scope classification attributes to allowed cameras

Recording fixes (#24072 )
* pin genai review frames to the main stream * retain previews as long as either stream has recordings * watch sub stream recording health separately from main * reject record_sub on the same input as record and document the role * derive recording paths from the cache segment timestamp Recording paths carry one second of resolution, but since sub stream recording start times are resolved to fractional wall clock, anchored to the cache file mtime and chained to the previous segment's end. A stream cutting segments faster than once a second resolves consecutive segments into the same second, so two rows collide on the unique path index and the batch insert fails. The cache segment name is unique per camera stream and second by construction because ffmpeg names segments with strftime, so the recording path is now built from that timestamp while the row keeps the resolved start time. This also restores the path semantics from before sub stream recording, when start times came straight from the cache filename. Nothing derives times from recording paths: playback offsets, stream switching, and export all use the row's start time, which is unchanged, and the recordings sync matches files by exact path string. * keep the rest of a recording batch when one row conflicts * only publish record_sub status when a sub stream is configured * don't shadow camera_cfg when publishing empty cache streams * back off restarts when a recording stream goes stale * give the shared sub stream grace on any capture thread reset * include segment details in recording discard warnings
2026-09-09 04:01:42 -04:00 · 2026-08-25 14:40:13 -05:00 · 2026-08-25 11:51:58 -06:00 · 2026-08-23 14:40:32 -06:00 · 2026-08-23 10:50:03 -06:00 · 2026-08-23 10:31:31 -06:00
467 changed files with 23707 additions and 25572 deletions
@@ -42,6 +42,89 @@ jobs:
          tags: ${{ steps.setup.outputs.image-name }}-amd64
          cache-from: type=registry,ref=${{ steps.setup.outputs.cache-name }}-amd64
          cache-to: type=registry,ref=${{ steps.setup.outputs.cache-name }}-amd64,mode=max
+  smoke_test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    name: AMD64 Smoke Test
+    needs:
+      - amd64_build
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Set up QEMU and Buildx
+        id: setup
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup
+        with:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Start container
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p /tmp/frigate-config
+          printf 'mqtt:\n  enabled: false\ncameras: {}\n' > /tmp/frigate-config/config.yml
+          docker run -d --name frigate --shm-size 256m \
+            -v /tmp/frigate-config:/config \
+            -p 5000:5000 -p 8971:8971 \
+            ${{ steps.setup.outputs.image-name }}-amd64
+      - name: Wait for API
+        run: |
+          for i in $(seq 1 60); do
+            curl -fs http://127.0.0.1:5000/api/version && exit 0
+            sleep 5
+          done
+          echo "API never came up"; docker logs frigate; exit 1
+      - name: Assert security headers and permissions
+        run: |
+          headers=$(curl -ksI https://127.0.0.1:8971/)
+          echo "$headers"
+          echo "$headers" | grep -qi "x-content-type-options: nosniff"
+          echo "$headers" | grep -qi "referrer-policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin"
+          # server_tokens off: Server header must not include a version.
+          # written as an if rather than "! grep", because bash exempts a
+          # negated command from set -e and the assertion would never fail
+          if echo "$headers" | grep -qiE "^server: nginx/[0-9]"; then
+            echo "Server header leaks the nginx version; server_tokens is not off"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          # Frigate never ships frame-ancestors: HA's Webpage card and iframe
+          # panels frame it cross-origin and it would break them silently
+          if echo "$headers" | grep -qi "frame-ancestors"; then
+            echo "response carries frame-ancestors, which breaks cross-origin iframe embedding"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          docker exec frigate /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
+          docker exec frigate stat -c %a /etc/letsencrypt/live/frigate/privkey.pem | grep -qx 600
+          docker exec frigate stat -c %a /dev/shm/go2rtc.yaml | grep -qx 640
+      - name: Assert PUID/PGID remapping
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p /tmp/frigate-config-puid
+          printf 'mqtt:\n  enabled: false\ncameras: {}\n' > /tmp/frigate-config-puid/config.yml
+          docker run -d --name frigate-puid --shm-size 256m \
+            -e PUID=1500 -e PGID=1500 \
+            -v /tmp/frigate-config-puid:/config \
+            ${{ steps.setup.outputs.image-name }}-amd64
+          up=0
+          for i in $(seq 1 60); do
+            docker exec frigate-puid curl -fs http://127.0.0.1:5000/api/version && up=1 && break
+            sleep 5
+          done
+          if [ "$up" -ne 1 ]; then echo "PUID container never became healthy"; docker logs frigate-puid; exit 1; fi
+          docker exec frigate-puid id -u frigate | grep -qx 1500
+          docker exec frigate-puid id -g frigate | grep -qx 1500
+          docker exec frigate-puid cat /config/.permissions_version | grep -qx "1:1500:1500"
+          # second boot must skip the sweep (sentinel hit). Poll rather than
+          # sleep: the string can only come from the second boot (the first
+          # had no sentinel), so grepping the full log is unambiguous.
+          docker restart frigate-puid
+          ok=0
+          for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+            docker logs frigate-puid 2>&1 | grep -q "already applied" && ok=1 && break
+            sleep 2
+          done
+          if [ "$ok" -ne 1 ]; then echo "sentinel skip never logged"; docker logs frigate-puid; exit 1; fi
+          docker rm -f frigate-puid
+      - name: Teardown
+        if: always()
+        run: docker rm -f frigate || true
  arm64_build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04-arm
    name: ARM Build
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 default_target: local

 COMMIT_HASH := $(shell git log -1 --pretty=format:"%h"|tail -1)
-VERSION = 0.18.0
+VERSION = 0.19.0
 IMAGE_REPO ?= ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate
 GITHUB_REF_NAME ?= $(shell git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD)
 BOARDS= #Initialized empty
@@ -60,10 +60,10 @@ ARG DEBIAN_FRONTEND
 RUN --mount=type=bind,source=docker/main/build_intel_media_driver.sh,target=/deps/build_intel_media_driver.sh \
    /deps/build_intel_media_driver.sh

-FROM scratch AS go2rtc
+FROM wget AS go2rtc
 ARG TARGETARCH
-WORKDIR /rootfs/usr/local/go2rtc/bin
-ADD --link --chmod=755 "https://github.com/AlexxIT/go2rtc/releases/download/v1.9.14/go2rtc_linux_${TARGETARCH}" go2rtc
+RUN --mount=type=bind,source=docker/main/install_go2rtc.sh,target=/deps/install_go2rtc.sh \
+    /deps/install_go2rtc.sh

 FROM wget AS tempio
 ARG TARGETARCH
@@ -265,6 +265,23 @@ ENV PATH="/usr/local/go2rtc/bin:/usr/local/tempio/bin:/usr/local/nginx/sbin:${PA
 RUN --mount=type=bind,source=docker/main/install_deps.sh,target=/deps/install_deps.sh \
    /deps/install_deps.sh

+# Runtime users. frigate may be remapped at start via PUID/PGID (init-usermod)
+# or replaced entirely with docker's --user. go2rtc is intentionally separate
+# and more restricted. frigate-data is the shared group for /config access.
+# -o tolerates variant base images that already contain uid/gid 1000.
+RUN groupadd -o --gid 1000 frigate \
+    && useradd -o --uid 1000 --gid frigate --no-create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin frigate \
+    && groupadd --system go2rtc \
+    && useradd --system --gid go2rtc --no-create-home --shell /usr/sbin/nologin go2rtc \
+    && groupadd --system frigate-data \
+    && usermod -aG frigate-data frigate \
+    && usermod -aG frigate-data go2rtc \
+    && for grp in video render plugdev audio; do \
+         if getent group "$grp" >/dev/null; then \
+           usermod -aG "$grp" frigate && usermod -aG "$grp" go2rtc; \
+         fi; \
+       done
+
 ENV DEFAULT_FFMPEG_VERSION="8.0"
 ENV INCLUDED_FFMPEG_VERSIONS="${DEFAULT_FFMPEG_VERSION}:7.0:5.0"

@@ -307,6 +324,11 @@ HEALTHCHECK --start-period=300s --start-interval=5s --interval=15s --timeout=5s
 # Frigate deps with Node.js and NPM for devcontainer
 FROM deps AS devcontainer

+# /config here is the developer's bind-mounted checkout, not a data volume, so
+# the prepare ownership sweep must not run: it would chown the source tree to
+# the runtime uid and lock out any container user that isn't 1000.
+ENV FRIGATE_RUN_AS_ROOT=true
+
 # Do not start the actual Frigate service on devcontainer as it will be started by VS Code
 # But start a fake service for simulating the logs
 COPY docker/main/fake_frigate_run /etc/s6-overlay/s6-rc.d/frigate/run
@@ -28,7 +28,13 @@ update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.11 1
 mkdir -p -m 600 /root/.gnupg

 # install coral runtime
+# sha256 digests of the release debs; update when bumping the libedgetpu release.
+declare -A edgetpu_checksums=(
+    ["amd64"]="63fd00989d29160fa9894e115156a9abe456e88751fc9be89d26e4696200441b"
+    ["arm64"]="eab8aa4576b4dbf738135d8094f32270b24117f77147d25cbe0f49d0144d85f2"
+)
 wget -q -O /tmp/libedgetpu1-max.deb "https://github.com/feranick/libedgetpu/releases/download/16.0TF2.17.1-1/libedgetpu1-max_16.0tf2.17.1-1.bookworm_${TARGETARCH}.deb"
+echo "${edgetpu_checksums[${TARGETARCH}]}  /tmp/libedgetpu1-max.deb" | sha256sum -c -
 unset DEBIAN_FRONTEND
 yes | dpkg -i /tmp/libedgetpu1-max.deb && export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 rm /tmp/libedgetpu1-max.deb
@@ -45,36 +51,41 @@ if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "arm64" ]]; then
    fi
 fi

+# sha256 digests of the ffmpeg builds, keyed "<install dir>-<arch>".
+# Upstream publishes no checksums; these come from a one-time fetch and guard
+# against later substitution. Update when bumping a build URL.
+declare -A ffmpeg_checksums=(
+    ["5.0-amd64"]="377abec133f9d9e8014dee1b91c9684ac8bb0b5b7d80100a57116ff837c4c0d4"
+    ["7.0-amd64"]="e13860eb90409c8218319c928067834ce450128e86f24cfed5cfe91ce6e31037"
+    ["8.0-amd64"]="9bac85054d351cdc89c0a4f45c8ea5c44df94009aabd964b719bbadd56aedae9"
+    ["5.0-arm64"]="57ee475407bad49910ba9b946428396e30cf075ea28a7912fbe1aa2578085af0"
+    ["7.0-arm64"]="16c8b04e9d0ea9c769ad964c4c453fcf05121a1947237329d2e9d8a5e43e2a3c"
+    ["8.0-arm64"]="cd91948468d0f11ce795a2cdaa0c69911bd1db313b49bb19c22512beb88cde69"
+)
+
+# the tarballs nest their binaries under a directory named for the arch, which
+# matches TARGETARCH for both builds we consume
+install_ffmpeg() {
+    local dir="$1" url="$2"
+    mkdir -p "/usr/lib/ffmpeg/${dir}"
+    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "${url}"
+    echo "${ffmpeg_checksums[${dir}-${TARGETARCH}]}  ffmpeg.tar.xz" | sha256sum -c -
+    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C "/usr/lib/ffmpeg/${dir}" --strip-components 1 "${TARGETARCH}/bin/ffmpeg" "${TARGETARCH}/bin/ffprobe"
+    rm -f ffmpeg.tar.xz
+}
+
 # ffmpeg -> amd64
 if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "amd64" ]]; then
-    mkdir -p /usr/lib/ffmpeg/5.0
-    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2022-07-31-12-37/ffmpeg-n5.1-2-g915ef932a3-linux64-gpl-5.1.tar.xz"
-    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C /usr/lib/ffmpeg/5.0 --strip-components 1 amd64/bin/ffmpeg amd64/bin/ffprobe
-    rm -rf ffmpeg.tar.xz
-    mkdir -p /usr/lib/ffmpeg/7.0
-    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2024-09-19-12-51/ffmpeg-n7.0.2-18-g3e6cec1286-linux64-gpl-7.0.tar.xz"
-    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C /usr/lib/ffmpeg/7.0 --strip-components 1 amd64/bin/ffmpeg amd64/bin/ffprobe
-    rm -rf ffmpeg.tar.xz
-    mkdir -p /usr/lib/ffmpeg/8.0
-    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2026-06-02-14-20/ffmpeg-n8.1.1-9-g58d4114d36-linux64-gpl-8.1.tar.xz"
-    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C /usr/lib/ffmpeg/8.0 --strip-components 1 amd64/bin/ffmpeg amd64/bin/ffprobe
-    rm -rf ffmpeg.tar.xz
+    install_ffmpeg 5.0 "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2022-07-31-12-37/ffmpeg-n5.1-2-g915ef932a3-linux64-gpl-5.1.tar.xz"
+    install_ffmpeg 7.0 "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2024-09-19-12-51/ffmpeg-n7.0.2-18-g3e6cec1286-linux64-gpl-7.0.tar.xz"
+    install_ffmpeg 8.0 "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2026-06-02-14-20/ffmpeg-n8.1.1-9-g58d4114d36-linux64-gpl-8.1.tar.xz"
 fi

 # ffmpeg -> arm64
 if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "arm64" ]]; then
-    mkdir -p /usr/lib/ffmpeg/5.0
-    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2022-07-31-12-37/ffmpeg-n5.1-2-g915ef932a3-linuxarm64-gpl-5.1.tar.xz"
-    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C /usr/lib/ffmpeg/5.0 --strip-components 1 arm64/bin/ffmpeg arm64/bin/ffprobe
-    rm -f ffmpeg.tar.xz
-    mkdir -p /usr/lib/ffmpeg/7.0
-    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2024-09-19-12-51/ffmpeg-n7.0.2-18-g3e6cec1286-linuxarm64-gpl-7.0.tar.xz"
-    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C /usr/lib/ffmpeg/7.0 --strip-components 1 arm64/bin/ffmpeg arm64/bin/ffprobe
-    rm -f ffmpeg.tar.xz
-    mkdir -p /usr/lib/ffmpeg/8.0
-    wget -qO ffmpeg.tar.xz "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2026-06-02-14-20/ffmpeg-n8.1.1-9-g58d4114d36-linuxarm64-gpl-8.1.tar.xz"
-    tar -xf ffmpeg.tar.xz -C /usr/lib/ffmpeg/8.0 --strip-components 1 arm64/bin/ffmpeg arm64/bin/ffprobe
-    rm -f ffmpeg.tar.xz
+    install_ffmpeg 5.0 "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2022-07-31-12-37/ffmpeg-n5.1-2-g915ef932a3-linuxarm64-gpl-5.1.tar.xz"
+    install_ffmpeg 7.0 "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2024-09-19-12-51/ffmpeg-n7.0.2-18-g3e6cec1286-linuxarm64-gpl-7.0.tar.xz"
+    install_ffmpeg 8.0 "https://github.com/NickM-27/FFmpeg-Builds/releases/download/autobuild-2026-06-02-14-20/ffmpeg-n8.1.1-9-g58d4114d36-linuxarm64-gpl-8.1.tar.xz"
 fi

 # arch specific packages
@@ -120,27 +131,56 @@ if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "amd64" ]]; then
    apt-get -qq install -y libtbb12

    # install legacy and standard intel compute packages
+    # sha256 digests of the driver debs, taken from the ww<week>.sum asset
+    # compute-runtime ships per release and the checksum.sha256 on npu-driver
+    # v1.19.0; intel-graphics-compiler and level-zero publish none, so those
+    # five are hash-what-you-get. Refresh after a version bump with
+    # `curl -sL <url> | sha256sum`, cross-checking upstream's sum where the
+    # release still has one. npu-driver stopped publishing them after v1.19.0.
+    declare -A intel_checksums=(
+        ["libigdgmm12_22.9.0_amd64.deb"]="9d712f71c18baee076de9961dda71e8089291e1bd0deb5d649ab5ba5de114f97"
+        ["intel-opencl-icd-legacy1_24.35.30872.36_amd64.deb"]="bbe71e4f414259e06a10cde72c29a2bd78d41b2bb2f6f8463b1806797fe66e85"
+        ["intel-level-zero-gpu-legacy1_1.5.30872.36_amd64.deb"]="40dfbd15ab62de036a00824b304a2aa1fa2d81ad60ef83da09cfe3c5a80c429f"
+        ["intel-igc-opencl_1.0.17537.24_amd64.deb"]="dd016400f87fa2b6a9fa9fbcca7eb4a2629174a29de679709f9bec5cede88b0e"
+        ["intel-igc-core_1.0.17537.24_amd64.deb"]="c1e1ecdfe2064c047c552651cfdcdafc504f2033afafba65654338b880048b67"
+        ["intel-opencl-icd_26.14.37833.4-0_amd64.deb"]="2e15eeb4fe9c1bba467a655967373eec6a20dd04cc7159de53c359f17ab53e41"
+        ["libze-intel-gpu1_26.14.37833.4-0_amd64.deb"]="34ce5791160d87ce6d54edb558a4030858ee1dad2afb067b9c5c58d4cde774c6"
+        ["intel-igc-opencl-2_2.32.7+21184_amd64.deb"]="3c9bddbfe558279402bbeaabcf9c63b8de46b956b0ad9625415fd35dda53ad52"
+        ["intel-igc-core-2_2.32.7+21184_amd64.deb"]="64e5230788e3a31e611e8d815a141b1facb91e5f0ef239233ef3f0614bfe3fd6"
+        ["level-zero_1.28.2+u22.04_amd64.deb"]="9015a579abef960166f8e943858d5c81fd4199a960f07260c1da66038257effb"
+        ["intel-driver-compiler-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb"]="8087bfcc0872d7976d0163203c7c783a4176f813c473766587e86c7b34135dff"
+        ["intel-fw-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb"]="740219c03495f8812c03ab74baf8199acf17d13929001105418d4ba226ba2290"
+        ["intel-level-zero-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb"]="f4f5eb97aa7da52c7fec97e4ddfb43aae01703bbadc767bae1f2d4faf342ba42"
+    )
+
+    fetch_intel_deb() {
+        local url="$1" name
+        name=$(basename "$url")
+        wget -q "$url"
+        echo "${intel_checksums[${name}]}  ${name}" | sha256sum -c -
+    }
+
    # see https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/blob/master/LEGACY_PLATFORMS.md for more info
    # needed core package
-    wget https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/26.14.37833.4/libigdgmm12_22.9.0_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/26.14.37833.4/libigdgmm12_22.9.0_amd64.deb
    dpkg -i libigdgmm12_22.9.0_amd64.deb
    rm libigdgmm12_22.9.0_amd64.deb

    # legacy compute-runtime packages
-    wget https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/24.35.30872.36/intel-opencl-icd-legacy1_24.35.30872.36_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/24.35.30872.36/intel-level-zero-gpu-legacy1_1.5.30872.36_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/igc-1.0.17537.24/intel-igc-opencl_1.0.17537.24_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/igc-1.0.17537.24/intel-igc-core_1.0.17537.24_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/24.35.30872.36/intel-opencl-icd-legacy1_24.35.30872.36_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/24.35.30872.36/intel-level-zero-gpu-legacy1_1.5.30872.36_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/igc-1.0.17537.24/intel-igc-opencl_1.0.17537.24_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/igc-1.0.17537.24/intel-igc-core_1.0.17537.24_amd64.deb
    # standard compute-runtime packages
-    wget https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/26.14.37833.4/intel-opencl-icd_26.14.37833.4-0_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/26.14.37833.4/libze-intel-gpu1_26.14.37833.4-0_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/v2.32.7/intel-igc-opencl-2_2.32.7+21184_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/v2.32.7/intel-igc-core-2_2.32.7+21184_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/26.14.37833.4/intel-opencl-icd_26.14.37833.4-0_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/releases/download/26.14.37833.4/libze-intel-gpu1_26.14.37833.4-0_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/v2.32.7/intel-igc-opencl-2_2.32.7+21184_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/intel-graphics-compiler/releases/download/v2.32.7/intel-igc-core-2_2.32.7+21184_amd64.deb
    # npu packages
-    wget https://github.com/oneapi-src/level-zero/releases/download/v1.28.2/level-zero_1.28.2+u22.04_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/linux-npu-driver/releases/download/v1.19.0/intel-driver-compiler-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/linux-npu-driver/releases/download/v1.19.0/intel-fw-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb
-    wget https://github.com/intel/linux-npu-driver/releases/download/v1.19.0/intel-level-zero-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/oneapi-src/level-zero/releases/download/v1.28.2/level-zero_1.28.2+u22.04_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/linux-npu-driver/releases/download/v1.19.0/intel-driver-compiler-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/linux-npu-driver/releases/download/v1.19.0/intel-fw-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb
+    fetch_intel_deb https://github.com/intel/linux-npu-driver/releases/download/v1.19.0/intel-level-zero-npu_1.19.0.20250707-16111289554_ubuntu22.04_amd64.deb

    dpkg -i *.deb
    rm *.deb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euxo pipefail
+
+go2rtc_version="1.9.14"
+
+# sha256 digests of the release binaries; update when bumping go2rtc_version.
+declare -A go2rtc_checksums=(
+    ["amd64"]="32d616af226bd731678ffde328b94cfb94e30339bfefc469cfb76323144615a6"
+    ["arm64"]="359fabade8a7a51e81a55fe6df6b0ef81764a5e1d63179577534eaaa71904b50"
+)
+
+dest_dir="/rootfs/usr/local/go2rtc/bin"
+mkdir -p "${dest_dir}"
+
+wget -qO "${dest_dir}/go2rtc" \
+    "https://github.com/AlexxIT/go2rtc/releases/download/v${go2rtc_version}/go2rtc_linux_${TARGETARCH}"
+echo "${go2rtc_checksums[${TARGETARCH}]}  ${dest_dir}/go2rtc" | sha256sum -c -
+chmod 755 "${dest_dir}/go2rtc"
@@ -4,11 +4,29 @@ set -euxo pipefail

 hailo_version="4.21.0"

+# sha256 digests of the release artifacts; update when bumping hailo_version.
+# The runtime tarball is keyed by TARGETARCH, the wheel by the python arch tag.
+declare -A hailort_checksums=(
+    ["amd64"]="0a57ac5f7cc8c2c3668133189d9285b55f498e8cb219797e203f6f5015fec4b3"
+    ["arm64"]="dd840548eb5d0d147c99aee2cb013d39d64be09c5bc63061171fcfacf4547b3f"
+    ["x86_64"]="8112a973ab48095399b29d883f31987828df5861b8553f614c89f098a67b3fb6"
+    ["aarch64"]="658432a43573280d472f6402d7934669effe7f163ba3dffa31c50bbeeaa7c01d"
+)
+
 if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "amd64" ]]; then
    arch="x86_64"
 elif [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "arm64" ]]; then
    arch="aarch64"
 fi

-wget -qO- "https://github.com/frigate-nvr/hailort/releases/download/v${hailo_version}/hailort-debian12-${TARGETARCH}.tar.gz" | tar -C / -xzf -
-wget -P /wheels/ "https://github.com/frigate-nvr/hailort/releases/download/v${hailo_version}/hailort-${hailo_version}-cp311-cp311-linux_${arch}.whl"
+# downloaded rather than streamed into tar because streaming and verifying the
+# digest before extraction are mutually exclusive
+wget -qO /tmp/hailort.tar.gz "https://github.com/frigate-nvr/hailort/releases/download/v${hailo_version}/hailort-debian12-${TARGETARCH}.tar.gz"
+echo "${hailort_checksums[${TARGETARCH}]}  /tmp/hailort.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c -
+tar -C / -xzf /tmp/hailort.tar.gz
+rm -f /tmp/hailort.tar.gz
+
+wheel="/wheels/hailort-${hailo_version}-cp311-cp311-linux_${arch}.whl"
+mkdir -p /wheels
+wget -qO "${wheel}" "https://github.com/frigate-nvr/hailort/releases/download/v${hailo_version}/hailort-${hailo_version}-cp311-cp311-linux_${arch}.whl"
+echo "${hailort_checksums[${arch}]}  ${wheel}" | sha256sum -c -
@@ -4,6 +4,15 @@ set -euxo pipefail

 s6_version="3.2.1.0"

+# sha256 digests of the release artifacts, from the .sha256 files published at
+# https://github.com/just-containers/s6-overlay/releases/tag/v3.2.1.0
+# Update these when bumping s6_version.
+declare -A s6_checksums=(
+    ["noarch"]="42e038a9a00fc0fef70bf0bc42f625a9c14f8ecdfe77d4ad93281edf717e10c5"
+    ["x86_64"]="8bcbc2cada58426f976b159dcc4e06cbb1454d5f39252b3bb0c778ccf71c9435"
+    ["aarch64"]="c8fd6b1f0380d399422fc986a1e6799f6a287e2cfa24813ad0b6a4fb4fa755cc"
+)
+
 if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "amd64" ]]; then
    s6_arch="x86_64"
 elif [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "arm64" ]]; then
@@ -12,8 +21,15 @@ fi

 mkdir -p /rootfs/

-wget -qO- "https://github.com/just-containers/s6-overlay/releases/download/v${s6_version}/s6-overlay-noarch.tar.xz" |
-    tar -C /rootfs/ -Jxpf -
+download_and_extract() {
+    local arch="$1"
+    local tarball="/tmp/s6-overlay-${arch}.tar.xz"
+    wget -qO "${tarball}" \
+        "https://github.com/just-containers/s6-overlay/releases/download/v${s6_version}/s6-overlay-${arch}.tar.xz"
+    echo "${s6_checksums[${arch}]}  ${tarball}" | sha256sum -c -
+    tar -C /rootfs/ -Jxpf "${tarball}"
+    rm -f "${tarball}"
+}

-wget -qO- "https://github.com/just-containers/s6-overlay/releases/download/v${s6_version}/s6-overlay-${s6_arch}.tar.xz" |
-    tar -C /rootfs/ -Jxpf -
+download_and_extract "noarch"
+download_and_extract "${s6_arch}"
@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@ set -euxo pipefail

 tempio_version="2021.09.0"

+# sha256 digests of the release binaries; update when bumping tempio_version.
+# Upstream publishes no checksums, so these come from a one-time fetch and
+# guard against later substitution rather than the original download.
+declare -A tempio_checksums=(
+    ["amd64"]="b7b93ebfd24c1161cec7aecfad62ab51f2241149358cef354b86cdbc6a60546f"
+    ["aarch64"]="3a5c32981ba68b75ed9b28497429e5a5cecbeb74c3b821b035a48b37609bb895"
+)
+
 if [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "amd64" ]]; then
    arch="amd64"
 elif [[ "${TARGETARCH}" == "arm64" ]]; then
@@ -13,4 +21,5 @@ fi
 mkdir -p /rootfs/usr/local/tempio/bin

 wget -q -O /rootfs/usr/local/tempio/bin/tempio "https://github.com/home-assistant/tempio/releases/download/${tempio_version}/tempio_${arch}"
+echo "${tempio_checksums[${arch}]}  /rootfs/usr/local/tempio/bin/tempio" | sha256sum -c -
 chmod 755 /rootfs/usr/local/tempio/bin/tempio
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 #!/command/with-contenv bash
 # shellcheck shell=bash

-exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/certsync
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    # logutil-service drops to nobody and applies S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT
+    exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/certsync
+fi
+
+# Non-root (--user) fallback: logutil-service cannot change UID, so run
+# s6-log directly with the same directives S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT configures.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+exec s6-log ${S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT:-T 1 n0 s10000000 T} /dev/shm/logs/certsync
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 #!/command/with-contenv bash
 # shellcheck shell=bash

-exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/frigate
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    # logutil-service drops to nobody and applies S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT
+    exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/frigate
+fi
+
+# Non-root (--user) fallback: logutil-service cannot change UID, so run
+# s6-log directly with the same directives S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT configures.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+exec s6-log ${S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT:-T 1 n0 s10000000 T} /dev/shm/logs/frigate
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 #!/command/with-contenv bash
 # shellcheck shell=bash

-exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/go2rtc
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    # logutil-service drops to nobody and applies S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT
+    exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/go2rtc
+fi
+
+# Non-root (--user) fallback: logutil-service cannot change UID, so run
+# s6-log directly with the same directives S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT configures.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+exec s6-log ${S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT:-T 1 n0 s10000000 T} /dev/shm/logs/go2rtc
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/command/with-contenv bash
+# shellcheck shell=bash
+# Remap the frigate user to PUID/PGID and register EXTRA_GROUPS.
+# No-op when: started with --user (euid != 0), FRIGATE_RUN_AS_ROOT=true,
+# or PUID/PGID already match.
+
+set -o errexit -o nounset -o pipefail
+
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]]; then
+    # Started with docker --user; the host owns UID mapping entirely.
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [[ "${FRIGATE_RUN_AS_ROOT:-false}" == "true" ]]; then
+    echo "[INFO] FRIGATE_RUN_AS_ROOT=true: skipping user remapping"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+puid="${PUID:-1000}"
+pgid="${PGID:-1000}"
+
+if ! [[ "$puid" =~ ^[0-9]+$ && "$pgid" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    echo "[ERROR] PUID and PGID must be numeric, got '${puid}' and '${pgid}'" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remapping to 0 would make the frigate user root, so every service would keep
+# full privilege while reporting a successful migration.
+if [[ "$puid" -eq 0 || "$pgid" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    echo "[ERROR] PUID/PGID 0 would run the services as root and defeat the privilege separation." >&2
+    echo "[ERROR] Set FRIGATE_RUN_AS_ROOT=true if you want to keep running as root." >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+current_uid="$(id -u frigate)"
+current_gid="$(id -g frigate)"
+
+if [[ "$puid" != "$current_uid" || "$pgid" != "$current_gid" ]]; then
+    if [[ ! -w /etc/passwd ]]; then
+        echo "[ERROR] PUID/PGID remapping needs a writable /etc and is not compatible with read_only: true." >&2
+        echo "[ERROR] Either remove read_only and keep PUID, or drop PUID/PGID and use docker's user: ${puid}:${pgid} instead." >&2
+        echo "[ERROR] See https://docs.frigate.video/configuration/non_root for the compatibility matrix." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "[INFO] Remapping frigate user to ${puid}:${pgid}"
+    groupmod -o -g "$pgid" frigate
+    usermod -o -u "$puid" frigate
+fi
+
+# EXTRA_GROUPS: numeric host GIDs granting device access (e.g. host render/video)
+if [[ -n "${EXTRA_GROUPS:-}" ]]; then
+    for gid in ${EXTRA_GROUPS//,/ }; do
+        if ! getent group "$gid" >/dev/null; then
+            groupadd -o -g "$gid" "frigate-extra-${gid}"
+        fi
+        group_name="$(getent group "$gid" | cut -d: -f1)"
+        usermod -aG "$group_name" frigate
+        usermod -aG "$group_name" go2rtc
+        echo "[INFO] Added frigate and go2rtc to supplementary group ${group_name} (gid ${gid})"
+    done
+fi
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+oneshot
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/etc/s6-overlay/s6-rc.d/init-usermod/run
@@ -7,5 +7,12 @@ set -o errexit -o nounset -o pipefail
 dirs=(/dev/shm/logs/frigate /dev/shm/logs/go2rtc /dev/shm/logs/nginx /dev/shm/logs/certsync)

 mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-chown nobody:nogroup "${dirs[@]}"
+
+# logutil-service drops s6-log to nobody, so the dirs must stay nobody-owned
+# in root mode. Under docker --user we are already the (only) target user,
+# chown would fail, and the plain s6-log fallback in the *-log services
+# writes as us (the mkdir above is sufficient, /dev/shm is 1777).
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    chown nobody:nogroup "${dirs[@]}"
+fi
 chmod 02755 "${dirs[@]}"
@@ -1,4 +1,12 @@
 #!/command/with-contenv bash
 # shellcheck shell=bash

-exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/nginx
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    # logutil-service drops to nobody and applies S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT
+    exec logutil-service /dev/shm/logs/nginx
+fi
+
+# Non-root (--user) fallback: logutil-service cannot change UID, so run
+# s6-log directly with the same directives S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT configures.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+exec s6-log ${S6_LOGGING_SCRIPT:-T 1 n0 s10000000 T} /dev/shm/logs/nginx
@@ -77,15 +77,20 @@ if [ ! \( -f "$letsencrypt_path/privkey.pem" -a -f "$letsencrypt_path/fullchain.
    openssl req -new -newkey rsa:4096 -days 365 -nodes -x509 \
        -subj "/O=FRIGATE DEFAULT CERT/CN=*" \
        -keyout "$letsencrypt_path/privkey.pem" -out "$letsencrypt_path/fullchain.pem" 2>/dev/null
+    chmod 600 "$letsencrypt_path/privkey.pem"
+    chmod 644 "$letsencrypt_path/fullchain.pem"
 fi

+# nginx settings are read once; both templates consume them
+nginx_settings=$(python3 /usr/local/nginx/get_nginx_settings.py)
+
 # build templates for optional FRIGATE_BASE_PATH environment variable
-python3 /usr/local/nginx/get_nginx_settings.py | \
+echo "$nginx_settings" | \
    tempio -template /usr/local/nginx/templates/base_path.gotmpl \
           -out /usr/local/nginx/conf/base_path.conf

 # build templates for additional network settings
-python3 /usr/local/nginx/get_nginx_settings.py | \
+echo "$nginx_settings" | \
    tempio -template /usr/local/nginx/templates/listen.gotmpl \
           -out /usr/local/nginx/conf/listen.conf

@@ -144,3 +144,16 @@ rm -f /dev/shm/.frigate-is-stopping

 migrate_addon_config_dir
 migrate_db_from_media_to_config
+
+# Align volume ownership with the runtime user (one sweep per PUID/schema
+# change, guarded by the sentinel; see fix-ownership). The escape hatch
+# deletes the sentinel instead: ownership is never mutated while it is on,
+# so the next non-root boot must re-sweep whatever root created meanwhile.
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    if [[ "${FRIGATE_RUN_AS_ROOT:-false}" == "true" ]]; then
+        rm -f /config/.permissions_version
+    else
+        /usr/local/bin/fix-ownership --sentinel /config/.permissions_version \
+            "${PUID:-1000}" "${PGID:-1000}" /config /media/frigate
+    fi
+fi
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Single source of truth for aligning volume ownership with the runtime user.
+#
+# Usage: fix-ownership [--dry-run] [--sentinel FILE] UID GID PATH [PATH...]
+#
+#   --dry-run    report what would change, touch nothing
+#   --sentinel   skip entirely when FILE already records "SCHEMA:UID:GID";
+#                write it after a successful run (used by the boot path so
+#                multi-TB volumes are swept once per UID/schema change, not
+#                on every boot)
+#
+# Only files whose uid OR gid differs are touched, so re-runs are cheap.
+# Top-level /config additionally grants group frigate-data TRAVERSE ONLY
+# (g+rx) so the separate go2rtc user can reach its pre-created HomeKit file
+# on hosts where /config is mounted 0700. Never g+w: directory write means
+# unlink rights over frigate.db/config.yml, and would let a compromised
+# go2rtc plant /config/go2rtc, which the go2rtc run script executes
+# preferentially, as root under the escape hatch.
+
+set -o errexit -o nounset -o pipefail
+
+# Permissions-layout epoch. Bump to force a one-time re-sweep on upgrade
+# (e.g. when the privilege-drop release must capture files created as root
+# since the previous sweep).
+schema=1
+
+dry_run=0
+sentinel=""
+
+while [[ "${1:-}" == --* ]]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --dry-run) dry_run=1; shift ;;
+        --sentinel)
+            if [[ -z "${2:-}" ]]; then
+                echo "[ERROR] fix-ownership: --sentinel requires a file argument" >&2
+                exit 2
+            fi
+            sentinel="$2"; shift 2 ;;
+        *) echo "[ERROR] fix-ownership: unknown option $1" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [[ $# -lt 3 ]]; then
+    echo "Usage: fix-ownership [--dry-run] [--sentinel FILE] UID GID PATH..." >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+target_uid="$1"
+target_gid="$2"
+shift 2
+
+if [[ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]]; then
+    echo "[INFO] fix-ownership: not running as root, skipping (ownership is managed by the host in --user mode)"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# A dry run always inspects: the sentinel records what a past sweep did, not
+# what the volume looks like now, and reporting from it would hide later drift.
+if [[ "$dry_run" -eq 0 && -n "$sentinel" && -f "$sentinel" && "$(cat "$sentinel")" == "${schema}:${target_uid}:${target_gid}" ]]; then
+    echo "[INFO] fix-ownership: ${target_uid}:${target_gid} (schema ${schema}) already applied, skipping"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# A sweep that could not chown everything must not be recorded as complete:
+# the sentinel would make every later boot skip it and the entries would stay
+# unreachable once services run unprivileged.
+swept_clean=1
+
+for path in "$@"; do
+    # An absent root is an incomplete sweep, not a finished one: /media/frigate
+    # is not in the image, so a boot before the volume is mounted would
+    # otherwise record success and the volume would never be swept once added.
+    if [[ ! -d "$path" ]]; then
+        swept_clean=0
+        echo "[WARN] fix-ownership: $path does not exist, skipping; will retry on next boot"
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    # find may fail mid-walk on a live volume (file deleted under it) or on a
+    # stale mount. Tolerate it rather than aborting under errexit, but never
+    # read a failed scan as "nothing to do": that would record the sweep as
+    # complete without having looked.
+    if ! count=$(find "$path" \( -not -uid "$target_uid" -o -not -gid "$target_gid" \) -printf '.' 2>/dev/null | wc -c); then
+        swept_clean=0
+        echo "[WARN] fix-ownership: could not scan ${path}; will retry on next boot"
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    if [[ "$count" -eq 0 ]]; then
+        echo "[INFO] fix-ownership: $path already owned by ${target_uid}:${target_gid}, nothing to do"
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    # find does not descend symlinks and chown -h retargets the link itself, so
+    # anything behind a symlinked directory is outside this sweep. Following
+    # them is not an option: a link could walk the chown out of the volume.
+    if [[ -n "$(find "$path" -type l -xtype d -print -quit 2>/dev/null)" ]]; then
+        echo "[WARN] fix-ownership: ${path} contains symlinked directories; ownership behind them is not managed and must be aligned by hand"
+    fi
+
+    echo "[WARN] fix-ownership: adjusting ownership of ${count} entries under ${path}; on large recordings volumes this can take a long time"
+    if [[ "$dry_run" -eq 1 ]]; then
+        echo "[INFO] fix-ownership: dry run, not changing ${path}"
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    find "$path" \( -not -uid "$target_uid" -o -not -gid "$target_gid" \) \
+        -exec chown -h "${target_uid}:${target_gid}" {} + || {
+        swept_clean=0
+        echo "[WARN] fix-ownership: some entries under ${path} could not be updated (deleted mid-sweep or chown denied); will retry on next mismatch"
+    }
+done
+
+# go2rtc (separate user) must be able to REACH its HomeKit state in /config.
+# Write access is per-file, not per-directory: go2rtc's PatchConfig rewrites
+# the first -config file via os.WriteFile (in-place truncate, no rename,
+# verified against go2rtc v1.9.14 internal/app/config.go), and the file is
+# always pre-created by setup_homekit_config before go2rtc starts, so
+# O_CREATE never needs directory write. See header comment for why g+w is
+# forbidden here.
+if [[ "$dry_run" -eq 0 && -d /config ]]; then
+    chgrp frigate-data /config 2>/dev/null || true
+    chmod g+rx /config 2>/dev/null || true
+fi
+
+if [[ "$dry_run" -eq 0 && -n "$sentinel" && "$swept_clean" -eq 1 ]]; then
+    echo "${schema}:${target_uid}:${target_gid}" > "$sentinel" || \
+        echo "[WARN] fix-ownership: could not write ${sentinel}; the sweep will run again on next boot"
+fi
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 import json
 import os
 import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any

 from ruamel.yaml import YAML

 sys.path.insert(0, "/opt/frigate")
-from frigate.config.env import substitute_frigate_vars
+from frigate.config.env import apply_config_env_vars, substitute_frigate_vars
 from frigate.const import (
    BIRDSEYE_PIPE,
    LIBAVFORMAT_VERSION_MAJOR,
@@ -25,15 +24,6 @@ sys.path.remove("/opt/frigate")

 yaml = YAML()

