🔖 Release 0.49.2

.github/workflows/deploy-docs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: Build and Deploy to Netlify
+on:
+  push:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize]
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-18.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - name: Set up Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.7"
+      - name: Install Flit
+        run: python3.7 -m pip install flit
+      - name: Install docs extras
+        run: python3.7 -m flit install --extras doc
+      - name: Build MkDocs
+        run: python3.7 -m mkdocs build
+      - name: Deploy to Netlify
+        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.0.3
+        with:
+          publish-dir: './site'
+          production-branch: master
+          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        env:
+          NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN }}
+          NETLIFY_SITE_ID: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_SITE_ID }}

README.md

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
     * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
 * For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
     * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
-    * Check that is has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
     * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
     * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
 * Convert from and to JSON automatically.

docs/advanced/sql-databases-peewee.md

@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ And now in the file `sql_app/main.py` let's integrate and use all the other part
 
 In a very simplistic way create the database tables:
 
-```Python hl_lines="10 11 12"
+```Python hl_lines="9 10 11"
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ In a very simplistic way create the database tables:
 
 Create a dependency that will connect the database right at the beginning of a request and disconnect it at the end:
 
-```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25"
+```Python hl_lines="23 24 25 26 27 28 29"
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -273,58 +273,52 @@ Here we have an empty `yield` because we are actually not using the database obj
 
 It is connecting to the database and storing the connection data in an internal variable that is independent for each request (using the `contextvars` tricks from above).
 
+Because the database connection is potentially I/O blocking, this dependency is created with a normal `def` function.
+
 And then, in each *path operation function* that needs to access the database we add it as a dependency.
 
 But we are not using the value given by this dependency (it actually doesn't give any value, as it has an empty `yield`). So, we don't add it to the *path operation function* but to the *path operation decorator* in the `dependencies` parameter:
 
-```Python hl_lines="36  44  51  63  69  76"
+```Python hl_lines="32  40  47  59  65  72"
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
-### Context Variable Middleware
+### Context variable sub-dependency
 
-For all the `contextvars` parts to work, we need to make sure there's a new "context" each time there's a new request, so that we have a specific context variable Peewee can use to save its state (database connection, transactions, etc).
+For all the `contextvars` parts to work, we need to make sure we have an independent value in the `ContextVar` for each request that uses the database, and that value will be used as the database state (connection, transactions, etc) for the whole request.
 
-For that, we need to create a middleware.
+For that, we need to create another `async` dependency `reset_db_state()` that is used as a sub-dependency in `get_db()`. It will set the value for the context variable (with just a default `dict`) that will be used as the database state for the whole request. And then the dependency `get_db()` will store in it the database state (connection, transactions, etc).
 
-Right before the request, we are going to reset the database state. We will "set" a value to the context variable and then we will ask the Peewee database state to "reset" (this will create the default values it uses).
-
-And then the rest of the request is processed with that new context variable we just set, all automatically and more or less "magically".
-
-For the **next request**, as we will reset that context variable again in the middleware, that new request will have its own database state (connection, transactions, etc).
-
-```Python hl_lines="28 29 30 31 32 33"
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20"
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
+For the **next request**, as we will reset that context variable again in the `async` dependency `reset_db_state()` and then create a new connection in the `get_db()` dependency, that new request will have its own database state (connection, transactions, etc).
+
 !!! tip
     As FastAPI is an async framework, one request could start being processed, and before finishing, another request could be received and start processing as well, and it all could be processed in the same thread.
 
-    But context variables are aware of these async features, so, a Peewee database state set in the middleware will keep its own data throughout the entire request.
+    But context variables are aware of these async features, so, a Peewee database state set in the `async` dependency `reset_db_state()` will keep its own data throughout the entire request.
 
     And at the same time, the other concurrent request will have its own database state that will be independent for the whole request.
 
 #### Peewee Proxy
 
-
 If you are using a <a href="http://docs.peewee-orm.com/en/latest/peewee/database.html#dynamically-defining-a-database" class="external-link" target="_blank">Peewee Proxy</a>, the actual database is at `db.obj`.
 
 So, you would reset it with:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="3 4"
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+async def reset_db_state():
     database.db.obj._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
     database.db.obj._state.reset()
-    response = await call_next(request)
-    return response
 ```
 
 ### Create your **FastAPI** *path operations*
 
 Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** *path operations* code.
 
-```Python hl_lines="36 37 38 39 40 41  44 45 46 47  50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57  60 61 62 63 64 65 66  69 70 71 72  75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83"
+```Python hl_lines="32 33 34 35 36 37  40 41 42 43  46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53  56 57 58 59 60 61 62  65 66 67 68  71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79"
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -364,15 +358,13 @@ If you want to check how Peewee would break your app if used without modificatio
 # db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()
 ```
 
-And in the file `sql_app/main.py` file, comment the middleware:
+And in the file `sql_app/main.py` file, comment the body of the `async` dependency `reset_db_state()` and replace it with a `pass`:
 
 ```Python
-# @app.middleware("http")
-# async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+async def reset_db_state():
 #     database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
 #     database.db._state.reset()
-#     response = await call_next(request)
-#     return response
+    pass
 ```
 
 Then run your app with Uvicorn:
@@ -391,11 +383,11 @@ The tabs will wait for a bit and then some of them will show `Internal Server Er
 
 ### What happens
 
-The first tab will make your app create a connection to the database and wait for some seconds before replying back and closing the connection.
+The first tab will make your app create a connection to the database and wait for some seconds before replying back and closing the database connection.
 
 Then, for the request in the next tab, your app will wait for one second less, and so on.
 
-This means that it will end up finishing some of the last tabs' requests than some of the previous ones.
+This means that it will end up finishing some of the last tabs' requests earlier than some of the previous ones.
 
 Then one the last requests that wait less seconds will try to open a database connection, but as one of those previous requests for the other tabs will probably be handled in the same thread as the first one, it will have the same database connection that is already open, and Peewee will throw an error and you will see it in the terminal, and the response will have an `Internal Server Error`.
 
@@ -413,15 +405,12 @@ Now go back to the file `sql_app/database.py`, and uncomment the line:
 db._state = PeeweeConnectionState()
 ```
 
-And in the file `sql_app/main.py` file, uncomment the middleware:
+And in the file `sql_app/main.py` file, uncomment the body of the `async` dependency `reset_db_state()`:
 
