🔖 Release version 0.60.2

Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/build-docs.yml

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ jobs:
           publish-dir: './site'
           production-branch: master
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          enable-commit-comment: false
         env:
           NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN }}
           NETLIFY_SITE_ID: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_SITE_ID }}

.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ jobs:
           publish-dir: './site'
           production-deploy: false
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          enable-commit-comment: false
         env:
           NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN }}
           NETLIFY_SITE_ID: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_SITE_ID }}

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@ jobs:
         env:
           GITTER_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITTER_TOKEN }}
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          TAG: ${{ github.ref }}
+          TAG: ${{ github.event.release.name }}
         run: bash scripts/notify.sh

docs/en/data/external_links.yml

@@ -128,6 +128,14 @@ articles:
       title: Machine learning model serving in Python using FastAPI and streamlit
       author_link: https://github.com/davidefiocco
       author: Davide Fiocco
+    - link: https://www.tutlinks.com/deploy-fastapi-on-azure/
+      title: Deploy FastAPI on Azure App Service
+      author_link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/navule/
+      author: Navule Pavan Kumar Rao
+    - link: https://towardsdatascience.com/build-and-host-fast-data-science-applications-using-fastapi-823be8a1d6a0
+      title: Build And Host Fast Data Science Applications Using FastAPI
+      author_link: https://medium.com/@farhadmalik
+      author: Farhad Malik
   japanese:
     - link: https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d
       title: FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築

docs/en/docs/advanced/async-tests.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# Async Tests
+
+You have already seen how to test your **FastAPI** applications using the provided `TestClient`, but with it, you can't test or run any other `async` function in your (synchronous) pytest functions.
+
+Being able to use asynchronous functions in your tests could be useful, for example, when you're querying your database asynchronously. Imagine you want to test sending requests to your FastAPI application and then verify that your backend successfully wrote the correct data in the database, while using an async database library.
+
+Let's look at how we can make that work.
+
+## pytest-asyncio
+
+If we want to call asynchronous functions in our tests, our test functions have to be asynchronous. Pytest provides a neat library for this, called `pytest-asyncio`, that allows us to specify that some test functions are to be called asynchronously.
+
+You can install it via:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install pytest-asyncio
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+## HTTPX
+
+Even if your **FastAPI** application uses normal `def` functions instead of `async def`, it is still an `async` application underneath.
+
+The `TestClient` does some magic inside to call the asynchronous FastAPI application in your normal `def` test functions, using standard pytest. But that magic doesn't work anymore when we're using it inside asynchronous functions. By running our tests asynchronously, we can no longer use the `TestClient` inside our test functions.
+
+Luckily there's a nice alternative, called <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a>.
+
+HTTPX is an HTTP client for Python 3 that allows us to query our FastAPI application similarly to how we did it with the `TestClient`.
+
+If you're familiar with the <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Requests</a> library, you'll find that the API of HTTPX is almost identical.
+
+The important difference for us is that with HTTPX we are not limited to synchronous, but can also make asynchronous requests.
+
+## Example
+
+For a simple example, let's consider the following `main.py` module:
+
+```Python
+{!../../../docs_src/async_tests/main.py!}
+```
+
+The `test_main.py` module that contains the tests for `main.py` could look like this now:
+
+```Python
+{!../../../docs_src/async_tests/test_main.py!}
+```
+
+## Run it
+
+You can run your tests as usual via:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pytest
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+## In Detail
+
+The marker `@pytest.mark.asyncio` tells pytest that this test function should be called asynchronously:
+
+```Python hl_lines="7"
+{!../../../docs_src/async_tests/test_main.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Note that the test function is now `async def` instead of just `def` as before when using the `TestClient`.
+
+Then we can create an `AsyncClient` with the app, and send async requests to it, using `await`.
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 10"
+{!../../../docs_src/async_tests/test_main.py!}
+```
+
+This is the equivalent to:
+
+```Python
+response = client.get('/')
+```
+
+that we used to make our requests with the `TestClient`.
+
+!!! tip
+    Note that we're using async/await with the new `AsyncClient` - the request is asynchronous.
+
+## Other Asynchronous Function Calls
+
+As the testing function is now asynchronous, you can now also call (and `await`) other `async` functions apart from sending requests to your FastAPI application in your tests, exactly as you would call them anywhere else in your code.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you encounter a `RuntimeError: Task attached to a different loop` when integrating asynchronous function calls in your tests (e.g. when using <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41584243/runtimeerror-task-attached-to-a-different-loop" class="external-link" target="_blank">MongoDB's MotorClient</a>) check out <a href="https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-asyncio/issues/38#issuecomment-264418154" class="external-link" target="_blank">this issue</a> in the pytest-asyncio repository.

docs/en/docs/advanced/behind-a-proxy.md

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Now, if you go to the URL with the port for Uvicorn: <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8
 !!! tip
     Notice that even though you are accessing it at `http://127.0.0.1:8000/app` it shows the `root_path` of `/api/v1`, taken from the option `--root-path`.
 
-And now open the URL with the port for Traefik, including the path prefix: <a href="http://127.0.0.1:9999/api/v1/app" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:9999/api/vi/app</a>.
+And now open the URL with the port for Traefik, including the path prefix: <a href="http://127.0.0.1:9999/api/v1/app" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:9999/api/v1/app</a>.
 
 We get the same response:
 

docs/en/docs/advanced/templates.md

@@ -39,13 +39,16 @@ $ pip install aiofiles
 * Declare a `Request` parameter in the *path operation* that will return a template.
 * Use the `templates` you created to render and return a `TemplateResponse`, passing the `request` as one of the key-value pairs in the Jinja2 "context".
 
-```Python hl_lines="3  10  14 15"
+```Python hl_lines="4  11  15 16"
 {!../../../docs_src/templates/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
 !!! note
     Notice that you have to pass the `request` as part of the key-value pairs in the context for Jinja2. So, you also have to declare it in your *path operation*.
 
+!!! tip
+    By declaring `response_class=HTMLResponse` the docs UI will be able to know that the response will be HTML.
+
 !!! note "Technical Details"
     You could also use `from starlette.templating import Jinja2Templates`.
 

docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-websockets.md

@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ For this, you use the `TestClient` in a `with` statement, connecting to the WebS
 ```Python hl_lines="27 28 29 30 31"
 {!../../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
+
+!!! note
+    For more details, check Starlette's documentation for <a href="https://www.starlette.io/testclient/#testing-websocket-sessions" class="external-link" target="_blank">testing WebSockets</a>.

docs/en/docs/release-notes.md

@@ -2,10 +2,39 @@
 
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.60.2
+
+* Fix typo in docs for query parameters. PR [#1832](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1832) by [@ycd](https://github.com/ycd).
+* Add docs about [Async Tests](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/async-tests/). PR [#1619](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1619) by [@empicano](https://github.com/empicano).
+* Raise an exception when using form data (`Form`, `File`) without having `python-multipart` installed.
+    * Up to now the application would run, and raise an exception only when receiving a request with form data, the new behavior, raising early, will prevent from deploying applications with broken dependencies.
+    * It also detects if the correct package `python-multipart` is installed instead of the incorrect `multipart` (both importable as `multipart`).
+    * PR [#1851](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1851) based on original PR [#1627](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1627) by [@chrisngyn](https://github.com/chrisngyn), [@YKo20010](https://github.com/YKo20010), [@kx-chen](https://github.com/kx-chen).
+* Re-enable Gitter releases bot. PR [#1831](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1831).
+* Add link to async SQL databases tutorial from main SQL tutorial. PR [#1813](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1813) by [@short2strings](https://github.com/short2strings).
+* Fix typo in tutorial about behind a proxy. PR [#1807](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1807) by [@toidi](https://github.com/toidi).
+* Fix typo in Portuguese docs. PR [#1795](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1795) by [@izaguerreiro](https://github.com/izaguerreiro).
+* Add translations setup for Ukrainian. PR [#1830](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1830).
+* Add external link [Build And Host Fast Data Science Applications Using FastAPI](https://towardsdatascience.com/build-and-host-fast-data-science-applications-using-fastapi-823be8a1d6a0). PR [#1786](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1786) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
+* Fix encoding of Pydantic models that inherit from others models with custom `json_encoders`. PR [#1769](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1769) by [@henrybetts](https://github.com/henrybetts).
+* Simplify and improve `jsonable_encoder`. PR [#1754](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1754) by [@MashhadiNima](https://github.com/MashhadiNima).
+* Simplify internal code syntax in several points. PR [#1753](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1753) by [@uriyyo](https://github.com/uriyyo).
+* Improve internal typing, declare `Optional` parameters. PR [#1731](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1731) by [@MashhadiNima](https://github.com/MashhadiNima).
+* Add external link [Deploy FastAPI on Azure App Service](https://www.tutlinks.com/deploy-fastapi-on-azure/) to docs. PR [#1726](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1726) by [@windson](https://github.com/windson).
+* Add link to Starlette docs about WebSocket testing. PR [#1717](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1717) by [@hellocoldworld](https://github.com/hellocoldworld).
+* Refactor generating dependant, merge for loops. PR [#1714](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1714) by [@Bloodielie](https://github.com/Bloodielie).
+* Update example for templates with Jinja to include HTML media type. PR [#1690](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1690) by [@frafra](https://github.com/frafra).
+* Fix typos in docs for security. PR [#1678](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1678) by [@nilslindemann](https://github.com/nilslindemann).
+* Fix typos in docs for dependencies. PR [#1675](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1675) by [@nilslindemann](https://github.com/nilslindemann).
+* Fix type annotation for `**extra` parameters in `FastAPI`. PR [#1659](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1659) by [@bharel](https://github.com/bharel).
+* Bump MkDocs Material to fix docs in browsers with dark mode. PR [#1789](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1789) by [@adriencaccia](https://github.com/adriencaccia).
+* Remove docs preview comment from each commit. PR [#1826](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1826).
+* Update GitHub context extraction for Gitter notification bot. PR [#1766](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1766).
+
 ## 0.60.1
 
 * Add debugging logs for GitHub actions to introspect GitHub hidden context. PR [#1764](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1764).
-* Use OS preference theme for online docs. PR [#1760](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1760) by [@https://github.com/adriencaccia](https://github.com/adriencaccia).
+* Use OS preference theme for online docs. PR [#1760](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1760) by [@adriencaccia](https://github.com/adriencaccia).
 * Upgrade Starlette to version `0.13.6` to handle a vulnerability when using static files in Windows. PR [#1759](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1759) by [@jamesag26](https://github.com/jamesag26).
 * Pin Swagger UI temporarily, waiting for a fix for [swagger-api/swagger-ui#6249](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/issues/6249). PR [#1763](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1763).
 * Update GitHub Actions, use commit from PR for docs preview, not commit from pre-merge. PR [#1761](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1761).

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ If you pass a "callable" as a dependency in **FastAPI**, it will analyze the par
 
 That also applies to callables with no parameters at all. The same as it would be for *path operation functions* with no parameters.
 
-Then, we can change the dependency "dependable" `common_parameters` from above to the class `CommonQueryParameters`:
+Then, we can change the dependency "dependable" `common_parameters` from above to the class `CommonQueryParams`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="11 12 13 14 15"
 {!../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial002.py!}
@@ -101,15 +101,15 @@ In both cases the data will be converted, validated, documented on the OpenAPI s
 
 Now you can declare your dependency using this class.
 
-And as when **FastAPI** calls that class the value that will be passed as `commons` to your function will be an "instance" of the class, you can declare that parameter `commons` to be of type of the class, `CommonQueryParams`.
-
 ```Python hl_lines="19"
 {!../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
 
+**FastAPI** calls the `CommonQueryParams` class. This creates an "instance" of that class and the instance will be passed as the parameter `commons` to your function.
+
 ## Type annotation vs `Depends`
 
-In the code above, you are declaring `commons` as:
+Notice how we write `CommonQueryParams` twice in the above code:
 
 ```Python
 commons: CommonQueryParams = Depends(CommonQueryParams)
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ commons: CommonQueryParams = Depends(CommonQueryParams)
 commons: CommonQueryParams = Depends()
 ```
 
-So, you can declare the dependency as the type of the variable, and use `Depends()` as the "default" value (the value after the `=`) for that function's parameter, without any parameter, instead of having to write the full class *again* inside of `Depends(CommonQueryParams)`.
+You declare the dependency as the type of the parameter, and you use `Depends()` as its "default" value (that after the `=`) for that function's parameter, without any parameter in `Depends()`, instead of having to write the full class *again* inside of `Depends(CommonQueryParams)`.
 
-So, the same example would look like:
+The same example would then look like:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="19"
 {!../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial004.py!}
@@ -186,6 +186,6 @@ So, the same example would look like:
 ...and **FastAPI** will know what to do.
 
 !!! tip
-    If all that seems more confusing than helpful, disregard it, you don't *need* it.
-    
+    If that seems more confusing than helpful, disregard it, you don't *need* it.
+
     It is just a shortcut. Because **FastAPI** cares about helping you minimize code repetition.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ These dependencies will be executed/solved the same way normal dependencies. But
 
     Using these `dependencies` in the *path operation decorator* you can make sure they are executed while avoiding editor/tooling errors.
 
-    It might also help avoiding confusion for new developers that see an un-used parameter in your code and could think it's unnecessary.
+    It might also help avoid confusion for new developers that see an unused parameter in your code and could think it's unnecessary.
 
 ## Dependencies errors and return values
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ That's it.
 
 **2 lines**.
 
-And it has the same shape and structure that all your *path operation functions*.
+And it has the same shape and structure that all your *path operation functions* have.
 
 You can think of it as a *path operation function* without the "decorator" (without the `@app.get("/some-path")`).
 
@@ -123,10 +123,9 @@ So, the interactive docs will have all the information from these dependencies t
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/dependencies/image01.png">
 
-
 ## Simple usage
 
-If you look at it, *path operation functions* are declared to be used whenever a *path* and *operation* matches, and then **FastAPI** takes care of calling the function with the correct parameters and use the response.
+If you look at it, *path operation functions* are declared to be used whenever a *path* and *operation* matches, and then **FastAPI** takes care of calling the function with the correct parameters, extracting the data from the request.
 
 Actually, all (or most) of the web frameworks work in this same way.
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Let's focus on the parameters declared:
 * Even though this function is a dependency ("dependable") itself, it also declares another dependency (it "depends" on something else).
     * It depends on the `query_extractor`, and assigns the value returned by it to the parameter `q`.
 * It also declares an optional `last_query` cookie, as a `str`.
-    * Let's imagine that if the user didn't provide any query `q`, we just use the last query used, that we had saved to a cookie before.
+    * If the user didn't provide any query `q`, we use the last query used, which we saved to a cookie before.
 