-FRIGATE_ENV_VARS = {k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k.startswith("FRIGATE_")}
-# read docker secret files as env vars too
-if os.path.isdir("/run/secrets"):
-    for secret_file in os.listdir("/run/secrets"):
-        if secret_file.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
-            FRIGATE_ENV_VARS[secret_file] = (
-                Path(os.path.join("/run/secrets", secret_file)).read_text().strip()
-            )
-
 config_file = find_config_file()

 try:
@@ -47,6 +37,20 @@ try:
 except FileNotFoundError:
    config: dict[str, Any] = {}

+# No validator runs here, so install environment_vars ourselves. FRIGATE_
+# names only: anything else lands in os.environ, where the exec gate reads
+# GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC.
+config_env_vars = config.get("environment_vars")
+apply_config_env_vars(
+    {
+        key: value
+        for key, value in config_env_vars.items()
+        if str(key).startswith("FRIGATE_")
+    }
+    if isinstance(config_env_vars, dict)
+    else {}
+)
+
 go2rtc_config: dict[str, Any] = config.get("go2rtc", {})

 # Need to enable CORS for go2rtc so the frigate integration / card work automatically
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ for name in list(go2rtc_config.get("streams", {})):

    if isinstance(stream, str):
        try:
-            formatted_stream = stream.format(**FRIGATE_ENV_VARS)
+            formatted_stream = substitute_frigate_vars(stream)
            if is_restricted_go2rtc_source(formatted_stream):
                print(
                    f"[ERROR] Stream '{name}' uses a restricted source (echo/expr/exec) which is disabled by default for security. "
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ for name in list(go2rtc_config.get("streams", {})):
                del go2rtc_config["streams"][name]
                continue
            go2rtc_config["streams"][name] = formatted_stream
-        except KeyError as e:
+        except ValueError as e:
            print(
                "[ERROR] Invalid substitution found, see https://docs.frigate.video/configuration/restream#advanced-restream-configurations for more info."
            )
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ for name in list(go2rtc_config.get("streams", {})):
        filtered_streams = []
        for i, stream_item in enumerate(stream):
            try:
-                formatted_stream = stream_item.format(**FRIGATE_ENV_VARS)
+                formatted_stream = substitute_frigate_vars(stream_item)
                if is_restricted_go2rtc_source(formatted_stream):
                    print(
                        f"[ERROR] Stream '{name}' item {i + 1} uses a restricted source (echo/expr/exec) which is disabled by default for security. "
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ for name in list(go2rtc_config.get("streams", {})):
                    continue

                filtered_streams.append(formatted_stream)
-            except KeyError as e:
+            except ValueError as e:
                print(
                    "[ERROR] Invalid substitution found, see https://docs.frigate.video/configuration/restream#advanced-restream-configurations for more info."
                )
@@ -185,3 +189,6 @@ if config.get("birdseye", {}).get("restream", False):
 # Write go2rtc_config to /dev/shm/go2rtc.yaml
 with open("/dev/shm/go2rtc.yaml", "w") as f:
    yaml.dump(go2rtc_config, f)
+
+# config contains camera credentials; do not leave it world-readable
+os.chmod("/dev/shm/go2rtc.yaml", 0o640)
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ events {

 http {
    map_hash_bucket_size 256;
+    server_tokens off;

    include mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ http {

    server {
        include listen.conf;
+        include security_headers.conf;

        # enable HTTP/2 for TLS connections to eliminate browser 6-connection limit
        http2 on;
@@ -75,6 +77,12 @@ http {
        vod_align_segments_to_key_frames on;
        vod_manifest_segment_durations_mode accurate;
        vod_ignore_edit_list on;
+        # short leading segments at each playlist start; sources start at
+        # the seek target, so the ladder applies to every seek. Only
+        # effective when clips declare real keyFrameDurations
+        vod_bootstrap_segment_durations 1000;
+        vod_bootstrap_segment_durations 2000;
+        vod_bootstrap_segment_durations 4000;
        vod_segment_duration 10000;

        # MPEG-TS settings (not used when fMP4 is enabled, kept for reference)
@@ -117,6 +125,7 @@ http {
            secure_token $args;
            secure_token_types application/vnd.apple.mpegurl;

+            include security_headers.conf;
            add_header Cache-Control "no-store";
            expires off;

@@ -133,6 +142,7 @@ http {

        location /stream/ {
            include auth_request.conf;
+            include security_headers.conf;
            add_header Cache-Control "no-store";
            expires off;

@@ -150,12 +160,11 @@ http {
            include auth_request.conf;
            types {
                video/mp4 mp4;
-                image/jpeg jpg jpeg;
-                image/png png;
-                image/webp webp;
+                image/jpeg jpg;
            }

            expires 7d;
+            include security_headers.conf;
            add_header Cache-Control "public";
            autoindex on;
            root /media/frigate;
@@ -248,6 +257,7 @@ http {

        location /api/ {
            include auth_request.conf;
+            include security_headers.conf;
            add_header Cache-Control "no-store";
            expires off;
            proxy_pass http://frigate_api/;
@@ -314,29 +324,34 @@ http {

        location / {
            # do not require auth for static assets
+            include security_headers.conf;
            add_header Cache-Control "no-store";
            expires off;

            location /assets/ {
                access_log off;
                expires 1y;
+                include security_headers.conf;
                add_header Cache-Control "public";
            }

            location /fonts/ {
                access_log off;
                expires 1y;
+                include security_headers.conf;
                add_header Cache-Control "public";
            }

            location /locales/ {
                access_log off;
+                include security_headers.conf;
                add_header Cache-Control "public";
            }

            location ~ ^/.*-([A-Za-z0-9]+)\.webmanifest$ {
                access_log off;
                expires 1y;
+                include security_headers.conf;
                add_header Cache-Control "public";
                default_type application/json;
                proxy_set_header Accept-Encoding "";
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Deliberately no X-Frame-Options or CSP frame-ancestors: HA's Webpage card and
+# iframe panels frame Frigate cross-origin, and either would break them
+# silently. Bind-mount this file to add your own.
+add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
+add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Ahead-of-time volume ownership migration for switching Frigate to non-root.
+# Run from the host BEFORE enabling PUID/PGID or --user:
+#
+#   ./fix-permissions.sh [--dry-run] <config_dir> <media_dir> [PUID] [PGID]
+#
+# Wraps the image's fix-ownership helper so there is exactly one
+# implementation of the chown logic. Requires an image that contains the
+# helper (any release that includes non-root support).
+
+set -o errexit -o nounset -o pipefail
+
+IMAGE="${FRIGATE_IMAGE:-ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:stable}"
+
+dry_run_flag=""
+if [[ "${1:-}" == "--dry-run" ]]; then
+    dry_run_flag="--dry-run"
+    shift
+fi
+
+if [[ $# -lt 2 ]]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 [--dry-run] <config_dir> <media_dir> [PUID] [PGID]" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+config_dir="$1"
+media_dir="$2"
+puid="${3:-1000}"
+pgid="${4:-1000}"
+
+# The ids are interpolated into the container's bash -c source below, so
+# anything but digits would be reparsed as shell rather than passed through
+if ! [[ "$puid" =~ ^[0-9]+$ && "$pgid" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    echo "[ERROR] PUID and PGID must be numeric, got '${puid}' and '${pgid}'" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+echo "[INFO] Using image ${IMAGE} (override with FRIGATE_IMAGE=...)"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+docker run --rm \
+    -v "${config_dir}:/config" \
+    -v "${media_dir}:/media/frigate" \
+    --entrypoint bash \
+    "${IMAGE}" \
+    -c "command -v fix-ownership >/dev/null || { echo '[ERROR] this Frigate image predates non-root support; set FRIGATE_IMAGE to a release that includes it' >&2; exit 1; }; exec fix-ownership ${dry_run_flag} ${puid} ${pgid} /config /media/frigate"
@@ -56,17 +56,6 @@ mqtt:
  # 2 = exactly once
  qos: 0

-# Optional: Detectors configuration. Defaults to a single CPU detector
-detectors:
-  # Required: name of the detector
-  detector_name:
-    # Required: type of the detector
-    # Frigate provides many types, see https://docs.frigate.video/configuration/object_detectors for more details (default: shown below)
-    # Additional detector types can also be plugged in.
-    # Detectors may require additional configuration.
-    # Refer to the Detectors configuration page for more information.
-    type: cpu
-
 # Optional: Database configuration
 database:
  # The path to store the SQLite DB (default: shown below)
@@ -157,44 +146,56 @@ auth:
      - front_door
      - back_yard

-# Optional: model modifications
+# Optional: object detection models. Defaults to a single model on a CPU detector.
 # NOTE: The default values are for the EdgeTPU detector.
 # Other detectors will require the model config to be set.
-model:
-  # Required: path to the model. Frigate+ models use plus://<model_id> (default: automatic based on detector)
-  path: /edgetpu_model.tflite
-  # Required: path to the labelmap (default: shown below)
-  labelmap_path: /labelmap.txt
-  # Required: Object detection model input width (default: shown below)
-  width: 320
-  # Required: Object detection model input height (default: shown below)
-  height: 320
-  # Required: Object detection model input colorspace
-  # Valid values are rgb, bgr, or yuv. (default: shown below)
-  input_pixel_format: rgb
-  # Required: Object detection model input tensor format
-  # Valid values are nhwc, nchw, hwnc, or hwcn (default: shown below)
-  input_tensor: nhwc
-  # Optional: Data type of the model input tensor
-  # Valid values are float, float_denorm, or int (default: shown below)
-  input_dtype: int
-  # Required: Object detection model architecture, used by detectors that support more
-  # than one model type (openvino, onnx, rknn, memryx, axengine, synaptics, and others)
-  # Valid values are ssd, yolox, yolonas, yolo-generic, rfdetr, dfine (default: shown below)
-  model_type: ssd
-  # Required: Label name modifications. These are merged into the standard labelmap.
-  labelmap:
-    2: vehicle
-  # Optional: Map of object labels to their attribute labels (default: depends on model)
-  attributes_map:
-    person:
-      - amazon
-      - face
-    car:
-      - amazon
-      - fedex
-      - license_plate
-      - ups
+models:
+    # Optional: the camera environment this model is for (default: shown below)
+    # Cameras select a model by setting detect -> scene to a matching value, and
+    # a model with a scene of all is used by any camera that does not set one.
+    # Valid values are all, indoor, outdoor, indoor_thermal, outdoor_thermal
+  - scene: all
+    # Required: hardware this model runs on, as <detector> or <detector>:<device>
+    # See https://docs.frigate.video/configuration/object_detectors for the
+    # detectors available and the devices each one accepts. All of a model's
+    # devices must use the same detector. Listing the same device more than once
+    # runs additional inference processes on it.
+    devices:
+      - edgetpu:pci:0
+    # Required: path to the model. Frigate+ models use plus://<model_id> (default: automatic based on detector)
+    path: /edgetpu_model.tflite
+    # Required: path to the labelmap (default: shown below)
+    labelmap_path: /labelmap.txt
+    # Required: Object detection model input width (default: shown below)
+    width: 320
+    # Required: Object detection model input height (default: shown below)
+    height: 320
+    # Required: Object detection model input colorspace
+    # Valid values are rgb, bgr, or yuv. (default: shown below)
+    input_pixel_format: rgb
+    # Required: Object detection model input tensor format
+    # Valid values are nhwc, nchw, hwnc, or hwcn (default: shown below)
+    input_tensor: nhwc
+    # Optional: Data type of the model input tensor
+    # Valid values are float, float_denorm, or int (default: shown below)
+    input_dtype: int
+    # Required: Object detection model architecture, used by detectors that support more
+    # than one model type (openvino, onnx, rknn, memryx, axengine, synaptics, and others)
+    # Valid values are ssd, yolox, yolonas, yolo-generic, rfdetr, dfine (default: shown below)
+    model_type: ssd
+    # Required: Label name modifications. These are merged into the standard labelmap.
+    labelmap:
+      2: vehicle
+    # Optional: Map of object labels to their attribute labels (default: depends on model)
+    attributes_map:
+      person:
+        - amazon
+        - face
+      car:
+        - amazon
+        - fedex
+        - license_plate
+        - ups

 # Optional: Audio Events Configuration
 # NOTE: Can be overridden at the camera level
@@ -217,6 +218,8 @@ audio:
    - fire_alarm
    - speech
    - yell
+  # Optional: Audio label name modifications. These are merged into the standard audio labelmap.
+  labelmap: {}
  # Optional: Filters to configure detection.
  filters:
    # Label that matches label in listen config.
@@ -251,11 +254,15 @@ birdseye:
  # Optional: Encoding quality of the mpeg1 feed (default: shown below)
  # 1 is the highest quality, and 31 is the lowest. Lower quality feeds utilize less CPU resources.
  quality: 8
-  # Optional: Mode of the view. Available options are: objects, motion, and continuous
-  #   objects - cameras are included if they have had a tracked object within the last 30 seconds
-  #   motion - cameras are included if motion was detected in the last 30 seconds
-  #   continuous - all cameras are included always
-  mode: objects
+  # Optional: Activity types that include cameras in Birdseye (default: shown below)
+  # Multiple activity types can be listed at the same time.
+  #   continuous:  all cameras are included always
+  #   motion:      included if motion was detected within the inactivity threshold
+  #   all_objects: included if a tracked object was present within the inactivity threshold
+  #   alerts:      included while an alert review item is in progress
+  #   detections:  included while a detection review item is in progress
+  modes:
+    - all_objects
  # Optional: Threshold for camera activity to stop showing camera (default: shown below)
  inactivity_threshold: 30
  # Optional: Configure the birdseye layout
@@ -287,6 +294,8 @@ ffmpeg:
    detect: -threads 2 -f rawvideo -pix_fmt yuv420p
    # Optional: output args for record streams (default: shown below)
    record: preset-record-generic
+    # Optional: output args for sub stream record streams (default: the record output args above)
+    # record_sub: preset-record-generic
  # Optional: Time in seconds to wait before ffmpeg retries connecting to the camera. (default: shown below)
  # If set too low, frigate will retry a connection to the camera's stream too frequently, using up the limited streams some cameras can allow at once
  # If set too high, then if a ffmpeg crash or camera stream timeout occurs, you could potentially lose up to a maximum of retry_interval second(s) of footage
@@ -306,6 +315,10 @@ detect:
  width: 1280
  # Optional: height of the frame for the input with the detect role (default: use native stream resolution)
  height: 720
+  # Optional: the environment this camera looks at, which picks the model it runs on
+  # (default: the model with a scene of all)
+  # Valid values are all, indoor, outdoor, indoor_thermal, outdoor_thermal
+  scene: outdoor
  # Optional: desired fps for your camera for the input with the detect role (default: shown below)
  # NOTE: Recommended value of 5. Ideally, try and reduce your FPS on the camera.
  fps: 5
@@ -637,6 +650,42 @@ record:
      #       For example, if the camera retain mode is "motion", the segments without motion are
      #       never stored, so setting the mode to "all" here won't bring them back.
      mode: motion
+  # Optional: Sub stream recording settings
+  # Records a second, lower quality stream for quality selection during playback
+  # and extended low quality retention. Requires the record_sub role to be assigned
+  # to one of the camera's inputs.
+  sub:
+    # Optional: Enable sub stream recording (default: shown below)
+    # NOTE: Recording must also be enabled for sub stream recording to run.
+    enabled: False
+    # Optional: Continuous retention settings for sub stream recordings
+    continuous:
+      # Optional: Number of days to retain sub stream recordings regardless of tracked objects or motion (default: shown below)
+      days: 0
+    # Optional: Motion retention settings for sub stream recordings
+    motion:
+      # Optional: Number of days to retain sub stream recordings triggered by motion (default: shown below)
+      days: 0
+    # Optional: Retention settings for sub stream recordings of alerts
+    # NOTE: Pre and post capture windows are taken from the main alerts config above.
+    alerts:
+      # Required: Retention days (default: shown below)
+      days: 10
+      # Optional: Mode for retention. (default: shown below)
+      #   all - save all sub stream recording segments for alerts regardless of activity
+      #   motion - save all sub stream recording segments for alerts with any detected motion
+      #   active_objects - save all sub stream recording segments for alerts with active/moving objects
+      mode: motion
+    # Optional: Retention settings for sub stream recordings of detections
+    # NOTE: Pre and post capture windows are taken from the main detections config above.
+    detections:
+      # Required: Retention days (default: shown below)
+      days: 10
+      # Optional: Mode for retention. (default: shown below)
+      #   all - save all sub stream recording segments for detections regardless of activity
+      #   motion - save all sub stream recording segments for detections with any detected motion
+      #   active_objects - save all sub stream recording segments for detections with active/moving objects
+      mode: motion

 # Optional: Configuration for the snapshots written to the clips directory for each tracked object
 # Timestamp, bounding_box, crop and height settings are applied by default to API requests for snapshots.
@@ -888,7 +937,7 @@ cameras:
        # Required: the path to the stream
        # NOTE: path may include environment variables or docker secrets, which must begin with 'FRIGATE_' and be referenced in {}
        - path: rtsp://viewer:{FRIGATE_RTSP_PASSWORD}@10.0.10.10:554/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&subtype=2
-          # Required: list of roles for this stream. valid values are: audio,detect,record
+          # Required: list of roles for this stream. valid values are: audio,detect,record,record_sub
          # NOTICE: In addition to assigning the audio, detect, and record roles
          # they must also be enabled in the camera config.
          roles:
@@ -63,15 +63,9 @@ go2rtc:

 ### `environment_vars`

-This section can be used to set environment variables for those unable to modify the environment of the container, like within Home Assistant OS. Docker users should set environment variables in their `docker run` command (`-e FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD=secret`) or `docker-compose.yml` file (`environment:` section) instead. Note that values set here are stored in plain text in your config file, so if the goal is to keep credentials out of your configuration, use Docker environment variables or Docker secrets instead.
+This section sets environment variables in the Frigate process for those unable to modify the environment of the container, like within Home Assistant OS. It's meant for process settings such as `LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME` or the TensorFlow thread counts below. Docker users should set environment variables in their `docker run` command (`-e LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME=i965`) or `docker-compose.yml` file (`environment:` section) instead. Values set here are stored in plain text in your config file, so credentials belong in `secrets.yaml`, Docker environment variables, or Docker secrets instead.

-Variables prefixed with `FRIGATE_` can be referenced in config fields that support environment variable substitution (such as MQTT host and credentials, camera stream URLs, and ONVIF host and credentials) using the `{FRIGATE_VARIABLE_NAME}` syntax.
-
-:::note
-
-The `go2rtc` section is an exception. go2rtc runs as a separate process, so its stream definitions can only be substituted with variables that exist in the container's environment (set via Docker `-e`, the `environment:` section of `docker-compose.yml`, or Docker secrets). Variables defined in the `environment_vars` block above are not available to go2rtc streams. Home Assistant app users, who cannot set container environment variables, must instead put credentials directly in their go2rtc stream URLs.
-
-:::
+Names prefixed with `FRIGATE_` set here also take part in `{FRIGATE_VARIABLE_NAME}` substitution (see [below](#substitution-sources-and-precedence)), but `secrets.yaml` is the better home for them.

 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
@@ -80,23 +74,17 @@ Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Environment variables" /> to add

 | Field             | Description                                               |
 | ----------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **Variable name** | The environment variable name (e.g., `FRIGATE_MQTT_USER`) |
+| **Variable name** | The environment variable name (e.g., `LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME`) |
 | **Value**         | The value for the variable                                |

-Variables defined here can be referenced elsewhere in your configuration using the `{FRIGATE_VARIABLE_NAME}` syntax.
+Names prefixed with `FRIGATE_` can also be referenced elsewhere in your configuration using the `{FRIGATE_VARIABLE_NAME}` syntax.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
 environment_vars:
-  FRIGATE_MQTT_USER: my_mqtt_user
-  FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD: my_mqtt_password
-
-mqtt:
-  host: "{FRIGATE_MQTT_HOST}"
-  user: "{FRIGATE_MQTT_USER}"
-  password: "{FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD}"
+  LIBVA_DRIVER_NAME: i965
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -130,6 +118,51 @@ environment_vars:
 </TabItem>
 </ConfigTabs>

+### `secrets.yaml`
+
+A `secrets.yaml` file next to your `config.yml` is an additional source of `FRIGATE_` variables, for installs that can't set container environment variables or mount Docker secrets. It's a flat map of names to values, and it is never read or written by the Frigate UI:
+
+```yaml
+FRIGATE_CAM_USER: viewer
+FRIGATE_CAM_PASS: "p@ss w0rd"
+FRIGATE_MQTT_HOST: mqtt.internal.example
+```
+
+For Docker this is `/config/secrets.yaml` inside the container, so it lives in whatever host directory you mounted at `/config`. For the Home Assistant App it's `/addon_configs/<addon_directory>/secrets.yaml`, in the same folder as your `config.yml`; see [the App config directory](../config.md#accessing-app-config-dir) for the directory name for your variant.
+
+Names must start with `FRIGATE_`, and nesting is not supported. `secrets.yaml` feeds `{FRIGATE_VARIABLE_NAME}` substitution, so the handful of variables Frigate reads straight from the process environment, such as `FRIGATE_JWT_SECRET`, still need a container environment variable or a Docker secret.
+
+### Substitution sources and precedence
+
+The same `{FRIGATE_VARIABLE_NAME}` placeholder resolves from four sources. When a name is defined in more than one, the higher one wins and a warning at startup names which source was used.
+
+| Priority    | Source                | Where it's set                                                             | Who can use it                 |
+| ----------- | --------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ |
+| 1 (highest) | Docker secrets        | Files in `/run/secrets`, or the directory named by `CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY` | Docker, systemd                |
+| 2           | Container environment | `docker run -e`, the `environment:` section of `docker-compose.yml`        | Docker                         |
+| 3           | `secrets.yaml`        | Next to `config.yml`, see above                                            | Everyone, including the HA App |
+| 4 (lowest)  | `environment_vars`    | The block in `config.yml` described above                                  | Everyone, including the HA App |
+
+For example, with this `secrets.yaml`:
+
+```yaml
+FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD: from_secrets
+```
+
+and this `config.yml`:
+
+```yaml
+environment_vars:
+  FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD: from_config
+
+mqtt:
+  password: "{FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD}"
+```
+
+the password resolves to `from_secrets`, and the log shows `FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD is defined in more than one place, using the value from secrets.yaml`. Add `-e FRIGATE_MQTT_PASSWORD=from_env` to the container and it resolves to `from_env` instead.
+
+Referencing a name that no source defines is a config validation error naming the field.
+
 ### `database`

 Tracked object and recording information is managed in a sqlite database at `/config/frigate.db`. If that database is deleted, recordings will be orphaned and will need to be cleaned up manually. They also won't show up in the Media Browser within Home Assistant.
@@ -177,7 +210,7 @@ Custom models may also require different input tensor formats. The colorspace co
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and open the **Custom Model** tab to configure the model path, dimensions, and input format.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and, on the model you want to change, open the **Custom Model** tab to configure the model path, dimensions, and input format.

 | Field                                         | Description                          |
 | --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
@@ -192,12 +225,14 @@ Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and open

 ```yaml
 # Optional: model config
-model:
-  path: /path/to/model
-  width: 320
-  height: 320
-  input_tensor: "nhwc"
-  input_pixel_format: "bgr"
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - openvino:GPU
+    path: /path/to/model
+    width: 320
+    height: 320
+    input_tensor: "nhwc"
+    input_pixel_format: "bgr"
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -214,15 +249,15 @@ If the labelmap is customized then the labels used for alerts will need to be ad
 The labelmap can be customized to your needs. A common reason to do this is to combine multiple object types that are easily confused when you don't need to be as granular such as car/truck. By default, truck is renamed to car because they are often confused. You cannot add new object types, but you can change the names of existing objects in the model.

 ```yaml
-model:
-  labelmap:
-    2: vehicle
-    3: vehicle
-    5: vehicle
-    7: vehicle
-    15: animal
-    16: animal
-    17: animal
+models:
+  - labelmap:
+      2: vehicle
+      3: vehicle
+      5: vehicle
+      7: vehicle
+      15: animal
+      16: animal
+      17: animal
 ```

 Note that if you rename objects in the labelmap, you will also need to update your `objects -> track` list as well.
@@ -114,6 +114,30 @@ audio:
 </TabItem>
 </ConfigTabs>

+#### Grouping Audio Labels
+
+Related audio classes can be grouped under one label by mapping their numeric
+class IDs to the same name. Add the grouped name to `listen` and use it for any
+corresponding filter:
+
+```yaml
+audio:
+  listen:
+    - dogs
+  labelmap:
+    69: dogs # dog
+    70: dogs # bark
+    75: dogs # whimper_dog
+  filters:
+    dogs:
+      threshold: 0.8
+```
+
+Class IDs are zero-based indices in
+[`audio-labelmap.txt`](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/frigate/blob/dev/audio-labelmap.txt),
+so each ID is one less than the displayed file line number.
+Audio label mappings are separate from the object detector's `model.labelmap`.
+
 ### Common Audio Labels

 The labelmap includes hundreds of sound types. The labels below are the ones most users may find practical, grouped by what they're typically used for. Use the exact label string from the left column in your `listen` config, or search for the label in the Frigate UI directly.
@@ -18,13 +18,17 @@ Each camera tile in Birdseye is composed from the frames of the stream assigned

 ## Birdseye Behavior

-### Birdseye Modes
+### Birdseye Activity Types

-Birdseye offers different modes to customize which cameras show under which circumstances.
+Birdseye offers independent activity types that control when cameras are shown. Multiple activity types can be listed together.

- **continuous:** All cameras are always included
- **motion:** Cameras that have detected motion within the last 30 seconds are included
- **objects:** Cameras that have tracked an active object within the last 30 seconds are included
+- **continuous:** The camera is always included
+- **motion:** The camera is included when motion was detected within the last 30 seconds
+- **all_objects:** The camera is included when a tracked object is present, active or stationary
+- **alerts:** The camera is included while an alert review item is in progress
+- **detections:** The camera is included while a detection review item is in progress
+
+`alerts` and `detections` follow the review item's own lifetime, so the camera is removed as soon as the review item ends. Which objects qualify for each is set in [review configuration](./review.md).

 ### Custom Birdseye Icon

@@ -39,27 +43,29 @@ To include a camera in Birdseye view only for specific circumstances, or exclude

 **Global settings:** Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Birdseye" /> to configure the default Birdseye behavior for all cameras.

-**Per-camera overrides:** Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Birdseye" /> to override the mode or disable Birdseye for a specific camera.
+**Per-camera overrides:** Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Birdseye" /> to override the activity types or disable Birdseye for a specific camera.

-| Field               | Description                                                   |
-| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| **Enable Birdseye** | Whether this camera appears in Birdseye view                  |
-| **Tracking mode**   | When to show the camera: `continuous`, `motion`, or `objects` |
+| Field                  | Description                                                |
+| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
+| **Enable Birdseye**    | Whether this camera appears in Birdseye view               |
+| **Activity types**     | Conditions that determine when to show the camera          |

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

-```yaml {8-10,12-14}
+```yaml {10-12,15-16}
 # Include all cameras by default in Birdseye view
 birdseye:
  enabled: True
-  mode: continuous
+  modes:
+    - continuous

 cameras:
  front:
-    # Only include the "front" camera in Birdseye view when objects are detected
+    # Only include the "front" camera in Birdseye view when an alert is in progress
    birdseye:
-      mode: objects
+      modes:
+        - alerts
  back:
    # Exclude the "back" camera from Birdseye view
    birdseye:
@@ -71,7 +77,7 @@ cameras:

 ### Birdseye Inactivity

-By default birdseye shows all cameras that have had the configured activity in the last 30 seconds. This threshold can be configured.
+By default birdseye shows all cameras that have had the configured activity in the last 30 seconds. This threshold can be configured, and applies to the `motion` and `all_objects` activity types only.

 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
@@ -140,7 +146,8 @@ Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Birdseye" /> and in the **Camera
 # Include all cameras by default in Birdseye view
 birdseye:
  enabled: True
-  mode: continuous
+  modes:
+    - continuous

 cameras:
  front:
@@ -83,11 +83,12 @@ A camera is enabled by default but can be disabled by using `enabled: False`. Ca

 Each role can only be assigned to one input per camera. The options for roles are as follows:

-| Role     | Description                                                                         |
-| -------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `detect` | Main feed for object detection. [docs](object_detectors.md)                         |
-| `record` | Saves segments of the video feed based on configuration settings. [docs](record.md) |
-| `audio`  | Feed for audio based detection. [docs](audio_detectors.md)                          |
+| Role         | Description                                                                                                  |
+| ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `detect`     | Main feed for object detection. [docs](object_detectors.md)                                                  |
+| `record`     | Saves segments of the video feed based on configuration settings. [docs](record.md)                          |
+| `record_sub` | Saves segments of a second, lower quality stream with its own retention. [docs](record.md#sub-stream-recording) |
+| `audio`      | Feed for audio based detection. [docs](audio_detectors.md)                                                   |

 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ VS Code supports JSON schemas for automatically validating configuration files.

 ## Environment Variable Substitution

-Frigate supports the use of environment variables starting with `FRIGATE_` **only** where specifically indicated in the [reference config](./advanced/reference.md). For example, the following values can be replaced at runtime by using environment variables:
+Frigate supports the use of environment variables starting with `FRIGATE_` **only** where specifically indicated in the [reference config](./advanced/reference.md). See [substitution sources and precedence](./advanced/system.md#substitution-sources-and-precedence) for where those values can come from, including `secrets.yaml`. For example, the following values can be replaced at runtime by using environment variables:

 ```yaml
 mqtt:
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ Here are some common starter configuration examples. These can be configured thr

 1. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > MQTT" /> and configure the MQTT connection to your Home Assistant Mosquitto broker
 2. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > FFmpeg" /> and set **Hardware acceleration arguments** to `Raspberry Pi (H.264)`
-3. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and add a detector with **Type** `EdgeTPU` and **Device** `usb`
+3. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (USB)** from the **Hardware** dropdown
 4. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Recording" /> and set **Enable recording** to on, **Motion retention > Retention days** to `7`, **Alert retention > Event retention > Retention days** to `30`, **Alert retention > Event retention > Retention mode** to `motion`, **Detection retention > Event retention > Retention days** to `30`, **Detection retention > Event retention > Retention mode** to `motion`
 5. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Snapshots" /> and set **Enable snapshots** to on, **Snapshot retention > Default retention** to `30`
 6. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Camera management" /> and add your camera with the appropriate RTSP stream URL
@@ -172,10 +172,9 @@ mqtt:
 ffmpeg:
  hwaccel_args: preset-rpi-64-h264

-detectors:
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb

 record:
  enabled: True
@@ -233,7 +232,7 @@ cameras:

 1. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > MQTT" /> and set **Enable MQTT** to off
 2. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > FFmpeg" /> and set **Hardware acceleration arguments** to `VAAPI (Intel/AMD GPU)`
-3. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and add a detector with **Type** `EdgeTPU` and **Device** `usb`
+3. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (USB)** from the **Hardware** dropdown
 4. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Recording" /> and set **Enable recording** to on, **Motion retention > Retention days** to `7`, **Alert retention > Event retention > Retention days** to `30`, **Alert retention > Event retention > Retention mode** to `motion`, **Detection retention > Event retention > Retention days** to `30`, **Detection retention > Event retention > Retention mode** to `motion`
 5. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Snapshots" /> and set **Enable snapshots** to on, **Snapshot retention > Default retention** to `30`
 6. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Camera management" /> and add your camera with the appropriate RTSP stream URL
@@ -249,10 +248,9 @@ mqtt:
 ffmpeg:
  hwaccel_args: preset-vaapi

-detectors:
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb

 record:
  enabled: True
@@ -310,8 +308,8 @@ cameras:

 1. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > MQTT" /> and configure the connection to your MQTT broker
 2. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > FFmpeg" /> and set **Hardware acceleration arguments** to `VAAPI (Intel/AMD GPU)`
-3. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and add a detector with **Type** `openvino` and **Device** `AUTO`
-4. On the same page, in the **Custom Model** tab, configure the OpenVINO model path and settings
+3. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Intel GPU** from the **Hardware** dropdown
+4. On the same model, open the **Custom Model** tab and configure the OpenVINO model path and settings
 5. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Recording" /> and set **Enable recording** to on, **Motion retention > Retention days** to `7`, **Alert retention > Event retention > Retention days** to `30`, **Alert retention > Event retention > Retention mode** to `motion`, **Detection retention > Event retention > Retention days** to `30`, **Detection retention > Event retention > Retention mode** to `motion`
 6. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Snapshots" /> and set **Enable snapshots** to on, **Snapshot retention > Default retention** to `30`
 7. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Global configuration > Camera management" /> and add your camera with the appropriate RTSP stream URL
@@ -329,15 +327,12 @@ mqtt:
 ffmpeg:
  hwaccel_args: preset-vaapi

-detectors:
-  ov:
-    type: openvino
-    device: AUTO
-
-model:
-  width: 300
-  height: 300
-  input_tensor: nhwc
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - openvino:AUTO
+    width: 300
+    height: 300
+    input_tensor: nhwc
  input_pixel_format: bgr
  path: /openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml
  labelmap_path: /openvino-model/coco_91cl_bkgr.txt
@@ -106,3 +106,5 @@ Output arguments are passed to FFmpeg after your camera source and control how r
 | preset-record-mjpeg              | Record - MJPEG Cameras          | Record an MJPEG stream              | Restreaming the MJPEG stream is recommended instead                                                                                                               |
 | preset-record-jpeg               | Record - JPEG Cameras           | Record a live JPEG                  | Restreaming the live JPEG is recommended instead                                                                                                                  |
 | preset-record-ubiquiti           | Record - Ubiquiti Cameras       | Record a Ubiquiti stream with audio | Handles Ubiquiti's non-standard audio format                                                                                                                      |
+
+These presets apply to the `record` output args. If [sub stream recording](/configuration/record#sub-stream-recording) is enabled, the same args are used for the `record_sub` role unless `output_args.record_sub` is set, which accepts the same presets and manual args.
@@ -312,8 +312,9 @@ ffmpeg:

