer", "total"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "id": {"title": "Id", "type": "string"},
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                    "customer": {"title": "Customer", "type": "string"},
+                    "total": {"title": "Total", "type": "number"},
+                },
+            },
+            "InvoiceEvent": {
+                "title": "InvoiceEvent",
+                "required": ["description", "paid"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "paid": {"title": "Paid", "type": "boolean"},
+                },
+            },
+            "InvoiceEventReceived": {
+                "title": "InvoiceEventReceived",
+                "required": ["ok"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"ok": {"title": "Ok", "type": "boolean"}},
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+
+        assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/invoices/", json={"id": "fooinvoice", "customer": "John", "total": 5.3}
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Invoice received"}
+
+
+def test_dummy_callback():
+    # Just for coverage
+    invoice_notification({})

tests/test_tutorial/test_sql_databases_peewee/test_sql_databases_peewee.py

@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+from ...utils import skip_py36
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/users/": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Read Users",
+                "operationId": "read_users_users__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Skip", "type": "integer", "default": 0},
+                        "name": "skip",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Limit", "type": "integer", "default": 100},
+                        "name": "limit",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response Read Users Users  Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            "post": {
+                "summary": "Create User",
+                "operationId": "create_user_users__post",
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserCreate"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        },
+        "/users/{user_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Read User",
+                "operationId": "read_user_users__user_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "User Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "user_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/users/{user_id}/items/": {
+            "post": {
+                "summary": "Create Item For User",
+                "operationId": "create_item_for_user_users__user_id__items__post",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "User Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "user_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ItemCreate"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/items/": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Read Items",
+                "operationId": "read_items_items__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Skip", "type": "integer", "default": 0},
+                        "name": "skip",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Limit", "type": "integer", "default": 100},
+                        "name": "limit",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response Read Items Items  Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/slowusers/": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Read Slow Users",
+                "operationId": "read_slow_users_slowusers__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Skip", "type": "integer", "default": 0},
+                        "name": "skip",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Limit", "type": "integer", "default": 100},
+                        "name": "limit",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    },
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response Read Slow Users Slowusers  Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/User"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "Item": {
+                "title": "Item",
+                "required": ["title", "id", "owner_id"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                    "id": {"title": "Id", "type": "integer"},
+                    "owner_id": {"title": "Owner Id", "type": "integer"},
+                },
+            },
+            "ItemCreate": {
+                "title": "ItemCreate",
+                "required": ["title"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                    "description": {"title": "Description", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "User": {
+                "title": "User",
+                "required": ["email", "id", "is_active"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string"},
+                    "id": {"title": "Id", "type": "integer"},
+                    "is_active": {"title": "Is Active", "type": "boolean"},
+                    "items": {
+                        "title": "Items",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Item"},
+                        "default": [],
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            "UserCreate": {
+                "title": "UserCreate",
+                "required": ["email", "password"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string"},
+                    "password": {"title": "Password", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def client():
+    # Import while creating the client to create the DB after starting the test session
+    from sql_databases_peewee.sql_app.main import app
+
+    test_db = Path("./test.db")
+    with TestClient(app) as c:
+        yield c
+    test_db.unlink()
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_openapi_schema(client):
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_create_user(client):
+    test_user = {"email": "johndoe@example.com", "password": "secret"}
+    response = client.post("/users/", json=test_user)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert test_user["email"] == data["email"]
+    assert "id" in data
+    response = client.post("/users/", json=test_user)
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_get_user(client):
+    response = client.get("/users/1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert "email" in data
+    assert "id" in data
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_inexistent_user(client):
+    response = client.get("/users/999")
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_get_users(client):
+    response = client.get("/users/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert "email" in data[0]
+    assert "id" in data[0]
+
+
+time.sleep = MagicMock()
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_get_slowusers(client):
+    response = client.get("/slowusers/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert "email" in data[0]
+    assert "id" in data[0]
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_create_item(client):
+    item = {"title": "Foo", "description": "Something that fights"}
+    response = client.post("/users/1/items/", json=item)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    item_data = response.json()
+    assert item["title"] == item_data["title"]
+    assert item["description"] == item_data["description"]
+    assert "id" in item_data
+    assert "owner_id" in item_data
+    response = client.get("/users/1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    user_data = response.json()
+    item_to_check = [it for it in user_data["items"] if it["id"] == item_data["id"]][0]
+    assert item_to_check["title"] == item["title"]
+    assert item_to_check["description"] == item["description"]
+    response = client.get("/users/1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    user_data = response.json()
+    item_to_check = [it for it in user_data["items"] if it["id"] == item_data["id"]][0]
+    assert item_to_check["title"] == item["title"]
+    assert item_to_check["description"] == item["description"]
+
+
+@skip_py36
+def test_read_items(client):
+    response = client.get("/items/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data
+    first_item = data[0]
+    assert "title" in first_item
+    assert "description" in first_item

tests/test_union_inherited_body.py

@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-import sys
 from typing import Optional, Union
 
-import pytest
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
+from .utils import skip_py36
+
 # In Python 3.6:
 # u = Union[ExtendedItem, Item] == __main__.Item
 
 # But in Python 3.7:
 # u = Union[ExtendedItem, Item] == typing.Union[__main__.ExtendedItem, __main__.Item]
-skip_py36 = pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3, 7), reason="skip python3.6")
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

tests/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+skip_py36 = pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3, 7), reason="skip python3.6")