🔖 Release 0.66.1

Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>

docs/de/docs/index.md

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+
+{!../../../docs/missing-translation.md!}
+
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" alt="FastAPI"></a>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+    <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+<a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/actions?query=workflow%3ATest" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/workflows/Test/badge.svg" alt="Test">
+</a>
+<a href="https://codecov.io/gh/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/tiangolo/fastapi?color=%2334D058" alt="Coverage">
+</a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/fastapi?color=%2334D058&label=pypi%20package" alt="Package version">
+</a>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+**Documentation**: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com</a>
+
+**Source Code**: <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>
+
+---
+
+FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+ based on standard Python type hints.
+
+The key features are:
+
+* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).
+
+* **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300%. *
+* **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
+* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+* **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
+* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
+* **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="https://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+
+<small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>
+
+## Sponsors
+
+<!-- sponsors -->
+
+{% if sponsors %}
+{% for sponsor in sponsors.gold -%}
+<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}"></a>
+{% endfor -%}
+{%- for sponsor in sponsors.silver -%}
+<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}"></a>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+<!-- /sponsors -->
+
+<a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#sponsors" class="external-link" target="_blank">Other sponsors</a>
+
+## Opinions
+
+"_[...] I'm using **FastAPI** a ton these days. [...] I'm actually planning to use it for all of my team's **ML services at Microsoft**. Some of them are getting integrated into the core **Windows** product and some **Office** products._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kabir Khan - <strong>Microsoft</strong> <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_**Netflix** is pleased to announce the open-source release of our **crisis management** orchestration framework: **Dispatch**! [built with **FastAPI**]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kevin Glisson, Marc Vilanova, Forest Monsen - <strong>Netflix</strong> <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/introducing-dispatch-da4b8a2a8072" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_I’m over the moon excited about **FastAPI**. It’s so fun!_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Brian Okken - <strong><a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">Python Bytes</a> podcast host</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/brianokken/status/1112220079972728832" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_Honestly, what you've built looks super solid and polished. In many ways, it's what I wanted **Hug** to be - it's really inspiring to see someone build that._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Timothy Crosley - <strong><a href="https://www.hug.rest/" target="_blank">Hug</a> creator</strong> <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19455465" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]_"
+
+"_We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+## **Typer**, the FastAPI of CLIs
+
+<a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://typer.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-margin-vector.svg" style="width: 20%;"></a>
+
+If you are building a <abbr title="Command Line Interface">CLI</abbr> app to be used in the terminal instead of a web API, check out <a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Typer**</a>.
+
+**Typer** is FastAPI's little sibling. And it's intended to be the **FastAPI of CLIs**. ⌨️ 🚀
+
+## Requirements
+
+Python 3.6+
+
+FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
+
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
+* <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
+
+## Installation
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install fastapi
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install uvicorn[standard]
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+## Example
+
+### Create it
+
+* Create a file `main.py` with:
+
+```Python
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>
+
+If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9  14"
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+**Note**:
+
+If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.
+
+</details>
+
+### Run it
+
+Run the server with:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ uvicorn main:app --reload
+
+INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+INFO:     Started reloader process [28720]
+INFO:     Started server process [28722]
+INFO:     Waiting for application startup.
+INFO:     Application startup complete.
+```
+
+</div>
+
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>About the command <code>uvicorn main:app --reload</code>...</summary>
+
+The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
+
+* `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
+* `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
+* `--reload`: make the server restart after code changes. Only do this for development.
+
+</details>
+
+### Check it
+
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>.
+
+You will see the JSON response as:
+
+```JSON
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
+```
+
+You already created an API that:
+
+* Receives HTTP requests in the _paths_ `/` and `/items/{item_id}`.
+* Both _paths_ take `GET` <em>operations</em> (also known as HTTP _methods_).
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has a _path parameter_ `item_id` that should be an `int`.