 ```Python
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+async def reset_db_state():
     database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
     database.db._state.reset()
-    response = await call_next(request)
-    return response
 ```
 
 Terminate your running app and start it again.
@@ -440,31 +429,31 @@ Repeat the same process with the 10 tabs. This time all of them will wait and yo
 
 * `sql_app/database.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/database.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/models.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/models.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/schemas.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/schemas.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/crud.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/crud.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/main.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -477,11 +466,11 @@ Repeat the same process with the 10 tabs. This time all of them will wait and yo
 
 Peewee uses <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/threading.html#thread-local-data" class="external-link" target="_blank">`threading.local`</a> by default to store it's database "state" data (connection, transactions, etc).
 
-`threading.local` creates a value exclusive to the current thread, but an async framework would run all the "tasks" (e.g. requests) in the same thread, and possibly not in order.
+`threading.local` creates a value exclusive to the current thread, but an async framework would run all the code (e.g. for each request) in the same thread, and possibly not in order.
 
-On top of that, an async framework could run some sync code in a threadpool (using `asyncio.run_in_executor`), but belonging to the same "task" (e.g. to the same request).
+On top of that, an async framework could run some sync code in a threadpool (using `asyncio.run_in_executor`), but belonging to the same request.
 
-This means that, with Peewee's current implementation, multiple tasks could be using the same `threading.local` variable and end up sharing the same connection and data, and at the same time, if they execute sync IO-blocking code in a threadpool (as with normal `def` functions in FastAPI, in *path operations*  and dependencies), that code won't have access to the database state variables, even while it's part of the same "task" (request) and it should be able to get access to that.
+This means that, with Peewee's current implementation, multiple tasks could be using the same `threading.local` variable and end up sharing the same connection and data (that they shouldn't), and at the same time, if they execute sync I/O-blocking code in a threadpool (as with normal `def` functions in FastAPI, in *path operations*  and dependencies), that code won't have access to the database state variables, even while it's part of the same request and it should be able to get access to the same database state.
 
 ### Context variables
 
@@ -489,46 +478,44 @@ Python 3.7 has <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextvars.html" clas
 
 There are several things to have in mind.
 
-The `ContextVar` has to be created at the top of the module, like `some_var = ContextVar("some_var", default="default value")`.
+The `ContextVar` has to be created at the top of the module, like:
 
-To set a value used in the current "context" (e.g. for the current request) use `some_var.set("new value")`.
+```Python
+some_var = ContextVar("some_var", default="default value")
+```
 
-To get a value anywhere inside of the context (e.g. in any part handling the current request) use `some_var.get()`.
+To set a value used in the current "context" (e.g. for the current request) use:
 
-### Set context variables in middleware
+```Python
+some_var.set("new value")
+```
 
-If some part of the async code sets the value with `some_var.set("updated in function")` (e.g. the middleware), the rest of the code in it will see that new value.
+To get a value anywhere inside of the context (e.g. in any part handling the current request) use:
 
-And if it calls any other function with `await some_function()` (e.g. `response = await call_next(request)` in our middleware) that internal `some_function()` (or `response = await call_next(request)` in our example) and everything it calls inside, will see that same new value `"updated in function"`.
+```Python
+some_var.get()
+```
 
-So, in our case, if we set the Peewee state variable in the middleware and then call `response = await call_next(request)` all the rest of the internal code in our app (that is called by `call_next()`) will see this value we set in the middleware and will be able to reuse it.
+### Set context variables in the `async` dependency `reset_db_state()`
 
-But if the value is set in an internal function (e.g. in `get_db()`) that value will be seen only by that internal function and any code it calls, not by the parent function nor by any sibling function. So, we can't set the Peewee database state in `get_db()`, or the *path operation functions* wouldn't see the new Peewee database state for that "context".
+If some part of the async code sets the value with `some_var.set("updated in function")` (e.g. like the `async` dependency), the rest of the code in it and the code that goes after (including code inside of `async` functions called with `await`) will see that new value.
 
-### But `get_db` is an async context manager
+So, in our case, if we set the Peewee state variable (with a default `dict`) in the `async` dependency, all the rest of the internal code in our app will see this value and will be able to reuse it for the whole request.
 
-You might be thinking that `get_db()` is actually not used as a function, it's converted to a context manager.
+And the context variable would be set again for the next request, even if they are concurrent.
 
-So the *path operation function* is part of it.
+### Set database state in the dependency `get_db()`
 
-But the code after the `yield`, in the `finally` is not executed in the same "context".
+As `get_db()` is a normal `def` function, **FastAPI** will make it run in a threadpool, with a *copy* of the "context", holding the same value for the context variable (the `dict` with the reset database state). Then it can add database state to that `dict`, like the connection, etc.
 
-So, if you reset the state in `get_db()`, the *path operation function* would see the database connection set there. But the `finally` block would not see the same context variable value, and so, as the database object would not have the same context variable for its state, it would not have the same connection, so you couldn't close it in the `finally` in `get_db()` after the request is done.
+But if the value of the context variable (the default `dict`) was set in that normal `def` function, it would create a new value that would stay only in that thread of the threadpool, and the rest of the code (like the *path operation functions*) wouldn't have access to it. In `get_db()` we can only set values in the `dict`, but not the entire `dict` itself.
 
-In the middleware we are setting the Peewee state to a context variable that holds a `dict`. So, it's set for every new request.
+So, we need to have the `async` dependency `reset_db_state()` to set the `dict` in the context variable. That way, all the code has access to the same `dict` for the database state for a single request.
 
-And as the database state variables are stored inside of that `dict` instead of new context variables, when Peewee sets the new database state (connection, transactions, etc) in any part of the internal code, underneath, all that will be set as keys in that `dict`. But the `dict` would still be the same we set in the middleware. That's what allows the `get_db()` dependency to make Peewee create a new connection (that is stored in that `dict`) and allows the `finally` block to still have access to the same connection.
+### Connect and disconnect in the dependency `get_db()`
 
-Because the context variable is set outside all that, in the middleware.
+Then the next question would be, why not just connect and disconnect the database in the `async` dependency itself, instead of in `get_db()`?
 
-### Connect and disconnect in dependency
+The `async` dependency has to be `async` for the context variable to be preserved for the rest of the request, but creating and closing the database connection is potentially blocking, so it could degrade performance if it was there.
 
-Then the next question would be, why not just connect and disconnect the database in the middleware itself, instead of `get_db()`?
-
-First, the middleware has to be `async`, and creating and closing the database connection is potentially blocking, so it could degrade performance.
-
-But more importantly, the middleware returns a `response`, and this `response` is actually an awaitable function that will do all the work in your code, including background tasks.
-
-If you closed the connection in the middleware right before returning the `response`, some of your code would not have the chance to use the database connection set in the context variable.
-
-Because some other code will call that `response` with `await response(...)`. And inside of that `await response(...)` is that, for example, background tasks are run. But if the connection was already closed before `response` is awaited, then it won't be able to access it.
+So we also need the normal `def` dependency `get_db()`.

docs/alternatives.md

@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It
 !!! note "Technical Details"
     It used <a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop" class="external-link" target="_blank">`uvloop`</a> instead of the default Python `asyncio` loop. That's what made it so fast.
 
-    It <a href="https://github.com/huge-success/sanic/issues/761" class="external-link" target="_blank">still doesn't implement the ASGI spec for Python asynchronous web development</a>, but it clearly inspired Uvicorn and Starlette, that are currently faster than Sanic in open benchmarks.
+    It clearly inspired Uvicorn and Starlette, that are currently faster than Sanic in open benchmarks.
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Find a way to have a crazy performance.

docs/async.md

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ You go with your crush to get parallel fast food.
 
 You stand in line while several (let's say 8) cashiers take the orders from the people in front of you.
 
-Everyone before you is waiting for their burgers to be ready before leaving the counter because each of the 8 cashiers goes himself and preparers the burger right away before getting the next order.
+Everyone before you is waiting for their burgers to be ready before leaving the counter because each of the 8 cashiers goes himself and prepares the burger right away before getting the next order.
 
 Then it's finally your turn, you place your order of 2 very fancy burgers for your crush and you.
 

docs/external-links.md

@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 
 * <a href="https://medium.com/@arthur393/another-boilerplate-to-fastapi-azure-pipeline-ci-pytest-3c8d9a4be0bb" class="external-link" target="_blank">Another Boilerplate to FastAPI: Azure Pipeline CI + Pytest</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/arthurheinrique" class="external-link" target="_blank">Arthur Henrique</a>.
 
+* <a href="https://iwpnd.pw/articles/2020-01/deploy-fastapi-to-aws-lambda" class="external-link" target="_blank">How to continuously deploy a FastAPI to AWS Lambda with AWS SAM</a> by <a href="https://iwpnd.pw" class="external-link" target="_blank">Benjamin Ramser</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://www.tutlinks.com/create-and-deploy-fastapi-app-to-heroku/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Create and Deploy FastAPI app to Heroku without using Docker</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/navule/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Navule Pavan Kumar Rao</a>.
+
 ### Japanese
 
 * <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" class="external-link" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
@@ -75,6 +79,10 @@ Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 
 * <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/blog/information-technology/fastapi-tutorial-todo-apps-admin-page-improvement" class="external-link" target="_blank">【第4回】FastAPIチュートリアル: toDoアプリを作ってみよう【管理者ページ改良編】</a> by <a href="https://rightcode.co.jp/author/jun" class="external-link" target="_blank">ライトコードメディア編集部</a>
 
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/bee2/items/0ad260ab9835a2087dae" class="external-link" target="_blank">PythonのWeb frameworkのパフォーマンス比較 (Django, Flask, responder, FastAPI, japronto)</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/bee2" class="external-link" target="_blank">@bee2</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/bee2/items/75d9c0d7ba20e7a4a0e9" class="external-link" target="_blank">[FastAPI] Python製のASGI Web フレームワーク FastAPIに入門する</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/bee2" class="external-link" target="_blank">@bee2</a>.
+
 ### Chinese
 
 * <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" class="external-link" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" class="external-link" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.

docs/help-fastapi.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Are you liking **FastAPI**?
+Do you like **FastAPI**?
 
 Would you like to help FastAPI, other users, and the author?
 

docs/index.md

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
     * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
 * For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
     * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