 :::note

-If running Frigate through Docker, you either need to run in privileged mode or
-map the `/dev/video*` devices to Frigate. With Docker Compose add:
+If running Frigate through Docker, map the relevant `/dev/video*` devices into
+the container. Running in privileged mode also works but grants far more access
+than needed. With Docker Compose add:

 ```yaml {4-5}
 services:
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ cameras:

 ## Synaptics

-Hardware accelerated video de-/encoding is supported on Synaptics SL-series SoC.
+Hardware accelerated video de-/encoding is supported on Synpatics SL-series SoC.

 ### Prerequisites

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import TabItem from "@theme/TabItem";
 import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";
 import FaqItem from "@site/src/components/FaqItem";

-Frigate can recognize license plates on vehicles and automatically add the detected characters to the `recognized_license_plate` field or a [known](#matching) name as a `sub_label` to tracked objects of type `car`, `motorcycle`, `bus`, `truck`, `school_bus`, or `garbage_truck`, depending on which of those labels your model detects. A common use case may be to read the license plates of cars pulling into a driveway or cars passing by on a street.
+Frigate can recognize license plates on vehicles and automatically add the detected characters to the `recognized_license_plate` field or a [known](#matching) name as a `sub_label` to tracked objects of type `car` or `motorcycle`. A common use case may be to read the license plates of cars pulling into a driveway or cars passing by on a street.

 LPR works best when the license plate is clearly visible to the camera. For moving vehicles, Frigate continuously refines the recognition process, keeping the most confident result. When a vehicle becomes stationary, LPR continues to run for a short time after to attempt recognition.

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ When a plate is recognized, the details are:
 - Viewable in the Details pane in Review/History.
 - Viewable in the Tracked Object Details pane in Explore (sub labels and recognized license plates).
 - Filterable through the More Filters menu in Explore.
- Published via the `frigate/events` MQTT topic as a `sub_label` ([known](#matching)) or `recognized_license_plate` (unknown) for the vehicle tracked object.
+- Published via the `frigate/events` MQTT topic as a `sub_label` ([known](#matching)) or `recognized_license_plate` (unknown) for the `car` or `motorcycle` tracked object.
 - Published via the `frigate/tracked_object_update` MQTT topic with `name` (if [known](#matching)) and `plate`.

 ## Model Requirements
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Users without a model that detects license plates can still run LPR. Frigate use

 :::note

-In the default mode, Frigate's LPR needs to first detect a vehicle before it can recognize a license plate. If you're using a dedicated LPR camera and have a zoomed-in view where a vehicle will not be detected, you can still run LPR, but the configuration parameters will differ from the default mode. See the [Dedicated LPR Cameras](#dedicated-lpr-cameras) section below.
+In the default mode, Frigate's LPR needs to first detect a `car` or `motorcycle` before it can recognize a license plate. If you're using a dedicated LPR camera and have a zoomed-in view where a `car` or `motorcycle` will not be detected, you can still run LPR, but the configuration parameters will differ from the default mode. See the [Dedicated LPR Cameras](#dedicated-lpr-cameras) section below.

 :::

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ cameras:
 </TabItem>
 </ConfigTabs>

-For non-dedicated LPR cameras, ensure that your camera is configured to detect vehicle objects, and that a vehicle is actually being detected by Frigate. Otherwise, LPR will not run. The object types that can carry a plate are defined by your model's `attributes_map`, so if your model detects other vehicle labels, you can add them there.
+For non-dedicated LPR cameras, ensure that your camera is configured to detect objects of type `car` or `motorcycle`, and that a car or motorcycle is actually being detected by Frigate. Otherwise, LPR will not run.

 Like the other real-time processors in Frigate, license plate recognition runs on the camera stream defined by the `detect` role in your config. To ensure optimal performance, select a suitable resolution for this stream in your camera's firmware that fits your specific scene and requirements.

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ lpr:

 Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Enrichments > License plate recognition" />.

- **Known plates**: Assign custom `sub_label` values to vehicle objects when a recognized plate matches a known value. These labels appear in the UI, filters, and notifications. Unknown plates are still saved but are added to the `recognized_license_plate` field rather than the `sub_label`.
+- **Known plates**: Assign custom `sub_label` values to `car` and `motorcycle` objects when a recognized plate matches a known value. These labels appear in the UI, filters, and notifications. Unknown plates are still saved but are added to the `recognized_license_plate` field rather than the `sub_label`.
 - **Match distance**: Allows for minor variations (missing/incorrect characters) when matching a detected plate to a known plate. For example, setting to `1` allows a plate `ABCDE` to match `ABCBE` or `ABCD`. This parameter will _not_ operate on known plates that are defined as regular expressions.

 </TabItem>
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ lpr:

 :::note

-If a camera is configured to detect vehicles but you don't want Frigate to run LPR for that camera, disable LPR at the camera level:
+If a camera is configured to detect `car` or `motorcycle` but you don't want Frigate to run LPR for that camera, disable LPR at the camera level:

 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ With this setup:
 - Snapshots will have license plate bounding boxes on them.
 - The `frigate/events` MQTT topic will publish tracked object updates.
 - Debug view will display `license_plate` bounding boxes.
- If you are using a Frigate+ model and want to submit images from your dedicated LPR camera for model training and fine-tuning, annotate both the vehicle and the `license_plate` in the snapshots on the Frigate+ website, even if the vehicle is barely visible.
+- If you are using a Frigate+ model and want to submit images from your dedicated LPR camera for model training and fine-tuning, annotate both the `car` / `motorcycle` and the `license_plate` in the snapshots on the Frigate+ website, even if the car is barely visible.

 ### Using the Secondary LPR Pipeline (Without Frigate+)

@@ -611,9 +611,9 @@ If you are still having issues detecting plates, start with a basic configuratio

 </FaqItem>

-<FaqItem id="can-i-run-lpr-without-detecting-car-or-motorcycle-objects" question={<>Can I run LPR without detecting vehicle objects?</>}>
+<FaqItem id="can-i-run-lpr-without-detecting-car-or-motorcycle-objects" question={<>Can I run LPR without detecting <code>car</code> or <code>motorcycle</code> objects?</>}>

-In normal LPR mode, Frigate requires a vehicle to be detected first before recognizing a license plate. If you have a dedicated LPR camera, you can change the camera `type` to `"lpr"` to use the Dedicated LPR Camera algorithm. This comes with important caveats, though. See the [Dedicated LPR Cameras](#dedicated-lpr-cameras) section above.
+In normal LPR mode, Frigate requires a `car` or `motorcycle` to be detected first before recognizing a license plate. If you have a dedicated LPR camera, you can change the camera `type` to `"lpr"` to use the Dedicated LPR Camera algorithm. This comes with important caveats, though. See the [Dedicated LPR Cameras](#dedicated-lpr-cameras) section above.

 </FaqItem>

@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ lpr:
 4. Ensure the characters on detected plates are being _recognized_.
   - Check the **Plate recognition** inference time in Enrichment metrics (<NavPath path="System metrics > Enrichments" />). High inference times (> 100ms) could lead to poor recognition results, especially for dedicated LPR cameras where the plate crosses the frame quickly.
   - Enable `debug_save_plates` to save images of detected text on plates to the clips directory (`/media/frigate/clips/lpr`). Ensure these images are readable and the text is clear.
-   - Watch the debug view to see plates recognized in real-time. For non-dedicated LPR cameras, the vehicle's label will change to the recognized plate when LPR is enabled and working.
+   - Watch the debug view to see plates recognized in real-time. For non-dedicated LPR cameras, the `car` or `motorcycle` label will change to the recognized plate when LPR is enabled and working.
   - Adjust `recognition_threshold` settings per the suggestions [above](#advanced-configuration).

 </FaqItem>
@@ -714,13 +714,13 @@ LPR's performance impact depends on your hardware. Ensure you have at least 4GB

 The YOLOv9 license plate detector model will run (and the metric will appear) if you've enabled LPR but haven't defined `license_plate` as an object to track, either at the global or camera level.

-If you are detecting vehicles on cameras where you don't want to run LPR, make sure you disable LPR it at the camera level. And if you do want to run LPR on those cameras, make sure you define `license_plate` as an object to track.
+If you are detecting `car` or `motorcycle` on cameras where you don't want to run LPR, make sure you disable LPR it at the camera level. And if you do want to run LPR on those cameras, make sure you define `license_plate` as an object to track.

 </FaqItem>

 <FaqItem id="it-looks-like-frigate-picked-up-my-cameras-timestamp-or-overlay-text-as-the-license-plate-how-can-i-prevent-this" question="It looks like Frigate picked up my camera's timestamp or overlay text as the license plate. How can I prevent this?">

-This could happen if vehicles travel close to your camera's timestamp or overlay text. You could either move the text through your camera's firmware, or apply a mask to it in Frigate.
+This could happen if cars or motorcycles travel close to your camera's timestamp or overlay text. You could either move the text through your camera's firmware, or apply a mask to it in Frigate.

 If you are using a model that natively detects `license_plate`, add an _object mask_ of type `license_plate` and a _motion mask_ over your text.

@@ -68,12 +68,66 @@ Frigate supports multiple different detectors that work on different types of ha

 :::note

-Multiple detectors can not be mixed for object detection (ex: OpenVINO and Coral EdgeTPU can not be used for object detection at the same time).
+A single model can not be spread across different detector types (ex: OpenVINO and Coral EdgeTPU can not run the same model at the same time). Configuring more than one model, each on its own detector type, is supported.

 This does not affect using hardware for accelerating other tasks such as [semantic search](./semantic_search.md)

 :::

+### Configuring models and hardware
+
+Object detection is configured with a `models` list. Each entry describes one model and the hardware it runs on:
+
+```yaml
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - openvino:GPU
+    path: /config/model_cache/yolov9-s.onnx
+    model_type: yolo-generic
+    width: 320
+    height: 320
+```
+
+Each entry in `devices` is a detector type, optionally followed by a colon and a device for that detector, such as `edgetpu:pci:0`, `openvino:NPU`, or `tensorrt:0`. The per-detector sections below document the device values each one accepts. Listing several devices runs the model on all of them, and listing the **same** device more than once runs additional inference processes against it, which can improve throughput on hardware that keeps up with more than one stream:
+
+```yaml
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - openvino:GPU
+      - openvino:GPU
+```
+
+Coral EdgeTPU and MemryX accelerators can only be opened by one process, so those devices can not be repeated.
+
+### Running more than one model
+
+Cameras can be split across models by scene, which is useful when indoor and outdoor cameras benefit from differently trained models. Each model declares the `scene` it is for, and each camera picks one with `detect -> scene`:
+
+```yaml
+models:
+  - scene: outdoor
+    path: plus://your-outdoor-model
+    devices:
+      - edgetpu:pci:0
+  - scene: indoor
+    path: /config/model_cache/indoor.onnx
+    model_type: yolo-generic
+    devices:
+      - openvino:GPU
+
+cameras:
+  driveway:
+    detect:
+      scene: outdoor
+    ...
+  hallway:
+    detect:
+      scene: indoor
+    ...
+```
+
+Available scenes are `all`, `indoor`, `outdoor`, `indoor_thermal`, and `outdoor_thermal`. A model with a scene of `all` is used by every camera that does not set one, and `all` is the default when a model does not declare a scene. Changing a camera's scene requires a restart.
+
 ### Choosing a model size

 Along with picking a detector for your hardware, you will choose a model's **input resolution** (such as `320x320` or `640x640`) and, for model families like YOLOv9, a **variant size** (`tiny`, `small`, etc.). Both affect the balance between accuracy and the inference time your hardware can sustain.
@@ -92,11 +146,11 @@ The best detection accuracy comes from a model trained on images that look like

 # Officially Supported Detectors

-Frigate provides a number of builtin detector types. By default, Frigate will use a single CPU detector. Other detectors may require additional configuration as described below. When using multiple detectors they will run in dedicated processes, but pull from a common queue of detection requests from across all cameras.
+Frigate provides a number of builtin detector types. By default, Frigate will use a single CPU detector. Other detectors may require additional configuration as described below. Each of a model's devices runs in a dedicated process, and they pull from a common queue of detection requests from the cameras assigned to that model.

 ## Edge TPU Detector

-The Edge TPU detector type runs TensorFlow Lite models utilizing the Google Coral delegate for hardware acceleration. To configure an Edge TPU detector, set the `"type"` attribute to `"edgetpu"`.
+The Edge TPU detector type runs TensorFlow Lite models utilizing the Google Coral delegate for hardware acceleration. To use it, prefix a model's device with `edgetpu`.

 The Edge TPU device can be specified using the `"device"` attribute according to the [Documentation for the TensorFlow Lite Python API](https://coral.ai/docs/edgetpu/multiple-edgetpu/#using-the-tensorflow-lite-python-api). If not set, the delegate will use the first device it finds.

@@ -111,16 +165,15 @@ See [common Edge TPU troubleshooting steps](/troubleshooting/edgetpu) if the Edg
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and select **EdgeTPU** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add**, then set device to `usb`.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (USB)** from the **Hardware** dropdown.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -131,19 +184,16 @@ detectors:
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and select **EdgeTPU** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add** to add multiple detectors, specifying `usb:0` and `usb:1` as the device for each.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (USB)** from the **Hardware** dropdown and check each Coral the model should run on.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  coral1:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb:0
-  coral2:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb:1
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb:0
+      - edgetpu:usb:1
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -156,16 +206,15 @@ _warning: may have [compatibility issues](https://github.com/blakeblackshear/fri
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and select **EdgeTPU** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add**, then leave the device field empty.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select the **Coral EdgeTPU** entry from the **Hardware** dropdown.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: ""
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - 'edgetpu:'
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -176,16 +225,15 @@ detectors:
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and select **EdgeTPU** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add**, then set device to `pci`.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (PCIe)** from the **Hardware** dropdown.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: pci
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:pci
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -196,19 +244,16 @@ detectors:
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and select **EdgeTPU** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add** to add multiple detectors, specifying `pci:0` and `pci:1` as the device for each.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (PCIe)** from the **Hardware** dropdown and check each Coral the model should run on.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  coral1:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: pci:0
-  coral2:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: pci:1
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:pci:0
+      - edgetpu:pci:1
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -219,19 +264,16 @@ detectors:
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and select **EdgeTPU** from the detector type dropdown and click **Add** to add multiple detectors with different device types (e.g., `usb` and `pci`).
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (USB)** from the **Hardware** dropdown. USB and PCIe Corals are listed as separate hardware, so mixing the two on one model has to be done in YAML.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  coral_usb:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb
-  coral_pci:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: pci
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb
+      - edgetpu:pci
 ```

 </TabItem>
@@ -273,7 +315,7 @@ Hailo8 supports all models in the Hailo Model Zoo that include HailoRT post-proc

 ## OpenVINO Detector

-The OpenVINO detector type runs an OpenVINO IR model on AMD and Intel CPUs, Intel GPUs and Intel NPUs. To configure an OpenVINO detector, set the `"type"` attribute to `"openvino"`.
+The OpenVINO detector type runs an OpenVINO IR model on AMD and Intel CPUs, Intel GPUs and Intel NPUs. To use it, prefix a model's device with `openvino`.

 The OpenVINO device to be used is specified using the `"device"` attribute according to the naming conventions in the [Device Documentation](https://docs.openvino.ai/2025/openvino-workflow/running-inference/inference-devices-and-modes.html). The most common devices are `CPU`, `GPU`, or `NPU`.

@@ -286,13 +328,10 @@ OpenVINO is supported on 6th Gen Intel platforms (Skylake) and newer. It will al
 When using many cameras one detector may not be enough to keep up. Multiple detectors can be defined assuming GPU resources are available. An example configuration would be:

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  ov_0:
-    type: openvino
-    device: GPU # or NPU
-  ov_1:
-    type: openvino
-    device: GPU # or NPU
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - openvino:GPU # or NPU
+      - openvino:GPU # or NPU
 ```

 :::
@@ -313,6 +352,12 @@ Intel NPUs cannot be used under Home Assistant OS, which does not include the NP

 ## Apple Silicon detector

+:::warning
+
+The network-based detectors (Deepstack and the Apple Silicon client) are being reworked. Their extra options no longer have a place in the config, so only the endpoint carried in the device string is honored right now: Deepstack ignores `api_key` and `api_timeout`, and the Apple Silicon client ignores `request_timeout_ms` and `linger_ms`. Anything else is dropped when your config is migrated.
+
+:::
+
 The NPU in Apple Silicon can't be accessed from within a container, so the [Apple Silicon detector client](https://github.com/frigate-nvr/apple-silicon-detector) must first be setup. It is recommended to use the Frigate docker image with `-standard-arm64` suffix, for example `ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:stable-standard-arm64`.

 ### Setup {#setup-apple-silicon}
@@ -453,11 +498,10 @@ If the correct build is used for your GPU then the GPU will be detected and used
 When using many cameras one detector may not be enough to keep up. Multiple detectors can be defined assuming GPU resources are available. An example configuration would be:

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  onnx_0:
-    type: onnx
-  onnx_1:
-    type: onnx
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - onnx
+      - onnx
 ```

 :::
@@ -470,7 +514,7 @@ detectors:

 ## CPU Detector (not recommended)

-The CPU detector type runs a TensorFlow Lite model utilizing the CPU without hardware acceleration. It is recommended to use a hardware accelerated detector type instead for better performance. To configure a CPU based detector, set the `"type"` attribute to `"cpu"`.
+The CPU detector type runs a TensorFlow Lite model utilizing the CPU without hardware acceleration. It is recommended to use a hardware accelerated detector type instead for better performance. To use it, set a model's device to `cpu`.

 :::danger

@@ -480,7 +524,7 @@ The CPU detector is not recommended for general use. If you do not have GPU or E

 The number of threads used by the interpreter can be specified using the `"num_threads"` attribute, and defaults to `3.`

-A TensorFlow Lite model is provided in the container at `/cpu_model.tflite` and is used by this detector type by default. To provide your own model, bind mount the file into the container and provide the path with `model.path`.
+A TensorFlow Lite model is provided in the container at `/cpu_model.tflite` and is used by this detector type by default. To provide your own model, bind mount the file into the container and provide the path with the model's `path`.

 ### Configuration {#configuration-cpu}

@@ -490,6 +534,12 @@ When using CPU detectors, you can add one CPU detector per camera. Adding more d

 ## Deepstack / CodeProject.AI Server Detector

+:::warning
+
+The network-based detectors (Deepstack and the Apple Silicon client) are being reworked. Their extra options no longer have a place in the config, so only the endpoint carried in the device string is honored right now: Deepstack ignores `api_key` and `api_timeout`, and the Apple Silicon client ignores `request_timeout_ms` and `linger_ms`. Anything else is dropped when your config is migrated.
+
+:::
+
 The Deepstack / CodeProject.AI Server detector for Frigate allows you to integrate Deepstack and CodeProject.AI object detection capabilities into Frigate. CodeProject.AI and DeepStack are open-source AI platforms that can be run on various devices such as the Raspberry Pi, Nvidia Jetson, and other compatible hardware. It is important to note that the integration is performed over the network, so the inference times may not be as fast as native Frigate detectors, but it still provides an efficient and reliable solution for object detection and tracking.

 ### Setup {#setup-deepstack}
@@ -552,7 +602,7 @@ For detailed instructions on compiling models, refer to the [MemryX Compiler](ht

 3. Depending on the model, the compiler may also generate a cropped post-processing network. If present, it will be named with the suffix `_post.onnx`.

-4. Bind-mount the `.zip` file into the container and specify its path using `model.path` in your config.
+4. Bind-mount the `.zip` file into the container and specify its path using the model's `path` in your config.

 5. Update `labelmap_path` to match your custom model's labels.

@@ -682,13 +732,10 @@ If no custom model is provided, the RKNN detector downloads a default model from
 When using many cameras one detector may not be enough to keep up. Multiple detectors can be defined assuming NPU resources are available. An example configuration would be:

 ```yaml
-detectors:
-  rknn_0:
-    type: rknn
-    num_cores: 0
-  rknn_1:
-    type: rknn
-    num_cores: 0
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - rknn:0
+      - rknn:0
 ```

 :::
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import NavPath from "@site/src/components/NavPath";

 Recordings can be enabled and are stored at `/media/frigate/recordings`. The folder structure for the recordings is `YYYY-MM-DD/HH/<camera_name>/MM.SS.mp4` in **UTC time**. These recordings are written directly from your camera stream without re-encoding. Each camera supports a configurable retention policy. Frigate chooses the largest matching retention value between the recording retention and the tracked object retention when determining if a recording should be removed.

-New recording segments are written from the camera stream to cache, they are only moved to disk if they pass a validation check and match the setup recording retention policy.
+New recording segments are written from the camera stream to cache, they are only moved to disk if they match the setup recording retention policy.

 :::tip

@@ -275,6 +275,163 @@ record:

 This configuration will retain recording segments that overlap with alerts and detections for 10 days. Because multiple tracked objects can reference the same recording segments, this avoids storing duplicate footage for overlapping tracked objects and reduces overall storage needs.

+## Sub Stream Recording
+
+In addition to the main recording stream, Frigate can record a second, lower quality stream for each camera. This serves two purposes:
+
+- **Quality selection during playback**: A quality selector (`Auto`, `Original`, or `Low`) appears in History view for cameras with sub stream recording enabled. `Original` and `Low` play only that stream's recordings. Time ranges where the selected stream has no footage are skipped during playback, and the selector notes when the selected stream has no recordings at all in the viewed time range. With `Auto` (the default), playback prefers the original quality and automatically falls back to the low quality stream when the connection cannot keep up, or for time ranges where the original recordings have expired. The selector shows each stream's video codec and audio details beneath the options; footage recorded by older Frigate versions shows no details.
+- **Extended retention**: Sub stream recordings have their own retention settings, fully independent of the main recordings. By giving the low quality recordings a longer retention period, you can keep weeks or months of low quality history using a fraction of the storage, and that history remains playable after the main recordings expire. Playback falls back to the low quality recordings automatically, and the timeline shows a muted treatment for time ranges where only low quality footage remains. Timeline previews are kept for as long as either stream still has recordings, so scrubbing works across the whole retained history.
+
+### Configuring sub stream recording
+
+Sub stream recording uses the `record_sub` input role. This role can be assigned to the same input as `detect`, so in the common case where detect already uses the camera's sub stream, no additional camera connection is needed. Like the main recording stream, sub stream segments are copied directly from the camera stream without re-encoding, so the recording quality is determined by the source stream.
+
+The following examples keep 7 days of full quality continuous recordings and 60 days of low quality continuous recordings:
+
+<ConfigTabs>
+<TabItem value="ui">
+
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Streams (FFmpeg)" /> and select the camera.
+
+- In **Camera inputs**, enable the **Record (Sub Stream)** role on the stream you want to record at low quality, commonly the same stream that has the **Detect** role. Only one stream may have this role, and it cannot be assigned to the same stream as the **Record** role.
+
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > Camera configuration > Recording" /> and select the camera.
+
+- Set **Enable recording** to on
+- Set **Continuous retention > Retention days** to `7`
+- Set **Sub stream recording > Enable sub stream recording** to on
+- Set **Sub stream recording > Sub stream continuous retention > Retention days** to `60`
+
+The camera setup wizard also offers the **Record (Sub Stream)** role when assigning stream roles for a newly added camera.
+
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="yaml">
+
+```yaml
+cameras:
+  front_door:
+    ffmpeg:
+      inputs:
+        - path: rtsp://camera/main
+          roles:
+            - record
+        - path: rtsp://camera/sub
+          roles:
+            - detect
+            - record_sub
+    record:
+      enabled: true
+      continuous:
+        days: 7
+      sub:
+        enabled: true
+        continuous:
+          days: 60
+```
+
+If your camera does not provide a suitable sub stream (or the sub stream is already used at a resolution you don't want to record), you can use a go2rtc transcode as the source for `record_sub` instead:
+
+```yaml
+go2rtc:
+  streams:
+    front_door: rtsp://camera/main
+    front_door_lq: ffmpeg:front_door#video=h264#width=854#hardware
+
+cameras:
+  front_door:
+    ffmpeg:
+      inputs:
+        - path: rtsp://127.0.0.1:8554/front_door
+          input_args: preset-rtsp-restream
+          roles:
+            - detect
+            - record
+        - path: rtsp://127.0.0.1:8554/front_door_lq
+          input_args: preset-rtsp-restream
+          roles:
+            - record_sub
+    record:
+      enabled: true
+      continuous:
+        days: 7
+      sub:
+        enabled: true
+        continuous:
+          days: 60
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+</ConfigTabs>
+
+The `record.sub` config supports the same retention structure as the main recording config: `continuous`, `motion`, `alerts`, and `detections` each with their own `days` (and `mode` for alerts and detections). The pre-capture and post-capture windows for alerts and detections are taken from the main `record.alerts` and `record.detections` config. Extending `sub.alerts.days` or `sub.detections.days` beyond the main values also keeps those review items visible in the review timeline for the longer window, with playback falling back to the low quality stream once the main recordings expire.
+
+:::note
+
+Recording must be enabled (`record.enabled`) for sub stream recording to run, and Frigate will fail to start if `record.sub.enabled` is set without a `record_sub` role assigned to one of the camera's inputs.
+
+:::
+
+### How Auto picks a quality
+
+`Auto` measures throughput on every segment download and compares it against the original stream's bitrate (computed from the recorded footage itself). Playback drops to the low quality stream when any of these happen:
+
+- A freeze lasts 4 seconds (10 seconds when it starts within 2 seconds of a seek, since the seek target is rarely buffered), or freezes total 7 seconds within the last minute.
+- 3 downloads in a row measure below the original bitrate plus 10%, dropping quality before a stall ever becomes visible.
+- No first frame appears within 10 seconds, or loading fails outright.
+
+Playback returns to full quality only when measured throughput exceeds the original bitrate by 50%, checked continuously while playing the low quality stream and again at each new hour. The asymmetric thresholds (1.1x to drop, 1.5x to return) keep a borderline connection from switching back and forth.
+
+The most recent measurement is remembered on the device: a connection last measured below the original bitrate (or below 3 Mbps when the bitrate is not yet known) starts playback on the low quality stream so a first frame appears immediately, then upgrades within a few segments if the speed allows.
+
+The quality selector shows which stream Auto is currently playing and why. A browser with Data Saver enabled stays on the low quality stream, a browser that cannot decode the original stream's codec (for example H.265 without HEVC support) plays the low quality stream for that camera, and pinning `Original` or `Low` bypasses Auto entirely.
+
+### Sub stream output args
+
+By default the sub stream is recorded with the same [output args](/configuration/ffmpeg_presets#output-args-presets) as the main recording stream, so it inherits any customization made to `ffmpeg.output_args.record`. Setting `ffmpeg.output_args.record_sub` gives the sub stream its own args instead. Like all `ffmpeg` config, this can be set globally or per camera.
+
+The most common reason to set this is a pair of streams whose audio differs. Many cameras send AAC on the main stream but PCM on the sub stream, and PCM cannot be copied into an mp4 recording. Copying the main stream's audio avoids re-encoding audio that is already AAC, while the sub stream still needs to be transcoded:
+
+```yaml
+ffmpeg:
+  output_args:
+    # main stream audio is already AAC, so copy it
+    record: preset-record-generic-audio-copy
+    # sub stream audio is PCM, so transcode it to AAC
+    record_sub: preset-record-generic-audio-aac
+```
+
+Other reasons to set this are recording a sub stream whose codec needs a different preset than the main stream, such as `preset-record-mjpeg`, or forcing a matching audio sample rate across the two streams with manual args ending in `-c:a aac -ar 16000`.
+
+:::warning
+
+Avoid removing audio from only one of the two streams (for example with `-an`). When one stream has audio and the other does not, playback of time ranges that combine both qualities is silent, so stripping audio from the sub stream also silences the merged timeline.
+
+:::
+
+### Which stream do features use?
+
+As a general rule, features that read recordings prefer the main stream and fall back to the sub stream for time ranges where the main recordings have expired. Analytics features use only the main stream.
+
+| Feature                                                                                  | Stream used                                                                                                   |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Recording playback (History and Review)                                                  | Both (main preferred with sub fallback by default), or exactly one stream when a quality is selected manually |
+| Tracking details and Explore clip playback                                               | Main, falling back to sub where the main recordings have expired                                              |
+| Exports and clip downloads                                                               | Main; sub is used when no main recordings remain in the range (streams are never mixed in one file)           |
+| Frames grabbed from a recording in History (download snapshot, submit frame to Frigate+) | Main preferred, sub fallback                                                                                  |
+| Audio extraction (e.g., transcription)                                                   | Main preferred, sub fallback                                                                                  |
+| Motion search                                                                            | Main only                                                                                                     |
+| Review timeline motion data                                                              | Main only                                                                                                     |
+| Storage usage statistics                                                                 | Both streams counted, and listed separately per camera                                                        |
+
+This table covers only features that read recordings from disk. Tracked object snapshots and thumbnails (the images shown in Explore and sent with notifications, and the images submitted to Frigate+ from a tracked object) are captured live from the `detect` stream as the object is tracked, never from recordings, so sub stream recording does not affect them.
+
+### Trade-offs
+
+- Recording a second stream increases overall storage use. The increase is typically small relative to the main recordings, since the low quality stream is much smaller. Both streams are cached before being written to disk, so cache use goes up as well. See [the `/tmp/cache` area is separate](#the-tmpcache-area-is-separate) if you start seeing `No space left on device` errors after enabling it.
+- The go2rtc transcode approach continuously encodes the low quality stream, which uses CPU or GPU resources. This cost only applies to the transcode path; recording the camera's native sub stream does not re-encode. See the [go2rtc hardware acceleration documentation](https://github.com/AlexxIT/go2rtc?tab=readme-ov-file#source-ffmpeg) for accelerating the transcode.
+- Many camera sub streams do not include audio. If the source stream has no audio, the low quality recordings will not have audio.
+- **Matching video codecs and audio settings between the two streams gives the smoothest playback.** When playback combines both qualities on one timeline (the default `Auto` behavior: for example original quality during events with low quality in between, or low quality history after the original recordings expire) and the streams use different video codecs or audio settings, for example H.265 on the main stream and H.264 on the sub stream, or 16 kHz audio on one and 8 kHz on the other, playback still works: Frigate inserts a decoder reset at each quality transition, which can cause a barely-perceptible pause there. Configuring both streams in the camera's firmware to use the same video codec, audio codec, and sample rate makes transitions fully seamless, and a mismatched audio sample rate can also be corrected with [sub stream output args](#sub-stream-output-args). If one stream has audio and the other does not, combined time ranges play **without audio**; selecting a single quality with the playback selector always keeps that stream's audio.
+
 ## Can I have "continuous" recordings, but only at certain times?

 Using Frigate UI, Home Assistant, or MQTT, cameras can be automated to only record in certain situations or at certain times.
@@ -291,7 +448,7 @@ For advanced use cases, the [custom export HTTP API](../integrations/api/export-
 POST /export/custom/{camera_name}/start/{start_time}/end/{end_time}
 ```

-The request body accepts `ffmpeg_input_args` and `ffmpeg_output_args` to control encoding, frame rate, filters, and other FFmpeg options. If neither is provided, Frigate defaults to time-lapse output settings (25x speed, 30 FPS) with audio removed (`-an`). When providing your own `ffmpeg_input_args`, include `-an` if you want audio stripped from the export.
+The request body accepts `ffmpeg_input_args` and `ffmpeg_output_args` to control encoding, frame rate, filters, and other FFmpeg options. If neither is provided, Frigate defaults to time-lapse output settings (25x speed, 30 FPS).

 The following example exports a time-lapse at 60x speed with 25 FPS:

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ For cameras that support two-way talk, go2rtc will automatically establish an au
 To prevent this, you must configure two separate stream instances:

 1. One stream instance with `#backchannel=0` for Frigate's viewing, recording, and detection (prevents go2rtc from establishing the blocking backchannel)
-2. A second stream instance with no `#` parameters at all for two-way talk functionality (can be used by Frigate's WebRTC viewer or other applications)
+2. A second stream instance without `#backchannel=0` for two-way talk functionality (can be used by Frigate's WebRTC viewer or other applications)

 Configuration example:

@@ -215,15 +215,13 @@ In this configuration:
 - `front_door` stream is used by Frigate for viewing, recording, and detection. The `#backchannel=0` parameter prevents go2rtc from establishing the audio output backchannel, so it won't block two-way talk access.
 - `front_door_twoway` stream is used for two-way talk functionality. This stream can be used by Frigate's WebRTC viewer when two-way talk is enabled, or by other applications (like Home Assistant Advanced Camera Card) that need access to the camera's audio output channel.

-Any `#` parameter on a bare `rtsp://` source disables the backchannel unless the URL explicitly contains `#backchannel=1`. A two-way talk stream with something like `#video=h264` on it silently loses two-way audio, and Frigate will report that two-way talk is unavailable for that stream.
-
 ## Security: Restricted Stream Sources

 For security reasons, the `echo:`, `expr:`, and `exec:` stream sources are disabled by default in go2rtc. These sources allow arbitrary command execution and can pose security risks if misconfigured.

 If you attempt to use these sources in your configuration, the streams will be removed and an error message will be printed in the logs.

-To enable these sources, you must set the environment variable `GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC=true`. This can be done in your Docker Compose file or container environment:
+To enable these sources, you must set the environment variable `GO2RTC_ALLOW_ARBITRARY_EXEC=true`. This can be done in your Docker Compose file or container environment, or for Home Assistant App users with the `go2rtc_allow_arbitrary_exec` option in the App's configuration. The `environment_vars` section of the Frigate config can't enable it:

 ```yaml
 environment:
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ Generate a Frigate Docker Compose configuration based on your hardware and requi
 services:
  frigate:
    container_name: frigate
-    privileged: true # this may not be necessary for all setups
+    # privileged: true # ONLY enable if your hardware requires it (see hardware-specific docs); prefer the device mappings below
    restart: unless-stopped
    stop_grace_period: 30s # allow enough time to shut down the various services
    image: ghcr.io/blakeblackshear/frigate:stable
@@ -546,6 +546,33 @@ services:
  </TabItem>
 </Tabs>

+### Recommended security options
+
+Frigate does not need elevated container privileges for most setups. The
+following hardens the container; add the `devices`/`group_add` entries your
+hardware requires (see the hardware acceleration docs):
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  frigate:
+    ...
+    security_opt:
+      - no-new-privileges:true
+    cap_drop:
+      - ALL
+```
+
+:::note
+
+`telemetry.stats.network_bandwidth` uses nethogs, which requires root with
+NET_ADMIN/NET_RAW capabilities. If you enable that stat, omit `cap_drop: [ALL]`
+or add `cap_add: [NET_ADMIN, NET_RAW]`.
+
+Platforms that genuinely require `privileged: true` (MemryX, some QNAP setups)
+are called out in their own sections and are unaffected by this guidance.
+
+:::
+
 **Docker CLI**

 If you can't use Docker Compose, you can run the container with something similar to this:
@@ -612,6 +639,8 @@ Home Assistant OS users can install via the App repository.
 5. Start the App
 6. Use the _Open Web UI_ button to access the Frigate UI, then click in the _cog icon_ > _Configuration editor_ and configure Frigate to your liking

+App users who can't set container environment variables can put `FRIGATE_` values in a `secrets.yaml` next to `config.yml` in `/addon_configs/<addon_directory>` instead. See [`secrets.yaml`](../configuration/advanced/system.md#secretsyaml).
+
 There are several variants of the App available:

 | App Variant                | Description                                                |
@@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ You need to refer to **Configure hardware acceleration** above to enable the con
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-1. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and add a detector with **Type** `OpenVINO` and **Device** `GPU`
-2. On the same page, in the **Custom Model** tab, configure the model settings for OpenVINO:
+1. Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Intel GPU** from the **Hardware** dropdown
+2. On the same model, open the **Custom Model** tab and configure the model settings for OpenVINO:

 | Field                                    | Value                                      |
 | ---------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
@@ -222,15 +222,12 @@ You need to refer to **Configure hardware acceleration** above to enable the con
 ```yaml {3-6,9-15,20-21}
 mqtt: ...

-detectors: # <---- add detectors
-  ov:
-    type: openvino  # <---- use openvino detector
-    device: GPU
-
-# We will use the default MobileNet_v2 model from OpenVINO.
-model:
-  width: 300
-  height: 300
+models: # <---- add models
+  - devices:
+      - openvino:GPU # <---- use the openvino detector on the GPU
+    # We will use the default MobileNet_v2 model from OpenVINO.
+    width: 300
+    height: 300
  input_tensor: nhwc
  input_pixel_format: bgr
  path: /openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml
@@ -273,7 +270,7 @@ services:
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and add a detector with **Type** `EdgeTPU` and **Device** `usb`.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> and select **Coral EdgeTPU (USB)** from the **Hardware** dropdown.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">
@@ -281,10 +278,9 @@ Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> and add a
 ```yaml {3-6,11-12}
 mqtt: ...

-detectors: # <---- add detectors
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb
+models: # <---- add models
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb

 cameras:
  name_of_your_camera:
@@ -321,10 +317,9 @@ If you are using YAML to configure Frigate instead of the UI, your configuration
 mqtt:
  enabled: False

-detectors:
-  coral:
-    type: edgetpu
-    device: usb
+models:
+  - devices:
+      - edgetpu:usb

 cameras:
  name_of_your_camera:
@@ -357,7 +352,7 @@ In order to review activity in the Frigate UI, recordings need to be enabled.
 ```yaml {16-17}
 mqtt: ...

-detectors: ...
+models: ...

 cameras:
  name_of_your_camera:
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ Topic with current state of notifications. Published values are `ON` and `OFF`.

 ### `frigate/<camera_name>/status/<role>`

-Publishes the current health status of each role that is enabled (`audio`, `detect`, `record`). Possible values are:
+Publishes the current health status of each role that is enabled (`audio`, `detect`, `record`, `record_sub`). `record_sub` is only published for cameras with [sub stream recording](/configuration/record#sub-stream-recording) enabled, and is tracked separately from `record` so a healthy main stream can't hide a stalled sub stream. Possible values are:

 - `online`: Stream is running and being processed
 - `offline`: Stream is offline and is being restarted
@@ -553,22 +553,25 @@ must be enabled in the configuration.

 Topic with current state of Birdseye for a camera. Published values are `ON` and `OFF`.

-### `frigate/<camera_name>/birdseye_mode/set`
+### `frigate/<camera_name>/birdseye_modes/set`

-Topic to set Birdseye mode for a camera. Birdseye offers different modes to customize under which circumstances the camera is shown.
+Topic to set the Birdseye activity types for a camera. Send one uppercase activity type or combine multiple types with commas, for example `MOTION,ALERTS`.

-_Note: Changing the value from `CONTINUOUS` -> `MOTION | OBJECTS` will take up to 30 seconds for
+_Note: Changing the value from `CONTINUOUS` to non-continuous activity types will take up to 30 seconds for
 the camera to be removed from the view._

-| Command      | Description                                                       |
-| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `CONTINUOUS` | Always included                                                   |
-| `MOTION`     | Show when detected motion within the last 30 seconds are included |
-| `OBJECTS`    | Shown if an active object tracked within the last 30 seconds      |
+| Command       | Description                                                      |
+| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `CONTINUOUS`  | Always included                                                  |
+| `MOTION`      | Shown if motion was detected within the last 30 seconds          |
+| `ALL_OBJECTS` | Shown if a tracked object was present within the last 30 seconds |
+| `ALERTS`      | Shown while an alert review item is in progress                  |
+| `DETECTIONS`  | Shown while a detection review item is in progress               |
+| `NONE`        | Never included                                                   |

-### `frigate/<camera_name>/birdseye_mode/state`
+### `frigate/<camera_name>/birdseye_modes/state`

-Topic with current state of the Birdseye mode for a camera. Published values are `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `OBJECTS`.
+Topic with the current Birdseye activity types for a camera. Multiple enabled types are published as a comma-separated value in the order `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `ALL_OBJECTS`, `ALERTS`, `DETECTIONS`. `NONE` is published when no activity types are enabled.

 ### `frigate/<camera_name>/notifications/set`

@@ -59,13 +59,12 @@ You can view all of your submitted images at [https://plus.frigate.video](https:

 Once you have [requested your first model](../plus/first_model.md) and gotten your own model ID, it can be used with a special model path. No other information needs to be configured for Frigate+ models because it fetches the remaining config from Frigate+ automatically.

-You can either choose the new model from the <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" /> pane in the Frigate UI (the **Frigate+ Model** tab), or manually set the model at the root level in your config:
+You can either choose the new model from the <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" /> pane in the Frigate UI (on the **Frigate+** tab of the model you want to change), or set it on that model in your config:

 ```yaml
-detectors: ...
-
-model:
-  path: plus://<your_model_id>
+models:
+  - devices: ...
+    path: plus://<your_model_id>
 ```

 :::note
@@ -79,10 +78,11 @@ Models are downloaded into the `/config/model_cache` folder and only downloaded
 If needed, you can override the labelmap for Frigate+ models. This is not recommended as renaming labels will break the Submit to Frigate+ feature if the labels are not available in Frigate+.