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has an optional `str` _query parameter_ `q`.
+
+### Interactive API docs
+
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
+
+### Alternative API docs
+
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
+
+## Example upgrade
+
+Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
+
+Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
+
+```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    price: float
+    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
+```
+
+The server should reload automatically (because you added `--reload` to the `uvicorn` command above).
+
+### Interactive API docs upgrade
+
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png)
+
+* Click on the button "Try it out", it allows you to fill the parameters and directly interact with the API:
+
+![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-04-swagger-03.png)
+
+* Then click on the "Execute" button, the user interface will communicate with your API, send the parameters, get the results and show them on the screen:
+
+![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png)
+
+### Alternative API docs upgrade
+
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+
+* The alternative documentation will also reflect the new query parameter and body:
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)
+
+### Recap
+
+In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters. 
+
+You do that with standard modern Python types.
+
+You don't have to learn a new syntax, the methods or classes of a specific library, etc.
+
+Just standard **Python 3.6+**.
+
+For example, for an `int`:
+
+```Python
+item_id: int
+```
+
+or for a more complex `Item` model:
+
+```Python
+item: Item
+```
+
+...and with that single declaration you get:
+
+* Editor support, including:
+    * Completion.
+    * Type checks.
+* Validation of data:
+    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
+    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
+    * JSON.
+    * Path parameters.
+    * Query parameters.
+    * Cookies.
+    * Headers.
+    * Forms.
+    * Files.
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
+    * Convert Python types (`str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, etc).
+    * `datetime` objects.
+    * `UUID` objects.
+    * Database models.
+    * ...and many more.
+* Automatic interactive API documentation, including 2 alternative user interfaces:
+    * Swagger UI.
+    * ReDoc.
+
+---
+
+Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
+
+* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int` for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+    * If it is not, the client will see a useful, clear error.
+* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`) for `GET` requests.
+    * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
+    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
+* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
+    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
+    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
+* Convert from and to JSON automatically.
+* Document everything with OpenAPI, that can be used by:
+    * Interactive documentation systems.
+    * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
+* Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.
+
+---
+
+We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
+
+Try changing the line with:
+
+```Python
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
+```
+
+...from:
+
+```Python
+        ... "item_name": item.name ...
+```
+
+...to:
+
+```Python
+        ... "item_price": item.price ...
+```
+
+...and see how your editor will auto-complete the attributes and know their types:
+
+![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)
+
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
+
+**Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:
+
+* Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
+* How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
+* A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
+* Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
+* More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
+* Many extra features (thanks to Starlette) as:
+    * **WebSockets**
+    * **GraphQL**
+    * extremely easy tests based on `requests` and `pytest`
+    * **CORS**
+    * **Cookie Sessions**
+    * ...and more.
+
+## Performance
+
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" class="internal-link" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
+
+## Optional Dependencies
+
+Used by Pydantic:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - for faster JSON <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.
+* <a href="https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator" target="_blank"><code>email_validator</code></a> - for email validation.
+
+Used by Starlette:
+
+* <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io" target="_blank"><code>requests</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/Tinche/aiofiles" target="_blank"><code>aiofiles</code></a> - Required if you want to use `FileResponse` or `StaticFiles`.
+* <a href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
+* <a href="https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
+* <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/itsdangerous/" target="_blank"><code>itsdangerous</code></a> - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.
+* <a href="https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation" target="_blank"><code>pyyaml</code></a> - Required for Starlette's `SchemaGenerator` support (you probably don't need it with FastAPI).
+* <a href="https://graphene-python.org/" target="_blank"><code>graphene</code></a> - Required for `GraphQLApp` support.
+* <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `UJSONResponse`.
+
+Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
+
+* <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application.
+* <a href="https://github.com/ijl/orjson" target="_blank"><code>orjson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `ORJSONResponse`.
+
+You can install all of these with `pip install fastapi[all]`.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.