 ### Use the dependency
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ So, when you need to declare a value as required while using `Query`, you can us
 ```
 
 !!! info
-    If you hadn't seen that `...` before: it is a a special single value, it is <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis" class="external-link" target="_blank">part of Python and is called "Ellipsis"</a>.
+    If you hadn't seen that `...` before: it is a special single value, it is <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis" class="external-link" target="_blank">part of Python and is called "Ellipsis"</a>.
 
 This will let **FastAPI** know that this parameter is required.
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ So, let's review it from that simplified point of view:
 * The API checks that `username` and `password`, and responds with a "token" (we haven't implemented any of this yet).
     * A "token" is just a string with some content that we can use later to verify this user.
     * Normally, a token is set to expire after some time.
-        * So, the user will have to login again at some point later.
+        * So, the user will have to log in again at some point later.
         * And if the token is stolen, the risk is less. It is not like a permanent key that will work forever (in most of the cases).
 * The frontend stores that token temporarily somewhere.
 * The user clicks in the frontend to go to another section of the frontend web app.
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ So, let's review it from that simplified point of view:
 
 **FastAPI** provides several tools, at different levels of abstraction, to implement these security features.
 
-In this example we are going to use **OAuth2**, with the **Password** flow, using a **Bearer** token.
+In this example we are going to use **OAuth2**, with the **Password** flow, using a **Bearer** token. We do that using the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class.
 
 !!! info
     A "bearer" token is not the only option.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ In this example we are going to use **OAuth2**, with the **Password** flow, usin
 
     In that case, **FastAPI** also provides you with the tools to build it.
 
-`OAuth2PasswordBearer` is a class that we create passing a parameter with the URL the client (the frontend running in the user's browser) can use to send the `username` and `password` and get a token.
+When we create an instance of the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class we pass in the `tokenUrl` parameter. This parameter contains the URL that the client (the frontend running in the user's browser) will use to send the `username` and `password` in order to get a token.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="6"
 {!../../../docs_src/security/tutorial001.py!}
@@ -127,7 +127,9 @@ In this example we are going to use **OAuth2**, with the **Password** flow, usin
 
     Using a relative URL is important to make sure your application keeps working even in an advanced use case like [Behind a Proxy](../../advanced/behind-a-proxy.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
-It doesn't create that endpoint / *path operation* for `./token`, but declares that that URL `./token` is the one that the client should use to get the token. That information is used in OpenAPI, and then in the interactive API documentation systems.
+This parameter doesn't create that endpoint / *path operation*, but declares that the URL `/token` will be the one that the client should use to get the token. That information is used in OpenAPI, and then in the interactive API documentation systems.
+
+We will soon also create the actual path operation.
 
 !!! info
     If you are a very strict "Pythonista" you might dislike the style of the parameter name `tokenUrl` instead of `token_url`.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ It is not encrypted, so, anyone could recover the information from the contents.
 
 But it's signed. So, when you receive a token that you emitted, you can verify that you actually emitted it.
 
-That way, you can create a token with an expiration of, let's say, 1 week. And then when the user comes back the next day with the token, you know she/he is still signed into your system.
+That way, you can create a token with an expiration of, let's say, 1 week. And then when the user comes back the next day with the token, you know she/he is still logged in to your system.
 
-And after a week, the token will be expired and the user will not be authorized and will have to sign in again to get a new token. And if the user (or a third party) tried to modify the token to change the expiration, you would be able to discover it, because the signatures would not match.
+After a week, the token will be expired and the user will not be authorized and will have to sign in again to get a new token. And if the user (or a third party) tried to modify the token to change the expiration, you would be able to discover it, because the signatures would not match.
 
 If you want to play with JWT tokens and see how they work, check <a href="https://jwt.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://jwt.io</a>.
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Import the tools we need from `passlib`.
 Create a PassLib "context". This is what will be used to hash and verify passwords.
 
 !!! tip
-    The PassLib context also has functionality to use different hashing algorithms, including deprecate old ones only to allow verifying them, etc.
+    The PassLib context also has functionality to use different hashing algorithms, including deprecated old ones only to allow verifying them, etc.
 
     For example, you could use it to read and verify passwords generated by another system (like Django) but hash any new passwords with a different algorithm like Bcrypt.
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/simple-oauth2.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ They are normally used to declare specific security permissions, for example:
     In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.
 
     It doesn't matter if it has other characters like `:` or if it is a URL.
-    
+
     Those details are implementation specific.
 
     For OAuth2 they are just strings.
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ For this simple example, we are going to just be completely insecure and return
     This is something that you have to do yourself in your code, and make sure you use those JSON keys.
 
     It's almost the only thing that you have to remember to do correctly yourself, to be compliant with the specifications.
-    
+
     For the rest, **FastAPI** handles it for you.
 
 ## Update the dependencies
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ We want to get the `current_user` *only* if this user is active.
 
 So, we create an additional dependency `get_current_active_user` that in turn uses `get_current_user` as a dependency.
 
-Both of these dependencies will just return an HTTP error if the user doesn't exists, or if is inactive.
+Both of these dependencies will just return an HTTP error if the user doesn't exist, or if is inactive.
 
 So, in our endpoint, we will only get a user if the user exists, was correctly authenticated, and is active:
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md

@@ -539,6 +539,9 @@ def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
     ...
 ```
 
+!!! info
+    If you need to connect to your relational database asynchronously, see [Async SQL (Relational) Databases](../advanced/async-sql-databases.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
 !!! note "Very Technical Details"
     If you are curious and have a deep technical knowledge, you can check the very technical details of how this `async def` vs `def` is handled in the [Async](../async.md#very-technical-details){.internal-link target=_blank} docs.
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/testing.md

@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you n
 
     **FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.testclient` as `fastapi.testclient` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.
 
+!!! tip
+    If you want to call `async` functions in your tests apart from sending requests to your FastAPI application (e.g. asynchronous database functions), have a look at the [Async Tests](../advanced/async-tests.md){.internal-link target=_blank} in the advanced tutorial.
+
 ## Separating tests
 
 In a real application, you probably would have your tests in a different file.

docs/en/mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ nav:
   - it: /it/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
   - zh: /zh/
 - features.md
 - python-types.md
@@ -110,6 +111,7 @@ nav:
   - advanced/testing-events.md
   - advanced/testing-dependencies.md
   - advanced/testing-database.md
+  - advanced/async-tests.md
   - advanced/settings.md
   - advanced/conditional-openapi.md
   - advanced/extending-openapi.md

docs/es/mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ nav:
   - it: /it/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
   - zh: /zh/
 - features.md
 - python-types.md

docs/it/mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ nav:
   - it: /it/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
   - zh: /zh/
 markdown_extensions:
 - toc:

docs/pt/docs/index.md

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Os recursos chave são:
 
 * **Rápido**: alta performance, equivalente a **NodeJS** e **Go** (graças ao Starlette e Pydantic). [Um dos frameworks mais rápidos disponíveis](#performance).
 * **Rápido para codar**: Aumenta a velocidade para desenvolver recursos entre 200% a 300%. *
-* **Poucos bugs**: Reduz cerca de 40% de erros iduzidos por humanos (desenvolvedores). *
+* **Poucos bugs**: Reduz cerca de 40% de erros induzidos por humanos (desenvolvedores). *
 * **Intuitivo**: Grande suporte a _IDEs_. <abbr title="também conhecido como _auto-complete_, _autocompletion_, _IntelliSense_">_Auto-Complete_</abbr> em todos os lugares. Menos tempo debugando.
 * **Fácil**: Projetado para ser fácil de aprender e usar. Menos tempo lendo documentação.
 * **Enxuto**: Minimize duplicação de código. Múltiplos recursos para cada declaração de parâmetro. Menos bugs.