 ```yaml
-model:
-  path: plus://<your_model_id>
-  labelmap:
-    3: animal
-    4: animal
-    5: animal
+models:
+  - devices: ...
+    path: plus://<your_model_id>
+    labelmap:
+      3: animal
+      4: animal
+      5: animal
 ```
@@ -30,16 +30,15 @@ Models available in Frigate+ can be used with a special model path. No other inf
 <ConfigTabs>
 <TabItem value="ui">

-Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detectors and model" />. In the **Detection Model** section, choose the **Frigate+** tab. Select your new Frigate+ model from the **Available Frigate+ models** dropdown, then click **Save**. Restart Frigate to apply the change.
+Navigate to <NavPath path="Settings > System > Detection models" />. On the model you want to change, choose the **Frigate+** tab and select your new Frigate+ model from the **Available Frigate+ models** dropdown, then click **Save**. Restart Frigate to apply the change.

 </TabItem>
 <TabItem value="yaml">

 ```yaml
-detectors: ...
-
-model:
-  path: plus://<your_model_id>
+models:
+  - devices: ...
+    path: plus://<your_model_id>
 ```

 :::tip
@@ -66,19 +66,17 @@ An FFmpeg message meaning it probed the stream but never saw enough decodable vi

 ## Recording

-<FaqItem id="no-new-recording-segments" question="No new recording segments were created (or: No new valid recording segments were created / No valid segments created since last invalid segment) for <camera> in the last 120s">
+<FaqItem id="no-new-recording-segments" question="No new recording segments were created for <camera> in the last 120s">

-Frigate's record watchdog is restarting the record FFmpeg process because the camera stopped producing usable recordings. The wording distinguishes the cases: `No new recording segments` means no new segment file reached the cache, so ffmpeg isn't getting video out of the record stream; the two `valid` variants mean recordings are arriving but keep failing validation. Either way the fault is on the camera or network side, and the restart is Frigate trying to recover.
+Frigate's record watchdog is restarting the record FFmpeg process because no valid segment has reached the cache. This means the record stream is not connecting or the segments are being rejected (see the audio-codec entry below).

-See [Recordings: no new recording segments were created](/troubleshooting/recordings#no-new-recording-segments-were-created).
+See [Recordings: the record stream isn't connecting](/troubleshooting/recordings#the-record-stream-isnt-connecting).

 </FaqItem>

-<FaqItem id="invalid-or-missing-video-stream-in-segment" question="Invalid or missing video stream in segment. Discarding. / Discarding a corrupt recording segment / Failed to probe corrupt segment / Invalid recording segment detected">
+<FaqItem id="invalid-or-missing-video-stream-in-segment" question="Invalid or missing video stream in segment. Discarding.">

-A cached recording segment failed validation and was deleted, either because it had no readable video stream or because its length was impossible. This nearly always means the camera stopped sending usable video partway through the segment: a camera that rebooted, dropped the connection, or ran out of simultaneous connections, or an unreliable link such as WiFi or a failing switch port. Broken camera timestamps (a "Smart Codec" / H.264+ mode) cause the corrupt-segment variants. The same stream failure trips the record watchdog, so the restarts above usually appear alongside these messages.
-
-See [Recordings: invalid or missing video stream in segment](/troubleshooting/recordings#invalid-or-missing-video-stream-in-segment).
+A cached recording segment failed validation (no readable video stream) and was deleted. The most common cause is a segment that was truncated because the record FFmpeg process was killed mid-write, so this often appears alongside, and as a consequence of, the record-stream restarts above. A segment containing only audio triggers it too.

 </FaqItem>

@@ -133,7 +131,7 @@ The process was killed by the CPU for executing an unsupported instruction. Ther

 <FaqItem id="onnx-invalidprotobuf" question="ONNX Runtime InvalidProtobuf / failed to load model">

-ONNX Runtime could not parse the model file. The file exists but its contents are not a valid ONNX model, usually a corrupted or interrupted download in `model_cache`, or the wrong file pointed at by `model.path`. Delete the cached model file so Frigate re-downloads it, and confirm `model.path` points at an actual `.onnx` model. See [ONNX detector configuration](/configuration/object_detectors#onnx).
+ONNX Runtime could not parse the model file. The file exists but its contents are not a valid ONNX model, usually a corrupted or interrupted download in `model_cache`, or the wrong file pointed at by a model's `path`. Delete the cached model file so Frigate re-downloads it, and confirm the model's `path` points at an actual `.onnx` model. See [ONNX detector configuration](/configuration/object_detectors#onnx).

 </FaqItem>

@@ -39,20 +39,6 @@ To do this efficiently the following setup is required:

 When this is done correctly, the GPU will do the decoding and scaling which will result in a small increase in CPU usage but with better results.

-### How can I rotate my camera's video feed?
-
-Rotation is best done in the camera's firmware settings (usually called rotate, flip, or corridor mode) so the video arrives already rotated and no extra processing is needed. Check there first.
-
-If your camera does not support rotation, go2rtc's ffmpeg module can rotate the stream with the `#rotate` parameter (`90`, `180`, `270`, or `-90`), but this is not recommended: rotation requires transcoding (re-encoding) the video, which significantly increases CPU usage, especially for high resolution streams.
-
-```yaml
-go2rtc:
-  streams:
-    my_camera: "ffmpeg:rtsp://user:password@192.168.1.10:554/stream#video=h264#hardware#rotate=90"
-```
-
-Point the camera's inputs at the restream as described in the [restream docs](/configuration/restream.md), and swap `detect -> width` and `detect -> height` to match the rotated resolution.
-
 ### My mjpeg stream or snapshots look green and crazy

 This almost always means that the width/height defined for your camera are not correct. Double check the resolution with VLC or another player. Also make sure you don't have the width and height values backwards.
@@ -78,9 +78,7 @@ go2rtc:

 :::warning

-The transcoding modifiers (`#video=`, `#audio=`, `#hardware`, …) **only take effect on a source that is prefixed with `ffmpeg:`**. Adding them to a bare `rtsp://…#audio=opus` source does nothing: go2rtc ignores them. Likewise, when a source references another stream by name (e.g. `ffmpeg:back#audio=aac`), the name must match the stream key **exactly** (it is case sensitive), or the transcode is silently never produced. This is the single most common configuration mistake. In the Frigate UI, the **Use compatibility mode (ffmpeg)** toggle adds the `ffmpeg:` prefix for you.
-
-A bare `rtsp://` source reads a different set of modifiers: `#backchannel=`, `#media=`, `#timeout=`, and `#transport=`. These do nothing on an `ffmpeg:` source. Adding **any** modifier to a bare `rtsp://` source also disables the camera's backchannel unless the URL explicitly contains `#backchannel=1`, so a stream dedicated to two-way talk should carry no modifiers at all.
+The `#`-modifiers (`#video=`, `#audio=`, `#hardware`, `#backchannel=0`, …) **only take effect on a source that is prefixed with `ffmpeg:`**. Adding them to a bare `rtsp://…#audio=opus` source does nothing: go2rtc ignores them. Likewise, when a source references another stream by name (e.g. `ffmpeg:back#audio=aac`), the name must match the stream key **exactly** (it is case sensitive), or the transcode is silently never produced. This is the single most common configuration mistake. In the Frigate UI, the **Use compatibility mode (ffmpeg)** toggle adds the `ffmpeg:` prefix for you.

 :::

@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ WebRTC is only attempted when MSE fails or when using a camera's two-way talk fe

 - **Codec mismatch**: WebRTC cannot carry H.265 or AAC. The stream backing the WebRTC view must provide Opus (or PCMA/PCMU) audio and H.264 video. Add an `ffmpeg:back#audio=opus` source as shown above.
 - **Port `8555` not reachable, or no candidates set**: WebRTC needs port `8555` (both TCP and UDP) open and a reachable candidate advertised. On Docker installs running on a custom/overlay network, go2rtc may advertise unreachable container IPs as ICE candidates; setting `webrtc.filters.candidates: []` and supplying only your host's LAN IP resolves this. See [WebRTC extra configuration](/configuration/live#webrtc-extra-configuration).
- **Two-way talk** additionally requires a secure context (HTTPS or the authenticated port `8971`, because browsers block microphone access on plain HTTP). The camera's RTSP backchannel must also be handled correctly: go2rtc seizes the backchannel by default, which blocks two-way audio for other consumers and can inject static. Disable it on the primary stream with `#backchannel=0` and use a separate dedicated stream for talk, carrying no `#` modifiers of any kind, as documented in [preventing go2rtc from blocking two-way audio](/configuration/restream#two-way-talk-restream).
+- **Two-way talk** additionally requires a secure context (HTTPS or the authenticated port `8971`, because browsers block microphone access on plain HTTP). The camera's RTSP backchannel must also be handled correctly: go2rtc seizes the backchannel by default, which blocks two-way audio for other consumers and can inject static. Disable it on the primary stream with `#backchannel=0` and use a separate dedicated stream for talk, as documented in [preventing go2rtc from blocking two-way audio](/configuration/restream#two-way-talk-restream).

 ## High CPU usage

@@ -209,50 +209,6 @@ If the record stream uses a "Smart Codec"/H.264+ mode or changes encoding parame

 </FaqItem>

-<FaqItem id="invalid-or-missing-video-stream-in-segment" question="I see the message: WARNING : Invalid or missing video stream in segment ... Discarding.">
-
-Every recording segment is validated before it leaves the cache. Frigate probes each finished `.mp4` in `/tmp/cache` and requires a readable video stream and a valid duration before moving to storage. A segment that fails is deleted, so those ~10 seconds of footage are lost. Three messages come from this check:
-
- `Invalid or missing video stream in segment <path>. Discarding.` The segment holds no video, or could not be read at all.
- `Failed to probe corrupt segment <path>` followed by `Discarding a corrupt recording segment: <path>`. The segment was read, but its length could not be determined.
- `Discarding a corrupt recording segment: <path>` on its own. The segment's length is impossible (empty, or longer than ten minutes), which points at broken timestamps coming from the camera.
-
-For each one, the camera watchdog also logs `Invalid recording segment detected for <camera> at <timestamp>`.
-
-:::warning
-
-This is almost always a **camera or network problem**, not a Frigate one. A segment is only complete once ffmpeg has finished writing it, so anything that interrupts the stream partway through leaves behind a file that cannot be saved. Frigate is reporting the interruption, not causing it.
-
-:::
-
-#### Start with the camera and the network
-
- **The camera dropped the connection.** Cameras reboot, reinitialize their stream when switching to night mode, and cut clients off when they are overloaded or out of simultaneous connections. Count everything pulling from the camera at once: Frigate's detect and record streams, go2rtc, a phone app, and any other NVR each use one. Routing all roles through a single [RTSP restream](/configuration/restream#reduce-connections-to-camera) so the camera only ever sees one connection often resolves this by itself.
- **The link to the camera is unreliable.** WiFi cameras, powerline adapters, a saturated uplink, a failing switch port, or a marginal cable all produce this pattern, and usually only on one camera at a time. WiFi cameras are [not recommended](https://ipcamtalk.com/threads/multiple-cameras-high-bandwidth.77100/#post-861110).
- **The camera cannot reliably send what it is being asked for.** A high bitrate 4K stream can be more than the camera's own hardware can encode and push out under load. Lower the bitrate, or record a lower-resolution profile.
- **The camera is using a "Smart Codec", H.264+, or H.265+ mode.** These change encoding parameters mid-stream and produce the broken timestamps behind the corrupt-segment variant. Turn the mode off and set the camera's keyframe interval equal to its frame rate. See [Segments are only ~1 second long](#segments-are-only-1-second-long).
-
-Read the rest of the Frigate and/or go2rtc log around the **first** occurrence. When the camera or the network is at fault, other messages show up with it, such as `No frames received from <camera> in 20 seconds`, `Non-monotonic DTS`, `RTP: PT=xx: bad cseq`, `error while decoding MB`, or a connection timeout. Each of those is explained in [Common error messages](/troubleshooting/common_errors). To confirm the camera is the source, open its stream in the [go2rtc web interface](/troubleshooting/go2rtc) on port `1984` or play the same URL in VLC, and leave it running long enough for the failures to happen again.
-
-#### If the camera and network check out
-
- **Audio the recording cannot store.** Some cameras send G.711 audio, which cannot be saved in an MP4 and stops segments from finalizing. See [Incompatible audio codec](#incompatible-audio-codec-recordings-silently-fail-to-save).
- **Frigate itself was stopped or restarted.** A single warning per camera around a restart is expected and needs no action.
- **The system ran out of room or memory.** A full `/tmp/cache`, or the host killing Frigate for using too much memory, cuts off the segment being written. Both leave other errors in the log alongside this one. See [No space left on device](#errno-28-no-space-left-on-device).
-
-</FaqItem>
-
-<FaqItem id="no-new-recording-segments-were-created" question="I see the message: ERROR : No new recording segments were created for <camera> in the last 120s. Restarting the ffmpeg record process...">
-
-When a camera stops producing usable recordings for two minutes, Frigate restarts that camera's record process to try to recover. The wording tells you how far the recordings got:
-
- **`No new recording segments were created`**: no new segment file showed up in the cache at all, so ffmpeg isn't getting video out of the record stream. The camera is unreachable or refusing the connection, the stream URL, path, or credentials are wrong, or the camera accepted the connection and then sent nothing. See [The record stream isn't connecting](#the-record-stream-isnt-connecting).
- **`No new valid recording segments were created`** and **`No valid segments created since last invalid segment`**: recordings are arriving, but they keep failing validation, so the camera is sending video that cannot be saved. See [Invalid or missing video stream in segment](#invalid-or-missing-video-stream-in-segment) above.
-
-The restart is Frigate recovering from a problem, not causing one. One of these after a camera reboot or a brief network drop is normal. Seeing them repeat every couple of minutes means the camera or the network is still failing, and the restarts can extend the damage, because each one cuts off the segment that was being written. Work from the earliest failure in that camera's log rather than from the restarts.
-
-</FaqItem>
-
 <FaqItem id="i-see-the-message-warning--unable-to-keep-up-with-recording-segments-in-cache-for-camera-keeping-the-5-most-recent-segments-out-of-6-and-discarding-the-rest" question="I see the message: WARNING : Unable to keep up with recording segments in cache for camera. Keeping the 5 most recent segments out of 6 and discarding the rest...">

 This warning means the recording maintainer cannot move recording segments from the RAM cache to disk fast enough. When the cache fills up, Frigate discards the oldest segments to avoid running out of memory and crashing, so you lose recorded footage. This is almost always a storage throughput or system resource problem. Work through the steps below to identify which.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Deleting a group also clears any custom layout you saved for it.

 ## Rearranging a camera group layout

-On desktop and tablet, each camera group has its own freely-arrangeable grid. Enter **Edit Layout** mode from the layout button in the lower-right corner: camera tiles gain a drag handle and corner resize handles. Drag a tile to reposition it and drag a corner to resize it (the aspect ratio is preserved). Exit edit mode to save. The layout is stored in your browser per device, so each device can have its own arrangement.
+On desktop and tablet, each camera group has its own freely-arrangeable grid. Enter **Edit Layout** mode from the layout button in the lower-right corner: camera tiles gain a drag handle and corner resize handles. Drag a tile to reposition it and drag a corner to resize it (the aspect ratio is preserved). Exit edit mode to save. The layout is stored in your browser per device, so each device can have its own arrangement, and layouts can be exported to a file and imported on another device.

 The default **All Cameras** dashboard is not manually arrangeable. It automatically sizes tiles based on each camera's aspect ratio (wide cameras span two columns, tall cameras span two rows).

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ For non-default groups, the context menu also exposes **Streaming Settings** for
 - the **streaming method**: **No Streaming**, **Smart Streaming** (recommended), or **Continuous Streaming** (higher bandwidth), and
 - **compatibility mode**, for devices that have trouble rendering the default player.

-These settings are saved per group and per device in your browser, not in your config file.
+These settings are saved per group and per device in your browser, not in your config file, and can be exported to a file and imported on another device.

 ## The single-camera view

@@ -63,8 +63,7 @@ SYSTEM_NAV: dict[str, tuple[str, str]] = {
    "environment_vars": ("System", "Environment variables"),
    "telemetry": ("System", "Telemetry"),
    "birdseye": ("System", "Birdseye"),
-    "detectors": ("System", "Detectors and model"),
-    "model": ("System", "Detectors and model"),
+    "models": ("System", "Detection models"),
 }

 # All known top-level config section keys
@@ -219,6 +219,8 @@ hardware:
      - host: "/run/mxa_manager"
        container: "/run/mxa_manager"
        comment: "MemryX manager"
+    privileged: true
+    privilegedReason: "required by MemryX to reach the max-manager"

  - id: "axera"
    label: "AXERA Accelerator"
@@ -104,6 +104,10 @@ export interface DeviceConfig {
  extraHosts?: string[];
  /** Security options, e.g. ["apparmor=unconfined"] */
  securityOpt?: string[];
+  /** Set only when this device type cannot work without full privileged mode */
+  privileged?: boolean;
+  /** Why privileged mode is required, rendered as an inline comment */
+  privilegedReason?: string;
  /** Whether this device type needs the NVIDIA GPU config UI */
  needsNvidiaConfig?: boolean;
 }
@@ -127,6 +131,10 @@ export interface HardwareOption {
  volumes?: VolumeMapping[];
  /** Extra environment variables */
  env?: Record<string, string>;
+  /** Set only when this hardware cannot work without full privileged mode */
+  privileged?: boolean;
+  /** Why privileged mode is required, rendered as an inline comment */
+  privilegedReason?: string;
 }

 /** Port definition */
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type {
  DeviceConfig,
  DeviceMapping,
+  HardwareOption,
  VolumeMapping,
 } from "../config/types";
 import { hardwareMap } from "../config";
@@ -194,13 +195,32 @@ function buildExtraHosts(device: DeviceConfig): string[] {
 }

 function buildSecurityOpt(device: DeviceConfig): string[] {
-  if (!device.securityOpt?.length) return [];
+  // no-new-privileges is the baseline for every setup; device-specific entries
+  // are appended so only one security_opt key is ever emitted
  return [
    "    security_opt:",
-    ...device.securityOpt.map((s) => `      - ${s}`),
+    "      - no-new-privileges:true",
+    ...(device.securityOpt ?? []).map((s) => `      - ${s}`),
  ];
 }

+/**
+ * Emit privileged mode only for hardware that genuinely cannot work without it.
+ * Everything else gets device mappings, which grant far less access.
+ */
+function buildPrivileged(
+  device: DeviceConfig,
+  selectedHardware: HardwareOption[]
+): string[] {
+  const requiring = [device, ...selectedHardware].filter((c) => c.privileged);
+  if (!requiring.length) return [];
+  const reasons = requiring
+    .map((c) => c.privilegedReason)
+    .filter((r): r is string => Boolean(r));
+  const comment = reasons.length ? ` # ${reasons.join("; ")}` : "";
+  return [`    privileged: true${comment}`];
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Public API
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -217,11 +237,14 @@ export function generateDockerCompose(input: GeneratorInput): string {
  const hwVolumes: VolumeMapping[] = [];
  const hwEnv: Record<string, string> = {};

+  const selectedHw: HardwareOption[] = [];
+
  for (const hwId of input.selectedHardware) {
    const hw = hardwareMap.get(hwId);
    if (!hw) continue;
    // Skip GPU device mapping for tensorrt images (it uses deploy instead)
    if (hw.id === "gpu" && device.imageTag === "stable-tensorrt") continue;
+    selectedHw.push(hw);
    hwDevices.push(...(hw.devices ?? []));
    hwVolumes.push(...(hw.volumes ?? []));
    Object.assign(hwEnv, hw.env ?? {});
@@ -231,7 +254,7 @@ export function generateDockerCompose(input: GeneratorInput): string {
    "services:",
    "  frigate:",
    "    container_name: frigate",
-    "    privileged: true # This may not be necessary for all setups",
+    ...buildPrivileged(device, selectedHw),
    "    restart: unless-stopped",
    "    stop_grace_period: 30s # Allow enough time to shut down the various services",
    ...buildImage(device),
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ paths:
        | `improve_contrast` | `ON`, `OFF` |
        | `ptz_autotracker` | `ON`, `OFF` |
        | `birdseye` | `ON`, `OFF` |
-        | `birdseye_mode` | `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `OBJECTS` |
+        | `birdseye_modes` | `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `ALL_OBJECTS`, `ALERTS`, `DETECTIONS`, `NONE`, or a comma-separated combination |
        | `motion_contour_area` | integer |
        | `motion_threshold` | integer |
        | `motion_mask` | `ON`, `OFF` |
@@ -803,7 +803,7 @@ paths:
        | `improve_contrast` | `ON`, `OFF` |
        | `ptz_autotracker` | `ON`, `OFF` |
        | `birdseye` | `ON`, `OFF` |
-        | `birdseye_mode` | `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `OBJECTS` |
+        | `birdseye_modes` | `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `ALL_OBJECTS`, `ALERTS`, `DETECTIONS`, `NONE`, or a comma-separated combination |
        | `motion_contour_area` | integer |
        | `motion_threshold` | integer |
        | `motion_mask` | `ON`, `OFF` |
@@ -1476,10 +1476,12 @@ paths:
        - Classification
      summary: Get custom classification attributes
      description: |-
-        **Access:** Authenticated user with access to all cameras.
+        **Access:** Any authenticated user.

        Returns custom classification attributes for a given object type.
            Only includes models with classification_type set to 'attribute'.
+            Callers without access to every camera only receive values that have been
+            recorded on the cameras they can access.
            By default returns a flat sorted list of all attribute labels.
            If group_by_model is true, returns attributes grouped by model name.
      operationId: get_custom_attributes_classification_attributes_get
@@ -1511,7 +1513,7 @@ paths:
                $ref: '#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError'
      security:
        - frigateUserAuth: []
-      x-required-role: all_cameras
+      x-required-role: any
  /classification/{name}/train:
    get:
      tags:
@@ -2946,6 +2948,44 @@ paths:
        - frigateUserAuth: []
      x-required-role: any
      description: '**Access:** Any authenticated user.'
+  /categorized_object_names:
+    get:
+      tags:
+        - App
+      summary: Get known object names by object type
+      description: |-
+        **Access:** Any authenticated user.
+
+        Returns the sub labels and attributes this install can attach,
+            grouped by object type. Unlike /sub_labels, which reflects what has already been
+            detected, this reads the config and model files, so it covers recognized face
+            names, named license plates, custom object classification categories, and the
+            detector attributes of tracked objects.
+      operationId: categorized_object_names_categorized_object_names_get
+      parameters:
+        - name: object_type
+          in: query
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            anyOf:
+              - type: string
+              - type: 'null'
+            title: Object Type
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Successful Response
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema: {}
+        '422':
+          description: Validation Error
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError'
+      security:
+        - frigateUserAuth: []
+      x-required-role: any
  /audio_labels:
    get:
      tags:
@@ -3972,6 +4012,49 @@ paths:
      security:
        - frigateAdminAuth: []
      x-required-role: admin
+  /hardware/probe:
+    get:
+      tags:
+        - Hardware
+      summary: Probe Hardware
+      description: |-
+        **Access:** Admin role required.
+
+        Get the object detection hardware attached to this system.
+
+        Args:
+            refresh: Probe again instead of returning the cached result
+
+        Returns:
+            Every kind of detection hardware that was found
+      operationId: probe_hardware_hardware_probe_get
+      parameters:
+        - name: refresh
+          in: query
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: boolean
+            default: false
+            title: Refresh
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Successful Response
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: array
+                items:
+                  $ref: '#/components/schemas/DetectionHardware'
+                title: Response Probe Hardware Hardware Probe Get
+        '422':
+          description: Validation Error
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError'
+      security:
+        - frigateAdminAuth: []
+      x-required-role: admin
  /events:
    get:
      tags:
@@ -5984,6 +6067,65 @@ paths:
      security:
        - frigateUserAuth: []
      x-required-role: camera
+  /vod/{camera_name}/{stream}/start/{start_ts}/end/{end_ts}:
+    get:
+      tags:
+        - Media
+      summary: Vod Ts Stream
+      description: |-
+        **Access:** Authenticated user with access to the referenced camera.
+
+        Returns an HLS playlist pinned to one stream type (main or sub) for the specified timestamp-range on the specified camera. Append /master.m3u8 or /index.m3u8 for HLS playback.
+      operationId: 
+        vod_ts_stream_vod__camera_name___stream__start__start_ts__end__end_ts__get
+      parameters:
+        - name: camera_name
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            anyOf:
+              - type: string
+              - type: 'null'
+            title: Camera Name
+        - name: stream
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            $ref: '#/components/schemas/VodStreamPreference'
+        - name: start_ts
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            type: number
+            title: Start Ts
+        - name: end_ts
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            type: number
+            title: End Ts
+        - name: force_discontinuity
+          in: query
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: boolean
+            default: false
+            title: Force Discontinuity
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Successful Response
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema: {}
+        '422':
+          description: Validation Error
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError'
+      security:
+        - frigateUserAuth: []
+      x-required-role: camera
  /events/{event_id}/snapshot.jpg:
    get:
      tags:
@@ -6922,6 +7064,63 @@ paths:
      security:
        - frigateUserAuth: []
      x-required-role: camera
+  /{camera_name}/recordings/coverage:
+    get:
+      tags:
+        - Recordings
+      summary: Recordings Coverage
+      description: |-
+        **Access:** Authenticated user with access to the referenced camera.
+
+        Returns merged recording coverage spans plus codec compatibility.
+
+        codecs_compatible is false only when more than one known video codec
+        appears across the range's rows, the case where the merged vod route
+        degrades to a single-stream manifest.
+      operationId: recordings_coverage__camera_name__recordings_coverage_get
+      parameters:
+        - name: camera_name
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            anyOf:
+              - type: string
+              - type: 'null'
+            title: Camera Name
+        - name: after
+          in: query
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            type: number
+            title: After
+        - name: before
+          in: query
+          required: true
+          schema:
+            type: number
+            title: Before
+        - name: timelines
+          in: query
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: boolean
+            default: false
+            title: Timelines
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Successful Response
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema: {}
+        '422':
+          description: Validation Error
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                $ref: '#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError'
+      security:
+        - frigateUserAuth: []
+      x-required-role: camera
  /{camera_name}/recordings:
    get:
      tags:
@@ -7688,6 +7887,46 @@ components:
      required:
        - ids
      title: DeleteFaceImagesBody
+    DetectionHardware:
+      properties:
+        key:
+          type: string
+          title: Hardware key
+          description: Stable identifier for this kind of hardware.
+        detector:
+          type: string
+          title: Detector type
+          description: The detector that drives this hardware.
+        name:
+          type: string
+          title: Hardware name
+          description: Human readable name for this kind of hardware.
+        units:
+          items:
+            $ref: '#/components/schemas/HardwareUnit'
+          type: array
+          title: Units
+          description: Each physical piece of this hardware that was found.
+        count:
+          type: integer
+          title: Unit count
+          description: How many units were found.
+        unlimited:
+          type: boolean
+          title: Unlimited detectors
+          description: Whether this hardware can run more inference processes 
+            than there are units.
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - key
+        - detector
+        - name
+        - units
+        - count
+        - unlimited
+      title: DetectionHardware
+      description: A kind of detection hardware, and every unit of it that was 
+        found.
    EventCreateResponse:
      properties:
        success:
@@ -8415,6 +8654,24 @@ components:
          title: Detail
      type: object
      title: HTTPValidationError
+    HardwareUnit:
+      properties:
+        device:
+          type: string
+          title: Device string
+          description: The value to put in a model's devices list, for example 
+            'edgetpu:pci:1'.
+        label:
+          type: string
+          title: Unit label
+          description: How to identify this unit among others of the same kind, 
+            for example 'PCIe 1'.
+      type: object
+      required:
+        - device
+        - label
+      title: HardwareUnit
+      description: One physical piece of hardware.
    Last24HoursReview:
      properties:
        reviewed_alert:
@@ -8905,6 +9162,17 @@ components:
        - msg
        - type
      title: ValidationError
+    VodStreamPreference:
+      type: string
+      enum:
+        - main
+        - sub
+      title: VodStreamPreference
+      description: |-
+        Stream pin for the path-segment VOD route.
+
+        nginx-vod derives its mapping fetch URI from the playlist URL path
+        (query params are dropped), so the preference must be a path segment.
  securitySchemes:
    frigateAdminAuth:
      type: apiKey
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ from frigate.util.config import (
    find_config_file,
    redact_credential,
 )
+from frigate.util.object_names import get_categorized_object_names
 from frigate.util.schema import get_config_schema
 from frigate.util.services import (
    get_nvidia_driver_info,
@@ -291,10 +292,6 @@ def config(request: Request):
    config: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = config_obj.model_dump(
        mode="json", warnings="none", exclude_none=True
    )
-    config["detectors"] = {
-        name: detector.model_dump(mode="json", warnings="none", exclude_none=True)
-        for name, detector in config_obj.detectors.items()
-    }

    # remove environment_vars for non-admin users
    if request.headers.get("remote-role") != "admin":
@@ -375,31 +372,28 @@ def config(request: Request):
        config["go2rtc"]["streams"][stream_name] = cleaned

    config["plus"] = {"enabled": request.app.frigate_config.plus_api.is_active()}
-    config["model"]["colormap"] = config_obj.model.colormap
-    config["model"]["all_attributes"] = config_obj.model.all_attributes
-    config["model"]["non_logo_attributes"] = config_obj.model.non_logo_attributes

-    # Add model plus data if plus is enabled
-    if config["plus"]["enabled"]:
-        model_path = config.get("model", {}).get("path")
-        if model_path:
-            model_json_path = FilePath(model_path).with_suffix(".json")
+    for index, model in enumerate(config_obj.models):
+        model_dict = config["models"][index]
+        model_dict["colormap"] = model.colormap
+        model_dict["all_attributes"] = model.all_attributes
+        model_dict["non_logo_attributes"] = model.non_logo_attributes
+        model_dict["labelmap"] = model.merged_labelmap
+
+        if not config["plus"]["enabled"]:
+            continue
+
+        # Add model plus data if plus is enabled
+        model_dict["plus"] = None
+
+        if model.path:
+            model_json_path = FilePath(model.path).with_suffix(".json")
+
            try:
                with open(model_json_path) as f:
-                    model_plus_data = json.load(f)
-                config["model"]["plus"] = model_plus_data
-            except FileNotFoundError:
-                config["model"]["plus"] = None
-            except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                config["model"]["plus"] = None
-        else:
-            config["model"]["plus"] = None
-
-    # use merged labelamp
-    for detector_config in config["detectors"].values():
-        detector_config["model"]["labelmap"] = (
-            request.app.frigate_config.model.merged_labelmap
-        )
+                    model_dict["plus"] = json.load(f)
+            except (FileNotFoundError, json.JSONDecodeError):
+                pass

    return JSONResponse(content=config)

@@ -1313,9 +1307,41 @@ def get_sub_labels(
    return JSONResponse(content=sub_labels)


+@router.get(
+    "/categorized_object_names",
+    dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())],
+    summary="Get known object names by object type",
+    description="""Returns the sub labels and attributes this install can attach,
+    grouped by object type. Unlike /sub_labels, which reflects what has already been
+    detected, this reads the config and model files, so it covers recognized face
+    names, named license plates, custom object classification categories, and the
+    detector attributes of tracked objects.""",
+)
+def categorized_object_names(
+    request: Request,
+    object_type: str | None = None,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
+):
+    return JSONResponse(
+        content=get_categorized_object_names(
+            request.app.frigate_config, allowed_cameras, object_type
+        )
+    )
+
+
@router.get("/audio_labels", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
-def get_audio_labels():
+def get_audio_labels(request: Request):
    labels = load_labels("/audio-labelmap.txt", prefill=521)
+
+    # configured overrides group several audio classes under one label, and the
+    # detector merges them over the defaults at runtime. Offer them here too, or
+    # a grouped label could never be picked in the UI.
+    config: FrigateConfig = request.app.frigate_config
+    labels.update(config.audio.labelmap)
+
+    for camera in config.cameras.values():
+        labels.update(camera.audio.labelmap)
+
    return JSONResponse(content=labels)


@@ -1337,11 +1363,14 @@ def plusModels(request: Request, filterByCurrentModelDetector: bool = False):

    modelList = models["list"]

+    config: FrigateConfig = request.app.frigate_config
+    primary_model = config.primary_model
+
    # current model type
-    modelType = request.app.frigate_config.model.model_type
+    modelType = primary_model.model_type

    # current detectorType for comparing to supportedDetectors
-    detectorType = list(request.app.frigate_config.detectors.values())[0].type
+    detectorType = config.devices_for_model(primary_model)[0].detector

    validModels = []

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ def require_admin_by_default():
        "/nvinfo",
        "/labels",
        "/sub_labels",
+        "/categorized_object_names",
        "/plus/models",
        "/recognized_license_plates",
        "/classification/attributes",
@@ -858,9 +859,12 @@ def login(request: Request, body: AppPostLoginBody):
    user = body.user
    password = body.password

+    remote_addr = get_remote_addr(request)
+
    try:
        db_user: User = User.get_by_id(user)
    except DoesNotExist:
+        logger.warning(f"Login failed for unknown user '{user}' from {remote_addr}")
        return JSONResponse(content={"message": "Login failed"}, status_code=401)

    password_hash = db_user.password_hash
@@ -888,6 +892,10 @@ def login(request: Request, body: AppPostLoginBody):
            request.app.frigate_config.auth.admin_first_time_login = False

        return response
+
+    logger.warning(
+        f"Login failed for user '{user}' (invalid password) from {remote_addr}"
+    )
    return JSONResponse(content={"message": "Login failed"}, status_code=401)


@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
    CameraConfigUpdateEnum,
    CameraConfigUpdateTopic,
 )
-from frigate.config.env import substitute_frigate_vars
+from frigate.config.env import UnknownVariableError, substitute_frigate_vars
 from frigate.models import User
 from frigate.util.builtin import clean_camera_user_pass, get_record_segment_time
 from frigate.util.camera_cleanup import cleanup_camera_db, cleanup_camera_files
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def go2rtc_add_stream(request: Request, stream_name: str, src: str = ""):
        if src:
            try:
                resolved_src = substitute_frigate_vars(src)
-            except KeyError:
+            except UnknownVariableError:
                resolved_src = src

            if is_restricted_go2rtc_source(resolved_src):
@@ -651,6 +651,32 @@ async def _connect_onvif_camera(
    raise first_error


+def _supports_continuous_pan_tilt(nodes) -> bool:
+    """Whether any PTZ node advertises continuous pan/tilt velocity.
+
+    The web UI's directional controls issue ContinuousMove with a PanTilt
+    velocity, so continuous pan/tilt is what makes those controls usable. This
+    is intentionally narrower than ptz_supported, which is true for any device
+    exposing the ONVIF PTZ service - including zoom/focus-only varifocal lenses.
+    """
+    for node in nodes or []:
+        spaces = getattr(node, "SupportedPTZSpaces", None) or (
+            node.get("SupportedPTZSpaces") if isinstance(node, dict) else None
+        )
+        if spaces is None:
+            continue
+
+        continuous = getattr(spaces, "ContinuousPanTiltVelocitySpace", None) or (
+            spaces.get("ContinuousPanTiltVelocitySpace")
+            if isinstance(spaces, dict)
+            else None
+        )
+        if continuous:
+            return True
+
+    return False
+
+
@router.get(
    "/onvif/probe",
    dependencies=[Depends(require_role(["admin"]))],
@@ -808,6 +834,7 @@ async def onvif_probe(

        # Check PTZ support and capabilities
        ptz_supported = False
+        pan_tilt_supported = False
        presets_count = 0
        autotrack_supported = False

@@ -841,6 +868,15 @@ async def onvif_probe(
                    logger.debug(f"Failed to get presets: {e}")
                    presets_count = 0

+            # Check for real (continuous) pan/tilt, which the UI controls need
+            if ptz_supported:
+                try:
+                    nodes = await ptz_service.GetNodes()
+                    pan_tilt_supported = _supports_continuous_pan_tilt(nodes)
+                    logger.debug(f"Continuous pan/tilt supported: {pan_tilt_supported}")
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.debug(f"Failed to read PTZ nodes for pan/tilt support: {e}")
+
            # Check for autotracking support - requires both FOV relative movement and MoveStatus
            if ptz_supported and first_profile_token and ptz_config_token:
                # First check for FOV relative movement support
@@ -960,6 +996,7 @@ async def onvif_probe(
            "firmware_version": device_info["firmware_version"],
            "profiles_count": profiles_count,
            "ptz_supported": ptz_supported,
+            "pan_tilt_supported": pan_tilt_supported,
            "presets_count": presets_count,
            "autotrack_supported": autotrack_supported,
        }
@@ -1349,7 +1386,7 @@ def camera_set(
    | `improve_contrast` | `ON`, `OFF` |
    | `ptz_autotracker` | `ON`, `OFF` |
    | `birdseye` | `ON`, `OFF` |
-    | `birdseye_mode` | `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `OBJECTS` |
+    | `birdseye_modes` | `CONTINUOUS`, `MOTION`, `ALL_OBJECTS`, `ALERTS`, `DETECTIONS`, `NONE`, or a comma-separated combination |
    | `motion_contour_area` | integer |
    | `motion_threshold` | integer |
    | `motion_mask` | `ON`, `OFF` |
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ from frigate.jobs.vlm_watch import (
    stop_vlm_watch_job,
 )
 from frigate.models import Event
+from frigate.util.object_names import get_categorized_object_names

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -539,6 +540,11 @@ async def execute_tool(
    if tool_name == "search_objects":
        return await _execute_search_objects(request, arguments, allowed_cameras)

+    if tool_name == "get_categorized_object_names":
+        return JSONResponse(
+            content=_execute_get_categorized_object_names(request, allowed_cameras)
+        )
+
    if tool_name == "find_similar_objects":
        result = await _execute_find_similar_objects(
            request, arguments, allowed_cameras
@@ -591,7 +597,7 @@ async def _execute_get_live_context(

    try:
        frame_processor = request.app.detected_frames_processor
-        camera_state = frame_processor.camera_states.get(camera)
+        camera_state = frame_processor.get_camera_state(camera)

        if camera_state is None:
            return {
@@ -655,7 +661,7 @@ async def _get_live_frame_image_url(
        return None
    try:
        frame_processor = request.app.detected_frames_processor
-        if camera not in frame_processor.camera_states:
+        if frame_processor.get_camera_state(camera) is None:
            return None
        frame = frame_processor.get_current_frame(camera, {})
        if frame is None:
@@ -717,6 +723,21 @@ async def _execute_set_camera_state(
    return {"success": True, "camera": camera, "feature": feature, "value": value}


+def _execute_get_categorized_object_names(
+    request: Request,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    names = get_categorized_object_names(request.app.frigate_config, allowed_cameras)
+
+    if not names:
+        return {
+            "names": {},
+            "message": "No names configured; search by label or semantic_query.",
+        }
+
+    return {"names": names}
+
+
 async def _execute_tool_internal(
    tool_name: str,
    arguments: dict[str, Any],
@@ -741,6 +762,8 @@ async def _execute_tool_internal(
        except (json.JSONDecodeError, AttributeError) as e:
            logger.warning(f"Failed to extract tool result: {e}")
            return {"error": "Failed to parse tool result"}
+    elif tool_name == "get_categorized_object_names":
+        return _execute_get_categorized_object_names(request, allowed_cameras)
    elif tool_name == "find_similar_objects":
        return await _execute_find_similar_objects(request, arguments, allowed_cameras)
    elif tool_name == "set_camera_state":
@@ -773,8 +796,8 @@ async def _execute_tool_internal(
    else:
        logger.error(
            "Tool call failed: unknown tool %r. Expected one of: search_objects, find_similar_objects, "
-            "get_live_context, start_camera_watch, stop_camera_watch, get_profile_status, get_recap. "
-            "Arguments received: %s",
+            "get_categorized_object_names, get_live_context, start_camera_watch, stop_camera_watch, "
+            "get_profile_status, get_recap. Arguments received: %s",
            tool_name,
            json.dumps(arguments),
        )
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ from typing import Any
 import cv2
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Request, UploadFile
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
-from peewee import DoesNotExist
+from peewee import DoesNotExist, fn
 from playhouse.shortcuts import model_to_dict

-from frigate.api.auth import require_full_camera_access, require_role
+from frigate.api.auth import (
+    allow_any_authenticated,
+    get_allowed_cameras_for_filter,
+    require_role,
+)
 from frigate.api.defs.request.classification_body import (
    AudioTranscriptionBody,
    DeleteFaceImagesBody,
@@ -739,19 +743,81 @@ def get_classification_dataset(name: str):
    )


+def get_observed_attributes(
+    model_attributes: dict[str, list[str]],
+    object_labels: set[str],
+    allowed_cameras: list[str],
+) -> dict[str, set[str]]:
+    """Get the attribute values recorded on the given cameras.
+
+    Args:
+        model_attributes: Labels each attribute model can emit, keyed by model name
+        object_labels: Object types those models run on
+        allowed_cameras: Cameras the caller has access to
+
+    Returns:
+        Values seen for each model, keyed by model name
+    """
+    if not model_attributes or not object_labels or not allowed_cameras:
+        return {}
+
+    model_names = list(model_attributes.keys())
+
+    query = (
+        Event.select(
+            *[
+                fn.json_extract(Event.data, f'$."{model_name}"')
+                for model_name in model_names
+            ]
+        )
+        .where(