-    * Check that is has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
     * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
     * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
 * Convert from and to JSON automatically.

docs/python-types.md

@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ Taken from the official Pydantic docs:
 
 **FastAPI** is all based on Pydantic.
 
-You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 ## Type hints in **FastAPI**
 
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ With **FastAPI** you declare parameters with type hints and you get:
 * **Document** the API using OpenAPI:
     * which is then used by the automatic interactive documentation user interfaces.
 
-This might all sound abstract. Don't worry. You'll see all this in action in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+This might all sound abstract. Don't worry. You'll see all this in action in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
 The important thing is that by using standard Python types, in a single place (instead of adding more classes, decorators, etc), **FastAPI** will do a lot of the work for you.
 

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,50 @@
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.49.2
+
+* Fix links in release notes. PR [#1052](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1052) by [@sattosan](https://github.com/sattosan).
+* Fix typo in release notes. PR [#1051](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1051) by [@sattosan](https://github.com/sattosan).
+* Refactor/clarify `serialize_response` parameter name to avoid confusion. PR [#1031](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1031) by [@patrickmckenna](https://github.com/patrickmckenna).
+* Refactor calling each a path operation's handler function in an isolated function, to simplify profiling. PR [#1027](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1027) by [@sm-Fifteen](https://github.com/sm-Fifteen).
+* Add missing dependencies for testing. PR [#1026](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1026) by [@sm-Fifteen](https://github.com/sm-Fifteen).
+* Fix accepting valid types for response models, including Python types like `List[int]`. PR [#1017](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1017) by [@patrickmckenna](https://github.com/patrickmckenna).
+* Fix format in SQL tutorial. PR [#1015](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1015) by [@vegarsti](https://github.com/vegarsti).
+
+## 0.49.1
+
+* Fix path operation duplicated parameters when used in dependencies and the path operation function. PR [#994](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/994) by [@merowinger92](https://github.com/merowinger92).
+* Update Netlify previews deployment GitHub action as the fix is already merged and there's a new release. PR [#1047](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1047).
+* Move mypy configurations to config file. PR [#987](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/987) by [@hukkinj1](https://github.com/hukkinj1).
+* Temporary fix to Netlify previews not deployable from PRs from forks. PR [#1046](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1046) by [@mariacamilagl](https://github.com/mariacamilagl).
+
+## 0.49.0
+
+* Fix encoding of `pathlib` paths in `jsonable_encoder`. PR [#978](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/978) by [@patrickmckenna](https://github.com/patrickmckenna).
+* Add articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/): [PythonのWeb frameworkのパフォーマンス比較 (Django, Flask, responder, FastAPI, japronto)](https://qiita.com/bee2/items/0ad260ab9835a2087dae) and [[FastAPI] Python製のASGI Web フレームワーク FastAPIに入門する](https://qiita.com/bee2/items/75d9c0d7ba20e7a4a0e9). PR [#974](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/974) by [@tokusumi](https://github.com/tokusumi).
+* Fix broken links in docs. PR [#949](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/949) by [@tsotnikov](https://github.com/tsotnikov).
+* Fix small typos. PR [#941](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/941) by [@NikitaKolesov](https://github.com/NikitaKolesov).
+* Update and clarify docs for dependencies with `yield`. PR [#986](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/986).
+* Add Mermaid JS support for diagrams in docs. Add first diagrams to [Dependencies: First Steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/) and [Dependencies with `yield` and `HTTPException`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/#dependencies-with-yield-and-httpexception). PR [#985](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/985).
+* Update CI to run docs deployment in GitHub actions. PR [#983](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/983).
+* Allow `callable`s in *path operation functions*, like functions modified with `functools.partial`. PR [#977](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/977).
+
+## 0.48.0
+
+* Run linters first in tests to error out faster. PR [#948](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/948).
+* Log warning about `email-validator` only when used. PR [#946](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/946).
+* Simplify [Peewee docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sql-databases-peewee/) with double dependency with `yield`. PR [#947](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/947).
+* Add article [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/): [Create and Deploy FastAPI app to Heroku](https://www.tutlinks.com/create-and-deploy-fastapi-app-to-heroku/). PR [#942](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/942) by [@windson](https://github.com/windson).
+* Update description of Sanic, as it is now ASGI too. PR [#932](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/932) by [@raphaelauv](https://github.com/raphaelauv).
+* Fix typo in main page. PR [#920](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/920) by [@mMarzeta](https://github.com/mMarzeta).
+* Fix parsing of possibly invalid bodies. PR [#918](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/918) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix typo [#916](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/916) by [@adursun](https://github.com/adursun).
+* Allow `Any` type for enums in OpenAPI. PR [#906](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/906) by [@songzhi](https://github.com/songzhi).
+* Add article to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/): [How to continuously deploy a FastAPI to AWS Lambda with AWS SAM](https://iwpnd.pw/articles/2020-01/deploy-fastapi-to-aws-lambda). PR [#901](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/901) by [@iwpnd](https://github.com/iwpnd).
+* Add note about using Body parameters without Pydantic. PR [#900](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/900) by [@pawamoy](https://github.com/pawamoy).
+* Fix Pydantic field clone logic. PR [#899](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/899) by [@deuce2367](https://github.com/deuce2367).
+* Fix link in middleware docs. PR [#893](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/893) by [@linchiwei123](https://github.com/linchiwei123).
+* Rename default API title from "Fast API" to "FastAPI" for consistency. PR [#890](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/890).
+
 ## 0.47.1
 
 * Fix model filtering in `response_model`, cloning sub-models. PR [#889](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/889).
@@ -13,9 +58,9 @@
 * Fix handling form *path operation* parameters declared with pure classes like `list`, `tuple`, etc. PR [#856](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/856) by [@nsidnev](https://github.com/nsidnev).
 * Add request `body` to `RequestValidationError`, new docs: [Use the `RequestValidationError` body](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/#use-the-requestvalidationerror-body). Initial PR [#853](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/853) by [@aviramha](https://github.com/aviramha).
 * Update [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) with new links and dynamic GitHub projects with `fastapi` topic. PR [#850](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/850).
-* Fix Peewee `contextvars` handling in docs: [SQL (Relational) Databases with Peewee](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases-peewee/). PR [#879](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/879).
+* Fix Peewee `contextvars` handling in docs: [SQL (Relational) Databases with Peewee](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sql-databases-peewee/). PR [#879](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/879).
 * Setup development environment with Python's Venv and Flit, instead of requiring the extra Pipenv duplicating dependencies. Updated docs: [Development - Contributing](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/). PR [#877](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/877).
-* Update docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/) to improve security against timing attacks. Initial PR [#807](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/807) by [@zwass](https://github.com/zwass).
+* Update docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/http-basic-auth/) to improve security against timing attacks. Initial PR [#807](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/807) by [@zwass](https://github.com/zwass).
 
 ## 0.46.0
 
@@ -29,12 +74,12 @@
 * Add support for subtypes of main types in `jsonable_encoder`, e.g. asyncpg's UUIDs. PR [#756](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/756) by [@RmStorm](https://github.com/RmStorm).
 * Fix usage of Pydantic's `HttpUrl` in docs. PR [#832](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/832) by [@Dustyposa](https://github.com/Dustyposa).
 * Fix Twitter links in docs. PR [#813](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/813) by [@justindujardin](https://github.com/justindujardin).
-* Add docs for correctly [using FastAPI with Peewee ORM](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases-peewee/). Including how to overwrite parts of Peewee to correctly handle async threads. PR [#789](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/789).
+* Add docs for correctly [using FastAPI with Peewee ORM](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sql-databases-peewee/). Including how to overwrite parts of Peewee to correctly handle async threads. PR [#789](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/789).
 
 ## 0.45.0
 
 * Add support for OpenAPI Callbacks:
-    * New docs: [OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/openapi-callbacks/).
+    * New docs: [OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
     * Refactor generation of `operationId`s to be valid Python names (also valid variables in most languages).
     * Add `default_response_class` parameter to `APIRouter`.
     * Original PR [#722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/722) by [@booooh](https://github.com/booooh).
@@ -67,11 +112,11 @@
 ## 0.43.0
 
 * Update docs to reduce gender bias. PR [#645](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/645) by [@ticosax](https://github.com/ticosax).
-* Add docs about [overriding the `operationId` for all the *path operations*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#using-the-path-operation-function-name-as-the-operationid) based on their function name. PR [#642](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/642) by [@SKalt](https://github.com/SKalt).
+* Add docs about [overriding the `operationId` for all the *path operations*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#using-the-path-operation-function-name-as-the-operationid) based on their function name. PR [#642](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/642) by [@SKalt](https://github.com/SKalt).
 * Fix validators in models generating an incorrect key order. PR [#637](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/637) by [@jaddison](https://github.com/jaddison).
 * Generate correct OpenAPI docs for responses with no content. PR [#621](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/621) by [@brotskydotcom](https://github.com/brotskydotcom).
 * Remove `$` from Bash code blocks in docs for consistency. PR [#613](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/613) by [@nstapelbroek](https://github.com/nstapelbroek).
-* Add docs for [self-serving docs' (Swagger UI) static assets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/#self-hosting-javascript-and-css-for-docs), e.g. to use the docs offline, or without Internet. Initial PR [#557](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/557) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Add docs for [self-serving docs' (Swagger UI) static assets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/extending-openapi/#self-hosting-javascript-and-css-for-docs), e.g. to use the docs offline, or without Internet. Initial PR [#557](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/557) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
 * Fix `black` linting after upgrade. PR [#682](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/682) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
 
 ## 0.42.0
@@ -100,7 +145,7 @@
         * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
         * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
         * Processing a response after being generated by *path operation functions* but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
-    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-request-and-route/).
+    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-request-and-route/).
     * PR [#589](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/589) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
 * Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR [#538](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/538) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
 
@@ -109,11 +154,11 @@
 * Add notes to docs about installing `python-multipart` when using forms. PR [#574](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/574) by [@sliptonic](https://github.com/sliptonic).
 * Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR [#554](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/554) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
 * Add support for truncating docstrings from *path operation functions*.
-    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
+    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
     * PR [#556](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/556) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
 * Fix `DOCTYPE` in HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR [#537](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/537) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
 * Fix handling `4XX` responses overriding default `422` validation error responses. PR [#517](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/517) by [@tsouvarev](https://github.com/tsouvarev).
-* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
 * Fix incorrect documentation example in [first steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/). PR [#511](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/511) by [@IgnatovFedor](https://github.com/IgnatovFedor).
 * Add support for Swagger UI [initOauth](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/master/docs/usage/oauth2.md) settings with the parameter `swagger_ui_init_oauth`. PR [#499](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/499) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
 
@@ -184,7 +229,7 @@
 
 * Fix source code `limit` for example in [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/). PR [#366](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/366) by [@Smashman](https://github.com/Smashman).
 
-* Update wording in docs about [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/). PR [#371](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/371) by [@cjw296](https://github.com/cjw296).
+* Update wording in docs about [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes/). PR [#371](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/371) by [@cjw296](https://github.com/cjw296).
 
 * Update docs for `Enum`s to inherit from `str` and improve Swagger UI rendering. PR [#351](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/351).
 
@@ -250,7 +295,7 @@
 
 * Fix handling an empty-body request with a required body param. PR [#311](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/311).
 
-* Fix broken link in docs: [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/). PR [#306](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/306) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix broken link in docs: [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-directly/). PR [#306](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/306) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
 
 * Fix docs discrepancy in docs for [Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/). PR [#288](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/288) by [@awiddersheim](https://github.com/awiddersheim).
 
@@ -258,9 +303,9 @@
 
 * Add support for declaring a `Response` parameter:
     * This allows declaring:
-        * [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/).
-        * [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/).
-        * An HTTP Status Code different than the default: [Response - Change Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-change-status-code/).
+        * [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-cookies/).
+        * [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-headers/).
+        * An HTTP Status Code different than the default: [Response - Change Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-change-status-code/).
     * All of this while still being able to return arbitrary objects (`dict`, DB model, etc).
     * Update attribution to Hug, for inspiring the `response` parameter pattern.
     * PR [#294](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/294).
@@ -277,7 +322,7 @@
 
 * Implement dependency overrides for testing.
     * This allows using overrides/mocks of dependencies during tests.
-    * New docs: [Testing Dependencies with Overrides](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/testing-dependencies/).
+    * New docs: [Testing Dependencies with Overrides](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/testing-dependencies/).
     * PR [#291](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/291).
 
 ## 0.27.2
@@ -349,7 +394,7 @@
         * `Path`
         * `Query`
         * ...as these are compatible with the WebSockets protocol (e.g. `Body` is not).
-    * [Updated documentation for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/).
+    * [Updated documentation for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/).
     * PR [#178](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/178) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
 
 * Upgrade the compatible version of Pydantic to `0.26.0`.
@@ -416,16 +461,16 @@
 
 * Upgrade OAuth2:
     * Upgrade Password flow using Bearer tokens to use the correct HTTP status code 401 `UNAUTHORIZED`, with `WWW-Authenticate` headers.
-    * Update, simplify, and improve all the [security docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/intro/).
-    * Add new `scope_str` to `SecurityScopes` and update docs: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * Update, simplify, and improve all the [security docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/).
+    * Add new `scope_str` to `SecurityScopes` and update docs: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes/).
     * Update docs, images, tests.
     * PR [#188](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/188).
 
 * Include [Hypercorn](https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn) as an alternative ASGI server in the docs. PR [#187](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/187).
 
-* Add docs for [Static Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/static-files/) and [Templates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/templates/). PR [#186](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/186).
+* Add docs for [Static Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/static-files/) and [Templates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/templates/). PR [#186](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/186).
 
-* Add docs for handling [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-cookies/) and [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-headers/). PR [#185](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/185).
+* Add docs for handling [Response Cookies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-cookies/) and [Response Headers](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-headers/). PR [#185](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/185).
 
 * Fix typos in docs. PR [#176](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/176) by [@chdsbd](https://github.com/chdsbd).
 
@@ -435,13 +480,13 @@
 
 * Add docs:
     * How to use the `jsonable_encoder` in [JSON compatible encoder](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/).
-    * How to [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-directly/).
-    * Update how to use a [Custom Response Class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/).
+    * How to [Return a Response directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-directly/).
+    * Update how to use a [Custom Response Class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).
     * PR [#184](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/184).
 
 ## 0.18.0
 
-* Add docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-response/). PR [#177](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/177).
+* Add docs for [HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/). PR [#177](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/177).
 
 * Upgrade HTTP Basic Auth handling with automatic headers (automatic browser login prompt). PR [#175](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/175).
 
@@ -459,7 +504,7 @@
 
 ## 0.16.0
 
-* Upgrade *path operation* `doctsring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).
+* Upgrade *path operation* `docstring` parsing to support proper Markdown descriptions. New documentation at [Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#description-from-docstring). PR [#163](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/163).
 
 * Refactor internal usage of Pydantic to use correct data types. PR [#164](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/164).
 
@@ -473,7 +518,7 @@
 
 * Add support for multiple file uploads (as a single form field). New docs at: [Multiple file uploads](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#multiple-file-uploads). PR [#158](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/158).
 
-* Add docs for: [Additional Status Codes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-status-codes/). PR [#156](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156).
+* Add docs for: [Additional Status Codes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/additional-status-codes/). PR [#156](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/156).
 
 ## 0.14.0
 
@@ -494,7 +539,7 @@
     * Improve `Security` handling, merging scopes when declaring `SecurityScopes`.
     * Allow using `SecurityBase` (like `OAuth2`) classes with `Depends` and still document them. `Security` now is needed only to declare `scopes`.
     * Updated docs about: [OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt/).
-    * New docs about: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    * New docs about: [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes/).
     * PR [#141](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/141).
 
 ## 0.12.1
@@ -509,7 +554,7 @@
 
 * Add additional `responses` parameter to *path operation decorators* to extend responses in OpenAPI (and API docs).
     * It also allows extending existing responses generated from `response_model`, declare other media types (like images), etc.
-    * The new documentation is here: [Additional Responses](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/additional-responses/).
+    * The new documentation is here: [Additional Responses](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/additional-responses/).
     * `responses` can also be added to `.include_router()`, the updated docs are here: [Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#add-some-custom-tags-and-responses).
     * PR [#97](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/97) originally initiated by [@barsi](https://github.com/barsi).
 * Update `scripts/test-cov-html.sh` to allow passing extra parameters like `-vv`, for development.
@@ -526,7 +571,7 @@
 
 * Add Gitter chat, badge, links, etc. [https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi](https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi) . PR [#117](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/117).
 
-* Add docs about [Extending OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/). PR [#126](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126).
+* Add docs about [Extending OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/extending-openapi/). PR [#126](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/126).
 
 * Make Travis run Ubuntu Xenial (newer version) and Python 3.7 instead of Python 3.7-dev. PR [#92](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/92) by [@blueyed](https://github.com/blueyed).
 
@@ -546,7 +591,7 @@
 
 ## 0.10.1
 
-* Add docs and tests for [encode/databases](https://github.com/encode/databases). New docs at: [Async SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/async-sql-databases/). PR [#107](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107).
+* Add docs and tests for [encode/databases](https://github.com/encode/databases). New docs at: [Async SQL (Relational) Databases](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/async-sql-databases/). PR [#107](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/107).
 
 ## 0.10.0
 
@@ -554,7 +599,7 @@
 
 * Add support for `.websocket_route()` in `APIRouter`. PR [#100](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/100) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
 
-* New docs section about [Events: startup - shutdown](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/events/). PR [#99](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99).
+* New docs section about [Events: startup - shutdown](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/). PR [#99](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/99).
 
 ## 0.9.1
 
@@ -608,7 +653,7 @@
 
 * Add section about [History, Design and Future](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/history-design-future/).
 
-* Add docs for using [WebSockets with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/websockets/). PR [#62](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62).
+* Add docs for using [WebSockets with **FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/). PR [#62](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/62).
 
 ## 0.6.3
 
@@ -624,7 +669,7 @@
 
 ## 0.6.1
 
-* Add docs for GraphQL: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/graphql/). PR [#48](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48).