docs/pt/mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ nav:
   - it: /it/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
   - zh: /zh/
 - features.md
 - Tutorial - Guia de Usuário:

docs/ru/mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ nav:
   - it: /it/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
   - zh: /zh/
 markdown_extensions:
 - toc:

docs/uk/docs/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+
+{!../../../docs/missing-translation.md!}
+
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" alt="FastAPI"></a>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+    <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+<a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/actions?query=workflow%3ATest" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/workflows/Test/badge.svg" alt="Test">
+</a>
+<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/tiangolo/fastapi?color=%2334D058" alt="Coverage">
+</a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/fastapi?color=%2334D058&label=pypi%20package" alt="Package version">
+</a>
+<a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://badges.gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi.svg" alt="Join the chat at https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi">
+</a>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+**Documentation**: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com</a>
+
+**Source Code**: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>
+
+---
+
+FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+ based on standard Python type hints.
+
+The key features are:
+
+* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).
+
+* **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300%. *
+* **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
+* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+* **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
+* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
+* **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+
+<small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>
+
+## Opinions
+
+"_[...] I'm using **FastAPI** a ton these days. [...] I'm actually planning to use it for all of my team's **ML services at Microsoft**. Some of them are getting integrated into the core **Windows** product and some **Office** products._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kabir Khan - <strong>Microsoft</strong> <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_**Netflix** is pleased to announce the open-source release of our **crisis management** orchestration framework: **Dispatch**! [built with **FastAPI**]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kevin Glisson, Marc Vilanova, Forest Monsen - <strong>Netflix</strong> <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/introducing-dispatch-da4b8a2a8072" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_I’m over the moon excited about **FastAPI**. It’s so fun!_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Brian Okken - <strong><a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">Python Bytes</a> podcast host</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/brianokken/status/1112220079972728832" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_Honestly, what you've built looks super solid and polished. In many ways, it's what I wanted **Hug** to be - it's really inspiring to see someone build that._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Timothy Crosley - <strong><a href="http://www.hug.rest/" target="_blank">Hug</a> creator</strong> <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19455465" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]_"
+
+"_We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+## **Typer**, the FastAPI of CLIs
+
+<a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://typer.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-margin-vector.svg" style="width: 20%;"></a>
+
+If you are building a <abbr title="Command Line Interface">CLI</abbr> app to be used in the terminal instead of a web API, check out <a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Typer**</a>.
+
+**Typer** is FastAPI's little sibling. And it's intended to be the **FastAPI of CLIs**. ⌨️ 🚀
+
+## Requirements
+
+Python 3.6+
+
+FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
+
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
+* <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
+
+## Installation
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install fastapi
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install uvicorn
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+## Example
+
+### Create it
+
+* Create a file `main.py` with:
+
+```Python
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>
+
+If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9 14"
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+**Note**:
+
+If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.
+
+</details>
+
+### Run it
+
+Run the server with:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ uvicorn main:app --reload
+
+INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+INFO:     Started reloader process [28720]
+INFO:     Started server process [28722]
+INFO:     Waiting for application startup.
+INFO:     Application startup complete.
+```
+
+</div>
+
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>About the command <code>uvicorn main:app --reload</code>...</summary>
+
+The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
+
+* `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
+* `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
+* `--reload`: make the server restart after code changes. Only do this for development.
+
+</details>
+
+### Check it
+
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>.
+
+You will see the JSON response as:
+
+```JSON
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
+```
+
+You already created an API that:
+
+* Receives HTTP requests in the _paths_ `/` and `/items/{item_id}`.
+* Both _paths_ take `GET` <em>operations</em> (also known as HTTP _methods_).
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has a _path parameter_ `item_id` that should be an `int`.
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has an optional `str` _query parameter_ `q`.
+
+### Interactive API docs
+
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
+
+### Alternative API docs
+
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
+
+## Example upgrade
+
+Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
+
+Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
+
+```Python hl_lines="4  9 10 11 12  25 26 27"
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    price: float
+    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
+```
+
+The server should reload automatically (because you added `--reload` to the `uvicorn` command above).
+
+### Interactive API docs upgrade
+
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png)
+
+* Click on the button "Try it out", it allows you to fill the parameters and directly interact with the API:
+
+![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-04-swagger-03.png)
+
+* Then click on the "Execute" button, the user interface will communicate with your API, send the parameters, get the results and show them on the screen:
+
+![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png)
+
+### Alternative API docs upgrade
+
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+
+* The alternative documentation will also reflect the new query parameter and body:
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)
+
+### Recap
+
+In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters. 
+
+You do that with standard modern Python types.
+
+You don't have to learn a new syntax, the methods or classes of a specific library, etc.
+
+Just standard **Python 3.6+**.
+
+For example, for an `int`:
+
+```Python
+item_id: int
+```
+
+or for a more complex `Item` model:
+
+```Python
+item: Item
+```
+
+...and with that single declaration you get:
+
+* Editor support, including:
+    * Completion.
+    * Type checks.
+* Validation of data:
+    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
+    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
+    * JSON.
+    * Path parameters.
+    * Query parameters.
+    * Cookies.
+    * Headers.
+    * Forms.
+    * Files.
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
+    * Convert Python types (`str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, etc).
+    * `datetime` objects.
+    * `UUID` objects.
+    * Database models.
+    * ...and many more.
+* Automatic interactive API documentation, including 2 alternative user interfaces:
+    * Swagger UI.
+    * ReDoc.
+
+---
+
+Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
+
+* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int` for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+    * If it is not, the client will see a useful, clear error.
+* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`) for `GET` requests.
+    * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
+    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
+* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
+    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
+    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
+* Convert from and to JSON automatically.
+* Document everything with OpenAPI, that can be used by:
+    * Interactive documentation systems.
+    * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
+* Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.
+
+---
+
+We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
+
+Try changing the line with:
+
+```Python
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
+```
+
+...from:
+
+```Python
+        ... "item_name": item.name ...
+```
+
+...to:
+
+```Python
+        ... "item_price": item.price ...
+```
+
+...and see how your editor will auto-complete the attributes and know their types:
+
+![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)
+
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
+
+**Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:
+
+* Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
+* How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
+* A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
+* Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
+* More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
+* Many extra features (thanks to Starlette) as:
+    * **WebSockets**
+    * **GraphQL**
+    * extremely easy tests based on `requests` and `pytest`
+    * **CORS**
+    * **Cookie Sessions**
+    * ...and more.
+
+## Performance
+
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" class="internal-link" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
+
+## Optional Dependencies
+
+Used by Pydantic:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - for faster JSON <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.
+* <a href="https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator" target="_blank"><code>email_validator</code></a> - for email validation.
+
+Used by Starlette:
+
+* <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org" target="_blank"><code>requests</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/Tinche/aiofiles" target="_blank"><code>aiofiles</code></a> - Required if you want to use `FileResponse` or `StaticFiles`.
+* <a href="http://jinja.pocoo.org" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
+* <a href="https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
+* <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/itsdangerous/" target="_blank"><code>itsdangerous</code></a> - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.
+* <a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" target="_blank"><code>pyyaml</code></a> - Required for Starlette's `SchemaGenerator` support (you probably don't need it with FastAPI).
+* <a href="https://graphene-python.org/" target="_blank"><code>graphene</code></a> - Required for `GraphQLApp` support.
+* <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `UJSONResponse`.
+
+Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
+
+* <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.
+* <a href="https://github.com/ijl/orjson" target="_blank"><code>orjson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `ORJSONResponse`.
+
+You can install all of these with `pip install fastapi[all]`.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.

docs/uk/mkdocs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+site_name: FastAPI
+site_description: FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production
+site_url: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/uk/
+theme:
+  name: material
+  palette:
+    scheme: preference
+    primary: teal
+    accent: amber
+  icon:
+    repo: fontawesome/brands/github-alt
+  logo: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/icon-white.svg
+  favicon: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png
+  language: uk
+repo_name: tiangolo/fastapi
+repo_url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi
+edit_uri: ''
+google_analytics:
+- UA-133183413-1
+- auto
+plugins:
+- search
+- markdownextradata:
+    data: data
+nav:
+- FastAPI: index.md
+- Languages:
+  - en: /
+  - es: /es/
+  - it: /it/
+  - pt: /pt/
+  - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
+  - zh: /zh/
+markdown_extensions:
+- toc:
+    permalink: true
+- markdown.extensions.codehilite:
+    guess_lang: false
+- markdown_include.include:
+    base_path: docs
+- admonition
+- codehilite
+- extra
+- pymdownx.superfences:
+    custom_fences:
+    - name: mermaid
+      class: mermaid
+      format: !!python/name:pymdownx.superfences.fence_div_format ''
+- pymdownx.tabbed
+extra:
+  social:
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/github-alt
+    link: https://github.com/tiangolo/typer
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/twitter
+    link: https://twitter.com/tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/linkedin
+    link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/dev
+    link: https://dev.to/tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/medium
+    link: https://medium.com/@tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/solid/globe
+    link: https://tiangolo.com
+extra_css:
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/css/termynal.css
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/css/custom.css
+extra_javascript:
+- https://unpkg.com/mermaid@8.4.6/dist/mermaid.min.js
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/js/termynal.js
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/js/custom.js
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/js/chat.js
+- https://sidecar.gitter.im/dist/sidecar.v1.js

docs/zh/mkdocs.yml

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ nav:
   - it: /it/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
+  - uk: /uk/
   - zh: /zh/
 - features.md
 - python-types.md

docs_src/async_tests/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def root():
+    return {"message": "Tomato"}

docs_src/async_tests/test_main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient
+
+from .main import app
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_root():
+    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as ac:
+        response = await ac.get("/")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"message": "Tomato"}

docs_src/templates/tutorial001.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
+from fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse
 from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles
 from fastapi.templating import Jinja2Templates
 