docs/de/mkdocs.yml

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+site_name: FastAPI
+site_description: FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production
+site_url: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/de/
+theme:
+  name: material
+  custom_dir: overrides
+  palette:
+  - scheme: default
+    primary: teal
+    accent: amber
+    toggle:
+      icon: material/lightbulb-outline
+      name: Switch to light mode
+  - scheme: slate
+    primary: teal
+    accent: amber
+    toggle:
+      icon: material/lightbulb
+      name: Switch to dark mode
+  features:
+  - search.suggest
+  - search.highlight
+  icon:
+    repo: fontawesome/brands/github-alt
+  logo: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/icon-white.svg
+  favicon: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png
+  language: de
+repo_name: tiangolo/fastapi
+repo_url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi
+edit_uri: ''
+google_analytics:
+- UA-133183413-1
+- auto
+plugins:
+- search
+- markdownextradata:
+    data: data
+nav:
+- FastAPI: index.md
+- Languages:
+  - en: /
+  - de: /de/
+  - es: /es/
+  - fr: /fr/
+  - id: /id/
+  - it: /it/
+  - ja: /ja/
+  - ko: /ko/
+  - pl: /pl/
+  - pt: /pt/
+  - ru: /ru/
+  - sq: /sq/
+  - tr: /tr/
+  - uk: /uk/
+  - zh: /zh/
+markdown_extensions:
+- toc:
+    permalink: true
+- markdown.extensions.codehilite:
+    guess_lang: false
+- markdown_include.include:
+    base_path: docs
+- admonition
+- codehilite
+- extra
+- pymdownx.superfences:
+    custom_fences:
+    - name: mermaid
+      class: mermaid
+      format: !!python/name:pymdownx.superfences.fence_div_format ''
+- pymdownx.tabbed
+extra:
+  social:
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/github-alt
+    link: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/discord
+    link: https://discord.gg/VQjSZaeJmf
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/twitter
+    link: https://twitter.com/tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/linkedin
+    link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/dev
+    link: https://dev.to/tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/brands/medium
+    link: https://medium.com/@tiangolo
+  - icon: fontawesome/solid/globe
+    link: https://tiangolo.com
+  alternate:
+  - link: /
+    name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
+  - link: /es/
+    name: es - español
+  - link: /fr/
+    name: fr - français
+  - link: /id/
+    name: id
+  - link: /it/
+    name: it - italiano
+  - link: /ja/
+    name: ja - 日本語
+  - link: /ko/
+    name: ko - 한국어
+  - link: /pl/
+    name: pl
+  - link: /pt/
+    name: pt - português
+  - link: /ru/
+    name: ru - русский язык
+  - link: /sq/
+    name: sq - shqip
+  - link: /tr/
+    name: tr - Türkçe
+  - link: /uk/
+    name: uk - українська мова
+  - link: /zh/
+    name: zh - 汉语
+extra_css:
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/css/termynal.css
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/css/custom.css
+extra_javascript:
+- https://unpkg.com/mermaid@8.4.6/dist/mermaid.min.js
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/js/termynal.js
+- https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/js/custom.js

docs/en/docs/advanced/custom-response.md

@@ -198,14 +198,24 @@ Takes an async generator or a normal generator/iterator and streams the response
 
 #### Using `StreamingResponse` with file-like objects
 
-If you have a file-like object (e.g. the object returned by `open()`), you can return it in a `StreamingResponse`.
+If you have a file-like object (e.g. the object returned by `open()`), you can create a generator function to iterate over that file-like object.
+
+That way, you don't have to read it all first in memory, and you can pass that generator function to the `StreamingResponse`, and return it.
 
 This includes many libraries to interact with cloud storage, video processing, and others.
 
-```Python hl_lines="2  10-11"
+```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="2  10-12  14" }
 {!../../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial008.py!}
 ```
 