+* Add docs for GraphQL: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/graphql/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/graphql/). PR [#48](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/48).
 
 ## 0.6.0
 
@@ -646,7 +691,7 @@
 
 * Add new `HTTPException` with support for custom headers. With new documentation for handling errors at: [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/). PR [#35](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/35).
 
-* Add [documentation to use Starlette `Request` object](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/using-request-directly/) directly. Check [#25](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+* Add [documentation to use Starlette `Request` object](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/using-request-directly/) directly. Check [#25](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/25) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
 
 * Add issue templates to simplify reporting bugs, getting help, etc: [#34](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/34).
 
@@ -654,7 +699,7 @@
 
 ## 0.4.0
 
-* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/): [#26](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26) by [@kabirkhan](https://github.com/kabirkhan).
+* Add `openapi_prefix`, support for reverse proxy and mounting sub-applications. See the docs at [https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sub-applications-proxy/](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sub-applications-proxy/): [#26](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26) by [@kabirkhan](https://github.com/kabirkhan).
 
 * Update [docs/tutorial for SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/) including note about _DB Browser for SQLite_.
 

docs/src/sql_databases_peewee/sql_app/main.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import time
 from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
-from starlette.requests import Request
 
 from . import crud, database, models, schemas
 from .database import db_state_default
@@ -16,7 +15,12 @@ app = FastAPI()
 sleep_time = 10
 
 
-def get_db():
+async def reset_db_state():
+    database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
+    database.db._state.reset()
+
+
+def get_db(db_state=Depends(reset_db_state)):
     try:
         database.db.connect()
         yield
@@ -25,14 +29,6 @@ def get_db():
             database.db.close()
 
 
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def reset_db_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
-    database.db._state._state.set(db_state_default.copy())
-    database.db._state.reset()
-    response = await call_next(request)
-    return response
-
-
 @app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User, dependencies=[Depends(get_db)])
 def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate):
     db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(email=user.email)

docs/tutorial/body.md

@@ -139,3 +139,7 @@ The function parameters will be recognized as follows:
 * If the parameter is also declared in the **path**, it will be used as a path parameter.
 * If the parameter is of a **singular type** (like `int`, `float`, `str`, `bool`, etc) it will be interpreted as a **query** parameter.
 * If the parameter is declared to be of the type of a **Pydantic model**, it will be interpreted as a request **body**.
+
+## Without Pydantic
+
+If you don't want to use Pydantic models, you can also use **Body** parameters. See the docs for [Body - Multiple Parameters: Singular values in body](body-multiple-params.md#singular-values-in-body){.internal-link target=_blank}.

docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md

@@ -102,6 +102,79 @@ You can have any combinations of dependencies that you want.
 
     **FastAPI** uses them internally to achieve this.
 
+## Dependencies with `yield` and `HTTPException`
+
+You saw that you can use dependencies with `yield` and have `try` blocks that catch exceptions.
+
+It might be tempting to raise an `HTTPException` or similar in the exit code, after the `yield`. But **it won't work**.
+
+The exit code in dependencies with `yield` is executed *after* [Exception Handlers](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}. There's nothing catching exceptions thrown by your dependencies in the exit code (after the `yield`).
+
+So, if you raise an `HTTPException` after the `yield`, the default (or any custom) exception handler that catches `HTTPException`s and returns an HTTP 400 response won't be there to catch that exception anymore.
+
+This is what allows anything set in the dependency (e.g. a DB session) to, for example, be used by background tasks.
+
+Background tasks are run *after* the response has been sent. So there's no way to raise an `HTTPException` because there's not even a way to change the response that is *already sent*.
+
+But if a background task creates a DB error, at least you can rollback or cleanly close the session in the dependency with `yield`, and maybe log the error or report it to a remote tracking system.
+
+If you have some code that you know could raise an exception, do the most normal/"Pythonic" thing and add a `try` block in that section of the code.
+
+If you have custom exceptions that you would like to handle *before* returning the response and possibly modifying the response, maybe even raising an `HTTPException`, create a [Custom Exception Handler](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+!!! tip
+    You can still raise exceptions including `HTTPException` *before* the `yield`. But not after.
+
+The sequence of execution is more or less like this diagram. Time flows from top to bottom. And each column is one of the parts interacting or executing code.
+
+```mermaid
+sequenceDiagram
+
+participant client as Client
+participant handler as Exception handler
+participant dep as Dep with yield
+participant operation as Path Operation
+participant tasks as Background tasks
+
+    Note over client,tasks: Can raise exception for dependency, handled after response is sent
+    Note over client,operation: Can raise HTTPException and can change the response
+    client ->> dep: Start request
+    Note over dep: Run code up to yield
+    opt raise
+        dep -->> handler: Raise HTTPException
+        handler -->> client: HTTP error response
+        dep -->> dep: Raise other exception
+    end
+    dep ->> operation: Run dependency, e.g. DB session
+    opt raise
+        operation -->> handler: Raise HTTPException
+        handler -->> client: HTTP error response
+        operation -->> dep: Raise other exception
+    end
+    operation ->> client: Return response to client
+    Note over client,operation: Response is already sent, can't change it anymore
+    opt Tasks
+        operation -->> tasks: Send background tasks
+    end
+    opt Raise other exception
+        tasks -->> dep: Raise other exception
+    end
+    Note over dep: After yield
+    opt Handle other exception
+        dep -->> dep: Handle exception, can't change response. E.g. close DB session.
+    end
+```
+
+!!! info
+    Only **one response** will be sent to the client. It might be one of the error responses or it will be the response from the *path operation*.
+
+    After one of those responses is sent, no other response can be sent.
+
+!!! tip
+    This diagram shows `HTTPException`, but you could also raise any other exception for which you create a [Custom Exception Handler](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}. And that exception would be handled by that custom exception handler instead of the dependency exit code.
+
+    But if you raise an exception that is not handled by the exception handlers, it will be handled by the exit code of the dependency.
+
 ## Context Managers
 
 ### What are "Context Managers"

docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md

@@ -82,6 +82,19 @@ Whenever a new request arrives, **FastAPI** will take care of:
 * Get the result from your function.
 * Assign that result to the parameter in your *path operation function*.
 
+```mermaid
+graph TB
+
+common_parameters(["common_parameters"])
+read_items["/items/"]
+read_users["/users/"]
+
+common_parameters --> read_items
+common_parameters --> read_users
+```
+
+This way you write shared code once and **FastAPI** takes care of calling it for your *path operations*.
+
 !!! check
     Notice that you don't have to create a special class and pass it somewhere to **FastAPI** to "register" it or anything similar.
 
@@ -154,7 +167,39 @@ Although the hierarchical dependency injection system is very simple to define a
 
 You can define dependencies that in turn can define dependencies themselves.
 
-In the end, a hierarchical tree of dependencies is built, and the **Dependency Injection** system takes care of solving all these dependencies for you (and your dependencies) and providing (injecting) the results at each step.
+In the end, a hierarchical tree of dependencies is built, and the **Dependency Injection** system takes care of solving all these dependencies for you (and their sub-dependencies) and providing (injecting) the results at each step.
+
+For example, let's say you have 4 API endpoints (*path operations*):
+
+* `/items/public/`
+* `/items/private/`
+* `/users/{user_id}/activate`
+* `/items/pro/`
+
+then you could add different permission requirements for each of them just with dependencies and sub-dependencies:
+
+```mermaid
+graph TB
+
+current_user(["current_user"])
+active_user(["active_user"])
+admin_user(["admin_user"])
+paying_user(["paying_user"])
+
+public["/items/public/"]
+private["/items/private/"]
+activate_user["/users/{user_id}/activate"]
+pro_items["/items/pro/"]
+
+current_user --> active_user
+active_user --> admin_user
+active_user --> paying_user
+
+current_user --> public
+active_user --> private
+admin_user --> activate_user
+paying_user --> pro_items
+```
 
 ## Integrated with **OpenAPI**
 

docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md

@@ -44,6 +44,17 @@ Then we can use the dependency with:
 
     But **FastAPI** will know that it has to solve `query_extractor` first, to pass the results of that to `query_or_cookie_extractor` while calling it.
 
+```mermaid
+graph TB
+
+query_extractor(["query_extractor"])
+query_or_cookie_extractor(["query_or_cookie_extractor"])
+
+read_query["/items/"]
+
+query_extractor --> query_or_cookie_extractor --> read_query
+```
+
 ## Using the same dependency multiple times
 
 If one of your dependencies is declared multiple times for the same *path operation*, for example, multiple dependencies have a common sub-dependency, **FastAPI** will know to call that sub-dependency only once per request.

docs/tutorial/first-steps.md

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ It will show a JSON starting with something like:
 {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
     "info": {
-        "title": "Fast API",
+        "title": "FastAPI",
         "version": "0.1.0"
     },
     "paths": {

docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-There are many situations in where you need to notify an error to the client that is using your API.
+There are many situations in where you need to notify an error to a client that is using your API.
 
-This client could be a browser with a frontend, the code from someone else, an IoT device, etc.
+This client could be a browser with a frontend, a code from someone else, an IoT device, etc.
 
-You could need to tell that client that:
+You could need to tell the client that:
 
 * The client doesn't have enough privileges for that operation.
 * The client doesn't have access to that resource.

docs/tutorial/middleware.md

@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ The middleware function receives:
 !!! tip
     Have in mind that custom proprietary headers can be added <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" class="external-link" target="_blank">using the 'X-' prefix</a>.
 
-    But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your CORS configurations ([CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)
-](cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}) using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.
+    But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your CORS configurations ([CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}) using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#corsmiddleware" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.
 
 ### Before and after the `response`
 

docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md

@@ -469,6 +469,8 @@ Our dependency will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` that will be used in
     
     This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.
 
+    But you can't raise another exception from the exit code (after `yield`). See more in [Dependencies with `yield` and `HTTPException`](./dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md#dependencies-with-yield-and-httpexception){.internal-link target=_blank}
+
 And then, when using the dependency in a *path operation function*, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.
 
 This will then give us better editor support inside the *path operation function*, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`:
@@ -556,31 +558,31 @@ For example, in a background task worker with <a href="http://www.celeryproject.
 
 * `sql_app/database.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/models.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/models.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/schemas.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/schemas.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/crud.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py!}
 ```
 