+            (Event.camera << allowed_cameras) & (Event.label << sorted(object_labels))
+        )
+        .distinct()
+        .tuples()
+    )
+
+    targets = {
+        model_name: set(attributes)
+        for model_name, attributes in model_attributes.items()
+    }
+    observed: dict[str, set[str]] = {model_name: set() for model_name in model_names}
+
+    for row in query.iterator():
+        found = False
+
+        for model_name, value in zip(model_names, row):
+            if isinstance(value, str) and value not in observed[model_name]:
+                observed[model_name].add(value)
+                found = True
+
+        if found and all(
+            observed[model_name] >= targets[model_name] for model_name in model_names
+        ):
+            break
+
+    return observed
+
+
@router.get(
    "/classification/attributes",
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_full_camera_access)],
+    dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())],
    summary="Get custom classification attributes",
    description="""Returns custom classification attributes for a given object type.
    Only includes models with classification_type set to 'attribute'.
+    Callers without access to every camera only receive values that have been
+    recorded on the cameras they can access.
    By default returns a flat sorted list of all attribute labels.
    If group_by_model is true, returns attributes grouped by model name.""",
 )
 def get_custom_attributes(
-    request: Request, object_type: str = None, group_by_model: bool = False
+    request: Request,
+    object_type: str = None,
+    group_by_model: bool = False,
+    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
 ):
    models_with_attributes = {}
+    objects_by_model = {}

    for (
        model_key,
@@ -782,6 +848,32 @@ def get_custom_attributes(
        if attributes:
            model_name = model_config.name or model_key
            models_with_attributes[model_name] = sorted(attributes)
+            objects_by_model[model_name] = model_objects
+
+    # the dataset holds every label a model can emit, including ones never
+    # applied to an event, so callers without full camera access are limited to
+    # the values actually recorded on the cameras they can see
+    all_cameras = set(request.app.frigate_config.cameras.keys())
+
+    if models_with_attributes and not all_cameras.issubset(allowed_cameras):
+        observed = get_observed_attributes(
+            models_with_attributes,
+            set().union(*objects_by_model.values()),
+            allowed_cameras,
+        )
+        models_with_attributes = {
+            model_name: [
+                attribute
+                for attribute in attributes
+                if attribute in observed.get(model_name, set())
+            ]
+            for model_name, attributes in models_with_attributes.items()
+        }
+        models_with_attributes = {
+            model_name: attributes
+            for model_name, attributes in models_with_attributes.items()
+            if attributes
+        }

    if group_by_model:
        return JSONResponse(content=models_with_attributes)
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class Tags(Enum):
    chat = "Chat"
    events = "Events"
    export = "Export"
+    hardware = "Hardware"
    classification = "Classification"
    logs = "Logs"
    media = "Media"
@@ -1313,7 +1313,7 @@ async def set_sub_label(
    if request.app.detected_frames_processor:
        tracked_obj: TrackedObject = None

-        for state in request.app.detected_frames_processor.camera_states.values():
+        for state in request.app.detected_frames_processor.get_camera_states():
            tracked_obj = state.tracked_objects.get(event_id)

            if tracked_obj is not None:
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ async def set_plate(
    if request.app.detected_frames_processor:
        tracked_obj: TrackedObject = None

-        for state in request.app.detected_frames_processor.camera_states.values():
+        for state in request.app.detected_frames_processor.get_camera_states():
            tracked_obj = state.tracked_objects.get(event_id)

            if tracked_obj is not None:
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import zipfile
 from collections import deque
 from collections.abc import Iterator
 from pathlib import Path
-from urllib.parse import quote

 import psutil
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Query, Request
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ from frigate.jobs.export import (
 from frigate.models import Export, ExportCase, Previews, Recordings
 from frigate.record.export import (
    DEFAULT_TIME_LAPSE_FFMPEG_ARGS,
-    DEFAULT_TIME_LAPSE_FFMPEG_INPUT_ARGS,
    ChaptersEnum,
    PlaybackSourceEnum,
    validate_ffmpeg_args,
@@ -455,22 +453,6 @@ def _stream_case_archive(exports: list[Export]) -> Iterator[bytes]:
    yield from buffer.drain()


-def _content_disposition(filename: str, ascii_fallback: str) -> str:
-    """Build an attachment Content-Disposition that survives non-ASCII names.
-
-    Header values are encoded as latin-1, so a name outside that range cannot
-    go in filename at all. RFC 6266 handles this with a pair: a plain ASCII
-    filename for old clients, plus a percent-encoded UTF-8 filename* that
-    every current browser prefers.
-    """
-    ascii_name = filename if filename.isascii() else ascii_fallback
-
-    return (
-        f'attachment; filename="{ascii_name}"; '
-        f"filename*=UTF-8''{quote(filename, safe='')}"
-    )
-
-
@router.get(
    "/cases/{case_id}/download",
    dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())],
@@ -513,9 +495,7 @@ def download_export_case(
        _stream_case_archive(exports),
        media_type="application/zip",
        headers={
-            "Content-Disposition": _content_disposition(
-                f"{archive_base}.zip", f"{case_id}.zip"
-            ),
+            "Content-Disposition": f'attachment; filename="{archive_base}.zip"',
        },
    )

@@ -1013,7 +993,7 @@ def export_recording_custom(

    # Set default values if not provided (timelapse defaults)
    if ffmpeg_input_args is None:
-        ffmpeg_input_args = DEFAULT_TIME_LAPSE_FFMPEG_INPUT_ARGS
+        ffmpeg_input_args = ""

    if ffmpeg_output_args is None:
        ffmpeg_output_args = DEFAULT_TIME_LAPSE_FFMPEG_ARGS
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from frigate.api import (
    debug_replay,
    event,
    export,
+    hardware,
    media,
    motion_search,
    notification,
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@ def create_fastapi_app(
    app.include_router(preview.router)
    app.include_router(notification.router)
    app.include_router(export.router)
+    app.include_router(hardware.router)
    app.include_router(event.router)
    app.include_router(media.router)
    app.include_router(motion_search.router)
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Hardware discovery APIs."""
+
+import logging
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends
+
+from frigate.api.auth import require_role
+from frigate.api.defs.tags import Tags
+from frigate.detectors.hardware import DetectionHardware, hardware_prober
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+router = APIRouter(tags=[Tags.hardware])
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/hardware/probe",
+    response_model=list[DetectionHardware],
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_role(["admin"]))],
+)
+def probe_hardware(refresh: bool = False) -> list[DetectionHardware]:
+    """Get the object detection hardware attached to this system.
+
+    Args:
+        refresh: Probe again instead of returning the cached result
+
+    Returns:
+        Every kind of detection hardware that was found
+    """
+    return hardware_prober.probe(refresh=refresh)
@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ import logging
 import math
 import os
 import subprocess as sp
+import tempfile
 import time
+from collections.abc import Iterator
 from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
+from enum import Enum
 from pathlib import Path as FilePath
-from typing import Any
+from typing import IO, Any
 from urllib.parse import unquote

 import cv2
@@ -39,12 +42,14 @@ from frigate.config.camera.snapshots import SnapshotsConfig
 from frigate.const import (
    CACHE_DIR,
    INSTALL_DIR,
-    MAX_SEGMENT_DURATION,
    PREVIEW_FRAME_TYPE,
+    STREAM_TYPE_MAIN,
+    STREAM_TYPE_SUB,
 )
 from frigate.models import Event, Previews, Recordings, Regions, ReviewSegment
 from frigate.output.preview import get_most_recent_preview_frame
 from frigate.track.object_processing import TrackedObjectProcessor
+from frigate.util.ffmpeg import terminate_ffmpeg_stream
 from frigate.util.file import (
    get_event_snapshot_bytes,
    get_event_snapshot_path,
@@ -52,12 +57,40 @@ from frigate.util.file import (
    load_event_snapshot_image,
 )
 from frigate.util.image import get_image_from_recording, get_image_quality_params
-from frigate.util.media import get_keyframe_before
 from frigate.util.object import create_empty_regions_grid
+from frigate.util.recording_coverage import (
+    build_spans,
+    null_audio_glitches,
+    plan_clip,
+    resolve_coverage,
+    stream_has_audio,
+)

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


+# must match the patched MAX_CLIPS in docker/main/build_nginx.sh; a
+# normal hour needs ~360, one clip per recording file
+NGINX_VOD_MAX_CLIPS = 1080
+
+# tail of ffmpeg's stderr kept for the clip download failure log
+CLIP_STDERR_LOG_BYTES = 8192
+
+# how long a drained clip download waits for ffmpeg to exit on its own
+CLIP_FFMPEG_EXIT_TIMEOUT = 10
+
+
+class VodStreamPreference(str, Enum):
+    """Stream pin for the path-segment VOD route.
+
+    nginx-vod derives its mapping fetch URI from the playlist URL path
+    (query params are dropped), so the preference must be a path segment.
+    """
+
+    main = STREAM_TYPE_MAIN
+    sub = STREAM_TYPE_SUB
+
+
 router = APIRouter(tags=[Tags.media])


@@ -319,7 +352,7 @@ async def get_snapshot_from_recording(
                & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
            )
            .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
-            .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
+            .order_by(Recordings.stream_type.asc(), Recordings.start_time.desc())
            .limit(1)
            .get()
        )
@@ -338,7 +371,7 @@ async def get_snapshot_from_recording(
                    & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
                )
                .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
-                .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
+                .order_by(Recordings.stream_type.asc(), Recordings.start_time.desc())
                .limit(1)
                .get()
            )
@@ -398,7 +431,7 @@ async def submit_recording_snapshot_to_plus(
            (frame_time >= Recordings.start_time) & (frame_time <= Recordings.end_time)
        )
        .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
-        .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
+        .order_by(Recordings.stream_type.asc(), Recordings.start_time.desc())
        .limit(1)
    )

@@ -441,6 +474,53 @@ async def submit_recording_snapshot_to_plus(
        )


+def _read_stderr_tail(stderr_file: IO[bytes]) -> str:
+    """Read back the last CLIP_STDERR_LOG_BYTES of a captured stderr file."""
+    stderr_file.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
+    stderr_file.seek(max(0, stderr_file.tell() - CLIP_STDERR_LOG_BYTES))
+    return stderr_file.read().decode("utf-8", "replace")
+
+
+def _run_clip_download(ffmpeg_cmd: list[str], file_path: str) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+    """Stream an ffmpeg concat remux to the client, always cleaning up after it."""
+    stderr_file = None
+    ffmpeg = None
+
+    try:
+        stderr_file = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
+        ffmpeg = sp.Popen(ffmpeg_cmd, stdout=sp.PIPE, stderr=stderr_file)
+
+        while True:
+            data = ffmpeg.stdout.read(8192)
+
+            if not data:
+                break
+
+            yield data
+
+        try:
+            # wait rather than signal, so the real exit code survives
+            ffmpeg.wait(timeout=CLIP_FFMPEG_EXIT_TIMEOUT)
+        except sp.TimeoutExpired:
+            pass
+    finally:
+        if ffmpeg is not None:
+            # read before terminating: a None here is our teardown, not a failure
+            exit_code = ffmpeg.poll()
+            terminate_ffmpeg_stream(ffmpeg)
+
+            if exit_code:
+                logger.error(
+                    "Failed to generate clip, ffmpeg logs: %s",
+                    _read_stderr_tail(stderr_file),
+                )
+
+        if stderr_file is not None:
+            stderr_file.close()
+
+        FilePath(file_path).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+
@router.get(
    "/{camera_name}/start/{start_ts}/end/{end_ts}/clip.mp4",
    dependencies=[Depends(require_camera_access)],
@@ -452,40 +532,29 @@ async def recording_clip(
    start_ts: float,
    end_ts: float,
 ):
-    def run_download(ffmpeg_cmd: list[str], file_path: str):
-        with sp.Popen(
-            ffmpeg_cmd,
-            stderr=sp.PIPE,
-            stdout=sp.PIPE,
-            text=False,
-        ) as ffmpeg:
-            while True:
-                data = ffmpeg.stdout.read(8192)
-                if data is not None and len(data) > 0:
-                    yield data
-                else:
-                    if ffmpeg.returncode and ffmpeg.returncode != 0:
-                        logger.error(
-                            f"Failed to generate clip, ffmpeg logs: {ffmpeg.stderr.read()}"
-                        )
-                    else:
-                        FilePath(file_path).unlink(missing_ok=True)
-                    break
+    def get_clip_query(stream_type: str):
+        return (
+            Recordings.select(
+                Recordings.path,
+                Recordings.start_time,
+                Recordings.end_time,
+            )
+            .where(
+                (Recordings.start_time.between(start_ts, end_ts))
+                | (Recordings.end_time.between(start_ts, end_ts))
+                | ((start_ts > Recordings.start_time) & (end_ts < Recordings.end_time))
+            )
+            .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
+            .where(Recordings.stream_type == stream_type)
+            .order_by(Recordings.start_time.asc())
+        )

-    recordings = (
-        Recordings.select(
-            Recordings.path,
-            Recordings.start_time,
-            Recordings.end_time,
-        )
-        .where(
-            (Recordings.start_time.between(start_ts, end_ts))
-            | (Recordings.end_time.between(start_ts, end_ts))
-            | ((start_ts > Recordings.start_time) & (end_ts < Recordings.end_time))
-        )
-        .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
-        .order_by(Recordings.start_time.asc())
-    )
+    # never mix streams in one concat; use main when available and
+    # fall back to sub for expired-main history
+    recordings = get_clip_query(STREAM_TYPE_MAIN)
+
+    if recordings.count() == 0:
+        recordings = get_clip_query(STREAM_TYPE_SUB)

    if recordings.count() == 0:
        return JSONResponse(
@@ -496,7 +565,9 @@ async def recording_clip(
            status_code=400,
        )

-    file_name = sanitize_filename(f"playlist_{camera_name}_{start_ts}-{end_ts}.txt")
+    file_name = sanitize_filename(
+        f"playlist_{camera_name}_{start_ts}-{end_ts}_{os.urandom(4).hex()}.txt"
+    )
    file_path = os.path.join(CACHE_DIR, file_name)
    with open(file_path, "w") as file:
        clip: Recordings
@@ -544,22 +615,65 @@ async def recording_clip(
    ]

    return StreamingResponse(
-        run_download(ffmpeg_cmd, file_path),
+        _run_clip_download(ffmpeg_cmd, file_path),
        media_type="video/mp4",
    )


-@router.get(
-    "/vod/{camera_name}/start/{start_ts}/end/{end_ts}",
-    dependencies=[Depends(require_camera_access)],
-    description="Returns an HLS playlist for the specified timestamp-range on the specified camera. Append /master.m3u8 or /index.m3u8 for HLS playback.",
-)
-async def vod_ts(
+def _build_vod_clip(
+    row: Any, start: float, end: float
+) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], int] | None:
+    """Build one nginx-vod clip dict + duration (ms) for a recording row trimmed to [start, end).
+
+    Realization comes entirely from the shared plan_clip, so the coverage
+    endpoint's realized timelines match this manifest by construction.
+    """
+    plan = plan_clip(row, start, end)
+
+    if plan.skipped:
+        return None
+
+    clip: dict[str, Any] = {"type": "source", "path": row.path}
+    if plan.clip_from_ms is not None:
+        clip["clipFrom"] = plan.clip_from_ms
+    if plan.key_frame_durations is not None:
+        # real gaps enable keyframe-aligned sub-file segments (bootstrap
+        # ladder); the whole-clip fallback keeps one segment per file,
+        # the only safe cut without an index
+        if plan.first_key_frame_offset_ms > 0:
+            clip["firstKeyFrameOffset"] = plan.first_key_frame_offset_ms
+        clip["keyFrameDurations"] = plan.key_frame_durations
+    else:
+        clip["keyFrameDurations"] = [plan.duration_ms]
+    logger.debug(
+        "VOD: added clip %s duration_ms=%s clipFrom=%s",
+        row.path,
+        plan.duration_ms,
+        clip.get("clipFrom"),
+    )
+    return clip, plan.duration_ms
+
+
+async def _vod_response(
    camera_name: str,
    start_ts: float,
    end_ts: float,
    force_discontinuity: bool = False,
-):
+    stream_preference: str | None = None,
+) -> JSONResponse:
+    """Build an nginx-vod mapping JSON for a camera over a timestamp range.
+
+    Always a single-sequence mapping; quality selection happens in the
+    frontend by choosing between this route and the stream-pinned routes.
+
+    Args:
+        camera_name: The camera to build the mapping for
+        start_ts: Range start as a unix timestamp
+        end_ts: Range end as a unix timestamp
+        force_discontinuity: Emit HLS discontinuity markers between clips
+        stream_preference: Pin the manifest to one stream type ("main" or
+            "sub"), serving only that stream's recordings
+    """
    logger.debug(
        "VOD: Generating VOD for %s from %s to %s with force_discontinuity=%s",
        camera_name,
@@ -567,104 +681,85 @@ async def vod_ts(
        end_ts,
        force_discontinuity,
    )
-    recordings = (
-        Recordings.select(
-            Recordings.path,
-            Recordings.duration,
-            Recordings.end_time,
-            Recordings.start_time,
-        )
-        .where(
-            Recordings.start_time.between(start_ts, end_ts)
-            | Recordings.end_time.between(start_ts, end_ts)
-            | ((start_ts > Recordings.start_time) & (end_ts < Recordings.end_time))
-        )
-        .where(Recordings.camera == camera_name)
-        .order_by(Recordings.start_time.asc())
-        .iterator()
+    intervals = resolve_coverage(camera_name, start_ts, end_ts)
+
+    # rows contradicting their stream's audio composition are
+    # truncated-shutdown glitches
+    main_audio = stream_has_audio(intervals, main=True)
+    sub_audio = stream_has_audio(intervals, main=False)
+
+    spans = build_spans(
+        null_audio_glitches(intervals, main_audio, sub_audio),
+        stream_preference,
    )

-    clips = []
-    durations = []
-    min_duration_ms = 100  # Minimum 100ms to ensure at least one video frame
-    max_duration_ms = MAX_SEGMENT_DURATION * 1000
-
-    recording: Recordings
-    for recording in recordings:
+    durations: list[int] = []
+    clips: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    # gathered after glitch-nulling and span building, so the policy
+    # decisions below reflect the manifest's real contents
+    video_codecs: set[str] = set()
+    audio_presence: set[bool] = set()
+    audio_params: set[tuple[str | None, int | None]] = set()
+    span_streams: set[bool] = set()
+    for row, span_start, span_end, span_is_main in spans:
        logger.debug(
            "VOD: processing recording: %s start=%s end=%s duration=%s",
-            recording.path,
-            recording.start_time,
-            recording.end_time,
-            recording.duration,
+            row.path,
+            row.start_time,
+            row.end_time,
+            row.duration,
        )
+        built = _build_vod_clip(row, span_start, span_end)

-        clip = {"type": "source", "path": recording.path}
-        duration = int(recording.duration * 1000)
-
-        # adjust start offset if start_ts is after recording.start_time
-        if start_ts > recording.start_time:
-            inpoint = int((start_ts - recording.start_time) * 1000)
-            clip["clipFrom"] = inpoint
-            duration -= inpoint
-            logger.debug(
-                "VOD: applied clipFrom %sms to %s",
-                inpoint,
-                recording.path,
-            )
-
-        # adjust end if recording.end_time is after end_ts
-        if recording.end_time > end_ts:
-            duration -= int((recording.end_time - end_ts) * 1000)
-
-        # nginx-vod-module pushes clipFrom forward to the next keyframe,
-        # which can leave too few frames and produce an empty/unplayable
-        # segment. Snap clipFrom back to the preceding keyframe so the
-        # segment always starts with a decodable frame.
-        if "clipFrom" in clip:
-            keyframe_ms = get_keyframe_before(recording.path, clip["clipFrom"])
-            if keyframe_ms is not None:
-                gained = clip["clipFrom"] - keyframe_ms
-                clip["clipFrom"] = keyframe_ms
-                duration += gained
-                logger.debug(
-                    "VOD: snapped clipFrom to keyframe at %sms for %s, duration now %sms",
-                    keyframe_ms,
-                    recording.path,
-                    duration,
-                )
-            else:
-                # could not read keyframes, remove clipFrom to use full recording
-                logger.debug(
-                    "VOD: no keyframe info for %s, removing clipFrom to use full recording",
-                    recording.path,
-                )
-                del clip["clipFrom"]
-                duration = int(recording.duration * 1000)
-                if recording.end_time > end_ts:
-                    duration -= int((recording.end_time - end_ts) * 1000)
-
-        if duration < min_duration_ms:
-            # skip if the clip has no valid duration (too short to contain frames)
-            logger.debug(
-                "VOD: skipping recording %s - resulting duration %sms too short",
-                recording.path,
-                duration,
-            )
+        if built is None:
            continue

-        if min_duration_ms <= duration < max_duration_ms:
-            clip["keyFrameDurations"] = [duration]
-            clips.append(clip)
-            durations.append(duration)
-            logger.debug(
-                "VOD: added clip %s duration_ms=%s clipFrom=%s",
-                recording.path,
-                duration,
-                clip.get("clipFrom"),
-            )
-        else:
-            logger.warning(f"Recording clip is missing or empty: {recording.path}")
+        clips.append(built[0])
+        durations.append(built[1])
+        span_streams.add(span_is_main)
+        if row.video_codec is not None:
+            video_codecs.add(row.video_codec)
+        audio_presence.add(row.has_audio is not False)
+        # legacy rows contribute no signature, so uniformly-unknown
+        # history keeps the legacy shape
+        if row.has_audio is not False and (
+            row.audio_codec is not None or row.audio_rate is not None
+        ):
+            audio_params.add((row.audio_codec, row.audio_rate))
+
+    # nginx-vod requires a uniform track count per sequence, and adding or
+    # removing an audio track across an MSE discontinuity is unproven
+    if len(audio_presence) > 1:
+        logger.debug(
+            "VOD: %s mixes audio-bearing and audio-less recordings between "
+            "%s and %s; serving the range without audio",
+            camera_name,
+            start_ts,
+            end_ts,
+        )
+        for clip in clips:
+            clip["tracks"] = "v"
+
+    # discontinuity mode emits per-clip init segments, letting the decoder
+    # reconfigure at each boundary. Stream type counts as a signature of
+    # its own: the two encoders differ in SPS/PPS even when codec name and
+    # audio params match, and a single-init manifest then decode-fails on
+    # players that only configure from the init segment (iOS)
+    use_discontinuity = (
+        len(video_codecs) > 1 or len(audio_params) > 1 or len(span_streams) > 1
+    )
+    if use_discontinuity:
+        logger.debug(
+            "VOD: %s mixes media signatures between %s and %s (video codecs "
+            "%s, audio params %s, streams %s); serving a discontinuity "
+            "manifest with per-clip init segments",
+            camera_name,
+            start_ts,
+            end_ts,
+            sorted(video_codecs),
+            sorted(audio_params, key=str),
+            sorted(span_streams),
+        )

    if not clips:
        logger.error(
@@ -678,16 +773,50 @@ async def vod_ts(
            status_code=404,
        )

+    if len(clips) > NGINX_VOD_MAX_CLIPS:
+        logger.warning(
+            "VOD: %s needs %d clips between %s and %s, exceeding nginx's "
+            "limit of %d; playback of this range will fail. This usually "
+            "means the camera produced abnormally short recording segments "
+            "(check the stream's timestamps)",
+            camera_name,
+            len(clips),
+            start_ts,
+            end_ts,
+            NGINX_VOD_MAX_CLIPS,
+        )
+
+    # segmentation comes from the vod_* nginx directives plus per-clip
+    # keyFrameDurations; a segment_duration field here was always ignored
+    # (nginx-vod parses only camelCase segmentDuration)
    hour_ago = datetime.now() - timedelta(hours=1)
-    return JSONResponse(
-        content={
-            "cache": hour_ago.timestamp() > start_ts,
-            "discontinuity": force_discontinuity,
-            "consistentSequenceMediaInfo": True,
-            "durations": durations,
-            "segment_duration": max(durations),
-            "sequences": [{"clips": clips}],
-        }
+    content = {
+        "cache": hour_ago.timestamp() > start_ts,
+        "discontinuity": force_discontinuity or use_discontinuity,
+        "consistentSequenceMediaInfo": True,
+        "durations": durations,
+        "sequences": [{"clips": clips}],
+    }
+    if use_discontinuity:
+        # clip-indexed naming is what makes nginx-vod emit per-clip
+        # EXT-X-MAP outside of its live mode
+        content["initialClipIndex"] = 1
+    return JSONResponse(content=content)
+
+
+@router.get(
+    "/vod/{camera_name}/start/{start_ts}/end/{end_ts}",
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_camera_access)],
+    description="Returns an HLS playlist for the specified timestamp-range on the specified camera. Append /master.m3u8 or /index.m3u8 for HLS playback.",
+)
+async def vod_ts(
+    camera_name: str,
+    start_ts: float,
+    end_ts: float,
+    force_discontinuity: bool = False,
+):
+    return await _vod_response(
+        camera_name, start_ts, end_ts, force_discontinuity=force_discontinuity
    )


@@ -776,7 +905,43 @@ async def vod_clip(
    start_ts: float,
    end_ts: float,
 ):
-    return await vod_ts(camera_name, start_ts, end_ts, force_discontinuity=True)
+    # the tracking-details player corrects its timeline from
+    # sequences[0].clips[0].clipFrom
+    return await _vod_response(
+        camera_name,
+        start_ts,
+        end_ts,
+        force_discontinuity=True,
+    )
+
+
+# registered after /vod/clip/... on purpose: both routes are six path
+# segments, Starlette matches structurally in registration order, and the
+# enum validation on {stream} would otherwise 422 every /vod/clip request
+@router.get(
+    "/vod/{camera_name}/{stream}/start/{start_ts}/end/{end_ts}",
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_camera_access)],
+    description="Returns an HLS playlist pinned to one stream type (main or sub) for the specified timestamp-range on the specified camera. Append /master.m3u8 or /index.m3u8 for HLS playback.",
+)
+async def vod_ts_stream(
+    camera_name: str,
+    stream: VodStreamPreference,
+    start_ts: float,
+    end_ts: float,
+    force_discontinuity: bool = False,
+):
+    """VOD for a timestamp range pinned to one stream type.
+
+    How the frontend selects quality, now that mappings are always
+    single-sequence.
+    """
+    return await _vod_response(
+        camera_name,
+        start_ts,
+        end_ts,
+        force_discontinuity=force_discontinuity,
+        stream_preference=stream.value,
+    )


@router.get(
@@ -814,13 +979,13 @@ async def event_snapshot(
            timestamp_style=request.app.frigate_config.cameras[
                event.camera
            ].timestamp_style,
-            colormap=request.app.frigate_config.model.colormap,
+            colormap=request.app.frigate_config.model_for_camera(event.camera).colormap,
        )
    except DoesNotExist:
        # see if the object is currently being tracked
        try:
            camera_states: list[CameraState] = (
-                request.app.detected_frames_processor.camera_states.values()
+                request.app.detected_frames_processor.get_camera_states()
            )
            for camera_state in camera_states:
                if event_id in camera_state.tracked_objects:
@@ -898,7 +1063,7 @@ async def event_thumbnail(
    if thumbnail_bytes is None:
        # see if the object is currently being tracked
        try:
-            camera_states = request.app.detected_frames_processor.camera_states.values()
+            camera_states = request.app.detected_frames_processor.get_camera_states()
            for camera_state in camera_states:
                if event_id in camera_state.tracked_objects:
                    tracked_obj = camera_state.tracked_objects.get(event_id)
@@ -1127,7 +1292,7 @@ async def event_snapshot_clean(request: Request, event_id: str, download: bool =
            # see if the object is currently being tracked
            try:
                camera_states = (
-                    request.app.detected_frames_processor.camera_states.values()
+                    request.app.detected_frames_processor.get_camera_states()
                )
                for camera_state in camera_states:
                    if event_id in camera_state.tracked_objects:
@@ -25,8 +25,20 @@ from frigate.api.defs.query.recordings_query_parameters import (
 )
 from frigate.api.defs.response.generic_response import GenericResponse
 from frigate.api.defs.tags import Tags
-from frigate.const import RECORD_DIR
+from frigate.const import (
+    MAX_SEGMENT_DURATION,
+    RECORD_DIR,
+    STREAM_TYPE_MAIN,
+    STREAM_TYPE_SUB,
+)
 from frigate.models import Event, Recordings
+from frigate.util.recording_coverage import (
+    coverage_spans,
+    known_video_codecs,
+    realized_timelines,
+    resolve_coverage,
+    stream_media_summary,
+)
 from frigate.util.time import get_dst_transitions

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@ def get_recordings_storage_usage(request: Request):


@router.get("/recordings/summary", dependencies=[Depends(allow_any_authenticated())])
-def all_recordings_summary(
+async def all_recordings_summary(
    request: Request,
    params: MediaRecordingsSummaryQueryParams = Depends(),
    allowed_cameras: list[str] = Depends(get_allowed_cameras_for_filter),
@@ -76,18 +88,23 @@ def all_recordings_summary(
    else:
        camera_list = allowed_cameras

-    time_range_query = (
-        Recordings.select(
-            fn.MIN(Recordings.start_time).alias("min_time"),
-            fn.MAX(Recordings.start_time).alias("max_time"),
+    min_time: float | None = None
+    max_time: float | None = None
+    for camera in camera_list:
+        cam_min = (
+            Recordings.select(fn.MIN(Recordings.start_time))
+            .where(Recordings.camera == camera)
+            .scalar()
        )
-        .where(Recordings.camera << camera_list)
-        .dicts()
-        .get()
-    )
-
-    min_time = time_range_query.get("min_time")
-    max_time = time_range_query.get("max_time")
+        if cam_min is None:
+            continue
+        cam_max = (
+            Recordings.select(fn.MAX(Recordings.start_time))
+            .where(Recordings.camera == camera)
+            .scalar()
+        )
+        min_time = cam_min if min_time is None else min(min_time, cam_min)
+        max_time = cam_max if max_time is None else max(max_time, cam_max)

    if min_time is None or max_time is None:
        return JSONResponse(content={})
@@ -97,22 +114,60 @@ def all_recordings_summary(
    days: dict[str, bool] = {}

    for period_start, period_end, period_offset in dst_periods:
-        day_expr = ((Recordings.start_time + period_offset) / 86400).cast("int")
+        first_start = max(min_time, period_start - MAX_SEGMENT_DURATION)
+        first_day = int((first_start + period_offset) // 86400)
+        last_day = int((min(max_time, period_end) + period_offset) // 86400)

-        period_query = (
-            Recordings.select(day_expr.alias("day_idx"))
-            .where(
-                (Recordings.camera << camera_list)
-                & (Recordings.end_time >= period_start)
-                & (Recordings.start_time <= period_end)
+        day_idx = first_day
+        while day_idx <= last_day:
+            day_str = (dt.date(1970, 1, 1) + dt.timedelta(days=day_idx)).isoformat()
+            day_start = day_idx * 86400 - period_offset
+            day_end = day_start + 86400
+
+            if day_str in days:
+                day_idx += 1
+                continue
+
+            if day_end <= period_end:
+                upper = Recordings.start_time < day_end
+            else:
+                upper = Recordings.start_time <= period_end
+
+            has_recordings = (
+                Recordings.select(Recordings.id)
+                .where(
+                    (Recordings.camera << camera_list)
+                    & (Recordings.end_time >= period_start)
+                    & (Recordings.start_time >= day_start)
+                    & upper
+                )
+                .exists()
            )
-            .distinct()
-            .namedtuples()
-        )
+            if has_recordings:
+                days[day_str] = True
+                day_idx += 1
+                continue

-        for g in period_query:
-            day_str = (dt.date(1970, 1, 1) + dt.timedelta(days=g.day_idx)).isoformat()
-            days[day_str] = True
+            # empty day
+            next_start: float | None = None
+            for camera in camera_list:
+                cam_next = (
+                    Recordings.select(fn.MIN(Recordings.start_time))
+                    .where(
+                        Recordings.camera == camera,
+                        Recordings.start_time >= day_end,
+                        Recordings.start_time <= period_end,
+                    )
+                    .scalar()
+                )
+                if cam_next is not None and (
+                    next_start is None or cam_next < next_start
+                ):
+                    next_start = cam_next
+
+            if next_start is None:
+                break
+            day_idx = max(day_idx + 1, int((next_start + period_offset) // 86400))

    return JSONResponse(content=dict(sorted(days.items())))

@@ -149,23 +204,28 @@ async def recordings_summary(camera_name: str, timezone: str = "utc"):
        period_hour_modifier = f"{hours_offset} hour"
        period_minute_modifier = f"{minutes_offset} minute"

+        hour_expression = fn.strftime(
+            "%Y-%m-%d %H",
+            fn.datetime(
+                Recordings.start_time,
+                "unixepoch",
+                period_hour_modifier,
+                period_minute_modifier,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # sub rows duplicate the camera's motion/object stats, so
+        # aggregating them too would double-count
        recording_groups = (
            Recordings.select(
-                fn.strftime(
-                    "%Y-%m-%d %H",
-                    fn.datetime(
-                        Recordings.start_time,
-                        "unixepoch",
-                        period_hour_modifier,
-                        period_minute_modifier,
-                    ),
-                ).alias("hour"),
+                hour_expression.alias("hour"),
                fn.SUM(Recordings.duration).alias("duration"),
                fn.SUM(Recordings.motion).alias("motion"),
                fn.SUM(Recordings.objects).alias("objects"),
            )
            .where(
                (Recordings.camera == camera_name)
+                & (Recordings.stream_type == STREAM_TYPE_MAIN)
                & (Recordings.end_time >= period_start)
                & (Recordings.start_time <= period_end)
            )
@@ -174,6 +234,23 @@ async def recordings_summary(camera_name: str, timezone: str = "utc"):
            .namedtuples()
        )

+        # sub recordings can outlive main, so hours covered only by sub
+        # rows are reported too, flagged as sub_only
+        sub_groups = (
+            Recordings.select(
+                hour_expression.alias("hour"),
+                fn.SUM(Recordings.duration).alias("duration"),
+            )
+            .where(
+                (Recordings.camera == camera_name)
+                & (Recordings.stream_type == STREAM_TYPE_SUB)
+                & (Recordings.end_time >= period_start)
+                & (Recordings.start_time <= period_end)
+            )
+            .group_by((Recordings.start_time + period_offset).cast("int") / 3600)
+            .namedtuples()
+        )
+
        event_groups = (
            Event.select(
                fn.strftime(
@@ -197,17 +274,43 @@ async def recordings_summary(camera_name: str, timezone: str = "utc"):

        event_map = {g.hour: g.count for g in event_groups}

-        for recording_group in recording_groups:
-            parts = recording_group.hour.split()
+        hour_stats = [
+            (
+                g.hour,
+                {
+                    "motion": g.motion,
+                    "objects": g.objects,
+                    "duration": round(g.duration),
+                },
+            )
+            for g in recording_groups
+        ]
+        main_hours = {group_hour for group_hour, _ in hour_stats}
+        hour_stats.extend(
+            (
+                g.hour,
+                {
+                    "motion": 0,
+                    "objects": 0,
+                    "duration": round(g.duration),
+                    "sub_only": True,
+                },
+            )
+            for g in sub_groups
+            if g.hour not in main_hours
+        )
+        # restore the most-recent-first ordering after merging in sub hours
+        hour_stats.sort(key=lambda entry: entry[0], reverse=True)
+
+        for group_hour, stats in hour_stats:
+            parts = group_hour.split()
            hour = parts[1]
            day = parts[0]
-            events_count = event_map.get(recording_group.hour, 0)
+            events_count = event_map.get(group_hour, 0)
            hour_data = {
                "hour": hour,
                "events": events_count,
-                "motion": recording_group.motion,
-                "objects": recording_group.objects,
-                "duration": round(recording_group.duration),
+                **stats,
            }
            if day in days:
                # merge counts if already present (edge-case at DST boundary)
@@ -223,6 +326,35 @@ async def recordings_summary(camera_name: str, timezone: str = "utc"):
    return JSONResponse(content=list(days.values()))


+@router.get(
+    "/{camera_name}/recordings/coverage",
+    dependencies=[Depends(require_camera_access)],
+)
+async def recordings_coverage(
+    camera_name: str, after: float, before: float, timelines: bool = False
+):
+    """Returns merged recording coverage spans plus codec compatibility.
+
+    codecs_compatible is false only when more than one known video codec
+    appears across the range's rows, the case where the merged vod route
+    degrades to a single-stream manifest.
+    """
+    intervals = resolve_coverage(camera_name, after, before)
+
+    content = {
+        "spans": coverage_spans(intervals),
+        "codecs_compatible": len(known_video_codecs(intervals)) <= 1,
+        "streams": stream_media_summary(intervals),
+    }
+
+    # pure computation (shared plan_clip, record-time keyframe index), but
+    # opt-in for payload hygiene: day-level requests need only the spans
+    if timelines:
+        content["timelines"] = realized_timelines(intervals)
+
+    return JSONResponse(content=content)
+
+
@router.get("/{camera_name}/recordings", dependencies=[Depends(require_camera_access)])
 async def recordings(
    camera_name: str,
@@ -243,6 +375,8 @@ async def recordings(
        )
        .where(
            Recordings.camera == camera_name,
+            Recordings.stream_type == STREAM_TYPE_MAIN,
+            Recordings.start_time >= after - MAX_SEGMENT_DURATION,
            Recordings.end_time >= after,
            Recordings.start_time <= before,
        )
@@ -282,22 +416,22 @@ async def no_recordings(
    )
    scale = params.scale

-    clauses = [
-        (Recordings.end_time >= after) & (Recordings.start_time <= before),
-        (Recordings.camera << camera_list),
-    ]
+    recordings: list[tuple[float, float]] = []
+    for camera in camera_list:
+        recordings.extend(
+            Recordings.select(Recordings.start_time, Recordings.end_time)
+            .where(
+                Recordings.camera == camera,
+                Recordings.start_time >= after - MAX_SEGMENT_DURATION,
+                Recordings.end_time >= after,
+                Recordings.start_time <= before,
+            )
+            .tuples()
+            .iterator()
+        )

-    # Get recording start times
-    data: list[Recordings] = (
-        Recordings.select(Recordings.start_time, Recordings.end_time)
-        .where(reduce(operator.and_, clauses))
-        .order_by(Recordings.start_time.asc())
-        .dicts()
-        .iterator()
-    )
-
-    # Convert recordings to list of (start, end) tuples, ordered by start_time
-    recordings = [(r["start_time"], r["end_time"]) for r in data]
+    # the merge pass below expects a single start-ordered timeline
+    recordings.sort()

    # Merge overlapping/adjacent recordings into covered intervals. The query
    # orders by start_time, so a single pass merges them
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ from frigate.api.defs.response.review_response import (
    ReviewSummaryResponse,
 )
 from frigate.api.defs.tags import Tags
+from frigate.const import STREAM_TYPE_MAIN
 from frigate.embeddings import EmbeddingsContext
 from frigate.models import Recordings, ReviewSegment, UserReviewStatus
 from frigate.review.types import SeverityEnum
@@ -598,6 +599,8 @@ def motion_activity(

    clauses = [(Recordings.start_time > after) & (Recordings.end_time < before)]
    clauses.append(Recordings.motion > 0)
+    # sub rows duplicate the camera's motion stats, so only count main rows
+    clauses.append(Recordings.stream_type == STREAM_TYPE_MAIN)

    if cameras != "all":
        requested = set(cameras.split(","))
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ from frigate.debug_replay import (
    DebugReplayManager,
    cleanup_replay_cameras,
 )
+from frigate.detectors.detector_config import SceneEnum
+from frigate.detectors.device import build_detector_config, runner_names
 from frigate.embeddings import EmbeddingProcess, EmbeddingsContext
 from frigate.events.audio import AudioProcessor
 from frigate.events.cleanup import EventCleanup
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ from frigate.models import (
    User,
 )
 from frigate.object_detection.base import ObjectDetectProcess
+from frigate.object_detection.util import detection_frame_size
 from frigate.output.output import OutputProcess
 from frigate.ptz.autotrack import PtzAutoTrackerThread
 from frigate.ptz.onvif import OnvifController
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ from frigate.timeline import TimelineProcessor
 from frigate.track.object_processing import TrackedObjectProcessor
 from frigate.util.builtin import empty_and_close_queue
 from frigate.util.image import UntrackedSharedMemory
+from frigate.util.ownership import chown_to_runtime
 from frigate.util.process import FrigateProcess
 from frigate.util.services import set_file_limit
 from frigate.version import VERSION
@@ -98,7 +102,9 @@ class FrigateApp:
        self.metrics_manager = manager
        self.audio_process: mp.Process | None = None
        self.stop_event = stop_event
-        self.detection_queue: Queue = mp.Queue()
+        self.detection_queues: dict[SceneEnum, Queue] = {
+            model.scene: mp.Queue() for model in config.models
+        }
        self.detectors: dict[str, ObjectDetectProcess] = {}
        self.detection_shms: list[mp.shared_memory.SharedMemory] = []
        self.log_queue: Queue = mp.Queue()
@@ -144,6 +150,7 @@ class FrigateApp:
            if not os.path.exists(d) and not os.path.islink(d):
                logger.info(f"Creating directory: {d}")
                os.makedirs(d, exist_ok=True)
+                chown_to_runtime(d)
            else:
                logger.debug(f"Skipping directory: {d}")

@@ -335,6 +342,7 @@ class FrigateApp:
            self.ptz_metrics,
            comms,
        )
+        self.dispatcher.start_communicators()

    def init_profile_manager(self) -> None:
        self.profile_manager = ProfileManager(
@@ -343,20 +351,19 @@ class FrigateApp:
        self.dispatcher.profile_manager = self.profile_manager

    def start_detectors(self) -> None:
+        model_cameras: dict[SceneEnum, list[str]] = {
+            model.scene: [] for model in self.config.models
+        }
+
        for name in self.config.cameras.keys():
+            model = self.config.model_for_camera(name)
+            model_cameras[model.scene].append(name)
+
            try:
-                largest_frame = max(
-                    [
-                        det.model.height * det.model.width * 3
-                        if det.model is not None
-                        else 320
-                        for det in self.config.detectors.values()
-                    ]
-                )
                shm_in = UntrackedSharedMemory(
                    name=name,
                    create=True,
-                    size=largest_frame,
+                    size=detection_frame_size(model),
                )
            except FileExistsError:
                shm_in = UntrackedSharedMemory(name=name)
@@ -371,15 +378,26 @@ class FrigateApp:
            self.detection_shms.append(shm_in)
            self.detection_shms.append(shm_out)

-        for name, detector_config in self.config.detectors.items():
-            self.detectors[name] = ObjectDetectProcess(
-                name,
-                self.detection_queue,
-                list(self.config.cameras.keys()),
-                self.config,
-                detector_config,
-                self.stop_event,
-            )
+        # a device may be listed more than once to run additional inference
+        # processes on it, so names are only unique once de-duplicated
+        all_devices = [
+            device