+1. This is the generator function. It's a "generator function" because it contains `yield` statements inside.
+2. By using a `with` block, we make sure that the file-like object is closed after the generator function is done. So, after it finishes sending the response.
+3. This `yield from` tells the function to iterate over that thing named `file_like`. And then, for each part iterated, yield that part as coming from this generator function.
+
+    So, it is a generator function that transfers the "generating" work to something else internally.
+
+    By doing it this way, we can put it in a `with` block, and that way, ensure that it is closed after finishing.
+
 !!! tip
     Notice that here as we are using standard `open()` that doesn't support `async` and `await`, we declare the path operation with normal `def`.
 

docs/en/docs/release-notes.md

@@ -2,12 +2,24 @@
 
 ## Latest Changes
 
+## 0.66.1
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add basic setup for German translations. PR [#3522](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3522) by [@0x4Dark](https://github.com/0x4Dark).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/tutorial/security/index.md`. PR [#3507](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3507) by [@oandersonmagalhaes](https://github.com/oandersonmagalhaes).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/deployment/index.md`. PR [#3337](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3337) by [@lsglucas](https://github.com/lsglucas).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 🔧 Configure strict pytest options and update/refactor tests. Upgrade pytest to `>=6.2.4,<7.0.0` and pytest-cov to `>=2.12.0,<3.0.0`. Initial PR [#2790](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2790) by [@graingert](https://github.com/graingert).
+* ⬆️ Upgrade python-jose dependency to `>=3.3.0,<4.0.0` for tests. PR [#3468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3468) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 
 ## 0.66.0
 
 ### Features
 
-* ✨ Allow setting the `response_class` to `RedirectResponse` and returning the URL from the function. New and updated docs are in the tutorial section **Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others**, in [RedirectResponse](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse) and in [FileResponse](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#fileresponse). PR [#3457](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3457) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ✨ Allow setting the `response_class` to `RedirectResponse` or `FileResponse` and returning the URL from the function. New and updated docs are in the tutorial section **Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others**, in [RedirectResponse](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse) and in [FileResponse](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#fileresponse). PR [#3457](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3457) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 
 ### Fixes
 

docs/en/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -190,6 +191,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/es/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/fr/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -95,6 +96,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/id/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,12 +39,14 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
   - it: /it/
   - ja: /ja/
   - ko: /ko/
+  - pl: /pl/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
   - sq: /sq/
@@ -86,6 +88,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/
@@ -98,6 +102,8 @@ extra:
     name: ja - 日本語
   - link: /ko/
     name: ko - 한국어
+  - link: /pl/
+    name: pl
   - link: /pt/
     name: pt - português
   - link: /ru/

docs/it/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/ja/docs/advanced/custom-response.md

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ HTTPリダイレクトを返します。デフォルトでは307ステータス
 
 これにはクラウドストレージとの連携や映像処理など、多くのライブラリが含まれています。
 
-```Python hl_lines="2  10-11"
+```Python hl_lines="2  10-12  14"
 {!../../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial008.py!}
 ```
 