 * `sql_app/main.py`:
 
-```Python hl_lines=""
+```Python
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.47.1"
+__version__ = "0.49.2"
 
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 

fastapi/applications.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         debug: bool = False,
         routes: List[BaseRoute] = None,
         template_directory: str = None,
-        title: str = "Fast API",
+        title: str = "FastAPI",
         description: str = "",
         version: str = "0.1.0",
         openapi_url: Optional[str] = "/openapi.json",

fastapi/dependencies/utils.py

@@ -27,7 +27,12 @@ from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant, SecurityRequirement
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 from fastapi.security.oauth2 import OAuth2, SecurityScopes
 from fastapi.security.open_id_connect_url import OpenIdConnect
-from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1, get_field_info, get_path_param_names
+from fastapi.utils import (
+    PYDANTIC_1,
+    create_response_field,
+    get_field_info,
+    get_path_param_names,
+)
 from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, create_model
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper
 from pydantic.errors import MissingError
@@ -362,31 +367,15 @@ def get_param_field(
         alias = param.name.replace("_", "-")
     else:
         alias = field_info.alias or param.name
-    if PYDANTIC_1:
-        field = ModelField(
-            name=param.name,
-            type_=annotation,
-            default=None if required else default_value,
-            alias=alias,
-            required=required,
-            model_config=BaseConfig,
-            class_validators={},
-            field_info=field_info,
-        )
-        # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.2.0
-        field.required = required
-    else:  # pragma: nocover
-        field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
-            name=param.name,
-            type_=annotation,
-            default=None if required else default_value,
-            alias=alias,
-            required=required,
-            model_config=BaseConfig,
-            class_validators={},
-            schema=field_info,
-        )
-        field.required = required
+    field = create_response_field(
+        name=param.name,
+        type_=annotation,
+        default=None if required else default_value,
+        alias=alias,
+        required=required,
+        field_info=field_info,
+    )
+    field.required = required
     if not had_schema and not is_scalar_field(field=field):
         if PYDANTIC_1:
             field.field_info = params.Body(field_info.default)
@@ -634,7 +623,11 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
                 ) and isinstance(received_body, FormData):
                     value = received_body.getlist(field.alias)
                 else:
-                    value = received_body.get(field.alias)
+                    try:
+                        value = received_body.get(field.alias)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        errors.append(get_missing_field_error(field.alias))
+                        continue
             if (
                 value is None
                 or (isinstance(field_info, params.Form) and value == "")
@@ -645,18 +638,7 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
                 )
             ):
                 if field.required:
-                    if PYDANTIC_1:
-                        errors.append(
-                            ErrorWrapper(MissingError(), loc=("body", field.alias))
-                        )
-                    else:  # pragma: nocover
-                        errors.append(
-                            ErrorWrapper(  # type: ignore
-                                MissingError(),
-                                loc=("body", field.alias),
-                                config=BaseConfig,
-                            )
-                        )
+                    errors.append(get_missing_field_error(field.alias))
                 else:
                     values[field.name] = deepcopy(field.default)
                 continue
@@ -685,34 +667,32 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
     return values, errors
 
 
+def get_missing_field_error(field_alias: str) -> ErrorWrapper:
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        missing_field_error = ErrorWrapper(MissingError(), loc=("body", field_alias))
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        missing_field_error = ErrorWrapper(  # type: ignore
+            MissingError(), loc=("body", field_alias), config=BaseConfig,
+        )
+    return missing_field_error
+
+
 def get_schema_compatible_field(*, field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
     out_field = field
     if lenient_issubclass(field.type_, UploadFile):
         use_type: type = bytes
         if field.shape in sequence_shapes:
             use_type = List[bytes]
-        if PYDANTIC_1:
-            out_field = ModelField(
-                name=field.name,
-                type_=use_type,
-                class_validators=field.class_validators,
-                model_config=field.model_config,
-                default=field.default,
-                required=field.required,
-                alias=field.alias,
-                field_info=field.field_info,
-            )
-        else:  # pragma: nocover
-            out_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
-                name=field.name,
-                type_=use_type,
-                class_validators=field.class_validators,
-                model_config=field.model_config,
-                default=field.default,
-                required=field.required,
-                alias=field.alias,
-                schema=field.schema,  # type: ignore
-            )
+        out_field = create_response_field(
+            name=field.name,
+            type_=use_type,
+            class_validators=field.class_validators,
+            model_config=field.model_config,
+            default=field.default,
+            required=field.required,
+            alias=field.alias,
+            field_info=field.field_info if PYDANTIC_1 else field.schema,  # type: ignore
+        )
 
     return out_field
 
@@ -751,26 +731,10 @@ def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[ModelField]:
         ]
         if len(set(body_param_media_types)) == 1:
             BodyFieldInfo_kwargs["media_type"] = body_param_media_types[0]
-    if PYDANTIC_1:
-        field = ModelField(
-            name="body",
-            type_=BodyModel,
-            default=None,
-            required=required,
-            model_config=BaseConfig,
-            class_validators={},
-            alias="body",
-            field_info=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
-        )
-    else:  # pragma: nocover
-        field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
-            name="body",
-            type_=BodyModel,
-            default=None,
-            required=required,
-            model_config=BaseConfig,
-            class_validators={},
-            alias="body",
-            schema=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
-        )
-    return field
+    return create_response_field(
+        name="body",
+        type_=BodyModel,
+        required=required,
+        alias="body",
+        field_info=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
+    )

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import PurePath
 from types import GeneratorType
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Set, Tuple, Union
 
@@ -73,6 +74,8 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
         )
     if isinstance(obj, Enum):
         return obj.value
+    if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
+        return str(obj)
     if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
         return obj
     if isinstance(obj, dict):

fastapi/exceptions.py

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ RequestErrorModel = create_model("Request")
 WebSocketErrorModel = create_model("WebSocket")
 
 
+class FastAPIError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    A generic, FastAPI-specific error.
+    """
+
+
 class RequestValidationError(ValidationError):
     def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList], *, body: Any = None) -> None:
         self.body = body

fastapi/openapi/models.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
 
 from fastapi.logger import logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -21,13 +21,19 @@ try:
         # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
         from pydantic.types import EmailStr  # type: ignore
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
-    logger.info(
-        "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
-        "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
-    )
 
     class EmailStr(str):  # type: ignore
-        pass
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> Iterable[Callable]:
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, v: Any) -> str:
+            logger.warning(
+                "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
+                "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
+            )
+            return str(v)
 
 
 class Contact(BaseModel):
@@ -101,7 +107,7 @@ class SchemaBase(BaseModel):
     maxProperties: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
     minProperties: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
     required: Optional[List[str]] = None
-    enum: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    enum: Optional[List[Any]] = None
     type: Optional[str] = None
     allOf: Optional[List[Any]] = None
     oneOf: Optional[List[Any]] = None

fastapi/openapi/utils.py

@@ -180,7 +180,9 @@ def get_openapi_path(
             operation_parameters = get_openapi_operation_parameters(all_route_params)
             parameters.extend(operation_parameters)
             if parameters:
-                operation["parameters"] = parameters
+                operation["parameters"] = list(
+                    {param["name"]: param for param in parameters}.values()
+                )
             if method in METHODS_WITH_BODY:
                 request_body_oai = get_openapi_operation_request_body(
                     body_field=route.body_field, model_name_map=model_name_map

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ from fastapi.openapi.constants import STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
 from fastapi.utils import (
     PYDANTIC_1,
     create_cloned_field,
+    create_response_field,
     generate_operation_id_for_path,
     get_field_info,
     warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated,
 )
-from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel
+from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper, ValidationError
-from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette import routing
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
 async def serialize_response(
     *,
     field: ModelField = None,
-    response: Response,
+    response_content: Any,
     include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
     exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
@@ -59,16 +59,18 @@ async def serialize_response(
 ) -> Any:
     if field:
         errors = []
-        if exclude_unset and isinstance(response, BaseModel):
+        if exclude_unset and isinstance(response_content, BaseModel):
             if PYDANTIC_1:
-                response = response.dict(exclude_unset=exclude_unset)
+                response_content = response_content.dict(exclude_unset=exclude_unset)
             else:
-                response = response.dict(skip_defaults=exclude_unset)  # pragma: nocover
+                response_content = response_content.dict(
+                    skip_defaults=exclude_unset
+                )  # pragma: nocover
         if is_coroutine:
-            value, errors_ = field.validate(response, {}, loc=("response",))
+            value, errors_ = field.validate(response_content, {}, loc=("response",))
         else:
             value, errors_ = await run_in_threadpool(
-                field.validate, response, {}, loc=("response",)
+                field.validate, response_content, {}, loc=("response",)
             )
         if isinstance(errors_, ErrorWrapper):
             errors.append(errors_)
@@ -84,7 +86,20 @@ async def serialize_response(
             exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
         )
     else:
-        return jsonable_encoder(response)
+        return jsonable_encoder(response_content)
+
+
+async def run_endpoint_function(
+    *, dependant: Dependant, values: Dict[str, Any], is_coroutine: bool
+) -> Any:
+    # Only called by get_request_handler. Has been split into its own function to
+    # facilitate profiling endpoints, since inner functions are harder to profile.
+    assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
+
+    if is_coroutine:
+        return await dependant.call(**values)
+    else:
+        return await run_in_threadpool(dependant.call, **values)
 