+            for model in self.config.models
+            for device in self.config.devices_for_model(model)
+        ]
+        names = iter(runner_names(all_devices))
+
+        for model in self.config.models:
+            for device in self.config.devices_for_model(model):
+                name = next(names)
+                self.detectors[name] = ObjectDetectProcess(
+                    name,
+                    self.detection_queues[model.scene],
+                    model_cameras[model.scene],
+                    self.config,
+                    build_detector_config(device, model),
+                    self.stop_event,
+                )

    def start_ptz_autotracker(self) -> None:
        self.ptz_autotracker_thread = PtzAutoTrackerThread(
@@ -410,7 +428,7 @@ class FrigateApp:
    def start_camera_processor(self) -> None:
        self.camera_maintainer = CameraMaintainer(
            self.config,
-            self.detection_queue,
+            self.detection_queues,
            self.detected_frames_queue,
            self.camera_metrics,
            self.ptz_metrics,
@@ -674,8 +692,10 @@ class FrigateApp:
        for detector in self.detectors.values():
            detector.stop()

-        empty_and_close_queue(self.detection_queue)
-        logger.info("Detection queue closed")
+        for detection_queue in self.detection_queues.values():
+            empty_and_close_queue(detection_queue)
+
+        logger.info("Detection queues closed")

        self.detected_frames_processor.join()
        empty_and_close_queue(self.detected_frames_queue)
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
    CameraConfigUpdateEnum,
    CameraConfigUpdateSubscriber,
 )
+from frigate.detectors.detector_config import NON_LOGO_ATTRIBUTES

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ class CameraActivityManager:
            return

        for label in camera_config.objects.track:
-            if label in self.config.model.non_logo_attributes:
+            if label in NON_LOGO_ATTRIBUTES:
                continue

            new_count = all_objects[label]
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
    CameraConfigUpdateSubscriber,
 )
 from frigate.const import REPLAY_CAMERA_PREFIX
+from frigate.detectors.detector_config import SceneEnum
 from frigate.models import Regions
+from frigate.object_detection.util import detection_frame_size
 from frigate.util.builtin import empty_and_close_queue
 from frigate.util.image import SharedMemoryFrameManager, UntrackedSharedMemory
 from frigate.util.object import get_camera_regions_grid
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ class CameraMaintainer(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(
        self,
        config: FrigateConfig,
-        detection_queue: Queue,
+        detection_queues: dict[SceneEnum, Queue],
        detected_frames_queue: Queue,
        camera_metrics: DictProxy,
        ptz_metrics: dict[str, PTZMetrics],
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ class CameraMaintainer(threading.Thread):
    ):
        super().__init__(name="camera_processor")
        self.config = config
-        self.detection_queue = detection_queue
+        self.detection_queues = detection_queues
        self.detected_frames_queue = detected_frames_queue
        self.stop_event = stop_event
        self.camera_metrics = camera_metrics
@@ -79,10 +81,11 @@ class CameraMaintainer(threading.Thread):
        # create or update region grids for each camera
        for camera in self.config.cameras.values():
            assert camera.name is not None
+            model = self.config.model_for_camera(camera.name)
            self.region_grids[camera.name] = get_camera_regions_grid(
                camera.name,
                camera.detect,
-                max(self.config.model.width, self.config.model.height),
+                max(model.width, model.height),
            )

    def __calculate_shm_frame_count(self) -> int:
@@ -114,6 +117,7 @@ class CameraMaintainer(threading.Thread):
            return

        camera_stop_event = self.__ensure_camera_stop_event(name)
+        model = self.config.model_for_camera(name)

        if runtime:
            self.camera_metrics[name] = CameraMetrics(self.metrics_manager)
@@ -123,32 +127,24 @@ class CameraMaintainer(threading.Thread):
            self.region_grids[name] = get_camera_regions_grid(
                name,
                config.detect,
-                max(self.config.model.width, self.config.model.height),
+                max(model.width, model.height),
            )

            try:
-                largest_frame = max(
-                    [
-                        det.model.height * det.model.width * 3
-                        if det.model is not None
-                        else 320
-                        for det in self.config.detectors.values()
-                    ]
-                )
                UntrackedSharedMemory(name=f"out-{name}", create=True, size=20 * 6 * 4)
                UntrackedSharedMemory(
                    name=name,
                    create=True,
-                    size=largest_frame,
+                    size=detection_frame_size(model),
                )
            except FileExistsError:
                pass

        camera_process = CameraTracker(
            config,
-            self.config.model,
-            self.config.model.merged_labelmap,
-            self.detection_queue,
+            model,
+            model.merged_labelmap,
+            self.detection_queues[model.scene],
            self.detected_frames_queue,
            self.camera_metrics[name],
            self.ptz_metrics[name],
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ class CameraState:
        self.name = name
        self.config = config
        self.camera_config = config.cameras[name]
+        self.model = config.model_for_camera(name)
        self.frame_manager = frame_manager
        self.best_objects: dict[str, TrackedObject] = {}
        self.tracked_objects: dict[str, TrackedObject] = {}
@@ -60,11 +61,6 @@ class CameraState:
        # face/LPR pipelines when using a model without built-in detection.
        self.face_recognition_min_obj_area: int = 0
        self.lpr_min_obj_area: int = 0
-        self.lp_objects = {
-            label
-            for label, attributes in config.model.attributes_map.items()
-            if "license_plate" in attributes
-        }

        if (
            self.camera_config.face_recognition.enabled
@@ -106,9 +102,7 @@ class CameraState:
                        thickness = 1
                    else:
                        thickness = 2
-                        color = self.config.model.colormap.get(
-                            obj["label"], (255, 255, 255)
-                        )
+                        color = self.model.colormap.get(obj["label"], (255, 255, 255))
                else:
                    thickness = 1
                    color = (255, 0, 0)
@@ -130,9 +124,7 @@ class CameraState:
                    and obj["frame_time"] == frame_time
                ):
                    thickness = 5
-                    color = self.config.model.colormap.get(
-                        obj["label"], (255, 255, 255)
-                    )
+                    color = self.model.colormap.get(obj["label"], (255, 255, 255))

                    # debug autotracking zooming - show the zoom factor box
                    if (
@@ -266,9 +258,7 @@ class CameraState:
        if draw_options.get("paths"):
            for obj in tracked_objects.values():
                if obj["frame_time"] == frame_time and obj["path_data"]:
-                    color = self.config.model.colormap.get(
-                        obj["label"], (255, 255, 255)
-                    )
+                    color = self.model.colormap.get(obj["label"], (255, 255, 255))

                    path_points = [
                        (
@@ -371,7 +361,7 @@ class CameraState:
        for id in new_ids:
            logger.debug(f"{self.name}: New tracked object ID: {id}")
            new_obj = tracked_objects[id] = TrackedObject(
-                self.config.model,
+                self.model,
                self.camera_config,
                self.config.ui,
                self.frame_cache,
@@ -457,7 +447,7 @@ class CameraState:
                and obj_area >= self.face_recognition_min_obj_area
                and updated_obj.obj_data.get("sub_label") is None
            ) or (
-                obj_label in self.lp_objects
+                obj_label in ("car", "motorcycle")
                and self.lpr_min_obj_area > 0
                and obj_area >= self.lpr_min_obj_area
                and updated_obj.obj_data.get("sub_label") is None
@@ -515,7 +505,7 @@ class CameraState:
                sub_label = None

                if obj.obj_data.get("sub_label"):
-                    if obj.obj_data["sub_label"][0] in self.config.model.all_attributes:
+                    if obj.obj_data["sub_label"][0] in self.model.all_attributes:
                        label = obj.obj_data["sub_label"][0]
                    else:
                        label = f"{object_type}-verified"
@@ -553,7 +543,7 @@ class CameraState:
                    current_best.thumbnail_data is not None
                    and obj.thumbnail_data is not None
                    and is_better_thumbnail(
-                        obj.thumbnail_attributes,
+                        object_type,
                        current_best.thumbnail_data,
                        obj.thumbnail_data,
                        self.camera_config.frame_shape,
@@ -1,11 +1,27 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from frigate.comms.dispatcher import Dispatcher


 class Communicator(ABC):
    """pub/sub model via specific protocol."""

+    def attach_dispatcher(self, dispatcher: "Dispatcher") -> None:
+        """Receive the owning dispatcher.
+
+        Transports that need more than the receiver callback (the command topic
+        surface, the snapshot API) take it here rather than reaching through the
+        bound receiver.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        """Start background I/O after receiver wiring is complete."""
+        return None
+
    @abstractmethod
    def publish(self, topic: str, payload: Any, retain: bool = False) -> None:
        """Send data via specific protocol."""
@@ -6,12 +6,18 @@ import logging
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from typing import Any, cast

+from peewee import IntegrityError
+
 from frigate.camera import PTZMetrics
 from frigate.camera.activity_manager import AudioActivityManager, CameraActivityManager
 from frigate.comms.base_communicator import Communicator
 from frigate.comms.runtime_state import RuntimeStatePersistence
 from frigate.comms.webpush import WebPushClient
-from frigate.config import BirdseyeModeEnum, FrigateConfig
+from frigate.config import (
+    FrigateConfig,
+    birdseye_modes_from_mqtt_payload,
+    birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload,
+)
 from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
    CameraConfigUpdateEnum,
    CameraConfigUpdatePublisher,
@@ -45,6 +51,11 @@ from frigate.util.services import restart_frigate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

+# <camera>/<command>/<sub_command>/set, one segment longer than the rest
+SUB_COMMAND_TOPICS = frozenset({"motion_mask", "object_mask", "zone"})
+
+BARE_COMMAND_TOPICS = frozenset({"onConnect", "restart"})
+

 class Dispatcher:
    """Handle communication between Frigate and communicators."""
@@ -84,7 +95,7 @@ class Dispatcher:
            "recordings": self._on_recordings_command,
            "snapshots": self._on_snapshots_command,
            "birdseye": self._on_birdseye_command,
-            "birdseye_mode": self._on_birdseye_mode_command,
+            "birdseye_modes": self._on_birdseye_modes_command,
            "review_alerts": self._on_alerts_command,
            "review_detections": self._on_detections_command,
            "object_descriptions": self._on_object_description_command,
@@ -99,12 +110,114 @@ class Dispatcher:
        }
        self.profile_manager: ProfileManager | None = None

-        for comm in self.comms:
-            comm.subscribe(self._receive)
-
        self.web_push_client = next(
            (comm for comm in communicators if isinstance(comm, WebPushClient)), None
        )
+
+        for comm in self.comms:
+            comm.subscribe(self._receive)
+            comm.attach_dispatcher(self)
+
+    def start_communicators(self) -> None:
+        """Start communicators after dispatcher wiring is fully initialized."""
+        for comm in self.comms:
+            comm.start()
+
+    def is_command_topic(self, topic: str) -> bool:
+        """Whether a prefix-stripped topic maps to a command handler.
+
+        Transports that fan a whole topic tree in must filter on this:
+        _receive() republishes anything it does not recognize, so forwarding
+        unfiltered would echo Frigate's own publishes back.
+        """
+        parts = topic.split("/")
+
+        if topic in BARE_COMMAND_TOPICS:
+            return True
+
+        if len(parts) == 2 and parts[1] == "ptz":
+            return True
+
+        if len(parts) == 2 and parts[1] == "set":
+            return parts[0] in self._global_settings_handlers
+
+        if len(parts) == 3 and parts[2] == "set":
+            return (
+                parts[1] in self._camera_settings_handlers
+                and parts[1] not in SUB_COMMAND_TOPICS
+            )
+
+        if len(parts) == 3 and parts[2] == "suspend":
+            return parts[1] == "notifications"
+
+        if len(parts) == 4 and parts[3] == "set":
+            return parts[1] in SUB_COMMAND_TOPICS
+
+        return False
+
+    def _build_camera_activity_snapshot(self) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Build the current runtime activity snapshot for reconnect consumers."""
+        camera_status = {
+            camera: status
+            for camera, status in self.camera_activity.last_camera_activity.copy().items()
+            if camera in self.config.cameras
+        }
+        audio_detections = self.audio_activity.current_audio_detections.copy()
+        cameras_with_status = camera_status.keys()
+
+        for camera in self.config.cameras.keys():
+            if camera not in cameras_with_status:
+                camera_status[camera] = {}
+
+            camera_status[camera]["config"] = {
+                "detect": self.config.cameras[camera].detect.enabled,
+                "enabled": self.config.cameras[camera].enabled,
+                "snapshots": self.config.cameras[camera].snapshots.enabled,
+                "record": self.config.cameras[camera].record.enabled,
+                "audio": self.config.cameras[camera].audio.enabled,
+                "audio_transcription": self.config.cameras[
+                    camera
+                ].audio_transcription.live_enabled,
+                "notifications": self.config.cameras[camera].notifications.enabled,
+                "notifications_suspended": int(
+                    self.web_push_client.suspended_cameras.get(camera, 0)
+                )
+                if self.web_push_client
+                and camera in self.web_push_client.suspended_cameras
+                else 0,
+                "autotracking": self.config.cameras[camera].onvif.autotracking.enabled,
+                "alerts": self.config.cameras[camera].review.alerts.enabled,
+                "detections": self.config.cameras[camera].review.detections.enabled,
+                "object_descriptions": self.config.cameras[
+                    camera
+                ].objects.genai.enabled,
+                "review_descriptions": self.config.cameras[camera].review.genai.enabled,
+            }
+
+        return camera_status, audio_detections
+
+    def publish_runtime_snapshot(
+        self,
+        publisher: Callable[[str, Any, bool], None] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Publish the runtime snapshot for newly connected listeners."""
+        publish = publisher or self.publish
+        camera_status, audio_detections = self._build_camera_activity_snapshot()
+
+        publish("camera_activity", json.dumps(camera_status), False)
+        publish("model_state", json.dumps(self.model_state.copy()), False)
+        publish(
+            "embeddings_reindex_progress",
+            json.dumps(self.embeddings_reindex.copy()),
+            False,
+        )
+        publish("birdseye_layout", json.dumps(self.birdseye_layout.copy()), False)
+        publish("audio_detections", json.dumps(audio_detections), False)
+        publish(
+            "profile/state",
+            self.config.active_profile or "none",
+            True,
+        )
        if self.web_push_client is not None:
            self.web_push_client.set_suspension_broadcaster(self.publish)

@@ -123,17 +236,11 @@ class Dispatcher:

            try:
                if command_type == "set":
-                    # Commands that require a sub-command (mask/zone name)
-                    sub_command_required = {
-                        "motion_mask",
-                        "object_mask",
-                        "zone",
-                    }
                    if sub_command:
                        self._camera_settings_handlers[command](
                            camera_name, sub_command, payload
                        )
-                    elif command in sub_command_required:
+                    elif command in SUB_COMMAND_TOPICS:
                        logger.error(
                            "Command %s requires a sub-command (mask/zone name)",
                            command,
@@ -149,17 +256,32 @@ class Dispatcher:
            restart_frigate()

        def handle_insert_many_recordings() -> None:
-            Recordings.insert_many(payload).execute()
+            try:
+                Recordings.insert_many(payload).execute()
+            except IntegrityError:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Batch recording insert failed, inserting rows individually"
+                )
+
+                for recording in payload:
+                    try:
+                        Recordings.insert(recording).execute()
+                    except IntegrityError:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Skipping recording that is already stored: %s",
+                            recording.get(Recordings.path.name),
+                        )

        def handle_request_region_grid() -> Any:
            camera = payload
            if camera not in self.config.cameras:
                return None

+            model = self.config.model_for_camera(camera)
            grid = get_camera_regions_grid(
                camera,
                self.config.cameras[camera].detect,
-                max(self.config.model.width, self.config.model.height),
+                max(model.width, model.height),
            )
            return grid

@@ -267,67 +389,11 @@ class Dispatcher:
        def handle_birdseye_layout() -> None:
            self.publish("birdseye_layout", json.dumps(self.birdseye_layout.copy()))

-        def handle_on_connect() -> None:
-            camera_status = {
-                camera: status
-                for camera, status in self.camera_activity.last_camera_activity.copy().items()
-                if camera in self.config.cameras
-            }
-            audio_detections = self.audio_activity.current_audio_detections.copy()
-            cameras_with_status = camera_status.keys()
-
-            for camera in self.config.cameras.keys():
-                if camera not in cameras_with_status:
-                    camera_status[camera] = {}
-
-                camera_status[camera]["config"] = {
-                    "detect": self.config.cameras[camera].detect.enabled,
-                    "enabled": self.config.cameras[camera].enabled,
-                    "snapshots": self.config.cameras[camera].snapshots.enabled,
-                    "record": self.config.cameras[camera].record.enabled,
-                    "audio": self.config.cameras[camera].audio.enabled,
-                    "audio_transcription": self.config.cameras[
-                        camera
-                    ].audio_transcription.live_enabled,
-                    "notifications": self.config.cameras[camera].notifications.enabled,
-                    "notifications_suspended": int(
-                        self.web_push_client.suspended_cameras.get(camera, 0)
-                    )
-                    if self.web_push_client
-                    and camera in self.web_push_client.suspended_cameras
-                    else 0,
-                    "autotracking": self.config.cameras[
-                        camera
-                    ].onvif.autotracking.enabled,
-                    "alerts": self.config.cameras[camera].review.alerts.enabled,
-                    "detections": self.config.cameras[camera].review.detections.enabled,
-                    "object_descriptions": self.config.cameras[
-                        camera
-                    ].objects.genai.enabled,
-                    "review_descriptions": self.config.cameras[
-                        camera
-                    ].review.genai.enabled,
-                }
-
-            self.publish("camera_activity", json.dumps(camera_status))
-            self.publish("model_state", json.dumps(self.model_state.copy()))
-            self.publish(
-                "embeddings_reindex_progress",
-                json.dumps(self.embeddings_reindex.copy()),
-            )
-            self.publish("birdseye_layout", json.dumps(self.birdseye_layout.copy()))
-            self.publish("audio_detections", json.dumps(audio_detections))
-            self.publish(
-                "profile/state",
-                self.config.active_profile or "none",
-                retain=True,
-            )
-
        def handle_notification_test() -> None:
            self.publish("notification_test", "Test notification")

        # Dictionary mapping topic to handlers
-        topic_handlers = {
+        topic_handlers: dict[str, Callable[[], Any]] = {
            INSERT_MANY_RECORDINGS: handle_insert_many_recordings,
            REQUEST_REGION_GRID: handle_request_region_grid,
            INSERT_PREVIEW: handle_insert_preview,
@@ -350,7 +416,7 @@ class Dispatcher:
            "jobState": handle_job_state,
            "audioTranscriptionState": handle_audio_transcription_state,
            "birdseyeLayout": handle_birdseye_layout,
-            "onConnect": handle_on_connect,
+            "onConnect": self.publish_runtime_snapshot,
        }

        if topic.endswith("set") or topic.endswith("ptz") or topic.endswith("suspend"):
@@ -879,11 +945,12 @@ class Dispatcher:
        )
        self.publish(f"{camera_name}/birdseye/state", payload, retain=True)

-    def _on_birdseye_mode_command(self, camera_name: str, payload: str) -> None:
+    def _on_birdseye_modes_command(self, camera_name: str, payload: str) -> None:
        """Callback for birdseye mode topic."""

-        if payload not in ["CONTINUOUS", "MOTION", "OBJECTS"]:
-            logger.info(f"Invalid birdseye_mode command: {payload}")
+        modes = birdseye_modes_from_mqtt_payload(payload)
+        if modes is None:
+            logger.info("Invalid birdseye_modes command: %s", payload)
            return

        birdseye_settings = self.config.cameras[camera_name].birdseye
@@ -892,16 +959,20 @@ class Dispatcher:
            logger.info(f"Birdseye mode not enabled for {camera_name}")
            return

-        birdseye_settings.mode = BirdseyeModeEnum(payload.lower())
+        birdseye_settings.modes = modes
        logger.info(
-            f"Setting birdseye mode for {camera_name} to {birdseye_settings.mode}"
+            f"Setting birdseye mode for {camera_name} to {birdseye_settings.modes}"
        )

        self.config_updater.publish_update(
            CameraConfigUpdateTopic(CameraConfigUpdateEnum.birdseye, camera_name),
            birdseye_settings,
        )
-        self.publish(f"{camera_name}/birdseye_mode/state", payload, retain=True)
+        self.publish(
+            f"{camera_name}/birdseye_modes/state",
+            birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload(modes),
+            retain=True,
+        )

    def _on_camera_notification_command(self, camera_name: str, payload: str) -> None:
        """Callback for camera level notifications topic."""
@@ -18,10 +18,13 @@ SOCKET_REP_REQ = "ipc:///tmp/cache/comms"

 class InterProcessCommunicator(Communicator):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # bound eagerly so subprocesses starting before start_communicators()
+        # can still connect; their requests queue in zmq until the reader runs
        self.context = zmq.Context()
        self.socket = self.context.socket(zmq.REP)
        self.socket.bind(SOCKET_REP_REQ)
        self.stop_event: MpEvent = mp.Event()
+        self.reader_thread: threading.Thread | None = None

    def publish(self, topic: str, payload: Any, retain: bool = False) -> None:
        """There is no communication back to the processes."""
@@ -29,6 +32,8 @@ class InterProcessCommunicator(Communicator):

    def subscribe(self, receiver: Callable) -> None:
        self._dispatcher = receiver
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
        self.reader_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read)
        self.reader_thread.start()

@@ -61,7 +66,8 @@ class InterProcessCommunicator(Communicator):

    def stop(self) -> None:
        self.stop_event.set()
-        self.reader_thread.join()
+        if self.reader_thread is not None:
+            self.reader_thread.join()
        self.socket.close(linger=0)
        self.context.destroy(linger=0)

@@ -1,16 +1,38 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import logging
+import queue
 import threading
+import time
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Any
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any

 import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
 from paho.mqtt.enums import CallbackAPIVersion

 from frigate.comms.base_communicator import Communicator
-from frigate.config import FrigateConfig
+from frigate.config import FrigateConfig, birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from frigate.comms.dispatcher import Dispatcher

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

+MQTT_LOOP_TIMEOUT = 1.0
+MQTT_RECONNECT_INTERVAL = 10.0
+MQTT_SHUTDOWN_FLUSH_TIMEOUT = 5.0
+MQTT_ON_CONNECT_RATE_LIMIT = 1.0
+MQTT_PUBLISH_WAIT_INTERVAL = 0.1
+
+
+@dataclass(slots=True)
+class QueuedPublish:
+    topic: str
+    payload: Any
+    retain: bool
+    done: threading.Event | None = None
+

 class MqttClient(Communicator):
    """Frigate wrapper for mqtt client."""
@@ -19,28 +41,80 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
        self.config = config
        self.mqtt_config = config.mqtt
        self.connected = False
+        self.client: mqtt.Client | None = None
+        self._dispatcher: Callable[[str, Any], Any] | None = None
+        self._command_router: Dispatcher | None = None
+        self._worker: threading.Thread | None = None
+        self._stop_event = threading.Event()
+        self._publish_queue: queue.Queue[QueuedPublish] = queue.Queue()
+        self._callback_queue: queue.Queue[tuple[Any, ...]] = queue.Queue()
+        self._retained_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._pending_retained: dict[str, tuple[Any, bool]] = {}
+        self._inflight_retained: dict[int, tuple[str, Any]] = {}
+        self._subscription_mid: int | None = None
+        self._subscription_ready = False
+        self._next_connect_time = 0.0
+        self._last_on_connect_dispatch = 0.0

    def subscribe(self, receiver: Callable) -> None:
        """Wrapper for allowing dispatcher to subscribe."""
        self._dispatcher = receiver
-        self._start()
+
+    def attach_dispatcher(self, dispatcher: Dispatcher) -> None:
+        """Take Dispatcher's command surface and snapshot API."""
+        self._command_router = dispatcher
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        """Start the MQTT worker after all receiver wiring is complete."""
+
+        if self._worker and self._worker.is_alive():
+            return
+
+        self._stop_event.clear()
+        self._start_worker()

    def publish(self, topic: str, payload: Any, retain: bool = False) -> None:
        """Wrapper for publishing when client is in valid state."""
+        full_topic = f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{topic}"
+
        if not self.connected:
-            logger.debug(f"Unable to publish to {topic}: client is not connected")
+            if retain:
+                self._queue_retained(full_topic, payload, retain)
+            else:
+                logger.debug("Unable to publish to %s: client is not connected", topic)
            return

-        self.client.publish(
-            f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{topic}",
-            payload,
-            qos=self.config.mqtt.qos,
-            retain=retain,
-        )
+        self._publish_queue.put(QueuedPublish(full_topic, payload, retain))

    def stop(self) -> None:
-        self.publish("available", "stopped", retain=True)
-        self.client.disconnect()
+        if self._worker is None:
+            return
+
+        if self.connected and self._subscription_ready:
+            publish_done = threading.Event()
+            self._publish_queue.put(
+                QueuedPublish(
+                    f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/available",
+                    "stopped",
+                    True,
+                    publish_done,
+                )
+            )
+            publish_done.wait(MQTT_SHUTDOWN_FLUSH_TIMEOUT)
+
+        self._stop_event.set()
+
+        if self.client is not None:
+            try:
+                self.client.disconnect()
+            except Exception:
+                logger.debug("MQTT disconnect raised during shutdown", exc_info=True)
+
+        if self._worker.is_alive():
+            self._worker.join(MQTT_SHUTDOWN_FLUSH_TIMEOUT + MQTT_LOOP_TIMEOUT)
+
+        self._cleanup_client()
+        self._worker = None

    def _notifications_enabled_in_config(self) -> bool:
        """Whether notifications are configured globally or on any camera.
@@ -54,17 +128,17 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
            for cam in self.config.cameras.values()
        )

-    def _set_initial_topics(self) -> None:
-        """Set initial state topics."""
+    def _publish_retained_state(self) -> None:
+        """Publish retained MQTT state after a successful subscribe."""
        for camera_name, camera in self.config.cameras.items():
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/enabled/state",
-                "ON" if camera.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/recordings/state",
-                "ON" if camera.record.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.record.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
@@ -74,7 +148,7 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/audio/state",
-                "ON" if camera.audio.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.audio.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
@@ -89,7 +163,7 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/motion/state",
-                "ON",
+                "ON" if camera.motion.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
@@ -99,7 +173,7 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/ptz_autotracker/state",
-                "ON" if camera.onvif.autotracking.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.onvif.autotracking.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
@@ -123,9 +197,9 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
-                f"{camera_name}/birdseye_mode/state",
+                f"{camera_name}/birdseye_modes/state",
                (
-                    camera.birdseye.mode.value.upper()
+                    birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload(camera.birdseye.modes)
                    if camera.birdseye.enabled
                    else "OFF"
                ),
@@ -133,22 +207,22 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/review_alerts/state",
-                "ON" if camera.review.alerts.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.review.alerts.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/review_detections/state",
-                "ON" if camera.review.detections.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.review.detections.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/object_descriptions/state",
-                "ON" if camera.objects.genai.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.objects.genai.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )
            self.publish(
                f"{camera_name}/review_descriptions/state",
-                "ON" if camera.review.genai.enabled_in_config else "OFF",
+                "ON" if camera.review.genai.enabled else "OFF",
                retain=True,
            )

@@ -189,13 +263,521 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
        )
        self.publish("available", "online", retain=True)

-    def on_mqtt_command(
-        self, client: mqtt.Client, userdata: Any, message: mqtt.MQTTMessage
-    ) -> None:
-        self._dispatcher(
-            message.topic.replace(f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/", "", 1),
-            message.payload.decode(),
+    def _create_client(self) -> mqtt.Client:
+        """Build a fresh paho client for a single connect attempt."""
+        client = mqtt.Client(
+            callback_api_version=CallbackAPIVersion.VERSION2,
+            client_id=self.mqtt_config.client_id,
+            reconnect_on_failure=False,
        )
+        client.on_connect = self._on_connect
+        client.on_disconnect = self._on_disconnect
+        client.on_message = self._on_message
+        client.on_subscribe = self._on_subscribe
+        client.on_publish = self._on_publish
+        client.will_set(
+            self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix + "/available",
+            payload="offline",
+            qos=1,
+            retain=True,
+        )
+
+        if self.mqtt_config.tls_ca_certs is not None:
+            if (
+                self.mqtt_config.tls_client_cert is not None
+                and self.mqtt_config.tls_client_key is not None
+            ):
+                client.tls_set(
+                    self.mqtt_config.tls_ca_certs,
+                    self.mqtt_config.tls_client_cert,
+                    self.mqtt_config.tls_client_key,
+                )
+            else:
+                client.tls_set(self.mqtt_config.tls_ca_certs)
+
+        if self.mqtt_config.tls_insecure is not None:
+            client.tls_insecure_set(self.mqtt_config.tls_insecure)
+
+        if self.mqtt_config.user is not None:
+            client.username_pw_set(
+                self.mqtt_config.user,
+                password=self.mqtt_config.password,
+            )
+
+        return client
+
+    def _start_worker(self) -> None:
+        self._worker = threading.Thread(
+            target=self._worker_main, name="mqtt", daemon=True
+        )
+        self._worker.start()
+        logger.info("MQTT worker started")
+
+    def _worker_main(self) -> None:
+        """Run the worker loop.
+
+        An unexpected crash disables MQTT for this session rather than taking
+        Frigate down with it, so it has to announce itself: without the offline
+        publish, consumers keep the last retained values and see a healthy
+        Frigate that has simply stopped updating.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._mqtt_loop_worker()
+        except Exception:
+            if not self._stop_event.is_set():
+                logger.exception("MQTT worker crashed, disabling MQTT for this session")
+                self._stop_event.set()
+                self._subscription_ready = False
+                self._publish_offline_availability()
+                self.connected = False
+        finally:
+            # nothing drains the queue once the loop is gone, so release any
+            # waiter here or stop() blocks for the full flush timeout
+            self._requeue_disconnected_publishes()
+            self._cleanup_client()
+
+    def _publish_offline_availability(self) -> None:
+        """Announce that MQTT is going away after a worker crash.
+
+        _cleanup_client() disconnects cleanly, which tells the broker to
+        suppress the will, so the retained topic would otherwise stay "online".
+        """
+        if self.client is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            message_info = self.client.publish(
+                f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/available",
+                "offline",
+                qos=self.config.mqtt.qos,
+                retain=True,
+            )
+
+            # pumped here rather than through _wait_for_publish() so the drain
+            # that may have just crashed is not re-entered
+            deadline = time.monotonic() + MQTT_SHUTDOWN_FLUSH_TIMEOUT
+            while not message_info.is_published() and time.monotonic() < deadline:
+                if (
+                    self.client.loop(timeout=MQTT_PUBLISH_WAIT_INTERVAL)
+                    != mqtt.MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS
+                ):
+                    break
+        except Exception:
+            logger.warning(
+                "MQTT is dormant and the broker could not be told Frigate is offline",
+                exc_info=True,
+            )
+
+    def _mqtt_loop_worker(self) -> None:
+        # The worker owns all socket I/O so reconnect, subscribe, and publish
+        # ordering stays serialized in one place.
+        while not self._stop_event.is_set():
+            if self.client is None:
+                wait_time = self._next_connect_time - time.monotonic()
+                if wait_time > 0:
+                    self._stop_event.wait(min(wait_time, MQTT_LOOP_TIMEOUT))
+                    continue
+
+                if not self._connect_client():
+                    self._next_connect_time = time.monotonic() + MQTT_RECONNECT_INTERVAL
+                    continue
+
+            assert self.client is not None
+            try:
+                result = self.client.loop(timeout=MQTT_LOOP_TIMEOUT)
+            except (OSError, mqtt.WebsocketConnectionError) as err:
+                logger.warning("MQTT loop error: %s", err)
+                self._schedule_reconnect()
+                continue
+
+            self._drain_callback_queue()
+            self._drain_publish_queue()
+
+            if self._stop_event.is_set():
+                break
+
+            if result != mqtt.MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS and self.client is not None:
+                logger.error("MQTT loop returned error code: %s", result)
+                self._schedule_reconnect()
+
+    def _connect_client(self) -> bool:
+        """Create and connect a new client instance owned by the worker thread."""
+        try:
+            self.client = self._create_client()
+            self.client.connect(self.mqtt_config.host, self.mqtt_config.port, 60)
+        except Exception as err:
+            logger.error("Unable to connect to MQTT server: %s", err)
+            self._cleanup_client()
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _cleanup_client(self) -> None:
+        """Drop session-specific state and release the current paho client."""
+        self.connected = False
+        self._subscription_ready = False
+        self._subscription_mid = None
+        self._requeue_inflight_retained()
+
+        client = self.client
+        self.client = None
+
+        if client is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            client.disconnect()
+        except Exception:
+            logger.debug("MQTT client cleanup raised disconnect error", exc_info=True)
+
+    def _schedule_reconnect(self) -> None:
+        """Tear down the current session and arm the next reconnect attempt."""
+        if self._stop_event.is_set():
+            return
+
+        self.connected = False
+        self._subscription_ready = False
+        self._subscription_mid = None
+        self._requeue_disconnected_publishes()
+        self._next_connect_time = time.monotonic() + MQTT_RECONNECT_INTERVAL
+        logger.info("MQTT reconnect scheduled in %.1fs", MQTT_RECONNECT_INTERVAL)
+        self._cleanup_client()
+
+    def _requeue_inflight_retained(self) -> None:
+        """Rebuffer retained publishes paho took but the broker never acked.
+
+        Dropping the client drops paho's outbound queue with it, and the session
+        is clean, so the broker will not resume delivery on the new one.
+        """
+        with self._retained_lock:
+            # mids are insertion ordered, so collapsing by topic keeps the
+            # newest value when several updates to one topic were in flight
+            latest = {
+                topic: payload for topic, payload in self._inflight_retained.values()
+            }
+            self._inflight_retained.clear()
+
+        for topic, payload in latest.items():
+            self._queue_retained(topic, payload, True, overwrite=False)
+
+    def _buffer_undelivered(
+        self, queued_publish: QueuedPublish, overwrite: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        """Handle a publish that never reached the broker.
+
+        Releasing the waiter matters on every path: stop() blocks on it, so a
+        broker error would otherwise stall shutdown for the full flush timeout.
+        """
+        if queued_publish.retain:
+            self._queue_retained(
+                queued_publish.topic,
+                queued_publish.payload,
+                queued_publish.retain,
+                overwrite=overwrite,
+            )
+
+        if queued_publish.done is not None:
+            queued_publish.done.set()
+
+    def _requeue_disconnected_publishes(self) -> None:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                queued_publish = self._publish_queue.get_nowait()
+            except queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+            self._buffer_undelivered(queued_publish)
+
+    def _drain_callback_queue(self) -> None:
+        # Paho callbacks only enqueue transport events; state transitions run
+        # here on the worker thread.
+        while True:
+            try:
+                event = self._callback_queue.get_nowait()
+            except queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+            event_type = event[0]
+
+            if event_type == "connect":
+                self._handle_connect_event(event[1])
+            elif event_type == "connect_failure":
+                self._handle_connect_failure(event[1])
+            elif event_type == "disconnect":
+                self._handle_disconnect_event(event[1])
+            elif event_type == "subscribed":
+                self._handle_subscribe_event(event[1], event[2])
+            elif event_type == "message":
+                self._handle_inbound_message(event[1], event[2])
+            elif event_type == "published":
+                self._handle_publish_event(event[1])
+
+    def _drain_publish_queue(self) -> None:
+        """Publish queued work only after the session is fully subscribed.
+
+        Oldest first: the outage buffer replays before the queue, so a topic
+        that changed since the reconnect ends up on its newest value rather
+        than being reverted by the replay.
+        """
+        if self.connected and not self._subscription_ready:
+            return
+
+        self._flush_pending_retained()
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                queued_publish = self._publish_queue.get_nowait()
+            except queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+            if not self.connected:
+                self._buffer_undelivered(queued_publish)
+                continue
+
+            self._publish_direct(queued_publish)
+
+    def _flush_pending_retained(self) -> None:
+        """Replay the latest retained state once the broker session is ready."""
+        if not self.connected or not self._subscription_ready:
+            return
+
+        with self._retained_lock:
+            pending = list(self._pending_retained.items())
+            self._pending_retained.clear()
+
+        for topic, (payload, retain) in pending:
+            self._publish_direct(QueuedPublish(topic, payload, retain))
+
+    def _publish_direct(self, queued_publish: QueuedPublish) -> None:
+        """Publish a queued message from the worker thread's serialized context.
+
+        The waiter is released however this exits. The message is already off
+        the queue by now, so nothing else can recover it for a stop() that is
+        blocked waiting on it.
+        """
+        try:
+            if self.client is None:
+                # never attempted, so anything already buffered for this topic
+                # was written later and has to survive
+                self._buffer_undelivered(queued_publish, overwrite=False)
+                return
+
+            try:
+                message_info = self.client.publish(
+                    queued_publish.topic,
+                    queued_publish.payload,
+                    qos=self.config.mqtt.qos,
+                    retain=queued_publish.retain,
+                )
+            except (OSError, mqtt.WebsocketConnectionError) as err:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "MQTT publish failed for %s: %s", queued_publish.topic, err
+                )
+                # a newer buffered value for this topic wins over the failed one
+                self._buffer_undelivered(queued_publish, overwrite=False)
+                self._schedule_reconnect()
+                return
+
+            if message_info.rc != mqtt.MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS:
+                logger.error(
+                    "Unable to publish to %s: mqtt error %s",
+                    queued_publish.topic,
+                    message_info.rc,
+                )
+                self._buffer_undelivered(queued_publish, overwrite=False)
+                self._schedule_reconnect()
+                return
+
+            # a successful rc only means paho accepted the message; above qos 0
+            # it is not durable until the broker acks, so keep a copy for replay
+            if queued_publish.retain and not message_info.is_published():
+                with self._retained_lock:
+                    self._inflight_retained[message_info.mid] = (
+                        queued_publish.topic,
+                        queued_publish.payload,
+                    )
+
+            if queued_publish.done is not None:
+                self._wait_for_publish(message_info)
+        finally:
+            if queued_publish.done is not None:
+                queued_publish.done.set()
+
+    def _handle_publish_event(self, mid: int) -> None:
+        """Drop the replay copy once the broker has acknowledged the message."""
+        with self._retained_lock:
+            self._inflight_retained.pop(mid, None)
+
+    def _wait_for_publish(self, message_info: mqtt.MQTTMessageInfo) -> None:
+        """Pump the loop until a shutdown-critical publish is acknowledged."""
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + MQTT_SHUTDOWN_FLUSH_TIMEOUT
+
+        while not message_info.is_published() and time.monotonic() < deadline:
+            if self.client is None:
+                return
+
+            try:
+                result = self.client.loop(timeout=MQTT_PUBLISH_WAIT_INTERVAL)
+            except (OSError, mqtt.WebsocketConnectionError) as err:
+                logger.warning("MQTT publish wait failed: %s", err)