docs/ja/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -126,6 +127,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/ko/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -93,6 +94,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/pl/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,8 +39,10 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
+  - id: /id/
   - it: /it/
   - ja: /ja/
   - ko: /ko/
@@ -86,10 +88,14 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/
     name: fr - français
+  - link: /id/
+    name: id
   - link: /it/
     name: it - italiano
   - link: /ja/

docs/pt/docs/deployment/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Implantação - Introdução
+
+A implantação de uma aplicação **FastAPI** é relativamente simples.
+
+Existem várias maneiras para fazer isso, dependendo do seu caso específico e das ferramentas que você utiliza.
+
+Você verá mais detalhes para se ter em mente e algumas das técnicas para a implantação nas próximas seções.

docs/pt/docs/tutorial/security/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# Introdução à segurança
+
+Há várias formas de lidar segurança, autenticação e autorização.
+
+E isso normalmente é um tópico “difícil” e complexo.
+
+Em muitos frameworks e sistemas, apenas lidar com segurança e autenticação exige muito esforço e código (em muitos casos isso pode ser 50% ou mais de todo o código escrito).
+
+**FastAPI** tem muitas ferramentas para ajudar você com a parte de **Segurança** facilmente, rapidamente, de uma forma padrão, sem ter que estudar e aprender tudo sobre especificações de segurança.
+
+Mas primeiro, vamos verificar alguns pequenos conceitos.
+
+## Está com pressa?
+
+Se você não se importa com qualquer um desses termos e só precisa adicionar segurança com autenticação baseada em usuário e senha _agora_, pule para os próximos capítulos.
+
+## OAuth2
+
+OAuth2 é uma especificação que define várias formas para lidar com autenticação e autorização.
+
+Ela é bastante extensiva na especificação e cobre casos de uso muito complexos.
+
+Ela inclui uma forma para autenticação usando “third party”/aplicações de terceiros.
+
+Isso é o que todos os sistemas com “Login with Facebook, Google, Twitter, GitHub” usam por baixo.
+
+### OAuth 1
+
+Havia um OAuth 1, que é bem diferente do OAuth2, e mais complexo, isso incluía diretamente as especificações de como criptografar a comunicação.
+
+Não é muito popular ou usado nos dias atuais.
+
+OAuth2 não especifica como criptografar a comunicação, ele espera que você tenha sua aplicação em um servidor HTTPS.
+
+!!! tip "Dica"
+    Na seção sobre **deployment** você irá ver como configurar HTTPS de modo gratuito, usando Traefik e Let’s Encrypt.
+
+
+## OpenID Connect
+
+OpenID Connect é outra especificação, baseada em **OAuth2**.
+
+Ela é apenas uma extensão do OAuth2 especificando algumas coisas que são relativamente ambíguas no OAuth2, para tentar torná-lo mais interoperável.
+
+Por exemplo, o login do Google usa OpenID Connect (que por baixo dos panos usa OAuth2).
+
+Mas o login do Facebook não tem suporte para OpenID Connect. Ele tem a própria implementação do OAuth2.
+
+### OpenID (não "OpenID Connect")
+
+Houve também uma especificação “OpenID”. Ela tentou resolver a mesma coisa que a **OpenID Connect**, mas não baseada em OAuth2.
+
+Então, ela foi um sistema adicional completo.
+
+Ela não é muito popular ou usada nos dias de hoje.
+
+## OpenAPI
+
+OpenAPI (anteriormente conhecido como Swagger) é a especificação aberta para a criação de APIs (agora parte da Linux Foundation).
+
+**FastAPI** é baseado no **OpenAPI**.
+
+Isso é o que torna possível ter múltiplas automações interativas de interfaces de documentação, geração de código, etc.
+
+OpenAPI tem uma forma para definir múltiplos “esquemas” de segurança.
+
+Por usá-los, você pode ter vantagens de todas essas ferramentas baseadas nos padrões, incluindo os sistemas de documentação interativa.
+
+OpenAPI define os seguintes esquemas de segurança:
+
+* `apiKey`: uma chave específica de aplicação que pode vir de:
+    * Um parâmetro query.
+    * Um header.
+    * Um cookie.
+* `http`: padrão HTTP de sistemas autenticação, incluindo:
+    * `bearer`: um header de `Authorization` com valor de `Bearer` adicionado de um token. Isso é herança do OAuth2.
+    * HTTP Basic authentication.
+    * HTTP Digest, etc.
+* `oauth2`: todas as formas do OAuth2 para lidar com segurança (chamados "fluxos").
+    * Vários desses fluxos são apropriados para construir um provedor de autenticação OAuth2 (como Google, Facebook, Twitter, GitHub, etc):
+        * `implicit`
+        * `clientCredentials`
+        * `authorizationCode`
+    * Mas existe um “fluxo” específico que pode ser perfeitamente usado para resolver autenticação diretamente na mesma aplicação:
+        * `password`: alguns dos próximos capítulos tratarão disso.
+* `openIdConnect`: tem uma forma para definir como descobrir automaticamente o dado da autenticação OAuth2.
+    * Essa descoberta automática é o que é definido na especificação OpenID Connect.
+
+
+!!! tip "Dica"
+    Integração com outros provedores de autenticação/autorização como Google, Facebook, Twitter, GitHub, etc. é bem possível e relativamente fácil.
+
+    O problema mais complexo é criar um provedor de autenticação/autorização como eles, mas o FastAPI dá a você ferramentas para fazer isso facilmente, enquanto faz o trabalho pesado para você.
+
+## **FastAPI** utilitários
+
+**FastAPI** fornece várias ferramentas para cada um desses esquemas de segurança no módulo `fastapi.security` que simplesmente usa esses mecanismos de segurança.
+
+Nos próximos capítulos você irá ver como adicionar segurança à sua API usando essas ferramentas disponibilizadas pelo **FastAPI**.
+
+E você irá ver também como isso é automaticamente integrado dentro do sistema de documentação interativo.