 
 def get_request_handler(
@@ -128,18 +143,17 @@ def get_request_handler(
         if errors:
             raise RequestValidationError(errors, body=body)
         else:
-            assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
-            if is_coroutine:
-                raw_response = await dependant.call(**values)
-            else:
-                raw_response = await run_in_threadpool(dependant.call, **values)
+            raw_response = await run_endpoint_function(
+                dependant=dependant, values=values, is_coroutine=is_coroutine
+            )
+
             if isinstance(raw_response, Response):
                 if raw_response.background is None:
                     raw_response.background = background_tasks
                 return raw_response
             response_data = await serialize_response(
                 field=response_field,
-                response=raw_response,
+                response_content=raw_response,
                 include=response_model_include,
                 exclude=response_model_exclude,
                 by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
@@ -243,26 +257,9 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
                 status_code not in STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
             ), f"Status code {status_code} must not have a response body"
             response_name = "Response_" + self.unique_id
-            if PYDANTIC_1:
-                self.response_field: Optional[ModelField] = ModelField(
-                    name=response_name,
-                    type_=self.response_model,
-                    class_validators={},
-                    default=None,
-                    required=False,
-                    model_config=BaseConfig,
-                    field_info=FieldInfo(None),
-                )
-            else:
-                self.response_field: Optional[ModelField] = ModelField(  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
-                    name=response_name,
-                    type_=self.response_model,
-                    class_validators={},
-                    default=None,
-                    required=False,
-                    model_config=BaseConfig,
-                    schema=FieldInfo(None),
-                )
+            self.response_field = create_response_field(
+                name=response_name, type_=self.response_model
+            )
             # Create a clone of the field, so that a Pydantic submodel is not returned
             # as is just because it's an instance of a subclass of a more limited class
             # e.g. UserInDB (containing hashed_password) could be a subclass of User
@@ -274,7 +271,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
                 ModelField
             ] = create_cloned_field(self.response_field)
         else:
-            self.response_field = None
+            self.response_field = None  # type: ignore
             self.secure_cloned_response_field = None
         self.status_code = status_code
         self.tags = tags or []
@@ -297,30 +294,8 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
                 assert (
                     additional_status_code not in STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
                 ), f"Status code {additional_status_code} must not have a response body"
-                assert lenient_issubclass(
-                    model, BaseModel
-                ), "A response model must be a Pydantic model"
                 response_name = f"Response_{additional_status_code}_{self.unique_id}"
-                if PYDANTIC_1:
-                    response_field = ModelField(
-                        name=response_name,
-                        type_=model,
-                        class_validators=None,
-                        default=None,
-                        required=False,
-                        model_config=BaseConfig,
-                        field_info=FieldInfo(None),
-                    )
-                else:
-                    response_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
-                        name=response_name,
-                        type_=model,
-                        class_validators=None,
-                        default=None,
-                        required=False,
-                        model_config=BaseConfig,
-                        schema=FieldInfo(None),
-                    )
+                response_field = create_response_field(name=response_name, type_=model)
                 response_fields[additional_status_code] = response_field
         if response_fields:
             self.response_fields: Dict[Union[int, str], ModelField] = response_fields
@@ -335,9 +310,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
         self.response_class = response_class
 
-        assert inspect.isfunction(endpoint) or inspect.ismethod(
-            endpoint
-        ), f"An endpoint must be a function or method"
+        assert callable(endpoint), f"An endpoint must be a callable"
         self.dependant = get_dependant(path=self.path_format, call=self.endpoint)
         for depends in self.dependencies[::-1]:
             self.dependant.dependencies.insert(

fastapi/utils.py

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
+import functools
 import re
 from dataclasses import is_dataclass
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Sequence, Set, Type, cast
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Type, Union, cast
 
+import fastapi
 from fastapi import routing
 from fastapi.logger import logger
 from fastapi.openapi.constants import REF_PREFIX
 from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, create_model
+from pydantic.class_validators import Validator
 from pydantic.schema import get_flat_models_from_fields, model_process_schema
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
 
 try:
-    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo, ModelField
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo, ModelField, UndefinedType
 
     PYDANTIC_1 = True
 except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
@@ -19,6 +22,10 @@ except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
     from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
     from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
 
+    class UndefinedType:  # type: ignore
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return "PydanticUndefined"
+
     logger.warning(
         "Pydantic versions < 1.0.0 are deprecated in FastAPI and support will be "
         "removed soon."
@@ -86,6 +93,44 @@ def get_path_param_names(path: str) -> Set[str]:
     return {item.strip("{}") for item in re.findall("{[^}]*}", path)}
 
 
+def create_response_field(
+    name: str,
+    type_: Type[Any],
+    class_validators: Optional[Dict[str, Validator]] = None,
+    default: Optional[Any] = None,
+    required: Union[bool, UndefinedType] = False,
+    model_config: Type[BaseConfig] = BaseConfig,
+    field_info: Optional[FieldInfo] = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> ModelField:
+    """
+    Create a new response field. Raises if type_ is invalid.
+    """
+    class_validators = class_validators or {}
+    field_info = field_info or FieldInfo(None)
+
+    response_field = functools.partial(
+        ModelField,
+        name=name,
+        type_=type_,
+        class_validators=class_validators,
+        default=default,
+        required=required,
+        model_config=model_config,
+        alias=alias,
+    )
+
+    try:
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            return response_field(field_info=field_info)
+        else:  # pragma: nocover
+            return response_field(schema=field_info)
+    except RuntimeError:
+        raise fastapi.exceptions.FastAPIError(
+            f"Invalid args for response field! Hint: check that {type_} is a valid pydantic field type"
+        )
+
+
 def create_cloned_field(field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
     original_type = field.type_
     if is_dataclass(original_type) and hasattr(original_type, "__pydantic_model__"):
@@ -93,32 +138,11 @@ def create_cloned_field(field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
     use_type = original_type
     if lenient_issubclass(original_type, BaseModel):
         original_type = cast(Type[BaseModel], original_type)
-        use_type = create_model(
-            original_type.__name__, __config__=original_type.__config__
-        )
+        use_type = create_model(original_type.__name__, __base__=original_type)
         for f in original_type.__fields__.values():
             use_type.__fields__[f.name] = create_cloned_field(f)
-        use_type.__validators__ = original_type.__validators__
-    if PYDANTIC_1:
-        new_field = ModelField(
-            name=field.name,
-            type_=use_type,
-            class_validators={},
-            default=None,
-            required=False,
-            model_config=BaseConfig,
-            field_info=FieldInfo(None),
-        )
-    else:  # pragma: nocover
-        new_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
-            name=field.name,
-            type_=use_type,
-            class_validators={},
-            default=None,
-            required=False,
-            model_config=BaseConfig,
-            schema=FieldInfo(None),
-        )
+
+    new_field = create_response_field(name=field.name, type_=use_type)
     new_field.has_alias = field.has_alias
     new_field.alias = field.alias
     new_field.class_validators = field.class_validators

mkdocs.yml

@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ markdown_extensions:
     - admonition
     - codehilite
     - extra
+    - pymdownx.superfences:
+        custom_fences:
+            - name: mermaid
+              class: mermaid
+              format: !!python/name:pymdownx.superfences.fence_div_format
 
 extra:
     social:
@@ -137,4 +142,5 @@ extra_css:
     - 'css/custom.css'
 
 extra_javascript:
+    - 'https://unpkg.com/mermaid@8.4.6/dist/mermaid.min.js'
     - 'js/custom.js'

mypy.ini

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 [mypy]
+disallow_untyped_defs = True
 ignore_missing_imports = True

pyproject.toml

@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ test = [
     "databases[sqlite]",
     "orjson",
     "async_exit_stack",
-    "async_generator"
+    "async_generator",
+    "python-multipart",
+    "aiofiles",
+    "ujson"
 ]
 doc = [
     "mkdocs",

scripts/lint.sh

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 set -e
 set -x
 
-mypy fastapi --disallow-untyped-defs
+mypy fastapi
 black fastapi tests --check
 isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --combine-as --line-width 88 --recursive --check-only --thirdparty fastapi fastapi tests

scripts/test.sh

@@ -7,9 +7,8 @@ set -x
 if [ -f ./test.db ]; then
     rm ./test.db
 fi
-
-export PYTHONPATH=./docs/src
-pytest --cov=fastapi --cov=tests --cov=docs/src --cov-report=term-missing ${@}
 bash ./scripts/lint.sh
 # Check README.md is up to date
 diff --brief docs/index.md README.md
+export PYTHONPATH=./docs/src
+pytest --cov=fastapi --cov=tests --cov=docs/src --cov-report=term-missing ${@}

tests/test_additional_properties.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/foo": {
             "post": {

tests/test_additional_response_extra.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ app.include_router(router)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_additional_responses_bad.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ async def a():
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a": {
             "get": {

tests/test_additional_responses_custom_validationerror.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ async def a(id):
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a/{id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_additional_responses_default_validationerror.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ async def a(id):
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a/{id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_additional_responses_response_class.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ async def b():
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a": {
             "get": {

tests/test_additional_responses_router.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ app.include_router(router)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a": {
             "get": {

tests/test_application.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/api_route": {
             "get": {

tests/test_callable_endpoint.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from functools import partial
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+
+def main(some_arg, q: str = None):
+    return {"some_arg": some_arg, "q": q}
+
+
+endpoint = partial(main, "foo")
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+app.get("/")(endpoint)
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_partial():
+    response = client.get("/?q=bar")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data == {"some_arg": "foo", "q": "bar"}

tests/test_custom_route_class.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_extra_routes.py