+                self._schedule_reconnect()
+                return
+
+            self._drain_callback_queue()
+
+            if result != mqtt.MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS:
+                logger.error(
+                    "MQTT loop returned error code while waiting for publish: %s",
+                    result,
+                )
+                self._schedule_reconnect()
+                return
+
+    def _queue_retained(
+        self,
+        topic: str,
+        payload: Any,
+        retain: bool,
+        overwrite: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Store the last retained value per topic for replay after reconnect."""
+        with self._retained_lock:
+            if overwrite or topic not in self._pending_retained:
+                self._pending_retained[topic] = (payload, retain)
+
+    def _handle_connect_event(self, reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode) -> None:  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        """Begin a new session by subscribing before any replay is published."""
+        if self.client is None:
+            return
+
+        self.connected = True
+        self._subscription_ready = False
+        self._subscription_mid = None
+        logger.debug("MQTT connected")
+
+        try:
+            result, mid = self.client.subscribe(
+                f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/#",
+                qos=self.config.mqtt.qos,
+            )
+        except (OSError, mqtt.WebsocketConnectionError) as err:
+            logger.warning("MQTT subscribe failed: %s", err)
+            self._schedule_reconnect()
+            return
+
+        if result != mqtt.MQTT_ERR_SUCCESS:
+            logger.error(
+                "Unable to subscribe to MQTT command tree: mqtt error %s", result
+            )
+            self._schedule_reconnect()
+            return
+
+        self._subscription_mid = mid
+
+    def _handle_connect_failure(self, reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode) -> None:  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        """Record a failed connect attempt and transition into reconnect state."""
+        self.connected = False
+        logger.error(
+            "Unable to connect to MQTT server: %s", self._reason_code_name(reason_code)
+        )
+        self._schedule_reconnect()
+
+    def _handle_disconnect_event(self, reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode) -> None:  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        """Handle broker disconnects idempotently from the worker thread."""
+        if not self.connected:
+            return
+
+        self.connected = False
+        self._subscription_ready = False
+        self._subscription_mid = None
+
+        if self._stop_event.is_set():
+            logger.debug("MQTT disconnected")
+            self._cleanup_client()
+            return
+
+        logger.error("MQTT disconnected: %s", self._reason_code_name(reason_code))
+        self._schedule_reconnect()
+
+    def _handle_subscribe_event(
+        self,
+        mid: int,
+        reason_codes: list[mqtt.ReasonCode],  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark the session ready after SUBACK, then replay retained/runtime state."""
+        if mid != self._subscription_mid:
+            return
+
+        if any(
+            getattr(reason_code, "is_failure", False) for reason_code in reason_codes
+        ):
+            logger.error("MQTT subscription was rejected by the broker")
+            self._schedule_reconnect()
+            return
+
+        self._subscription_ready = True
+        self._subscription_mid = None
+
+        # a bug in replay should cost a snapshot, not the MQTT session
+        try:
+            self._publish_retained_state()
+
+            if self._command_router is not None:
+                self._command_router.publish_runtime_snapshot(self.publish)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("Error replaying MQTT state after subscribe")
+
+    def _handle_inbound_message(self, topic: str, payload: str) -> None:
+        """Forward supported command topics into Dispatcher semantics."""
+        if self._dispatcher is None:
+            return
+
+        if not self._is_supported_command_topic(topic):
+            return
+
+        if topic == "onConnect":
+            now = time.monotonic()
+            if now - self._last_on_connect_dispatch < MQTT_ON_CONNECT_RATE_LIMIT:
+                logger.debug("Skipping MQTT onConnect replay request due to rate limit")
+                return
+            self._last_on_connect_dispatch = now
+
+        # a raise here used to end the network thread and take MQTT down
+        try:
+            self._dispatcher(topic, payload)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("Error handling MQTT command topic %s", topic)
+
+    def _is_supported_command_topic(self, topic: str) -> bool:
+        """Filter the wildcard subscription down to Dispatcher's command surface.
+
+        Load-bearing rather than an optimization: the broker echoes Frigate's own
+        publishes back through frigate/#, and Dispatcher republishes topics it
+        does not recognize, so forwarding unfiltered would loop.
+        """
+        if self._command_router is None:
+            return False
+
+        # mirrors the gate on the state topic in _publish_retained_state()
+        if topic == "notifications/set" and not self._notifications_enabled_in_config():
+            return False
+
+        return self._command_router.is_command_topic(topic)
+
+    def _strip_topic_prefix(self, topic: str) -> str:
+        return topic.replace(f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/", "", 1)
+
+    def _is_success_reason_code(self, reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode) -> bool:  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        if hasattr(reason_code, "is_failure"):
+            return not bool(reason_code.is_failure)
+
+        return bool(reason_code == 0)
+
+    def _reason_code_name(self, reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode) -> str:  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        if hasattr(reason_code, "getName"):
+            return str(reason_code.getName())
+
+        return str(reason_code)

    def _on_connect(
        self,
@@ -205,29 +787,11 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
        reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode,  # type: ignore[name-defined]
        properties: Any,
    ) -> None:
-        """Mqtt connection callback."""
-        threading.current_thread().name = "mqtt"
-        if reason_code != 0:
-            if reason_code == "Server unavailable":
-                logger.error(
-                    "Unable to connect to MQTT server: MQTT Server unavailable"
-                )
-            elif reason_code == "Bad user name or password":
-                logger.error(
-                    "Unable to connect to MQTT server: MQTT Bad username or password"
-                )
-            elif reason_code == "Not authorized":
-                logger.error("Unable to connect to MQTT server: MQTT Not authorized")
-            else:
-                logger.error(
-                    "Unable to connect to MQTT server: Connection refused. Error code: %s",
-                    reason_code.getName(),
-                )
-
-        self.connected = True
-        logger.debug("MQTT connected")
-        client.subscribe(f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/#", qos=self.config.mqtt.qos)
-        self._set_initial_topics()
+        """Handle broker connect notifications from paho."""
+        if self._is_success_reason_code(reason_code):
+            self._callback_queue.put(("connect", reason_code))
+        else:
+            self._callback_queue.put(("connect_failure", reason_code))

    def _on_disconnect(
        self,
@@ -237,126 +801,63 @@ class MqttClient(Communicator):
        reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode,  # type: ignore[name-defined]
        properties: Any,
    ) -> None:
-        """Mqtt disconnection callback."""
-        self.connected = False
-        logger.error("MQTT disconnected")
+        """Handle broker disconnect notifications from paho."""
+        self._callback_queue.put(("disconnect", reason_code))

-    def _start(self) -> None:
-        """Start mqtt client."""
-        self.client = mqtt.Client(
-            callback_api_version=CallbackAPIVersion.VERSION2,
-            client_id=self.mqtt_config.client_id,
-        )
-        self.client.on_connect = self._on_connect
-        self.client.on_disconnect = self._on_disconnect
-        self.client.will_set(
-            self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix + "/available",
-            payload="offline",
-            qos=1,
-            retain=True,
-        )
+    def _on_subscribe(
+        self,
+        client: mqtt.Client,
+        userdata: Any,
+        mid: int,
+        reason_codes: list[mqtt.ReasonCode],  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        properties: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Handle subscribe acknowledgements from paho."""
+        self._callback_queue.put(("subscribed", mid, reason_codes))

-        # register callbacks
-        callback_types = [
-            "enabled",
-            "recordings",
-            "snapshots",
-            "detect",
-            "audio",
-            "audio_transcription",
-            "motion",
-            "improve_contrast",
-            "ptz_autotracker",
-            "motion_threshold",
-            "motion_contour_area",
-            "birdseye",
-            "birdseye_mode",
-            "review_alerts",
-            "review_detections",
-            "object_descriptions",
-            "review_descriptions",
-            "notifications",
-        ]
+    def _on_publish(
+        self,
+        client: mqtt.Client,
+        userdata: Any,
+        mid: int,
+        reason_code: mqtt.ReasonCode,  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        properties: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Handle publish acknowledgements from paho.

-        for name in self.config.cameras.keys():
-            for callback in callback_types:
-                self.client.message_callback_add(
-                    f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/{callback}/set",
-                    self.on_mqtt_command,
-                )
+        Only tracked retained messages need an event. At the default qos 0
+        nothing is tracked, so this stays off the hot publish path.
+        """
+        with self._retained_lock:
+            if mid not in self._inflight_retained:
+                return

-            # notifications suspend doesn't follow the /set topic pattern
-            self.client.message_callback_add(
-                f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/notifications/suspend",
-                self.on_mqtt_command,
-            )
+        self._callback_queue.put(("published", mid))

-            if self.config.cameras[name].onvif.host:
-                self.client.message_callback_add(
-                    f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/ptz",
-                    self.on_mqtt_command,
-                )
+    def _on_message(
+        self,
+        client: mqtt.Client,
+        userdata: Any,
+        message: mqtt.MQTTMessage,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Queue inbound MQTT messages for processing in the worker loop."""
+        topic = self._strip_topic_prefix(message.topic)

-            for mask_name in self.config.cameras[name].motion.mask.keys():
-                self.client.message_callback_add(
-                    f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/motion_mask/{mask_name}/set",
-                    self.on_mqtt_command,
-                )
-
-            for mask_name in self.config.cameras[name].objects.mask.keys():
-                self.client.message_callback_add(
-                    f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/object_mask/{mask_name}/set",
-                    self.on_mqtt_command,
-                )
-
-            for zone_name in self.config.cameras[name].zones.keys():
-                self.client.message_callback_add(
-                    f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/{name}/zone/{zone_name}/set",
-                    self.on_mqtt_command,
-                )
-
-        if self._notifications_enabled_in_config():
-            self.client.message_callback_add(
-                f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/notifications/set",
-                self.on_mqtt_command,
-            )
-
-        self.client.message_callback_add(
-            f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/profile/set",
-            self.on_mqtt_command,
-        )
-
-        self.client.message_callback_add(
-            f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/onConnect", self.on_mqtt_command
-        )
-
-        self.client.message_callback_add(
-            f"{self.mqtt_config.topic_prefix}/restart", self.on_mqtt_command
-        )
-
-        if self.mqtt_config.tls_ca_certs is not None:
-            if (
-                self.mqtt_config.tls_client_cert is not None
-                and self.mqtt_config.tls_client_key is not None
-            ):
-                self.client.tls_set(
-                    self.mqtt_config.tls_ca_certs,
-                    self.mqtt_config.tls_client_cert,
-                    self.mqtt_config.tls_client_key,
-                )
-            else:
-                self.client.tls_set(self.mqtt_config.tls_ca_certs)
-        if self.mqtt_config.tls_insecure is not None:
-            self.client.tls_insecure_set(self.mqtt_config.tls_insecure)
-        if self.mqtt_config.user is not None:
-            self.client.username_pw_set(
-                self.mqtt_config.user, password=self.mqtt_config.password
-            )
-        try:
-            # https://stackoverflow.com/a/55390477
-            # with connect_async, retries are handled automatically
-            self.client.connect_async(self.mqtt_config.host, self.mqtt_config.port, 60)
-            self.client.loop_start()
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Unable to connect to MQTT server: {e}")
+        # Ignore everything outside Frigate's command surface before decoding or
+        # dispatching into the rest of the app.
+        if not self._is_supported_command_topic(topic):
            return
+
+        try:
+            payload = message.payload.decode()
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            logger.debug("Ignoring non-UTF-8 MQTT payload for topic %s", topic)
+            return
+
+        self._callback_queue.put(
+            (
+                "message",
+                topic,
+                payload,
+            )
+        )
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ class RecordingsDataTypeEnum(str, Enum):


 class RecordingsDataPublisher(Publisher[Any]):
-    """Publishes latest recording data."""
+    """Publishes latest recording data.
+
+    Payloads are (camera, stream_type, timestamp, cache_path) on every topic.
+    """

    topic_base = "recordings/"

@@ -63,14 +63,8 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
        self.last_notification_time: float = 0
        self.user_cameras: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
        self.notification_queue: queue.Queue[PushNotification] = queue.Queue()
-        self.notification_thread = threading.Thread(
-            target=self._process_notifications, daemon=True
-        )
-        self.notification_thread.start()
-        self.suspension_thread = threading.Thread(
-            target=self._process_suspensions, daemon=True
-        )
-        self.suspension_thread.start()
+        self.notification_thread: threading.Thread | None = None
+        self.suspension_thread: threading.Thread | None = None

        if not self.config.notifications.email:
            logger.warning("Email must be provided for push notifications to be sent.")
@@ -99,6 +93,16 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
        """Wrapper for allowing dispatcher to subscribe."""
        pass

+    def start(self) -> None:
+        self.notification_thread = threading.Thread(
+            target=self._process_notifications, daemon=True
+        )
+        self.notification_thread.start()
+        self.suspension_thread = threading.Thread(
+            target=self._process_suspensions, daemon=True
+        )
+        self.suspension_thread.start()
+
    def check_registrations(self) -> None:
        # check for valid claim or create new one
        now = datetime.datetime.now().timestamp()
@@ -220,7 +224,9 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
        if topic == "reviews":
            decoded = json.loads(payload)
            camera = decoded["before"]["camera"]
-            if not self.config.cameras[camera].notifications.enabled:
+            camera_config = self.config.cameras.get(camera)
+
+            if camera_config is None or not camera_config.notifications.enabled:
                return
            if self.is_camera_suspended(camera):
                logger.debug(f"Notifications for {camera} are currently suspended.")
@@ -234,13 +240,14 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):

            # ensure notifications are enabled and the specific trigger has
            # notification action enabled
+            camera_config = self.config.cameras.get(camera)
+
            if (
-                not self.config.cameras[camera].notifications.enabled
-                or name not in self.config.cameras[camera].semantic_search.triggers
+                camera_config is None
+                or not camera_config.notifications.enabled
+                or name not in camera_config.semantic_search.triggers
                or "notification"
-                not in self.config.cameras[camera]
-                .semantic_search.triggers[name]
-                .actions
+                not in camera_config.semantic_search.triggers[name].actions
            ):
                return

@@ -251,7 +258,9 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
        elif topic == "camera_monitoring":
            decoded = json.loads(payload)
            camera = decoded["camera"]
-            if not self.config.cameras[camera].notifications.enabled:
+            camera_config = self.config.cameras.get(camera)
+
+            if camera_config is None or not camera_config.notifications.enabled:
                return
            if self.is_camera_suspended(camera):
                logger.debug(f"Notifications for {camera} are currently suspended.")
@@ -421,7 +430,6 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):
        # Don't notify if message is an update and important fields don't have an update
        if (
            state == "update"
-            and payload["before"]["severity"] == payload["after"]["severity"]
            and len(payload["before"]["data"]["objects"])
            == len(payload["after"]["data"]["objects"])
            and len(payload["before"]["data"]["zones"])
@@ -603,4 +611,5 @@ class WebPushClient(Communicator):

    def stop(self) -> None:
        logger.info("Closing notification queue")
-        self.notification_thread.join()
+        if self.notification_thread is not None:
+            self.notification_thread.join()
@@ -466,7 +466,6 @@ class WebSocketClient(Communicator):

    def subscribe(self, receiver: Callable) -> None:
        self._dispatcher = receiver
-        self.start()

    def start(self) -> None:
        """Start the websocket client."""
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ class AudioConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
        title="Listen types",
        description="List of audio event types to detect (for example: bark, fire_alarm, speech, yell).",
    )
+    labelmap: dict[int, str] = Field(
+        default_factory=dict,
+        title="Audio labelmap customization",
+        description="Overrides or remapping entries to merge into the standard audio labelmap.",
+    )
    filters: dict[str, AudioFilterConfig] | None = Field(
        None,
        title="Audio filters",
@@ -9,21 +9,57 @@ __all__ = [
    "BirdseyeConfig",
    "BirdseyeLayoutConfig",
    "BirdseyeModeEnum",
+    "birdseye_modes_from_mqtt_payload",
+    "birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload",
 ]

+# canonical MQTT payload for an empty mode list
+MQTT_NO_MODES = "NONE"
+

 class BirdseyeModeEnum(str, Enum):
-    objects = "objects"
-    motion = "motion"
    continuous = "continuous"
+    motion = "motion"
+    all_objects = "all_objects"
+    alerts = "alerts"
+    detections = "detections"

-    @classmethod
-    def get_index(cls, type):
-        return list(cls).index(type)

-    @classmethod
-    def get(cls, index):
-        return list(cls)[index]
+def birdseye_modes_from_mqtt_payload(payload: str) -> list[BirdseyeModeEnum] | None:
+    """Parse an uppercase MQTT payload into activity modes, or None when invalid."""
+    raw_modes = payload.split(",")
+
+    if any(not raw_mode or raw_mode != raw_mode.upper() for raw_mode in raw_modes):
+        return None
+
+    if raw_modes == [MQTT_NO_MODES]:
+        return []
+
+    modes: list[BirdseyeModeEnum] = []
+
+    for raw_mode in raw_modes:
+        try:
+            mode = BirdseyeModeEnum(raw_mode.lower())
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+
+        if mode in modes:
+            return None
+
+        modes.append(mode)
+
+    return modes
+
+
+def birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload(modes: list[BirdseyeModeEnum]) -> str:
+    """Serialize activity modes for MQTT state topics."""
+    payload = ",".join(mode.value.upper() for mode in BirdseyeModeEnum if mode in modes)
+    return payload or MQTT_NO_MODES
+
+
+def default_birdseye_modes() -> list[BirdseyeModeEnum]:
+    """Return the default Birdseye activity modes."""
+    return [BirdseyeModeEnum.all_objects]


 class BirdseyeLayoutConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
@@ -47,10 +83,10 @@ class BirdseyeConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
        title="Enable Birdseye",
        description="Enable or disable the Birdseye view feature.",
    )
-    mode: BirdseyeModeEnum = Field(
-        default=BirdseyeModeEnum.objects,
-        title="Tracking mode",
-        description="Mode for including cameras in Birdseye: 'objects', 'motion', or 'continuous'.",
+    modes: list[BirdseyeModeEnum] = Field(
+        default_factory=default_birdseye_modes,
+        title="Activity types",
+        description="Activity types that include cameras in Birdseye.",
    )

    restream: bool = Field(
@@ -102,10 +138,10 @@ class BirdseyeCameraConfig(BaseModel):
        title="Enable Birdseye",
        description="Enable or disable the Birdseye view feature.",
    )
-    mode: BirdseyeModeEnum = Field(
-        default=BirdseyeModeEnum.objects,
-        title="Tracking mode",
-        description="Mode for including cameras in Birdseye: 'objects', 'motion', or 'continuous'.",
+    modes: list[BirdseyeModeEnum] = Field(
+        default_factory=default_birdseye_modes,
+        title="Activity types",
+        description="Activity types that include cameras in Birdseye.",
    )

    order: int = Field(
@@ -3,7 +3,12 @@ from enum import Enum

 from pydantic import Field, PrivateAttr, model_validator

-from frigate.const import CACHE_DIR, CACHE_SEGMENT_FORMAT, REGEX_CAMERA_NAME
+from frigate.const import (
+    CACHE_DIR,
+    CACHE_SEGMENT_FORMAT,
+    REGEX_CAMERA_NAME,
+    SUB_CACHE_TAG,
+)
 from frigate.ffmpeg_presets import (
    parse_preset_hardware_acceleration_decode,
    parse_preset_hardware_acceleration_scale,
@@ -215,16 +220,21 @@ class CameraConfig(FrigateBaseModel):

        # add roles to the input if there is only one
        if len(config["ffmpeg"]["inputs"]) == 1:
-            has_audio = "audio" in config["ffmpeg"]["inputs"][0].get("roles", [])
+            existing_roles = config["ffmpeg"]["inputs"][0].get("roles", [])

            config["ffmpeg"]["inputs"][0]["roles"] = [
                "record",
                "detect",
            ]

-            if has_audio:
+            if "audio" in existing_roles:
                config["ffmpeg"]["inputs"][0]["roles"].append("audio")

+            # kept so role validation can report the real problem rather than
+            # claiming the role was never assigned
+            if "record_sub" in existing_roles:
+                config["ffmpeg"]["inputs"][0]["roles"].append("record_sub")
+
        super().__init__(**config)

    @property
@@ -294,6 +304,28 @@ class CameraConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
                + ffmpeg_output_args
            )

+        if (
+            "record_sub" in ffmpeg_input.roles
+            and self.record.enabled
+            and self.record.sub.enabled
+        ):
+            sub_output_args = self.ffmpeg.output_args.effective_record_sub
+            record_args = get_ffmpeg_arg_list(
+                parse_preset_output_record(
+                    sub_output_args,
+                    self.ffmpeg.apple_compatibility,
+                )
+                or sub_output_args
+            )
+
+            ffmpeg_output_args = (
+                record_args
+                + [
+                    f"{os.path.join(CACHE_DIR, self.name)}{SUB_CACHE_TAG}@{CACHE_SEGMENT_FORMAT}.mp4"
+                ]
+                + ffmpeg_output_args
+            )
+
        # if there aren't any outputs enabled for this input
        if len(ffmpeg_output_args) == 0:
            return None
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from pydantic import Field, model_validator

+from frigate.detectors.detector_config import SceneEnum
+
 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel

 __all__ = ["DetectConfig", "StationaryConfig", "StationaryMaxFramesConfig"]
@@ -60,6 +62,11 @@ class DetectConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
        title="Detect width",
        description="Width (pixels) of frames used for the detect stream; leave empty to use the native stream resolution.",
    )
+    scene: SceneEnum = Field(
+        default=SceneEnum.all,
+        title="Detect scene",
+        description="The environment this camera looks at, used to pick which of the configured models runs on it. Cameras left on 'all' run the model configured with a scene of 'all'.",
+    )
    fps: int = Field(
        default=5,
        title="Detect FPS",
@@ -42,6 +42,20 @@ class FfmpegOutputArgsConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
        title="Record output arguments",
        description="Default output arguments for record role streams.",
    )
+    record_sub: str | list[str] = Field(
+        default_factory=list,
+        title="Sub stream record output arguments",
+        description="Output arguments for record_sub role streams. The record output arguments are used when this is not set.",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_record_sub(self) -> str | list[str]:
+        """Output arguments used for the record_sub role.
+
+        Falls back to the record arguments rather than to the stock preset so
+        that a customized record value keeps applying to both recorded streams.
+        """
+        return self.record_sub or self.record


 class FfmpegConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
@@ -99,6 +113,7 @@ class FfmpegConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
 class CameraRoleEnum(str, Enum):
    audio = "audio"
    record = "record"
+    record_sub = "record_sub"
    detect = "detect"


@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from enum import Enum

 from pydantic import Field

-from frigate.const import MAX_PRE_CAPTURE
+from frigate.const import MAX_PRE_CAPTURE, STREAM_TYPE_SUB
 from frigate.review.types import SeverityEnum

 from ..base import FrigateBaseModel
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ __all__ = [
    "RecordExportConfig",
    "RecordPreviewConfig",
    "RecordQualityEnum",
+    "RecordSubConfig",
    "EventsConfig",
    "ReviewRetainConfig",
    "RecordRetainConfig",
@@ -110,6 +111,34 @@ class RecordExportConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
    )


+class RecordSubConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
+    enabled: bool = Field(
+        default=False,
+        title="Enable sub stream recording",
+        description="Enable recording of a second, lower quality stream for adaptive quality playback and extended retention.",
+    )
+    continuous: RecordRetainConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=RecordRetainConfig,
+        title="Sub stream continuous retention",
+        description="Number of days to retain sub stream recordings regardless of tracked objects or motion.",
+    )
+    motion: RecordRetainConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=RecordRetainConfig,
+        title="Sub stream motion retention",
+        description="Number of days to retain sub stream recordings triggered by motion.",
+    )
+    alerts: ReviewRetainConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=ReviewRetainConfig,
+        title="Sub stream alert retention",
+        description="Retention settings for sub stream recordings of alerts.",
+    )
+    detections: ReviewRetainConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=ReviewRetainConfig,
+        title="Sub stream detection retention",
+        description="Retention settings for sub stream recordings of detections.",
+    )
+
+
 class RecordConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
    enabled: bool = Field(
        default=False,
@@ -151,12 +180,42 @@ class RecordConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
        title="Preview config",
        description="Settings controlling the quality of recording previews shown in the UI.",
    )
+    sub: RecordSubConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=RecordSubConfig,
+        title="Sub stream recording",
+        description="Settings for recording a second, lower quality stream.",
+    )
    enabled_in_config: bool | None = Field(
        default=None,
        title="Original recording state",
        description="Indicates whether recording was enabled in the original static configuration.",
    )

+    def stream_enabled(self, stream_type: str) -> bool:
+        """Whether the given record stream type should currently be recording."""
+        if stream_type == STREAM_TYPE_SUB:
+            return self.enabled and self.sub.enabled
+
+        return self.enabled
+
+    @property
+    def effective_alert_days(self) -> float:
+        """Alert retention extended to the sub stream window when sub is enabled.
+
+        Review items and tracked objects must stay visible for as long as
+        either stream still has recordings.
+        """
+        if self.sub.enabled:
+            return max(self.alerts.retain.days, self.sub.alerts.days)
+        return self.alerts.retain.days
+
+    @property
+    def effective_detection_days(self) -> float:
+        """Detection retention extended to the sub window when sub is enabled."""
+        if self.sub.enabled:
+            return max(self.detections.retain.days, self.sub.detections.days)
+        return self.detections.retain.days
+
    @property
    def event_pre_capture(self) -> int:
        return max(
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ class CameraConfigUpdateSubscriber:
            return
        elif update_type == CameraConfigUpdateEnum.remove:
            self.config.cameras.pop(camera, None)
+            self.config.drop_camera_model(camera)
            self.camera_configs.pop(camera, None)
            return

@@ -129,8 +130,13 @@ class CameraConfigUpdateSubscriber:
            config.objects = updated_config
        elif update_type == CameraConfigUpdateEnum.record:
            old_enabled_in_config = config.record.enabled_in_config
+            old_sub_enabled = config.record.sub.enabled
            config.record = updated_config
-            if old_enabled_in_config != updated_config.enabled_in_config:
+            # the record and record_sub ffmpeg outputs are gated on these
+            if (
+                old_enabled_in_config != updated_config.enabled_in_config
+                or old_sub_enabled != updated_config.sub.enabled
+            ):
                config.recreate_ffmpeg_cmds()
        elif update_type == CameraConfigUpdateEnum.review:
            config.review = updated_config
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from pydantic import (
    BaseModel,
    ConfigDict,
    Field,
-    TypeAdapter,
    ValidationInfo,
    field_validator,
    model_validator,
@@ -19,8 +18,9 @@ from pydantic import (
 from ruamel.yaml import YAML

 from frigate.const import REGEX_JSON
-from frigate.detectors import DetectorConfig, ModelConfig
-from frigate.detectors.detector_config import BaseDetectorConfig
+from frigate.detectors import ModelConfig
+from frigate.detectors.detector_config import SceneEnum
+from frigate.detectors.device import DeviceParseError, DeviceSpec, parse_device
 from frigate.plus import PlusApi
 from frigate.util.builtin import (
    deep_merge,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ from .classification import (
    SemanticSearchModelEnum,
 )
 from .database import DatabaseConfig
-from .env import EnvVars
+from .env import EnvVars, reload_sources
 from .logger import LoggerConfig
 from .mqtt import MqttConfig
 from .network import NetworkingConfig
@@ -79,9 +79,14 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 yaml = YAML()

-# Pydantic field default applied when an existing config omits `detectors:`.
+# Pydantic field default applied when an existing config omits `models:`.
 # Kept as cpu tflite for backwards compatibility with 0.17 configs.
-DEFAULT_DETECTORS = {"cpu": {"type": "cpu"}}
+DEFAULT_MODELS = [{"devices": ["cpu"]}]
+
+
+def _default_models() -> list[ModelConfig]:
+    return [ModelConfig.model_validate(model) for model in DEFAULT_MODELS]
+

 # Used by the openvino branch below and rendered into the new-config YAML
 # template so first-time setups default to openvino on CPU.
@@ -93,7 +98,7 @@ DEFAULT_MODEL = {
    "path": "/openvino-model/ssdlite_mobilenet_v2.xml",
    "labelmap_path": "/openvino-model/coco_91cl_bkgr.txt",
 }
-NEW_CONFIG_DETECTORS = {"ov": {"type": "openvino", "device": "CPU"}}
+NEW_CONFIG_MODELS = [{"devices": ["openvino:CPU"], **DEFAULT_MODEL}]
 DEFAULT_DETECT_DIMENSIONS = {"width": 1280, "height": 720}


@@ -109,7 +114,7 @@ DEFAULT_CONFIG = f"""
 mqtt:
  enabled: False

-{_render_default_yaml({"detectors": NEW_CONFIG_DETECTORS, "model": DEFAULT_MODEL})}
+{_render_default_yaml({"models": NEW_CONFIG_MODELS})}
 cameras: {{}}  # No cameras defined, UI wizard should be used
 version: {CURRENT_CONFIG_VERSION}
 """
@@ -255,6 +260,21 @@ def verify_config_roles(camera_config: CameraConfig) -> None:
            f"Camera {camera_config.name} has record enabled, but record is not assigned to an input."
        )

+    if (
+        camera_config.record.enabled
+        and camera_config.record.sub.enabled
+        and "record_sub" not in assigned_roles
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Camera {camera_config.name} has sub stream recording enabled, but record_sub is not assigned to an input."
+        )
+
+    for ffmpeg_input in camera_config.ffmpeg.inputs:
+        if "record" in ffmpeg_input.roles and "record_sub" in ffmpeg_input.roles:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Camera {camera_config.name} has record and record_sub assigned to the same input, which would record the same stream twice."
+            )
+
    if camera_config.audio.enabled and "audio" not in assigned_roles:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Camera {camera_config.name} has audio events enabled, but audio is not assigned to an input."
@@ -275,13 +295,11 @@ def verify_valid_live_stream_names(
            )


-def verify_recording_segments_setup_with_reasonable_time(
-    camera_config: CameraConfig,
+def verify_record_output_args_segment_time(
+    camera_config: CameraConfig, output_args: str | list[str], role: str
 ) -> None:
-    """Verify that recording segments are setup and segment time is not greater than 60."""
-    record_args: list[str] = get_ffmpeg_arg_list(
-        camera_config.ffmpeg.output_args.record
-    )
+    """Verify that a recording role's output args segment at a reasonable time."""
+    record_args: list[str] = get_ffmpeg_arg_list(output_args)

    if record_args[0].startswith("preset"):
        return
@@ -291,16 +309,32 @@ def verify_recording_segments_setup_with_reasonable_time(
    except ValueError:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Camera {camera_config.name} has no segment_time in \
-                         recording output args, segment args are required for record."
+                         {role} output args, segment args are required for record."
        ) from None

    if int(record_args[seg_arg_index + 1]) > 60:
        raise ValueError(
-            f"Camera {camera_config.name} has invalid segment_time output arg, \
+            f"Camera {camera_config.name} has invalid segment_time in {role} output args, \
                         segment_time must be 60 or less."
        )


+def verify_recording_segments_setup_with_reasonable_time(
+    camera_config: CameraConfig,
+) -> None:
+    """Verify that recording segments are setup and segment time is not greater than 60."""
+    verify_record_output_args_segment_time(
+        camera_config, camera_config.ffmpeg.output_args.record, "recording"
+    )
+
+    if camera_config.record.sub.enabled:
+        verify_record_output_args_segment_time(
+            camera_config,
+            camera_config.ffmpeg.output_args.effective_record_sub,
+            "sub stream recording",
+        )
+
+
 def verify_zone_objects_are_tracked(camera_config: CameraConfig) -> None:
    """Verify that user has not entered zone objects that are not in the tracking config."""
    for zone_name, zone in camera_config.zones.items():
@@ -497,16 +531,11 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
        description="User interface preferences such as timezone, time/date formatting, and units.",
    )

-    # Detector config
-    detectors: dict[str, BaseDetectorConfig] = Field(
-        default=DEFAULT_DETECTORS,
-        title="Detector hardware",
-        description="Configuration for object detectors (CPU, GPU, ONNX backends) and any detector-specific model settings.",
-    )
-    model: ModelConfig = Field(
-        default_factory=ModelConfig,
-        title="Detection model",
-        description="Settings to configure a custom object detection model and its input shape.",
+    # Detection model config
+    models: list[ModelConfig] = Field(
+        default_factory=_default_models,
+        title="Detection models",
+        description="Object detection models and the hardware each one runs on. Cameras pick a model by matching their detect.scene against a model's scene.",
    )

    # GenAI config (named provider configs: name -> GenAIConfig)
@@ -621,11 +650,226 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
    )

    _plus_api: PlusApi
+    _model_devices: dict[SceneEnum, list[DeviceSpec]]
+    _camera_models: dict[str, ModelConfig]
+    _all_attributes: list[str]
+    _all_attribute_logos: list[str]
+    _all_attributes_map: dict[str, list[str]]
+    _all_labels: set[str]

    @property
    def plus_api(self) -> PlusApi:
        return self._plus_api

+    @property
+    def all_attributes(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Every attribute label across all configured models."""
+        return self._all_attributes
+
+    @property
+    def all_attribute_logos(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Every logo attribute label across all configured models."""
+        return self._all_attribute_logos
+
+    @property
+    def all_attributes_map(self) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
+        """Object label to attribute labels, merged across all configured models."""
+        return self._all_attributes_map
+
+    @property
+    def all_labels(self) -> set[str]:
+        """Every object label across all configured models."""
+        return self._all_labels
+
+    @property
+    def primary_model(self) -> ModelConfig:
+        """The model used when no specific camera is in play."""
+        for model in self.models:
+            if model.scene == SceneEnum.all:
+                return model
+
+        return self.models[0]
+
+    def model_for_camera(self, camera_name: str) -> ModelConfig:
+        """Get the detection model a camera runs on.
+
+        Cameras added at runtime (wizard, clone, debug replay) are inserted
+        into cameras after parse, so they miss the cache built during
+        post_validation and are resolved here on first lookup.
+
+        Args:
+            camera_name: Name of the camera
+
+        Returns:
+            The model matching the camera's detect scene
+        """
+        model = self._camera_models.get(camera_name)
+
+        if model is None:
+            camera = self.cameras.get(camera_name)
+            scene = camera.detect.scene if camera is not None else SceneEnum.all
+            model = self._resolve_camera_model(camera_name, scene)
+            self._camera_models[camera_name] = model
+
+        return model
+
+    def drop_camera_model(self, camera_name: str) -> None:
+        """Forget the cached model for a camera removed at runtime.
+
+        A later re-add resolves fresh, so a camera recreated under the same
+        name with a different detect scene doesn't inherit the removed
+        camera's model.
+
+        Args:
+            camera_name: Name of the removed camera
+        """
+        self._camera_models.pop(camera_name, None)
+
+    def devices_for_model(self, model: ModelConfig) -> list[DeviceSpec]:
+        """Get the parsed hardware devices a model runs on.
+
+        Args:
+            model: One of the configured models
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed device specs, in config order
+        """
+        return self._model_devices[model.scene]
+
+    def _load_model(self, model: ModelConfig, detector: str) -> ModelConfig:
+        """Apply detector specific defaults to a model and load its weights and labels.
+
+        Args:
+            model: The configured model
+            detector: The detector type the model runs on
+
+        Returns:
+            The loaded model
+        """
+        model_config = model.model_dump(exclude_unset=True, warnings="none")
+
+        if "path" not in model_config:
+            if detector == "cpu" or detector.endswith("_tfl"):
+                model_config["path"] = "/cpu_model.tflite"
+            elif detector == "edgetpu":
+                model_config["path"] = "/edgetpu_model.tflite"
+            elif detector == "openvino":
+                for default_key, default_value in DEFAULT_MODEL.items():
+                    model_config.setdefault(default_key, default_value)
+
+        loaded = ModelConfig.model_validate(model_config)
+        loaded.check_and_load_plus_model(self.plus_api, detector)
+        loaded.compute_model_hash()
+        return loaded
+
+    def _load_models(self) -> None:
+        """Validate the configured models and load each one."""
+        if not self.models:
+            raise ValueError("At least one model must be configured under models")
+
+        model_devices: dict[SceneEnum, list[DeviceSpec]] = {}
+        # device string -> the scene of the model that already claimed it
+        claimed_devices: dict[str, SceneEnum] = {}
+
+        for index, model in enumerate(self.models):
+            scene = model.scene.value
+
+            if model.scene in model_devices:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Multiple models are configured with a scene of '{scene}'. Each model must use a different scene."
+                )
+
+            if not model.devices:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Model '{scene}' must list at least one entry under devices."
+                )
+
+            try:
+                devices = [parse_device(device) for device in model.devices]
+            except DeviceParseError as err:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Model '{scene}' has an invalid device: {err}"
+                ) from err
+
+            detectors = {device.detector for device in devices}
+
+            if len(detectors) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Model '{scene}' mixes the {', '.join(sorted(detectors))} detectors. All of a model's devices must use the same detector."
+                )
+
+            for device in devices:
+                if device.raw in claimed_devices and not device.shareable:
+                    other = claimed_devices[device.raw]
+                    where = (
+                        f"twice by model '{scene}'"
+                        if other == model.scene
+                        else f"by both the '{other.value}' and '{scene}' models"
+                    )
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Device '{device.raw}' is used {where}, but it can only run one detection process."
+                    )
+
+                claimed_devices[device.raw] = model.scene
+
+            self.models[index] = self._load_model(model, devices[0].detector)
+            model_devices[model.scene] = devices
+
+        attributes: set[str] = set()
+        attribute_logos: set[str] = set()
+        attributes_map: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
+        labels: set[str] = set()
+
+        for model in self.models:
+            attributes.update(model.all_attributes)
+            attribute_logos.update(model.all_attribute_logos)
+            labels.update(model.merged_labelmap.values())
+
+            for label, label_attributes in model.attributes_map.items():
+                attributes_map.setdefault(label, set()).update(label_attributes)
+
+        self._model_devices = model_devices
+        self._all_attributes = sorted(attributes)
+        self._all_attribute_logos = sorted(attribute_logos)
+        self._all_attributes_map = {
+            label: sorted(label_attributes)
+            for label, label_attributes in sorted(attributes_map.items())
+        }
+        self._all_labels = labels
+
+    def _resolve_camera_model(self, name: str, scene: SceneEnum) -> ModelConfig:
+        """Resolve which model a camera runs on.
+
+        A camera may name a scene no model is configured for, which is valid as
+        long as an 'all' model is there to fall back to.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Name of the camera
+            scene: The camera's detect scene, which defaults to 'all'
+
+        Returns:
+            The model the camera runs on
+        """
+        by_scene = {model.scene: model for model in self.models}
+        model = by_scene.get(scene)
+
+        if model is not None:
+            return model
+
+        default = by_scene.get(SceneEnum.all)
+
+        if default is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Camera '{name}' has a detect scene of '{scene.value}', but no model is configured for that scene or for 'all'."
+            )
+
+        logger.warning(
+            "Camera '%s' has a detect scene of '%s', but no model is configured for that scene, so the 'all' model is used",
+            name,
+            scene.value,
+        )
+        return default
+
    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def post_validation(self, info: ValidationInfo) -> Self:
        # Load plus api from context, if possible.
@@ -670,8 +914,10 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
                    "'embeddings' in its roles for semantic search."
                )

+        self._load_models()
+