@@ -10,6 +11,6 @@ app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static")
 templates = Jinja2Templates(directory="templates")
 
 
-@app.get("/items/{id}")
+@app.get("/items/{id}", response_class=HTMLResponse)
 async def read_item(request: Request, id: str):
     return templates.TemplateResponse("item.html", {"request": request, "id": id})

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.60.1"
+__version__ = "0.60.2"
 
 from starlette import status
 

fastapi/applications.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         *,
         debug: bool = False,
-        routes: List[BaseRoute] = None,
+        routes: Optional[List[BaseRoute]] = None,
         title: str = "FastAPI",
         description: str = "",
         version: str = "0.1.0",
@@ -44,14 +44,16 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         redoc_url: Optional[str] = "/redoc",
         swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = "/docs/oauth2-redirect",
         swagger_ui_init_oauth: Optional[dict] = None,
-        middleware: Sequence[Middleware] = None,
-        exception_handlers: Dict[Union[int, Type[Exception]], Callable] = None,
-        on_startup: Sequence[Callable] = None,
-        on_shutdown: Sequence[Callable] = None,
+        middleware: Optional[Sequence[Middleware]] = None,
+        exception_handlers: Optional[
+            Dict[Union[int, Type[Exception]], Callable]
+        ] = None,
+        on_startup: Optional[Sequence[Callable]] = None,
+        on_shutdown: Optional[Sequence[Callable]] = None,
         openapi_prefix: str = "",
         root_path: str = "",
         root_path_in_servers: bool = True,
-        **extra: Dict[str, Any],
+        **extra: Any,
     ) -> None:
         self.default_response_class = default_response_class
         self._debug = debug
@@ -115,11 +117,8 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
 
     def setup(self) -> None:
         if self.openapi_url:
-            server_urls = set()
-            for server_data in self.servers:
-                url = server_data.get("url")
-                if url:
-                    server_urls.add(url)
+            urls = (server_data.get("url") for server_data in self.servers)
+            server_urls = {url for url in urls if url}
 
             async def openapi(req: Request) -> JSONResponse:
                 root_path = req.scope.get("root_path", "").rstrip("/")
@@ -187,27 +186,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        methods: List[str] = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> None:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -242,27 +241,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        methods: List[str] = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -299,11 +298,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         return decorator
 
     def add_api_websocket_route(
-        self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, name: str = None
+        self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, name: Optional[str] = None
     ) -> None:
         self.router.add_api_websocket_route(path, endpoint, name=name)
 
-    def websocket(self, path: str, name: str = None) -> Callable:
+    def websocket(self, path: str, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Callable:
         def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
             self.add_api_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
             return func
@@ -315,9 +314,9 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         router: routing.APIRouter,
         *,
         prefix: str = "",
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
         default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.router.include_router(
@@ -334,27 +333,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -388,27 +387,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -442,27 +441,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -496,27 +495,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -550,27 +549,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -604,27 +603,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -658,27 +657,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -712,27 +711,27 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[routing.APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[routing.APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover

fastapi/dependencies/models.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Callable, List, Sequence
+from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Sequence
 
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ param_supported_types = (str, int, float, bool)
 
 
 class SecurityRequirement:
-    def __init__(self, security_scheme: SecurityBase, scopes: Sequence[str] = None):
+    def __init__(
+        self, security_scheme: SecurityBase, scopes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+    ):
         self.security_scheme = security_scheme
         self.scopes = scopes
 
@@ -21,23 +23,23 @@ class Dependant:
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
-        path_params: List[ModelField] = None,
-        query_params: List[ModelField] = None,
-        header_params: List[ModelField] = None,
-        cookie_params: List[ModelField] = None,
-        body_params: List[ModelField] = None,
-        dependencies: List["Dependant"] = None,
-        security_schemes: List[SecurityRequirement] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        call: Callable = None,
-        request_param_name: str = None,
-        websocket_param_name: str = None,
-        response_param_name: str = None,
-        background_tasks_param_name: str = None,
-        security_scopes_param_name: str = None,
-        security_scopes: List[str] = None,
+        path_params: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None,
+        query_params: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None,
+        header_params: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None,
+        cookie_params: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None,
+        body_params: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[List["Dependant"]] = None,
+        security_schemes: Optional[List[SecurityRequirement]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        call: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        request_param_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        websocket_param_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_param_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        background_tasks_param_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        security_scopes_param_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
         use_cache: bool = True,
-        path: str = None,
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.path_params = path_params or []
         self.query_params = query_params or []

fastapi/dependencies/utils.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ from fastapi.concurrency import (
     contextmanager_in_threadpool,
 )
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant, SecurityRequirement
+from fastapi.logger import logger
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 from fastapi.security.oauth2 import OAuth2, SecurityScopes
 from fastapi.security.open_id_connect_url import OpenIdConnect
@@ -96,8 +97,44 @@ sequence_shape_to_type = {
 }
 
 
+multipart_not_installed_error = (
+    'Form data requires "python-multipart" to be installed. \n'
+    'You can install "python-multipart" with: \n\n'
+    "pip install python-multipart\n"
+)
+multipart_incorrect_install_error = (
+    'Form data requires "python-multipart" to be installed. '
+    'It seems you installed "multipart" instead. \n'
+    'You can remove "multipart" with: \n\n'
+    "pip uninstall multipart\n\n"
+    'And then install "python-multipart" with: \n\n'
+    "pip install python-multipart\n"
+)
+
+
+def check_file_field(field: ModelField) -> None:
+    field_info = get_field_info(field)
+    if isinstance(field_info, params.Form):
+        try:
+            # __version__ is available in both multiparts, and can be mocked
+            from multipart import __version__
+
+            assert __version__
+            try:
+                # parse_options_header is only available in the right multlipart
+                from multipart.multipart import parse_options_header
+
+                assert parse_options_header
+            except ImportError:
+                logger.error(multipart_incorrect_install_error)
+                raise RuntimeError(multipart_incorrect_install_error)
+        except ImportError:
+            logger.error(multipart_not_installed_error)
+            raise RuntimeError(multipart_not_installed_error)
+
+
 def get_param_sub_dependant(
-    *, param: inspect.Parameter, path: str, security_scopes: List[str] = None
+    *, param: inspect.Parameter, path: str, security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None
 ) -> Dependant:
     depends: params.Depends = param.default
     if depends.dependency:
@@ -125,8 +162,8 @@ def get_sub_dependant(
     depends: params.Depends,
     dependency: Callable,
     path: str,
-    name: str = None,
-    security_scopes: List[str] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
 ) -> Dependant:
     security_requirement = None
     security_scopes = security_scopes or []
@@ -157,7 +194,10 @@ CacheKey = Tuple[Optional[Callable], Tuple[str, ...]]
 