docs/pt/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -57,6 +58,10 @@ nav:
   - tutorial/index.md
   - tutorial/first-steps.md
   - tutorial/body-fields.md
+  - Segurança:
+    - tutorial/security/index.md
+- Implantação:
+  - deployment/index.md
 - alternatives.md
 - history-design-future.md
 - external-links.md
@@ -96,6 +101,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/ru/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/sq/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/tr/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/uk/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs/zh/docs/advanced/custom-response.md

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ FastAPI（实际上是 Starlette）将自动包含 Content-Length 的头。它
 
 包括许多与云存储，视频处理等交互的库。
 
-```Python hl_lines="2  10 11"
+```Python hl_lines="2  10-12  14"
 {!../../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial008.py!}
 ```
 

docs/zh/mkdocs.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ nav:
 - FastAPI: index.md
 - Languages:
   - en: /
+  - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
@@ -133,6 +134,8 @@ extra:
   alternate:
   - link: /
     name: en - English
+  - link: /de/
+    name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
   - link: /fr/

docs_src/custom_response/tutorial008.py

@@ -7,5 +7,8 @@ app = FastAPI()
 
 @app.get("/")
 def main():
-    file_like = open(some_file_path, mode="rb")
-    return StreamingResponse(file_like, media_type="video/mp4")
+    def iterfile():  # (1)
+        with open(some_file_path, mode="rb") as file_like:  # (2)
+            yield from file_like  # (3)
+
+    return StreamingResponse(iterfile(), media_type="video/mp4")

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.66.0"
+__version__ = "0.66.1"
 
 from starlette import status as status
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ Documentation = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/"
 
 [tool.flit.metadata.requires-extra]
 test = [
-    "pytest ==5.4.3",
-    "pytest-cov ==2.10.0",
+    "pytest >=6.2.4,<7.0.0",
+    "pytest-cov >=2.12.0,<3.0.0",
     "pytest-asyncio >=0.14.0,<0.15.0",
     "mypy ==0.812",
     "flake8 >=3.8.3,<4.0.0",
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ doc = [
     "pyyaml >=5.3.1,<6.0.0"
 ]
 dev = [
-    "python-jose[cryptography] >=3.1.0,<4.0.0",
+    "python-jose[cryptography] >=3.3.0,<4.0.0",
     "passlib[bcrypt] >=1.7.2,<2.0.0",
     "autoflake >=1.3.1,<2.0.0",
     "flake8 >=3.8.3,<4.0.0",
@@ -99,3 +99,18 @@ all = [
 [tool.isort]
 profile = "black"
 known_third_party = ["fastapi", "pydantic", "starlette"]
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = [
+  "--strict-config",
+  "--strict-markers",
+]
+xfail_strict = true
+junit_family = "xunit2"
+filterwarnings = [
+    "error",
+    'ignore:"@coroutine" decorator is deprecated since Python 3\.8, use "async def" instead:DeprecationWarning',
+    # TODO: if these ignores are needed, enable them, otherwise remove them
+    # 'ignore:The explicit passing of coroutine objects to asyncio\.wait\(\) is deprecated since Python 3\.8:DeprecationWarning',
+    # 'ignore:Exception ignored in. <socket\.socket fd=-1:pytest.PytestUnraisableExceptionWarning',
+]

tests/test_response_model_include_exclude.py

@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 
-class Test(BaseModel):
+class Model1(BaseModel):
     foo: str
     bar: str
 
 
-class Test2(BaseModel):
-    test: Test
+class Model2(BaseModel):
+    ref: Model1
     baz: str
 
 
-class Test3(BaseModel):
+class Model3(BaseModel):
     name: str
     age: int
-    test2: Test2
+    ref2: Model2
 
 
 app = FastAPI()
@@ -24,87 +24,88 @@ app = FastAPI()
 
 @app.get(
     "/simple_include",
-    response_model=Test2,
-    response_model_include={"baz": ..., "test": {"foo"}},
+    response_model=Model2,
+    response_model_include={"baz": ..., "ref": {"foo"}},
 )
 def simple_include():
-    return Test2(
-        test=Test(foo="simple_include test foo", bar="simple_include test bar"),
-        baz="simple_include test2 baz",
+    return Model2(
+        ref=Model1(foo="simple_include model foo", bar="simple_include model bar"),
+        baz="simple_include model2 baz",
     )
 
 
 @app.get(
     "/simple_include_dict",
-    response_model=Test2,
-    response_model_include={"baz": ..., "test": {"foo"}},
+    response_model=Model2,
+    response_model_include={"baz": ..., "ref": {"foo"}},
 )
 def simple_include_dict():
     return {
-        "test": {
-            "foo": "simple_include_dict test foo",
-            "bar": "simple_include_dict test bar",
+        "ref": {
+            "foo": "simple_include_dict model foo",
+            "bar": "simple_include_dict model bar",
         },
-        "baz": "simple_include_dict test2 baz",
+        "baz": "simple_include_dict model2 baz",
     }
 
 
 @app.get(
     "/simple_exclude",
-    response_model=Test2,
-    response_model_exclude={"test": {"bar"}},
+    response_model=Model2,
+    response_model_exclude={"ref": {"bar"}},
 )
 def simple_exclude():
-    return Test2(
-        test=Test(foo="simple_exclude test foo", bar="simple_exclude test bar"),
-        baz="simple_exclude test2 baz",
+    return Model2(
+        ref=Model1(foo="simple_exclude model foo", bar="simple_exclude model bar"),
+        baz="simple_exclude model2 baz",
     )
 
 
 @app.get(
     "/simple_exclude_dict",
-    response_model=Test2,
-    response_model_exclude={"test": {"bar"}},
+    response_model=Model2,
+    response_model_exclude={"ref": {"bar"}},