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_filter_pydantic_sub_model.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import pytest
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, validator
 from starlette.testclient import TestClient
 
 app = FastAPI()
@@ -18,14 +19,20 @@ class ModelA(BaseModel):
     description: str = None
     model_b: ModelB
 
+    @validator("name")
+    def lower_username(cls, name: str, values):
+        if not name.endswith("A"):
+            raise ValueError("name must end in A")
+        return name
+
 
 async def get_model_c() -> ModelC:
     return ModelC(username="test-user", password="test-password")
 
 
-@app.get("/model", response_model=ModelA)
-async def get_model_a(model_c=Depends(get_model_c)):
-    return {"name": "model-a-name", "description": "model-a-desc", "model_b": model_c}
+@app.get("/model/{name}", response_model=ModelA)
+async def get_model_a(name: str, model_c=Depends(get_model_c)):
+    return {"name": name, "description": "model-a-desc", "model_b": model_c}
 
 
 client = TestClient(app)
@@ -33,12 +40,20 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
-        "/model": {
+        "/model/{name}": {
             "get": {
                 "summary": "Get Model A",
-                "operationId": "get_model_a_model_get",
+                "operationId": "get_model_a_model__name__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"},
+                        "name": "name",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
                 "responses": {
                     "200": {
                         "description": "Successful Response",
@@ -47,13 +62,34 @@ openapi_schema = {
                                 "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ModelA"}
                             }
                         },
-                    }
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
                 },
             }
         }
     },
     "components": {
         "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
             "ModelA": {
                 "title": "ModelA",
                 "required": ["name", "model_b"],
@@ -70,6 +106,20 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "type": "object",
                 "properties": {"username": {"title": "Username", "type": "string"}},
             },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
         }
     },
 }
@@ -82,10 +132,22 @@ def test_openapi_schema():
 
 
 def test_filter_sub_model():
-    response = client.get("/model")
+    response = client.get("/model/modelA")
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert response.json() == {
-        "name": "model-a-name",
+        "name": "modelA",
         "description": "model-a-desc",
         "model_b": {"username": "test-user"},
     }
+
+
+def test_validator_is_cloned():
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as err:
+        client.get("/model/modelX")
+    assert err.value.errors() == [
+        {
+            "loc": ("response", "name"),
+            "msg": "name must end in A",
+            "type": "value_error",
+        }
+    ]

tests/test_jsonable_encoder.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import PurePath, PurePosixPath, PureWindowsPath
 
 import pytest
 from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
-from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, create_model
 
 try:
     from pydantic import Field
@@ -69,6 +70,19 @@ class ModelWithAlias(BaseModel):
     foo: str = Field(..., alias="Foo")
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(
+    name="model_with_path", params=[PurePath, PurePosixPath, PureWindowsPath]
+)
+def fixture_model_with_path(request):
+    class Config:
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+
+    ModelWithPath = create_model(
+        "ModelWithPath", path=(request.param, ...), __config__=Config
+    )
+    return ModelWithPath(path=request.param("/foo", "bar"))
+
+
 def test_encode_class():
     person = Person(name="Foo")
     pet = Pet(owner=person, name="Firulais")
@@ -120,3 +134,11 @@ def test_custom_encoders():
         instance, custom_encoder={safe_datetime: lambda o: o.isoformat()}
     )
     assert encoded_instance["dt_field"] == instance.dt_field.isoformat()
+
+
+def test_encode_model_with_path(model_with_path):
+    if isinstance(model_with_path.path, PureWindowsPath):
+        expected = "\\foo\\bar"
+    else:
+        expected = "/foo/bar"
+    assert jsonable_encoder(model_with_path) == {"path": expected}

tests/test_modules_same_name_body/test_main.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a/compute": {
             "post": {

tests/test_multi_body_errors.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "post": {

tests/test_multi_query_errors.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_param_in_path_and_dependency.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+async def user_exists(user_id: int):
+    return True
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", dependencies=[Depends(user_exists)])
+async def read_users(user_id: int):
+    pass
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/users/{user_id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Read Users",
+                "operationId": "read_users_users__user_id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "User Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "name": "user_id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    },
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_reused_param():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_read_users():
+    response = client.get("/users/42")
+    assert response.status_code == 200

tests/test_put_no_body.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "put": {

tests/test_repeated_dependency_schema.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ schema = {
             },
         }
     },
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
     "paths": {
         "/": {

tests/test_response_class_no_mediatype.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ async def b():
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a": {
             "get": {

tests/test_response_code_no_body.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ async def b():
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/a": {
             "get": {

tests/test_response_model_invalid.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from typing import List
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.exceptions import FastAPIError
+
+
+class NonPydanticModel:
+    pass
+
+
+def test_invalid_response_model_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(FastAPIError):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.get("/", response_model=NonPydanticModel)
+        def read_root():
+            pass  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_invalid_response_model_sub_type_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(FastAPIError):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.get("/", response_model=List[NonPydanticModel])
+        def read_root():
+            pass  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_invalid_response_model_in_responses_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(FastAPIError):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.get("/", responses={"500": {"model": NonPydanticModel}})
+        def read_root():
+            pass  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_invalid_response_model_sub_type_in_responses_raises():
+    with pytest.raises(FastAPIError):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.get("/", responses={"500": {"model": List[NonPydanticModel]}})
+        def read_root():
+            pass  # pragma: nocover

tests/test_response_model_sub_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/valid1", responses={"500": {"model": int}})
+def valid1():
+    pass
+
+
+@app.get("/valid2", responses={"500": {"model": List[int]}})
+def valid2():
+    pass
+
+
+@app.get("/valid3", responses={"500": {"model": Model}})
+def valid3():
+    pass
+
+
+@app.get("/valid4", responses={"500": {"model": List[Model]}})
+def valid4():
+    pass
+
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/valid1": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Valid1",
+                "operationId": "valid1_valid1_get",
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "500": {
+                        "description": "Internal Server Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response 500 Valid1 Valid1 Get",
+                                    "type": "integer",
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/valid2": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Valid2",
+                "operationId": "valid2_valid2_get",
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "500": {
+                        "description": "Internal Server Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response 500 Valid2 Valid2 Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"type": "integer"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/valid3": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Valid3",
+                "operationId": "valid3_valid3_get",
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "500": {
+                        "description": "Internal Server Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Model"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+        "/valid4": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Valid4",
+                "operationId": "valid4_valid4_get",
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "500": {
+                        "description": "Internal Server Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "title": "Response 500 Valid4 Valid4 Get",
+                                    "type": "array",
+                                    "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Model"},
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        },
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Model": {
+                "title": "Model",
+                "required": ["name"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {"name": {"title": "Name", "type": "string"}},
+            }
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_path_operations():
+    response = client.get("/valid1")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    response = client.get("/valid2")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    response = client.get("/valid3")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    response = client.get("/valid4")
+    assert response.status_code == 200

tests/test_security_api_key_cookie.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_api_key_cookie_optional.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_api_key_header.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_api_key_header_optional.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_api_key_query.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_api_key_query_optional.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_base.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_base_optional.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_basic_optional.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_basic_realm.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_bearer.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_bearer_optional.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_digest.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_http_digest_optional.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_oauth2.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/login": {
             "post": {

tests/test_security_oauth2_authorization_code_bearer.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_oauth2_optional.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/login": {
             "post": {

tests/test_security_oauth2_password_bearer_optional.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_openid_connect.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_security_openid_connect_optional.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/me": {
             "get": {

tests/test_starlette_exception.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_sub_callbacks.py

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/invoices/": {
             "post": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_additional_responses/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_additional_responses/test_tutorial002.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_additional_responses/test_tutorial003.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_additional_responses/test_tutorial004.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_async_sql_databases/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from async_sql_databases.tutorial001 import app
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/notes/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_bigger_applications/test_main.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/users/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_body/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "post": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_fields/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "put": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_multiple_params/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "put": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_multiple_params/test_tutorial003.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "put": {
@@ -166,6 +166,30 @@ def test_openapi_schema():
                 ]
             },
         ),
+        (
+            "/items/5",
+            [],
+            422,
+            {
+                "detail": [
+                    {
+                        "loc": ["body", "item"],
+                        "msg": "field required",
+                        "type": "value_error.missing",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "loc": ["body", "user"],
+                        "msg": "field required",
+                        "type": "value_error.missing",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "loc": ["body", "importance"],
+                        "msg": "field required",
+                        "type": "value_error.missing",
+                    },
+                ]
+            },
+        ),
     ],
 )
 def test_post_body(path, body, expected_status, expected_response):

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_nested_models/test_tutorial009.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/index-weights/": {
             "post": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_body_updates/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_cookie_params/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_custom_response/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_custom_response/test_tutorial004.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_dependencies/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_dependencies/test_tutorial004.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_dependencies/test_tutorial006.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_events/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from events.tutorial001 import app
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_events/test_tutorial002.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from events.tutorial002 import app
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/": {
             "get": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_extra_data_types/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "put": {

tests/test_tutorial/test_extra_models/test_tutorial003.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ client = TestClient(app)
 
 openapi_schema = {
     "openapi": "3.0.2",
-    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
     "paths": {
         "/items/{item_id}": {
             "get": {