 
 def get_flat_dependant(
-    dependant: Dependant, *, skip_repeats: bool = False, visited: List[CacheKey] = None
+    dependant: Dependant,
+    *,
+    skip_repeats: bool = False,
+    visited: Optional[List[CacheKey]] = None,
 ) -> Dependant:
     if visited is None:
         visited = []
@@ -269,8 +309,8 @@ def get_dependant(
     *,
     path: str,
     call: Callable,
-    name: str = None,
-    security_scopes: List[str] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
     use_cache: bool = True,
 ) -> Dependant:
     path_param_names = get_path_param_names(path)
@@ -285,8 +325,6 @@ def get_dependant(
                 param=param, path=path, security_scopes=security_scopes
             )
             dependant.dependencies.append(sub_dependant)
-    for param_name, param in signature_params.items():
-        if isinstance(param.default, params.Depends):
             continue
         if add_non_field_param_to_dependency(param=param, dependant=dependant):
             continue
@@ -350,7 +388,7 @@ def get_param_field(
     param: inspect.Parameter,
     param_name: str,
     default_field_info: Type[params.Param] = params.Param,
-    force_type: params.ParamTypes = None,
+    force_type: Optional[params.ParamTypes] = None,
     ignore_default: bool = False,
 ) -> ModelField:
     default_value = Required
@@ -458,10 +496,10 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
     request: Union[Request, WebSocket],
     dependant: Dependant,
     body: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], FormData]] = None,
-    background_tasks: BackgroundTasks = None,
-    response: Response = None,
-    dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
-    dependency_cache: Dict[Tuple[Callable, Tuple[str]], Any] = None,
+    background_tasks: Optional[BackgroundTasks] = None,
+    response: Optional[Response] = None,
+    dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
+    dependency_cache: Optional[Dict[Tuple[Callable, Tuple[str]], Any]] = None,
 ) -> Tuple[
     Dict[str, Any],
     List[ErrorWrapper],
@@ -655,7 +693,7 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
             else:
                 loc = ("body", field.alias)
 
-            value: Any = None
+            value: Optional[Any] = None
             if received_body is not None:
                 if (
                     field.shape in sequence_shapes or field.type_ in sequence_types
@@ -732,9 +770,8 @@ def get_schema_compatible_field(*, field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
             default=field.default,
             required=field.required,
             alias=field.alias,
-            field_info=field.field_info if PYDANTIC_1 else field.schema,  # type: ignore
+            field_info=get_field_info(field),
         )
-
     return out_field
 
 
@@ -745,9 +782,11 @@ def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[ModelField]:
     first_param = flat_dependant.body_params[0]
     field_info = get_field_info(first_param)
     embed = getattr(field_info, "embed", None)
-    body_param_names_set = set([param.name for param in flat_dependant.body_params])
+    body_param_names_set = {param.name for param in flat_dependant.body_params}
     if len(body_param_names_set) == 1 and not embed:
-        return get_schema_compatible_field(field=first_param)
+        final_field = get_schema_compatible_field(field=first_param)
+        check_file_field(final_field)
+        return final_field
     # If one field requires to embed, all have to be embedded
     # in case a sub-dependency is evaluated with a single unique body field
     # That is combined (embedded) with other body fields
@@ -778,10 +817,12 @@ def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[ModelField]:
         ]
         if len(set(body_param_media_types)) == 1:
             BodyFieldInfo_kwargs["media_type"] = body_param_media_types[0]
-    return create_response_field(
+    final_field = create_response_field(
         name="body",
         type_=BodyModel,
         required=required,
         alias="body",
         field_info=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
     )
+    check_file_field(final_field)
+    return final_field

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+from collections import defaultdict
 from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import PurePath
 from types import GeneratorType
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 from fastapi.logger import logger
 from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
@@ -15,12 +16,9 @@ DictIntStrAny = Dict[Union[int, str], Any]
 def generate_encoders_by_class_tuples(
     type_encoder_map: Dict[Any, Callable]
 ) -> Dict[Callable, Tuple]:
-    encoders_by_classes: Dict[Callable, List] = {}
+    encoders_by_class_tuples: Dict[Callable, Tuple] = defaultdict(tuple)
     for type_, encoder in type_encoder_map.items():
-        encoders_by_classes.setdefault(encoder, []).append(type_)
-    encoders_by_class_tuples: Dict[Callable, Tuple] = {}
-    for encoder, classes in encoders_by_classes.items():
-        encoders_by_class_tuples[encoder] = tuple(classes)
+        encoders_by_class_tuples[encoder] += (type_,)
     return encoders_by_class_tuples
 
 
@@ -29,10 +27,10 @@ encoders_by_class_tuples = generate_encoders_by_class_tuples(ENCODERS_BY_TYPE)
 
 def jsonable_encoder(
     obj: Any,
-    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
     exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
-    skip_defaults: bool = None,
+    skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
     exclude_unset: bool = False,
     exclude_defaults: bool = False,
     exclude_none: bool = False,
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
     if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, set):
         exclude = set(exclude)
     if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
-        encoder = getattr(obj.Config, "json_encoders", {})
+        encoder = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {})
         if custom_encoder:
             encoder.update(custom_encoder)
         if PYDANTIC_1:

fastapi/exceptions.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence
 
 from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
 from pydantic import ValidationError, create_model
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
 
 class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
     def __init__(
-        self, status_code: int, detail: Any = None, headers: dict = None
+        self,
+        status_code: int,
+        detail: Any = None,
+        headers: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(status_code=status_code, detail=detail)
         self.headers = headers

fastapi/openapi/constants.py

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-METHODS_WITH_BODY = set(("GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "PATCH"))
-STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY = set((100, 101, 102, 103, 204, 304))
+METHODS_WITH_BODY = {"GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "PATCH"}
+STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY = {100, 101, 102, 103, 204, 304}
 REF_PREFIX = "#/components/schemas/"

fastapi/openapi/utils.py

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ def get_openapi(
     title: str,
     version: str,
     openapi_version: str = "3.0.2",
-    description: str = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
     routes: Sequence[BaseRoute],
     tags: Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
     servers: Optional[List[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]]] = None,

fastapi/param_functions.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Sequence
 
 from fastapi import params
 
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ from fastapi import params
 def Path(  # noqa: N802
     default: Any,
     *,
-    alias: str = None,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
-    deprecated: bool = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Path(
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ def Path(  # noqa: N802
 def Query(  # noqa: N802
     default: Any,
     *,
-    alias: str = None,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
-    deprecated: bool = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Query(
@@ -72,18 +72,18 @@ def Query(  # noqa: N802
 def Header(  # noqa: N802
     default: Any,
     *,
-    alias: str = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
     convert_underscores: bool = True,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
-    deprecated: bool = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Header(
@@ -107,17 +107,17 @@ def Header(  # noqa: N802
 def Cookie(  # noqa: N802
     default: Any,
     *,
-    alias: str = None,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
-    deprecated: bool = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Cookie(
@@ -142,16 +142,16 @@ def Body(  # noqa: N802
     *,
     embed: bool = False,
     media_type: str = "application/json",
-    alias: str = None,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Body(
@@ -176,16 +176,16 @@ def Form(  # noqa: N802
     default: Any,
     *,
     media_type: str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
-    alias: str = None,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Form(
@@ -209,16 +209,16 @@ def File(  # noqa: N802
     default: Any,
     *,
     media_type: str = "multipart/form-data",
-    alias: str = None,
-    title: str = None,
-    description: str = None,
-    gt: float = None,
-    ge: float = None,
-    lt: float = None,
-    le: float = None,
-    min_length: int = None,
-    max_length: int = None,
-    regex: str = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
     **extra: Any,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.File(
@@ -239,12 +239,15 @@ def File(  # noqa: N802
 
 
 def Depends(  # noqa: N802
-    dependency: Callable = None, *, use_cache: bool = True
+    dependency: Optional[Callable] = None, *, use_cache: bool = True
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Depends(dependency=dependency, use_cache=use_cache)
 
 
 def Security(  # noqa: N802
-    dependency: Callable = None, *, scopes: Sequence[str] = None, use_cache: bool = True
+    dependency: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    *,
+    scopes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    use_cache: bool = True,
 ) -> Any:
     return params.Security(dependency=dependency, scopes=scopes, use_cache=use_cache)