        # set default min_score for object attributes
-        for attribute in self.model.all_attributes:
+        for attribute in self.all_attributes:
            existing = self.objects.filters.get(attribute)
            if existing is None:
                self.objects.filters[attribute] = FilterConfig(min_score=0.7)
@@ -721,44 +967,7 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
            exclude_unset=True,
        )

-        for key, detector in self.detectors.items():
-            adapter = TypeAdapter(DetectorConfig)
-            model_dict = (
-                detector
-                if isinstance(detector, dict)
-                else detector.model_dump(warnings="none")
-            )
-            detector_config: BaseDetectorConfig = adapter.validate_python(model_dict)
-
-            # users should not set model themselves
-            if detector_config.model:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "The model key should be specified at the root level of the config, not under detectors. The nested model key will be ignored."
-                )
-                detector_config.model = None
-
-            model_config = self.model.model_dump(exclude_unset=True, warnings="none")
-
-            if detector_config.model_path:
-                model_config["path"] = detector_config.model_path
-
-            if "path" not in model_config:
-                if detector_config.type == "cpu" or detector_config.type.endswith(
-                    "_tfl"
-                ):
-                    model_config["path"] = "/cpu_model.tflite"
-                elif detector_config.type == "edgetpu":
-                    model_config["path"] = "/edgetpu_model.tflite"
-                elif detector_config.type == "openvino":
-                    for default_key, default_value in DEFAULT_MODEL.items():
-                        model_config.setdefault(default_key, default_value)
-
-            model = ModelConfig.model_validate(model_config)
-            model.check_and_load_plus_model(self.plus_api, detector_config.type)
-            model.compute_model_hash()
-            labelmap_objects = model.merged_labelmap.values()
-            detector_config.model = model
-            self.detectors[key] = detector_config
+        self._camera_models = {}

        for name, camera in self.cameras.items():
            modified_global_config = global_config.copy()
@@ -785,6 +994,9 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
                {"name": name, **merged_config}
            )

+            camera_model = self._resolve_camera_model(name, camera_config.detect.scene)
+            self._camera_models[name] = camera_model
+
            if camera_config.ffmpeg.hwaccel_args == "auto":
                camera_config.ffmpeg.hwaccel_args = self.ffmpeg.hwaccel_args

@@ -1005,7 +1217,7 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
            verify_profile_overrides_match_base(camera_config)
            verify_autotrack_zones(camera_config)
            verify_motion_and_detect(camera_config)
-            verify_objects_track(camera_config, labelmap_objects)
+            verify_objects_track(camera_config, camera_model.merged_labelmap.values())
            verify_lpr_and_face(self, camera_config)

        # Validate camera profiles reference top-level profile definitions
@@ -1022,8 +1234,16 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):
            config.name = name

        self.objects.parse_all_objects(self.cameras)
-        self.model.create_colormap(sorted(self.objects.all_objects))
-        self.model.check_and_load_plus_model(self.plus_api)
+
+        # every model shares one colormap so a label is drawn the same color no
+        # matter which model detected it, so filter attributes across all models
+        # rather than letting each model filter with only its own
+        colored_labels = sorted(
+            set(self.objects.all_objects) - set(self.all_attributes)
+        )
+
+        for model in self.models:
+            model.create_colormap(colored_labels)

        # Check audio transcription and audio detection requirements
        if self.audio_transcription.enabled:
@@ -1093,6 +1313,9 @@ class FrigateConfig(FrigateBaseModel):

    @classmethod
    def parse(cls, config, *, is_json=None, safe_load=False, **context):
+        # Pick up secrets.yaml edits without a restart.
+        reload_sources()
+
        # If config is a file, read its contents.
        if hasattr(config, "read"):
            fname = getattr(config, "name", None)
@@ -1,20 +1,193 @@
+"""Environment variable and secrets handling for the Frigate config."""
+
+import logging
 import os
 import re
+from collections.abc import Mapping
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Annotated
+from typing import Annotated, Any

 from pydantic import AfterValidator, ValidationInfo
+from ruamel.yaml import YAML, YAMLError

-FRIGATE_ENV_VARS = {k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k.startswith("FRIGATE_")}
-secrets_dir = os.environ.get("CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY", "/run/secrets")
-# read secret files as env vars too
-if os.path.isdir(secrets_dir) and os.access(secrets_dir, os.R_OK):
-    for secret_file in os.listdir(secrets_dir):
-        if secret_file.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
-            FRIGATE_ENV_VARS[secret_file] = (
-                Path(os.path.join(secrets_dir, secret_file)).read_text().strip()
+from frigate.const import CONFIG_DIR
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UnknownVariableError(ValueError):
+    """Undefined {FRIGATE_*} placeholder. ValueError so pydantic names the field."""
+
+
+# Substitution sources, lowest precedence first.
+_CONFIG_ENV_VARS: dict[str, str] = {}
+_SECRETS_FILE: dict[str, str] = {}
+# Snapshot: apply_config_env_vars() writes os.environ after import.
+_CONTAINER_ENV: dict[str, str] = {
+    k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k.startswith("FRIGATE_")
+}
+_CREDENTIALS_DIR: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+_SOURCES: tuple[tuple[str, dict[str, str]], ...] = (
+    ("environment_vars config block", _CONFIG_ENV_VARS),
+    ("secrets.yaml", _SECRETS_FILE),
+    ("container environment", _CONTAINER_ENV),
+    ("credentials directory", _CREDENTIALS_DIR),
+)
+
+FRIGATE_ENV_VARS: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+_WARNED_COLLISIONS: set[str] = set()
+
+
+def _rebuild(warn: bool = True) -> None:
+    """Merge the sources into FRIGATE_ENV_VARS.
+
+    warn=False is for the import-time call, before logging is configured.
+    """
+    merged: dict[str, str] = {}
+    origin: dict[str, str] = {}
+    duplicated: set[str] = set()
+
+    for label, source in _SOURCES:
+        for key, value in source.items():
+            if key in merged and merged[key] != value:
+                duplicated.add(key)
+
+            merged[key] = value
+            origin[key] = label
+
+    if warn:
+        for key in sorted(duplicated - _WARNED_COLLISIONS):
+            _WARNED_COLLISIONS.add(key)
+            logger.warning(
+                "%s is defined in more than one place, using the value from %s",
+                key,
+                origin[key],
            )

+    # In place: tests hold a reference to this dict.
+    FRIGATE_ENV_VARS.clear()
+    FRIGATE_ENV_VARS.update(merged)
+
+
+def _load_credentials_dir() -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Read FRIGATE_* files from the Docker or systemd credentials directory."""
+    directory = os.environ.get("CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY", "/run/secrets")
+    values: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    if not (os.path.isdir(directory) and os.access(directory, os.R_OK)):
+        return values
+
+    for name in os.listdir(directory):
+        if not name.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            values[name] = Path(os.path.join(directory, name)).read_text().strip()
+        except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError):
+            logger.warning("Unable to read %s in %s, skipping", name, directory)
+
+    return values
+
+
+def _secrets_file_path() -> str | None:
+    """Locate secrets.yaml next to the config file."""
+    config_file = os.environ.get("CONFIG_FILE")
+    config_dir = os.path.dirname(config_file) if config_file else CONFIG_DIR
+
+    for name in ("secrets.yaml", "secrets.yml"):
+        path = os.path.join(config_dir, name)
+
+        if os.path.isfile(path):
+            return path
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _load_secrets_file() -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Read the flat FRIGATE_* map from secrets.yaml, if it exists."""
+    path = _secrets_file_path()
+
+    if path is None:
+        return {}
+
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            raw: Any = YAML(typ="safe").load(f)
+    except OSError as err:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unable to read {path}: {err.strerror}") from err
+    except YAMLError as err:
+        # The parser message can quote values, so only name a position.
+        mark = getattr(err, "problem_mark", None)
+        where = f" near line {mark.line + 1}" if mark is not None else ""
+        raise ValueError(f"{path} is not valid YAML{where}") from err
+
+    if raw is None:
+        return {}
+
+    if not isinstance(raw, dict):
+        raise ValueError(f"{path} must be a flat map of names to values")
+
+    values: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    for key, value in raw.items():
+        name = str(key)
+
+        if isinstance(value, (dict, list)):
+            raise ValueError(f"{path} value for {name} must be a single value")
+
+        if not name.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
+            logger.warning(
+                "Ignoring %s in %s, names must start with FRIGATE_", name, path
+            )
+            continue
+
+        values[name] = "" if value is None else str(value)
+
+    return values
+
+
+def reload_sources(warn: bool = True) -> None:
+    """Re-read the file backed sources and rebuild the namespace."""
+    _CREDENTIALS_DIR.clear()
+    _CREDENTIALS_DIR.update(_load_credentials_dir())
+
+    try:
+        secrets = _load_secrets_file()
+    except ValueError as err:
+        # Keep the last good values; this runs at import and on every parse.
+        logger.error("Ignoring secrets file, %s", err)
+    else:
+        _SECRETS_FILE.clear()
+        _SECRETS_FILE.update(secrets)
+
+    _rebuild(warn)
+
+
+def apply_config_env_vars(values: Mapping[str, object]) -> None:
+    """Install the environment_vars block as the lowest priority source.
+
+    Unprefixed keys only set os.environ.
+    """
+    for key, value in values.items():
+        resolved = str(value)
+
+        if key.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
+            _CONFIG_ENV_VARS[key] = resolved
+        else:
+            os.environ[key] = resolved
+
+    _rebuild()
+
+    # Export the winning value; auth reads FRIGATE_JWT_SECRET from os.environ.
+    for key in values:
+        if key.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
+            os.environ[key] = FRIGATE_ENV_VARS[key]
+
+
+reload_sources(warn=False)
+

 # Matches a FRIGATE_* identifier following an opening brace.
 _FRIGATE_IDENT_RE = re.compile(r"FRIGATE_[A-Za-z0-9_]+")
@@ -29,12 +202,13 @@ def substitute_frigate_vars(value: str) -> str:

    * `{{` and `}}` collapse to literal `{` / `}` (the documented escape).
    * `{FRIGATE_NAME}` is replaced from `FRIGATE_ENV_VARS`; an unknown name
-      raises `KeyError` to preserve the existing "Invalid substitution"
-      error path.
+      raises `UnknownVariableError` to preserve the existing "Invalid
+      substitution" error path.
    * A `{` that begins `{FRIGATE_` but is not a well-formed
      `{FRIGATE_NAME}` placeholder raises `ValueError` (malformed
-      placeholder). Callers that catch `KeyError` to allow unknown-var
-      passthrough will still surface malformed syntax as an error.
+      placeholder). Callers that catch `UnknownVariableError` to allow
+      unknown-var passthrough will still surface malformed syntax as an
+      error.
    * Any other `{` or `}` is treated as a literal and passed through.
    """
    out: list[str] = []
@@ -58,7 +232,10 @@ def substitute_frigate_vars(value: str) -> str:
                ):
                    key = ident_match.group(0)
                    if key not in FRIGATE_ENV_VARS:
-                        raise KeyError(key)
+                        raise UnknownVariableError(
+                            f"{key} is not defined in the environment, "
+                            "secrets.yaml, or the environment_vars config"
+                        )
                    out.append(FRIGATE_ENV_VARS[key])
                    i = ident_match.end() + 1
                    continue
@@ -94,10 +271,7 @@ EnvString = Annotated[str, AfterValidator(validate_env_string)]

 def validate_env_vars(v: dict[str, str], info: ValidationInfo) -> dict[str, str]:
    if isinstance(info.context, dict) and info.context.get("install", False):
-        for k, val in v.items():
-            os.environ[k] = val
-            if k.startswith("FRIGATE_"):
-                FRIGATE_ENV_VARS[k] = val
+        apply_config_env_vars(v)

    return v

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any

+from frigate.config.camera.birdseye import birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload
 from frigate.config.camera.updater import (
    CameraConfigUpdateEnum,
    CameraConfigUpdatePublisher,
@@ -42,8 +43,12 @@ SECTION_STATE_TOPICS: dict[str, list[tuple[str, Callable[[Any], Any]]]] = {
    "birdseye": [
        ("birdseye", lambda c: "ON" if c.birdseye.enabled else "OFF"),
        (
-            "birdseye_mode",
-            lambda c: c.birdseye.mode.value.upper() if c.birdseye.enabled else "OFF",
+            "birdseye_modes",
+            lambda c: (
+                birdseye_modes_to_mqtt_payload(c.birdseye.modes)
+                if c.birdseye.enabled
+                else "OFF"
+            ),
        ),
    ],
    "detect": [("detect", lambda c: "ON" if c.detect.enabled else "OFF")],
@@ -23,6 +23,15 @@ SHM_FRAMES_VAR = "SHM_MAX_FRAMES"

 REDACTED_CREDENTIAL_SENTINEL = "__FRIGATE_SAVED_CREDENTIAL__"

+# Stream type constants
+
+STREAM_TYPE_MAIN = "main"
+STREAM_TYPE_SUB = "sub"
+SUB_CACHE_TAG = "@sub"
+RECORD_STREAM_TYPES = (STREAM_TYPE_MAIN, STREAM_TYPE_SUB)
+ROLE_TO_STREAM_TYPE = {"record": STREAM_TYPE_MAIN, "record_sub": STREAM_TYPE_SUB}
+STREAM_TYPE_TO_ROLE = {v: k for k, v in ROLE_TO_STREAM_TYPE.items()}
+
 # Attribute & Object constants

 DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_LABEL_MAP = {
@@ -44,11 +53,7 @@ DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_LABEL_MAP = {
        "ups",
        "usps",
    ],
-    "truck": ["license_plate"],
-    "garbage_truck": ["license_plate"],
    "motorcycle": ["license_plate"],
-    "bus": ["license_plate"],
-    "school_bus": ["license_plate"],
 }
 ATTRIBUTE_LABEL_DISPLAY_MAP = {
    "amazon": "Amazon",
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class LicensePlateProcessingMixin:
        # Object config
        self.lp_objects: list[str] = []

-        for obj, attributes in self.config.model.attributes_map.items():
+        for obj, attributes in self.config.all_attributes_map.items():
            if "license_plate" in attributes:
                self.lp_objects.append(obj)

@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ class LicensePlateProcessingMixin:
                and obj_data.get("label") != "license_plate"
            ):
                logger.debug(
-                    f"{camera}: Not a processing license plate for {obj_data.get('label', 'unknown')}."
+                    f"{camera}: Not a processing license plate for non car/motorcycle object."
                )
                return

@@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ class LicensePlateProcessingMixin:

                if not license_plate:
                    logger.debug(
-                        f"{camera}: Detected no license plates for {obj_data.get('label', 'unknown')} object."
+                        f"{camera}: Detected no license plates for car/motorcycle object."
                    )
                    return

@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ class AudioTranscriptionPostProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
        """
        event_id = data["event_id"]
        camera_name = data["camera"]
+        camera_config = self.config.cameras.get(camera_name)
+
+        if camera_config is None:
+            return

        if data_type == PostProcessDataEnum.recording:
            start_ts = data["frame_time"]
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ class AudioTranscriptionPostProcessor(PostProcessorApi):

        try:
            audio_data = get_audio_from_recording(
-                self.config.cameras[camera_name].ffmpeg,
+                camera_config.ffmpeg,
                camera_name,
                start_ts,
                end_ts,
@@ -151,7 +151,12 @@ class ObjectDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
            logger.error(f"Event {event_id} not found for description regeneration")
            return

-        camera_config = self.config.cameras[str(event.camera)]
+        camera_config = self.config.cameras.get(str(event.camera))
+
+        if camera_config is None:
+            logger.error("Camera %s no longer exists", event.camera)
+            return
+
        if not camera_config.objects.genai.enabled and not force:
            logger.error(f"GenAI not enabled for camera {event.camera}")
            return
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from frigate.const import (
    ATTRIBUTE_LABEL_DISPLAY_MAP,
    CACHE_DIR,
    CLIPS_DIR,
+    STREAM_TYPE_MAIN,
    UPDATE_REVIEW_DESCRIPTION,
 )
 from frigate.data_processing.types import PostProcessDataEnum
@@ -137,7 +138,10 @@ class ReviewDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
            return

        camera = data["after"]["camera"]
-        camera_config = self.config.cameras[camera]
+        camera_config = self.config.cameras.get(camera)
+
+        if camera_config is None:
+            return

        if not camera_config.review.genai.enabled:
            return
@@ -231,8 +235,8 @@ class ReviewDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
                    final_data,
                    thumbs,
                    camera_config.review.genai,
-                    list(self.config.model.merged_labelmap.values()),
-                    self.config.model.all_attributes,
+                    sorted(self.config.all_labels),
+                    self.config.all_attributes,
                ),
            ).start()

@@ -438,6 +442,7 @@ class ReviewDescriptionProcessor(PostProcessorApi):
                    )
                    .where((ts >= Recordings.start_time) & (ts <= Recordings.end_time))
                    .where(Recordings.camera == camera)
+                    .where(Recordings.stream_type == STREAM_TYPE_MAIN)
                    .order_by(Recordings.start_time.desc())
                    .limit(1)
                    .get()
@@ -25,31 +25,25 @@ def is_arm64_platform() -> bool:
    return machine in ("aarch64", "arm64", "armv8", "armv7l")


-def get_ort_session_options(model_type: str | None = None) -> ort.SessionOptions | None:
+def get_ort_session_options(
+    is_complex_model: bool = False,
+) -> ort.SessionOptions | None:
    """Get ONNX Runtime session options with appropriate settings.

    Args:
-        model_type: Model being loaded, used to pin its graph optimization level.
+        is_complex_model: Whether the model needs basic optimization to avoid graph fusion issues.

    Returns:
-        SessionOptions with a pinned optimization level, or None for default settings.
+        SessionOptions with appropriate optimization level, or None for default settings.
    """
-    # Import here to avoid circular imports
-    from frigate.embeddings.types import EnrichmentModelTypeEnum
+    if is_complex_model:
+        sess_options = ort.SessionOptions()
+        sess_options.graph_optimization_level = (
+            ort.GraphOptimizationLevel.ORT_ENABLE_BASIC
+        )
+        return sess_options

-    if model_type == EnrichmentModelTypeEnum.jina_v2.value:
-        # below EXTENDED the CUDA EP returns an identical vector for every image,
-        # and ORT_ENABLE_ALL fails to build on CPU with a SimplifiedLayerNormFusion error
-        level = ort.GraphOptimizationLevel.ORT_ENABLE_EXTENDED
-    elif model_type == EnrichmentModelTypeEnum.jina_v1.value:
-        # aggressive optimizations create or expect nodes that don't exist
-        level = ort.GraphOptimizationLevel.ORT_ENABLE_BASIC
-    else:
-        return None
-
-    sess_options = ort.SessionOptions()
-    sess_options.graph_optimization_level = level
-    return sess_options
+    return None


 # Import OpenVINO only when needed to avoid circular dependencies
@@ -121,6 +115,21 @@ class BaseModelRunner(ABC):
 class ONNXModelRunner(BaseModelRunner):
    """Run ONNX models using ONNX Runtime."""

+    @staticmethod
+    def is_cpu_complex_model(model_type: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if model needs basic optimization level to avoid graph fusion issues.
+
+        Some models (like Jina-CLIP) have issues with aggressive optimizations like
+        SimplifiedLayerNormFusion that create or expect nodes that don't exist.
+        """
+        # Import here to avoid circular imports
+        from frigate.embeddings.types import EnrichmentModelTypeEnum
+
+        return model_type in [
+            EnrichmentModelTypeEnum.jina_v1.value,
+            EnrichmentModelTypeEnum.jina_v2.value,
+        ]
+
    @staticmethod
    def is_migraphx_complex_model(model_type: str) -> bool:
        # Import here to avoid circular imports
@@ -199,20 +208,15 @@ class CudaGraphRunner(BaseModelRunner):
            EnrichmentModelTypeEnum.yolov9_license_plate.value,
        ]

-    # ORT performs two regular runs before it starts capturing, but on some
-    # driver / cuDNN combinations the arena still has to extend on the run that
-    # captures, and cudaMalloc is not allowed during capture. Running with
-    # capture disabled first keeps those allocations outside of the capture.
-    GRAPH_FREE_WARMUP_RUNS = 2
-
    def __init__(self, session: ort.InferenceSession, cuda_device_id: int):
        self._session = session
        self._cuda_device_id = cuda_device_id
-        self._prepared = False
+        self._captured = False
        self._io_binding: ort.IOBinding | None = None
        self._input_name: str | None = None
        self._output_names: list[str] | None = None
        self._input_ortvalue: ort.OrtValue | None = None
+        self._output_ortvalues: ort.OrtValue | None = None

    def get_input_names(self) -> list[str]:
        """Get input names for the model."""
@@ -222,41 +226,35 @@ class CudaGraphRunner(BaseModelRunner):
        """Get the input width of the model."""
        return self._session.get_inputs()[0].shape[3]

-    def _prepare(self, input_name: str, tensor_input: np.ndarray) -> None:
-        """Bind CUDA buffers and warm the session up with capture disabled."""
-        self._io_binding = self._session.io_binding()
-        self._input_name = input_name
-        self._output_names = [o.name for o in self._session.get_outputs()]
-
-        self._input_ortvalue = ort.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(
-            tensor_input, "cuda", self._cuda_device_id
-        )
-        self._io_binding.bind_ortvalue_input(self._input_name, self._input_ortvalue)
-
-        for name in self._output_names:
-            # Bind outputs to CUDA and allow ORT to allocate appropriately
-            self._io_binding.bind_output(name, "cuda", self._cuda_device_id)
-
-        # gpu_graph_id -1 disables capture and replay for the run
-        warmup_options = ort.RunOptions()
-        warmup_options.add_run_config_entry("gpu_graph_id", "-1")
-
-        for _ in range(self.GRAPH_FREE_WARMUP_RUNS):
-            self._session.run_with_iobinding(self._io_binding, warmup_options)
-
-        self._prepared = True
-
    def run(self, input: dict[str, Any]):
        # Extract the single tensor input (assuming one input)
        input_name = list(input.keys())[0]
-        tensor_input = np.ascontiguousarray(input[input_name])
+        tensor_input = input[input_name]
+        tensor_input = np.ascontiguousarray(tensor_input)

-        if not self._prepared:
-            self._prepare(input_name, tensor_input)
-        else:
-            # Replay using updated input
-            self._input_ortvalue.update_inplace(tensor_input)
+        if not self._captured:
+            # Prepare IOBinding with CUDA buffers and let ORT allocate outputs on device
+            self._io_binding = self._session.io_binding()
+            self._input_name = input_name
+            self._output_names = [o.name for o in self._session.get_outputs()]

+            self._input_ortvalue = ort.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(
+                tensor_input, "cuda", self._cuda_device_id
+            )
+            self._io_binding.bind_ortvalue_input(self._input_name, self._input_ortvalue)
+
+            for name in self._output_names:
+                # Bind outputs to CUDA and allow ORT to allocate appropriately
+                self._io_binding.bind_output(name, "cuda", self._cuda_device_id)
+
+            # First IOBinding run to allocate, execute, and capture CUDA Graph
+            ro = ort.RunOptions()
+            self._session.run_with_iobinding(self._io_binding, ro)
+            self._captured = True
+            return self._io_binding.copy_outputs_to_cpu()
+
+        # Replay using updated input, copy results to CPU
+        self._input_ortvalue.update_inplace(tensor_input)
        ro = ort.RunOptions()
        self._session.run_with_iobinding(self._io_binding, ro)
        return self._io_binding.copy_outputs_to_cpu()
@@ -325,12 +323,6 @@ class OpenVINOModelRunner(BaseModelRunner):
        if device in ["GPU", "AUTO", "NPU"]:
            self.ov_core.set_property(device, {"PERFORMANCE_HINT": "LATENCY"})

-        if device in ["GPU", "AUTO"]:
-            try:
-                self.ov_core.set_property("GPU", {"GPU_QUEUE_THROTTLE": "LOW"})
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.debug(f"GPU_QUEUE_THROTTLE not supported: {e}")
-
        if device == "NPU" and OpenVINOModelRunner.is_detection_model(model_type):
            try:
                self.ov_core.set_property(device, {"NPU_TURBO": "YES"})
@@ -634,7 +626,9 @@ def get_optimized_runner(
    return ONNXModelRunner(
        ort.InferenceSession(
            model_path,
-            sess_options=get_ort_session_options(model_type),
+            sess_options=get_ort_session_options(
+                ONNXModelRunner.is_cpu_complex_model(model_type)
+            ),
            providers=providers,
            provider_options=options,
        ),
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import json
 import logging
 import os
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, ClassVar

 import requests
 from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ from frigate.util.builtin import generate_color_palette, load_labels

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

+# attributes that are recognized rather than shown as a logo
+NON_LOGO_ATTRIBUTES = ["face", "license_plate"]
+

 class PixelFormatEnum(str, Enum):
    rgb = "rgb"
@@ -44,7 +47,27 @@ class ModelTypeEnum(str, Enum):
    yologeneric = "yolo-generic"


+class SceneEnum(str, Enum):
+    """The camera environment a detection model is intended for."""
+
+    all = "all"
+    indoor = "indoor"
+    outdoor = "outdoor"
+    indoor_thermal = "indoor_thermal"
+    outdoor_thermal = "outdoor_thermal"
+
+
 class ModelConfig(BaseModel):
+    scene: SceneEnum = Field(
+        default=SceneEnum.all,
+        title="Model scene",
+        description="The camera environment this model is used for. Cameras select a model by setting detect.scene to a matching value, and 'all' is used by any camera that does not set one.",
+    )
+    devices: list[str] = Field(
+        default_factory=list,
+        title="Detection hardware",
+        description="Hardware this model runs on, as '<detector>' or '<detector>:<device>' (for example 'edgetpu:pci:0' or 'openvino:GPU'). Listing the same device more than once runs additional inference processes on it.",
+    )
    path: str | None = Field(
        None,
        title="Custom object detector model path",
@@ -111,7 +134,7 @@ class ModelConfig(BaseModel):

    @property
    def non_logo_attributes(self) -> list[str]:
-        return ["face", "license_plate"]
+        return NON_LOGO_ATTRIBUTES

    @property
    def all_attributes(self) -> list[str]:
@@ -201,9 +224,7 @@ class ModelConfig(BaseModel):
            unique_attributes.update(attributes)

        self._all_attributes = list(unique_attributes)
-        self._all_attribute_logos = list(
-            unique_attributes - set(["face", "license_plate"])
-        )
+        self._all_attribute_logos = list(unique_attributes - set(NON_LOGO_ATTRIBUTES))

        self._merged_labelmap = {
            **{int(key): val for key, val in model_info["labelMap"].items()},
@@ -234,6 +255,14 @@ class ModelConfig(BaseModel):


 class BaseDetectorConfig(BaseModel):
+    # how the trailing part of a device string ("openvino:GPU" -> "GPU") maps onto
+    # this detector's fields, and whether the same device may be listed more than
+    # once to run additional inference processes against it. Most accelerators
+    # multiplex fine, so this is opt-out rather than opt-in.
+    device_spec_field: ClassVar[str] = "device"
+    device_spec_type: ClassVar[type] = str
+    shareable: ClassVar[bool] = True
+
    # the type field must be defined in all subclasses
    type: str = Field(
        default="cpu",
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import importlib
 import logging
 import pkgutil
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Annotated, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Union, get_args

 from pydantic import Field

@@ -39,3 +39,21 @@ DetectorConfig = Annotated[
    Union[tuple(BaseDetectorConfig.__subclasses__())],  # noqa: UP007
    Field(discriminator="type"),
 ]
+
+
+def _discriminator_value(config_class: type[BaseDetectorConfig]) -> str | None:
+    """Read the Literal value of a detector config class' type field."""
+    field = config_class.model_fields.get("type")
+
+    if field is None:
+        return None
+
+    values = get_args(field.annotation)
+    return values[0] if values else None
+
+
+config_types: dict[str, type[BaseDetectorConfig]] = {
+    key: config_class
+    for config_class in BaseDetectorConfig.__subclasses__()
+    if (key := _discriminator_value(config_class)) is not None
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"""Parsing of detection hardware device strings."""
+
+import logging
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from pydantic import TypeAdapter, ValidationError
+
+from frigate.detectors.detector_config import BaseDetectorConfig, ModelConfig
+from frigate.detectors.detector_types import DetectorConfig, config_types
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_detector_adapter: TypeAdapter[BaseDetectorConfig] = TypeAdapter(DetectorConfig)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DeviceSpec:
+    """A parsed `<detector>` or `<detector>:<device>` string."""
+
+    raw: str
+    detector: str
+    device: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def shareable(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this device may be listed more than once."""
+        return config_types[self.detector].shareable
+
+
+class DeviceParseError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_device(raw: str) -> DeviceSpec:
+    """Parse a device string into its detector type and detector specific device.
+
+    Args:
+        raw: The configured device string, for example 'edgetpu:pci:0'
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed spec
+
+    Raises:
+        DeviceParseError: If the detector type is unknown or the device is not
+            valid for that detector
+    """
+    detector, separator, device = raw.partition(":")
+
+    if detector not in config_types:
+        raise DeviceParseError(
+            f"'{raw}' does not name a known detector. Available detectors are {', '.join(sorted(config_types))}"
+        )
+
+    spec = DeviceSpec(raw=raw, detector=detector, device=device if separator else None)
+
+    # surface a bad device now rather than when the detection process starts
+    build_detector_config(spec, None)
+    return spec
+
+
+def build_detector_config(
+    spec: DeviceSpec, model: ModelConfig | None
+) -> BaseDetectorConfig:
+    """Build the detector config a device string describes.
+
+    Args:
+        spec: The parsed device spec
+        model: The model this detector runs, if it has been resolved yet
+
+    Returns:
+        The validated detector config
+
+    Raises:
+        DeviceParseError: If the device is not valid for this detector type
+    """
+    config: dict[str, object] = {"type": spec.detector, "model": model}
+
+    if spec.device is not None:
+        config_class = config_types[spec.detector]
+
+        try:
+            config[config_class.device_spec_field] = config_class.device_spec_type(
+                spec.device
+            )
+        except ValueError as err:
+            raise DeviceParseError(
+                f"'{spec.raw}' is not a valid {spec.detector} device: {err}"
+            ) from err
+
+    try:
+        return _detector_adapter.validate_python(config)
+    except ValidationError as err:
+        raise DeviceParseError(f"'{spec.raw}' is not a valid device: {err}") from err
+
+
+def runner_names(devices: list[DeviceSpec]) -> list[str]:
+    """Build a unique name for each device, since a shareable device may repeat.
+
+    Args:
+        devices: Every device spec across every configured model, in config order
+
+    Returns:
+        A name per device, suffixed with '#2', '#3', etc. on repeats
+    """
+    names: list[str] = []
+    seen: dict[str, int] = {}
+
+    for spec in devices:
+        count = seen.get(spec.raw, 0) + 1
+        seen[spec.raw] = count
+        names.append(spec.raw if count == 1 else f"{spec.raw}#{count}")
+
+    return names
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+"""Discovery of object detection hardware attached to the system.
+
+Every probe here is a filesystem read. Nothing shells out, initializes a
+runtime, or opens a device, so this is cheap enough to run from the API process
+while detector children hold the hardware.
+
+Hardware is reported whether or not this image ships a detector that can drive
+it. Matching hardware to an image is a separate concern.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+from glob import glob
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from frigate.const import SUPPORTED_RK_SOCS
+from frigate.detectors.detector_types import config_types
+from frigate.util.services import enumerate_drm_devices
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# roots the probes read from, so tests can point them at a fixture tree
+SYS_ROOT = "/sys"
+DEV_ROOT = "/dev"
+PROC_ROOT = "/proc"
+ETC_ROOT = "/etc"
+
+# a Coral reports as Global Unichip until its firmware is loaded, then as Google
+CORAL_USB_IDS = {("1a6e", "089a"), ("18d1", "9302")}
+
+INTEL_DRM_DRIVERS = ("i915", "xe")
+AMD_DRM_DRIVERS = ("amdgpu",)
+
+
+class HardwareUnit(BaseModel):
+    """One physical piece of hardware."""
+
+    device: str = Field(
+        title="Device string",
+        description="The value to put in a model's devices list, for example 'edgetpu:pci:1'.",
+    )
+    label: str = Field(
+        title="Unit label",
+        description="How to identify this unit among others of the same kind, for example 'PCIe 1'.",
+    )
+
+
+class DetectionHardware(BaseModel):
+    """A kind of detection hardware, and every unit of it that was found."""
+
+    key: str = Field(
+        title="Hardware key",
+        description="Stable identifier for this kind of hardware.",
+    )
+    detector: str = Field(
+        title="Detector type",
+        description="The detector that drives this hardware.",
+    )
+    name: str = Field(
+        title="Hardware name",
+        description="Human readable name for this kind of hardware.",
+    )
+    units: list[HardwareUnit] = Field(
+        title="Units",
+        description="Each physical piece of this hardware that was found.",
+    )
+    count: int = Field(
+        title="Unit count",
+        description="How many units were found.",
+    )
+    unlimited: bool = Field(
+        title="Unlimited detectors",
+        description="Whether this hardware can run more inference processes than there are units.",
+    )
+
+
+def _read(path: str) -> str | None:
+    """Read a small file, returning None if it cannot be read."""
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return f.read().strip()
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_shareable(detector: str) -> bool:
+    """Whether a detector lets the same device run more than one process."""
+    config_class = config_types.get(detector)
+
+    # a detector missing from this image is assumed to behave like most of them
+    return config_class.shareable if config_class else True
+
+
+def _hardware(
+    key: str, detector: str, name: str, units: list[HardwareUnit]
+) -> DetectionHardware:
+    return DetectionHardware(
+        key=key,
+        detector=detector,
+        name=name,
+        units=units,
+        count=len(units),
+        unlimited=_is_shareable(detector),
+    )
+
+
+def detect_coral_pci() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find PCIe and M.2 Coral accelerators, which register as apex devices."""
+    names = sorted(
+        os.path.basename(path) for path in glob(f"{SYS_ROOT}/class/apex/apex_*")
+    )
+
+    if not names:
+        return None
+
+    units = [
+        HardwareUnit(device=f"edgetpu:pci:{index}", label=f"PCIe {index}")
+        for index in range(len(names))
+    ]
+    return _hardware("edgetpu:pci", "edgetpu", "Coral EdgeTPU (PCIe)", units)
+
+
+def detect_coral_usb() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find USB Coral accelerators by their USB vendor and product ids."""
+    found = 0
+
+    for device_dir in sorted(glob(f"{SYS_ROOT}/bus/usb/devices/*")):
+        vendor = _read(os.path.join(device_dir, "idVendor"))
+        product = _read(os.path.join(device_dir, "idProduct"))
+
+        if vendor and product and (vendor.lower(), product.lower()) in CORAL_USB_IDS:
+            found += 1
+
+    if not found:
+        return None
+
+    units = [
+        HardwareUnit(device=f"edgetpu:usb:{index}", label=f"USB {index}")
+        for index in range(found)
+    ]
+    return _hardware("edgetpu:usb", "edgetpu", "Coral EdgeTPU (USB)", units)
+
+
+def _drm_devices(drivers: tuple[str, ...]) -> list[str]:
+    """PCI addresses of DRM devices bound to one of the given drivers."""
+    return sorted(
+        pdev for pdev, driver in enumerate_drm_devices().items() if driver in drivers
+    )
+
+
+def detect_intel_gpu() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find Intel GPUs through their DRM driver."""
+    pdevs = _drm_devices(INTEL_DRM_DRIVERS)
+
+    if not pdevs:
+        return None
+
+    # OpenVINO reports a lone GPU as "GPU" and enumerates them as GPU.0, GPU.1
+    # only when there is more than one
+    if len(pdevs) == 1:
+        units = [HardwareUnit(device="openvino:GPU", label=pdevs[0])]
+    else:
+        units = [
+            HardwareUnit(device=f"openvino:GPU.{index}", label=pdev)
+            for index, pdev in enumerate(pdevs)
+        ]
+
+    return _hardware("openvino:GPU", "openvino", "Intel GPU", units)
+
+
+def detect_intel_npu() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find Intel NPUs, which register as accel devices bound to intel_vpu."""
+    units = []
+
+    for accel_path in sorted(glob(f"{SYS_ROOT}/class/accel/accel*")):
+        try:
+            driver = os.path.basename(os.readlink(f"{accel_path}/device/driver"))
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+
+        if driver != "intel_vpu":
+            continue
+
+        units.append(
+            HardwareUnit(device="openvino:NPU", label=os.path.basename(accel_path))
+        )
+
+    if not units:
+        return None
+
+    # OpenVINO has no way to address a specific NPU, so only the first is usable
+    return _hardware("openvino:NPU", "openvino", "Intel NPU", units[:1])
+
+
+def detect_amd_gpu() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find AMD GPUs through their DRM driver."""
+    pdevs = _drm_devices(AMD_DRM_DRIVERS)
+
+    if not pdevs:
+        return None
+
+    # ROCm runs through onnx, whose MIGraphX provider takes no device index, so
+    # only one is addressable
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="onnx", label=pdevs[0])]
+    return _hardware("onnx:amd", "onnx", "AMD GPU", units)
+
+
+def detect_nvidia_gpu() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find discrete Nvidia GPUs through the nvidia driver's proc entries."""
+    units = []
+
+    for index, gpu_dir in enumerate(sorted(glob(f"{PROC_ROOT}/driver/nvidia/gpus/*"))):
+        information = _read(os.path.join(gpu_dir, "information")) or ""
+        name = f"GPU {index}"
+
+        for line in information.splitlines():
+            if line.startswith("Model:"):
+                name = line.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
+                break
+
+        units.append(HardwareUnit(device=f"onnx:{index}", label=name))
+
+    if not units:
+        return None
+
+    # the model name is more useful as the hardware name when there is only one
+    name = units[0].label if len(units) == 1 else "NVIDIA GPU"
+    return _hardware("onnx:nvidia", "onnx", name, units)
+
+
+def detect_jetson() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find an Nvidia Jetson, whose integrated GPU runs through tensorrt."""
+    is_jetson = os.path.isfile(f"{ETC_ROOT}/nv_tegra_release") or os.path.exists(
+        f"{SYS_ROOT}/devices/gpu.0/load"
+    )
+
+    if not is_jetson:
+        return None
+
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="tensorrt:0", label="Integrated GPU")]
+    return _hardware("tensorrt", "tensorrt", "NVIDIA Jetson", units)
+
+
+def _dev_units(pattern: str, device: str, label: str) -> list[HardwareUnit]:
+    """Build units from device nodes matching a glob."""
+    return [
+        HardwareUnit(device=device.format(index=index), label=f"{label} {index}")
+        for index in range(len(glob(f"{DEV_ROOT}/{pattern}")))
+    ]
+
+
+def detect_hailo() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find Hailo accelerators by their device nodes."""
+    nodes = sorted(glob(f"{DEV_ROOT}/hailo*"))
+
+    if not nodes:
+        return None
+
+    # the hailo runtime schedules across every attached device itself, so there
+    # is nothing to address individually
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="hailo8l:PCIe", label=os.path.basename(nodes[0]))]
+    return _hardware("hailo8l", "hailo8l", "Hailo", units)
+
+
+def detect_memryx() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find MemryX accelerators by their device nodes."""
+    units = _dev_units("memx*", "memryx:PCIe:{index}", "PCIe")
+
+    if not units:
+        return None
+
+    return _hardware("memryx", "memryx", "MemryX MX3", units)
+
+
+def detect_rockchip() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find a Rockchip NPU by reading the SoC from the device tree."""
+    compatible = _read(f"{PROC_ROOT}/device-tree/compatible")
+
+    if not compatible:
+        return None
+
+    soc = compatible.split(",")[-1].strip("\x00")
+
+    if soc not in SUPPORTED_RK_SOCS:
+        return None
+
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="rknn", label=soc.upper())]
+    return _hardware("rknn", "rknn", f"Rockchip NPU ({soc.upper()})", units)
+
+
+def detect_axengine() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find an AXERA accelerator by its control device node."""
+    if not os.path.exists(f"{DEV_ROOT}/axcl_host"):
+        return None
+
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="axengine", label="AXERA")]
+    return _hardware("axengine", "axengine", "AXERA NPU", units)
+
+
+def detect_synaptics() -> DetectionHardware | None:
+    """Find a Synaptics NPU by its device node."""
+    if not os.path.exists(f"{DEV_ROOT}/synap"):
+        return None
+
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="synaptics", label="Synaptics")]
+    return _hardware("synaptics", "synaptics", "Synaptics NPU", units)
+
+
+def detect_cpu() -> DetectionHardware:
+    """The CPU, which is always available."""
+    units = [HardwareUnit(device="cpu", label="CPU")]
+    return _hardware("cpu", "cpu", "CPU", units)
+
+
+# ordered so accelerators are offered ahead of the CPU fallback
+PROBES = (
+    detect_coral_pci,
+    detect_coral_usb,
+    detect_hailo,
+    detect_memryx,
+    detect_intel_npu,
+    detect_intel_gpu,
+    detect_nvidia_gpu,
+    detect_jetson,
+    detect_amd_gpu,
+    detect_rockchip,
+    detect_axengine,
+    detect_synaptics,
+    detect_cpu,
+)
+
+
+class HardwareProber:
+    """Probes for detection hardware, caching the result for the process."""
+
+    _hardware: list[DetectionHardware] | None = None
+
+    def probe(self, refresh: bool = False) -> list[DetectionHardware]:
+        """Get the detection hardware attached to this system.
+
+        Args:
+            refresh: Probe again instead of using the cached result
+
+        Returns:
+            Every kind of detection hardware that was found
+        """
+        if self._hardware is not None and not refresh:
+            return self._hardware
+
+        found = []
+
+        for probe in PROBES:
+            try:
+                hardware = probe()
+            except Exception:
+                logger.warning("Failed to probe for %s", probe.__name__, exc_info=True)
+                continue
+
+            if hardware is not None:
+                found.append(hardware)
+
+        logger.debug("Detected hardware: %s", [h.key for h in found])
+        self._hardware = found
+        return found
+
+
+hardware_prober = HardwareProber()
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import logging
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import ClassVar, Literal

 from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ class CpuDetectorConfig(BaseDetectorConfig):
        title="CPU",
    )

+    device_spec_field: ClassVar[str] = "num_threads"
+    device_spec_type: ClassVar[type] = int
+
    type: Literal[DETECTOR_KEY]
    num_threads: int = Field(
        default=3,
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 import math
 import os
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import ClassVar, Literal

 import cv2
 import numpy as np
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ class EdgeTpuDetectorConfig(BaseDetectorConfig):
        title="EdgeTPU",
    )

+    # a TPU can only be opened by one process
+    shareable: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
    type: Literal[DETECTOR_KEY]
    device: str = Field(
        default=None,
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import shutil
 import urllib.request
 import zipfile
 from queue import Queue
-from typing import Literal
+from typing import ClassVar, Literal

 import cv2
 import numpy as np
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ class MemryXDetectorConfig(BaseDetectorConfig):
        title="MemryX",
    )

+    # an accelerator can only be opened by one process
+    shareable: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
    type: Literal[DETECTOR_KEY]
    device: str = Field(
        default="PCIe",