 )
 def simple_exclude_dict():
     return {
-        "test": {
-            "foo": "simple_exclude_dict test foo",
-            "bar": "simple_exclude_dict test bar",
+        "ref": {
+            "foo": "simple_exclude_dict model foo",
+            "bar": "simple_exclude_dict model bar",
         },
-        "baz": "simple_exclude_dict test2 baz",
+        "baz": "simple_exclude_dict model2 baz",
     }
 
 
 @app.get(
     "/mixed",
-    response_model=Test3,
-    response_model_include={"test2", "name"},
-    response_model_exclude={"test2": {"baz"}},
+    response_model=Model3,
+    response_model_include={"ref2", "name"},
+    response_model_exclude={"ref2": {"baz"}},
 )
 def mixed():
-    return Test3(
-        name="mixed test3 name",
+    return Model3(
+        name="mixed model3 name",
         age=3,
-        test2=Test2(
-            test=Test(foo="mixed test foo", bar="mixed test bar"), baz="mixed test2 baz"
+        ref2=Model2(
+            ref=Model1(foo="mixed model foo", bar="mixed model bar"),
+            baz="mixed model2 baz",
         ),
     )
 
 
 @app.get(
     "/mixed_dict",
-    response_model=Test3,
-    response_model_include={"test2", "name"},
-    response_model_exclude={"test2": {"baz"}},
+    response_model=Model3,
+    response_model_include={"ref2", "name"},
+    response_model_exclude={"ref2": {"baz"}},
 )
 def mixed_dict():
     return {
-        "name": "mixed_dict test3 name",
+        "name": "mixed_dict model3 name",
         "age": 3,
-        "test2": {
-            "test": {"foo": "mixed_dict test foo", "bar": "mixed_dict test bar"},
-            "baz": "mixed_dict test2 baz",
+        "ref2": {
+            "ref": {"foo": "mixed_dict model foo", "bar": "mixed_dict model bar"},
+            "baz": "mixed_dict model2 baz",
         },
     }
 
@@ -118,8 +119,8 @@ def test_nested_include_simple():
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
 
     assert response.json() == {
-        "baz": "simple_include test2 baz",
-        "test": {"foo": "simple_include test foo"},
+        "baz": "simple_include model2 baz",
+        "ref": {"foo": "simple_include model foo"},
     }
 
 
@@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ def test_nested_include_simple_dict():
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
 
     assert response.json() == {
-        "baz": "simple_include_dict test2 baz",
-        "test": {"foo": "simple_include_dict test foo"},
+        "baz": "simple_include_dict model2 baz",
+        "ref": {"foo": "simple_include_dict model foo"},
     }
 
 
@@ -138,8 +139,8 @@ def test_nested_exclude_simple():
     response = client.get("/simple_exclude")
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {
-        "baz": "simple_exclude test2 baz",
-        "test": {"foo": "simple_exclude test foo"},
+        "baz": "simple_exclude model2 baz",
+        "ref": {"foo": "simple_exclude model foo"},
     }
 
 
@@ -147,8 +148,8 @@ def test_nested_exclude_simple_dict():
     response = client.get("/simple_exclude_dict")
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {
-        "baz": "simple_exclude_dict test2 baz",
-        "test": {"foo": "simple_exclude_dict test foo"},
+        "baz": "simple_exclude_dict model2 baz",
+        "ref": {"foo": "simple_exclude_dict model foo"},
     }
 
 
@@ -156,9 +157,9 @@ def test_nested_include_mixed():
     response = client.get("/mixed")
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {
-        "name": "mixed test3 name",
-        "test2": {
-            "test": {"foo": "mixed test foo", "bar": "mixed test bar"},
+        "name": "mixed model3 name",
+        "ref2": {
+            "ref": {"foo": "mixed model foo", "bar": "mixed model bar"},
         },
     }
 
@@ -167,8 +168,8 @@ def test_nested_include_mixed_dict():
     response = client.get("/mixed_dict")
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {
-        "name": "mixed_dict test3 name",
-        "test2": {
-            "test": {"foo": "mixed_dict test foo", "bar": "mixed_dict test bar"},
+        "name": "mixed_dict model3 name",
+        "ref2": {
+            "ref": {"foo": "mixed_dict model foo", "bar": "mixed_dict model bar"},
         },
     }

tests/test_tutorial/test_request_files/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import os
-
 from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
 
 from docs_src.request_files.tutorial001 import app
@@ -152,35 +150,35 @@ def test_post_body_json():
     assert response.json() == file_required
 
 
-def test_post_file(tmpdir):
-    path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.txt")
-    with open(path, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content>")
+def test_post_file(tmp_path):
+    path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    path.write_bytes(b"<file content>")
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post("/files/", files={"file": open(path, "rb")})
+    with path.open("rb") as file:
+        response = client.post("/files/", files={"file": file})
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {"file_size": 14}
 
 
-def test_post_large_file(tmpdir):
+def test_post_large_file(tmp_path):
     default_pydantic_max_size = 2 ** 16
-    path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.txt")
-    with open(path, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"x" * (default_pydantic_max_size + 1))
+    path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    path.write_bytes(b"x" * (default_pydantic_max_size + 1))