fastapi/params.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Callable, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Sequence
 
 try:
     from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
@@ -22,17 +22,17 @@ class Param(FieldInfo):
         self,
         default: Any,
         *,
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         self.deprecated = deprecated
@@ -62,17 +62,17 @@ class Path(Param):
         self,
         default: Any,
         *,
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         self.in_ = self.in_
@@ -100,17 +100,17 @@ class Query(Param):
         self,
         default: Any,
         *,
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
@@ -137,18 +137,18 @@ class Header(Param):
         self,
         default: Any,
         *,
-        alias: str = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
         convert_underscores: bool = True,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         self.convert_underscores = convert_underscores
@@ -176,17 +176,17 @@ class Cookie(Param):
         self,
         default: Any,
         *,
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
@@ -213,16 +213,16 @@ class Body(FieldInfo):
         *,
         embed: bool = False,
         media_type: str = "application/json",
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         self.embed = embed
@@ -252,16 +252,16 @@ class Form(Body):
         default: Any,
         *,
         media_type: str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
@@ -288,16 +288,16 @@ class File(Form):
         default: Any,
         *,
         media_type: str = "multipart/form-data",
-        alias: str = None,
-        title: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
-        gt: float = None,
-        ge: float = None,
-        lt: float = None,
-        le: float = None,
-        min_length: int = None,
-        max_length: int = None,
-        regex: str = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        regex: Optional[str] = None,
         **extra: Any,
     ):
         super().__init__(
@@ -318,7 +318,9 @@ class File(Form):
 
 
 class Depends:
-    def __init__(self, dependency: Callable = None, *, use_cache: bool = True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, dependency: Optional[Callable] = None, *, use_cache: bool = True
+    ):
         self.dependency = dependency
         self.use_cache = use_cache
 
@@ -331,9 +333,9 @@ class Depends:
 class Security(Depends):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        dependency: Callable = None,
+        dependency: Optional[Callable] = None,
         *,
-        scopes: Sequence[str] = None,
+        scopes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
         use_cache: bool = True,
     ):
         super().__init__(dependency=dependency, use_cache=use_cache)

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ def _prepare_response_content(
 
 async def serialize_response(
     *,
-    field: ModelField = None,
+    field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
     response_content: Any,
-    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
     exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
     exclude_unset: bool = False,
@@ -151,17 +151,17 @@ async def run_endpoint_function(
 
 def get_request_handler(
     dependant: Dependant,
-    body_field: ModelField = None,
+    body_field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
     status_code: int = 200,
     response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
-    response_field: ModelField = None,
-    response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    response_field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
+    response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
     response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
     response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
     response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
     response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
-    dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
+    dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
 ) -> Callable:
     assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
     is_coroutine = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(dependant.call)
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ def get_request_handler(
 
 
 def get_websocket_app(
-    dependant: Dependant, dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None
+    dependant: Dependant, dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None
 ) -> Callable:
     async def app(websocket: WebSocket) -> None:
         solved_result = await solve_dependencies(
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ class APIWebSocketRoute(routing.WebSocketRoute):
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable,
         *,
-        name: str = None,
-        dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.path = path
         self.endpoint = endpoint
@@ -272,19 +272,19 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        name: str = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
         methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
         response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
-        dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
+        dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
         callbacks: Optional[List["APIRoute"]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         # normalise enums e.g. http.HTTPStatus
@@ -401,14 +401,14 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
 class APIRouter(routing.Router):
     def __init__(
         self,
-        routes: List[routing.BaseRoute] = None,
+        routes: Optional[List[routing.BaseRoute]] = None,
         redirect_slashes: bool = True,
-        default: ASGIApp = None,
-        dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
+        default: Optional[ASGIApp] = None,
+        dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
         route_class: Type[APIRoute] = APIRoute,
-        default_response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        on_startup: Sequence[Callable] = None,
-        on_shutdown: Sequence[Callable] = None,
+        default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        on_startup: Optional[Sequence[Callable]] = None,
+        on_shutdown: Optional[Sequence[Callable]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             routes=routes,
@@ -426,29 +426,29 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
         methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
         route_class_override: Optional[Type[APIRoute]] = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -487,28 +487,28 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        methods: List[str] = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         return decorator
 
     def add_api_websocket_route(
-        self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, name: str = None
+        self, path: str, endpoint: Callable, name: Optional[str] = None
     ) -> None:
         route = APIWebSocketRoute(
             path,
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         )
         self.routes.append(route)
 
-    def websocket(self, path: str, name: str = None) -> Callable:
+    def websocket(self, path: str, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Callable:
         def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
             self.add_api_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
             return func
@@ -568,9 +568,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         router: "APIRouter",
         *,
         prefix: str = "",
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
         default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         if prefix:
@@ -643,27 +643,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -698,27 +698,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -753,27 +753,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -808,27 +808,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -863,27 +863,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -918,27 +918,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -973,27 +973,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
@@ -1028,27 +1028,27 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Type[Any] = None,
+        response_model: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
-        tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
-        summary: str = None,
-        description: str = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
-        responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        deprecated: bool = None,
-        operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny]] = None,
         response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
         response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
         response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
-        name: str = None,
-        callbacks: List[APIRoute] = None,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> Callable:
         if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
             warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover

fastapi/security/api_key.py

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ class APIKeyBase(SecurityBase):
 
 
 class APIKeyQuery(APIKeyBase):
-    def __init__(self, *, name: str, scheme_name: str = None, auto_error: bool = True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, name: str, scheme_name: Optional[str] = None, auto_error: bool = True
+    ):
         self.model: APIKey = APIKey(**{"in": APIKeyIn.query}, name=name)
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
         self.auto_error = auto_error
@@ -30,7 +32,9 @@ class APIKeyQuery(APIKeyBase):
 
 
 class APIKeyHeader(APIKeyBase):
-    def __init__(self, *, name: str, scheme_name: str = None, auto_error: bool = True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, name: str, scheme_name: Optional[str] = None, auto_error: bool = True
+    ):
         self.model: APIKey = APIKey(**{"in": APIKeyIn.header}, name=name)
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
         self.auto_error = auto_error
@@ -48,7 +52,9 @@ class APIKeyHeader(APIKeyBase):
 
 
 class APIKeyCookie(APIKeyBase):
-    def __init__(self, *, name: str, scheme_name: str = None, auto_error: bool = True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, name: str, scheme_name: Optional[str] = None, auto_error: bool = True
+    ):
         self.model: APIKey = APIKey(**{"in": APIKeyIn.cookie}, name=name)
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
         self.auto_error = auto_error

fastapi/security/http.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class HTTPAuthorizationCredentials(BaseModel):
 
 class HTTPBase(SecurityBase):
     def __init__(
-        self, *, scheme: str, scheme_name: str = None, auto_error: bool = True
+        self, *, scheme: str, scheme_name: Optional[str] = None, auto_error: bool = True
     ):
         self.model = HTTPBaseModel(scheme=scheme)
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ class HTTPBase(SecurityBase):
 
 class HTTPBasic(HTTPBase):
     def __init__(
-        self, *, scheme_name: str = None, realm: str = None, auto_error: bool = True
+        self,
+        *,
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        realm: Optional[str] = None,
+        auto_error: bool = True,
     ):
         self.model = HTTPBaseModel(scheme="basic")
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
@@ -82,7 +86,7 @@ class HTTPBasic(HTTPBase):
         except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError, binascii.Error):
             raise invalid_user_credentials_exc
         username, separator, password = data.partition(":")
-        if not (separator):
+        if not separator:
             raise invalid_user_credentials_exc
         return HTTPBasicCredentials(username=username, password=password)
 
@@ -91,8 +95,8 @@ class HTTPBearer(HTTPBase):
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
-        bearerFormat: str = None,
-        scheme_name: str = None,
+        bearerFormat: Optional[str] = None,
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
         auto_error: bool = True,
     ):
         self.model = HTTPBearerModel(bearerFormat=bearerFormat)
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ class HTTPBearer(HTTPBase):
 
 
 class HTTPDigest(HTTPBase):
-    def __init__(self, *, scheme_name: str = None, auto_error: bool = True):
+    def __init__(self, *, scheme_name: Optional[str] = None, auto_error: bool = True):
         self.model = HTTPBaseModel(scheme="digest")
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
         self.auto_error = auto_error

fastapi/security/oauth2.py

@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ class OAuth2(SecurityBase):
         self,
         *,
         flows: OAuthFlowsModel = OAuthFlowsModel(),
-        scheme_name: str = None,
-        auto_error: bool = True
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        auto_error: Optional[bool] = True
     ):
         self.model = OAuth2Model(flows=flows)
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ class OAuth2PasswordBearer(OAuth2):
     def __init__(
         self,
         tokenUrl: str,
-        scheme_name: str = None,
-        scopes: dict = None,
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        scopes: Optional[dict] = None,
         auto_error: bool = True,
     ):
         if not scopes:
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ class OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer(OAuth2):
         self,
         authorizationUrl: str,
         tokenUrl: str,
-        refreshUrl: str = None,
-        scheme_name: str = None,
-        scopes: dict = None,
+        refreshUrl: Optional[str] = None,
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        scopes: Optional[dict] = None,
         auto_error: bool = True,
     ):
         if not scopes:
@@ -202,6 +202,6 @@ class OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer(OAuth2):
 
 
 class SecurityScopes:
-    def __init__(self, scopes: List[str] = None):
+    def __init__(self, scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None):
         self.scopes = scopes or []
         self.scope_str = " ".join(self.scopes)

fastapi/security/open_id_connect_url.py

@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ from starlette.status import HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
 
 class OpenIdConnect(SecurityBase):
     def __init__(
-        self, *, openIdConnectUrl: str, scheme_name: str = None, auto_error: bool = True
+        self,
+        *,
+        openIdConnectUrl: str,
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        auto_error: bool = True
     ):
         self.model = OpenIdConnectModel(openIdConnectUrl=openIdConnectUrl)
         self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__

fastapi/utils.py

@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@ def create_response_field(
 
 
 def create_cloned_field(
-    field: ModelField, *, cloned_types: Dict[Type[BaseModel], Type[BaseModel]] = None,
+    field: ModelField,
+    *,
+    cloned_types: Optional[Dict[Type[BaseModel], Type[BaseModel]]] = None,
 ) -> ModelField:
     # _cloned_types has already cloned types, to support recursive models
     if cloned_types is None:

pyproject.toml

@@ -45,10 +45,12 @@ Documentation = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/"
 test = [
     "pytest ==5.4.3",
     "pytest-cov ==2.10.0",
+    "pytest-asyncio >=0.14.0,<0.15.0",
     "mypy ==0.782",
     "black ==19.10b0",
     "isort >=5.0.6,<6.0.0",
     "requests >=2.24.0,<3.0.0",
+    "httpx >=0.14.0,<0.15.0",
     "email_validator >=1.1.1,<2.0.0",
     "sqlalchemy >=1.3.18,<2.0.0",
     "peewee >=3.13.3,<4.0.0",
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ test = [
 ]
 doc = [
     "mkdocs >=1.1.2,<2.0.0",
-    "mkdocs-material >=5.4.0,<6.0.0",
+    "mkdocs-material >=5.5.0,<6.0.0",
     "markdown-include >=0.5.1,<0.6.0",
     "mkdocs-markdownextradata-plugin >=0.1.7,<0.2.0",
     "typer >=0.3.0,<0.4.0",

scripts/gitter_releases_bot.py

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import os
 
 import requests
 
-# room_id = "5c9c9540d73408ce4fbc1403"  # FastAPI
-room_id = "5cc46398d73408ce4fbed233"  # Gitter development
+room_id = "5c9c9540d73408ce4fbc1403"  # FastAPI
+# room_id = "5cc46398d73408ce4fbed233"  # Gitter development
 
 gitter_token = os.getenv("GITTER_TOKEN")
 assert gitter_token

tests/test_jsonable_encoder.py

@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ class ModelWithCustomEncoder(BaseModel):
         }
 
 
+class ModelWithCustomEncoderSubclass(ModelWithCustomEncoder):
+    class Config:
+        pass
+
+
 class RoleEnum(Enum):
     admin = "admin"
     normal = "normal"
@@ -117,6 +122,11 @@ def test_encode_custom_json_encoders_model():
     assert jsonable_encoder(model) == {"dt_field": "2019-01-01T08:00:00+00:00"}
 
 
+def test_encode_custom_json_encoders_model_subclass():
+    model = ModelWithCustomEncoderSubclass(dt_field=datetime(2019, 1, 1, 8))
+    assert jsonable_encoder(model) == {"dt_field": "2019-01-01T08:00:00+00:00"}
+
+
 def test_encode_model_with_config():
     model = ModelWithConfig(role=RoleEnum.admin)
     assert jsonable_encoder(model) == {"role": "admin"}

tests/test_multipart_installation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi import FastAPI, File, Form, UploadFile
+from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
+    multipart_incorrect_install_error,
+    multipart_not_installed_error,
+)
+
+
+def test_incorrect_multipart_installed_form(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.multipart.parse_options_header", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_incorrect_install_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(username: str = Form(...)):
+            return username  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_incorrect_multipart_installed_file_upload(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.multipart.parse_options_header", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_incorrect_install_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(f: UploadFile = File(...)):
+            return f  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_incorrect_multipart_installed_file_bytes(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.multipart.parse_options_header", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_incorrect_install_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(f: bytes = File(...)):
+            return f  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_incorrect_multipart_installed_multi_form(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.multipart.parse_options_header", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_incorrect_install_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(username: str = Form(...), pasword: str = Form(...)):
+            return username  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_incorrect_multipart_installed_form_file(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.multipart.parse_options_header", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_incorrect_install_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(username: str = Form(...), f: UploadFile = File(...)):
+            return username  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_no_multipart_installed(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.__version__", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_not_installed_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(username: str = Form(...)):
+            return username  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_no_multipart_installed_file(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.__version__", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_not_installed_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(f: UploadFile = File(...)):
+            return f  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_no_multipart_installed_file_bytes(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.__version__", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_not_installed_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(f: bytes = File(...)):
+            return f  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_no_multipart_installed_multi_form(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.__version__", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_not_installed_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(username: str = Form(...), password: str = Form(...)):
+            return username  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+def test_no_multipart_installed_form_file(monkeypatch):
+    monkeypatch.delattr("multipart.__version__", raising=False)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=multipart_not_installed_error):
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/")
+        async def root(username: str = Form(...), f: UploadFile = File(...)):
+            return username  # pragma: nocover

tests/test_serialize_response.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
     price: Optional[float] = None
-    owner_ids: List[int] = None
+    owner_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/items/valid", response_model=Item)

tests/test_serialize_response_dataclass.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item:
     name: str
     price: Optional[float] = None
-    owner_ids: List[int] = None
+    owner_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/items/valid", response_model=Item)

tests/test_serialize_response_model.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str = Field(..., alias="aliased_name")
     price: Optional[float] = None
-    owner_ids: List[int] = None
+    owner_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/items/valid", response_model=Item)

tests/test_tutorial/test_async_tests/test_main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import pytest
+
+from docs_src.async_tests.test_main import test_root
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_testing():
+    await test_root()

tests/test_validate_response.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
     price: Optional[float] = None
-    owner_ids: List[int] = None
+    owner_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/items/invalid", response_model=Item)

tests/test_validate_response_dataclass.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item:
     name: str
     price: Optional[float] = None
-    owner_ids: List[int] = None
+    owner_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/items/invalid", response_model=Item)