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post("/files/", files={"file": open(path, "rb")})
+    with path.open("rb") as file:
+        response = client.post("/files/", files={"file": file})
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {"file_size": default_pydantic_max_size + 1}
 
 
-def test_post_upload_file(tmpdir):
-    path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.txt")
-    with open(path, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content>")
+def test_post_upload_file(tmp_path):
+    path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    path.write_bytes(b"<file content>")
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post("/uploadfile/", files={"file": open(path, "rb")})
+    with path.open("rb") as file:
+        response = client.post("/uploadfile/", files={"file": file})
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {"filename": "test.txt"}

tests/test_tutorial/test_request_files/test_tutorial002.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import os
-
 from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
 
 from docs_src.request_files.tutorial002 import app
@@ -172,42 +170,40 @@ def test_post_body_json():
     assert response.json() == file_required
 
 
-def test_post_files(tmpdir):
-    path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.txt")
-    with open(path, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content>")
-    path2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test2.txt")
-    with open(path2, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content2>")
+def test_post_files(tmp_path):
+    path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    path.write_bytes(b"<file content>")
+    path2 = tmp_path / "test2.txt"
+    path2.write_bytes(b"<file content2>")
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post(
-        "/files/",
-        files=(
-            ("files", ("test.txt", open(path, "rb"))),
-            ("files", ("test2.txt", open(path2, "rb"))),
-        ),
-    )
+    with path.open("rb") as file, path2.open("rb") as file2:
+        response = client.post(
+            "/files/",
+            files=(
+                ("files", ("test.txt", file)),
+                ("files", ("test2.txt", file2)),
+            ),
+        )
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {"file_sizes": [14, 15]}
 
 
-def test_post_upload_file(tmpdir):
-    path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.txt")
-    with open(path, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content>")
-    path2 = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test2.txt")
-    with open(path2, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content2>")
+def test_post_upload_file(tmp_path):
+    path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    path.write_bytes(b"<file content>")
+    path2 = tmp_path / "test2.txt"
+    path2.write_bytes(b"<file content2>")
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post(
-        "/uploadfiles/",
-        files=(
-            ("files", ("test.txt", open(path, "rb"))),
-            ("files", ("test2.txt", open(path2, "rb"))),
-        ),
-    )
+    with path.open("rb") as file, path2.open("rb") as file2:
+        response = client.post(
+            "/uploadfiles/",
+            files=(
+                ("files", ("test.txt", file)),
+                ("files", ("test2.txt", file2)),
+            ),
+        )
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {"filenames": ["test.txt", "test2.txt"]}
 

tests/test_tutorial/test_request_forms_and_files/test_tutorial001.py

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-import os
-from pathlib import Path
-
 from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
 
 from docs_src.request_forms_and_files.tutorial001 import app
@@ -163,32 +160,30 @@ def test_post_body_json():
     assert response.json() == file_and_token_required
 
 
-def test_post_file_no_token(tmpdir):
-    path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "test.txt")
-    with open(path, "wb") as file:
-        file.write(b"<file content>")
+def test_post_file_no_token(tmp_path):
+    path = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    path.write_bytes(b"<file content>")
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post("/files/", files={"file": open(path, "rb")})
+    with path.open("rb") as file:
+        response = client.post("/files/", files={"file": file})
     assert response.status_code == 422, response.text
     assert response.json() == token_required
 
 
-def test_post_files_and_token(tmpdir):
-    patha = Path(tmpdir) / "test.txt"
-    pathb = Path(tmpdir) / "testb.txt"
+def test_post_files_and_token(tmp_path):
+    patha = tmp_path / "test.txt"
+    pathb = tmp_path / "testb.txt"
     patha.write_text("<file content>")
     pathb.write_text("<file b content>")
 
     client = TestClient(app)
-    response = client.post(
-        "/files/",
-        data={"token": "foo"},
-        files={
-            "file": patha.open("rb"),
-            "fileb": ("testb.txt", pathb.open("rb"), "text/plain"),
-        },
-    )
+    with patha.open("rb") as filea, pathb.open("rb") as fileb:
+        response = client.post(
+            "/files/",
+            data={"token": "foo"},
+            files={"file": filea, "fileb": ("testb.txt", fileb, "text/plain")},
+        )
     assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
     assert response.json() == {
         "file_size": 14,