Merge pull request #1 from merbanan/master

Update
This commit is contained in:
vestom
2015-01-28 01:05:34 +01:00
8 changed files with 311 additions and 68 deletions

1
.gitignore vendored
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@@ -45,3 +45,4 @@ build/
.project
*.orig
*~

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@@ -31,15 +31,22 @@ Running:
rtl_433 -h
Usage: [-d device_index (default: 0)]
[-g gain (default: 0 for auto)]
[-a analyze mode, print a textual description of the signal]
[-l change the detection level used to determine pulses (0-32000) default 10000]
[-f change the receive frequency, default is 433.92MHz]
[-S force sync output (default: async)]
[-r read data from file instead of from a receiver]
filename (a '-' dumps samples to stdout)
Usage: [-d device_index (default: 0)]
[-g gain (default: 0 for auto)]
[-a analyze mode, print a textual description of the signal]
[-t signal auto save, use it together with analyze mode (-a -t)
[-l change the detection level used to determine pulses (0-3200) default: 10000]
[-f [-f...] receive frequency[s], default: 433920000 Hz]
[-s samplerate (default: 250000 Hz)]
[-S force sync output (default: async)]
[-r read data from file instead of from a receiver]
[-p ppm_error (default: 0)]
[-r test file name (indata)]
[-m test file mode (0 rtl_sdr data, 1 rtl_433 data)]
[-D print debug info on event
[-z override short value
[-x override long value
filename (a '-' dumps samples to stdout)
Examples:

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@@ -35,9 +35,10 @@
#define BITBUF_ROWS 50
/* Supported modulation types */
#define OOK_PWM_D 1 /* Pulses are of the same length, the distance varies */
#define OOK_PWM_D 1 /* Pulses are of the same length, the distance varies (PPM) */
#define OOK_PWM_P 2 /* The length of the pulses varies */
#define OOK_MANCHESTER 3 /* Manchester code */
#define OOK_PWM_RAW 4 /* Pulse Width Modulation. No startbit removal. Short pulses = 1, Long = 0 */
typedef struct {
unsigned int id;

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@@ -17,5 +17,6 @@ extern r_device mebus433;
extern r_device intertechno;
extern r_device newkaku;
extern r_device alectov1;
extern r_device fineoffset_WH2;
#endif /* INCLUDE_RTL_433_DEVICES_H_ */

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@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ add_executable(rtl_433
devices/mebus.c
devices/intertechno.c
devices/alecto.c
devices/newkaku.c)
devices/newkaku.c
devices/fineoffset.c)
target_link_libraries(rtl_433
${LIBRTLSDR_LIBRARIES}

110
src/devices/fineoffset.c Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
/* Fine Offset Electronics sensor protocol
*
* The protocol is for the wireless Temperature/Humidity sensor
* Fine Offset Electronics WH2
* aka Agimex Rosenborg 66796 (sold in Denmark)
* aka ClimeMET CM9088 (Sold in UK)
* aka ...
*
* The sensor sends two identical packages of 48 bits each ~50s. The bits are PWM modulated with On Off Keying
*
* The data is grouped in 6 bytes / 12 nibbles
* [pre] [pre] [type] [id] [id] [temp] [temp] [temp] [humi] [humi] [crc] [crc]
*
* pre is always 0xFF
* type is always 0x4 (may be different for different sensor type?)
* id is a random id that is generated when the sensor starts
* temp is 12 bit signed magnitude scaled by 10 celcius
* humi is 8 bit relative humidity percentage
*
* Based on reverse engineering with gnu-radio and the nice article here:
* http://lucsmall.com/2012/04/29/weather-station-hacking-part-2/
*
* Copyright (C) 2015 Tommy Vestermark
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include "rtl_433.h"
// Generic CRC-8
// (Should probably be moved to somewhere common)
// polynomial byte is from x^7 to x^0 (x^8 is implicitly one)
uint8_t crc8(uint8_t const message[], unsigned nBytes, uint8_t polynomial) {
uint8_t remainder = 0;
unsigned byte, bit;
for (byte = 0; byte < nBytes; ++byte) {
remainder ^= message[byte];
for (bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
if (remainder & 0x80) {
remainder = (remainder << 1) ^ polynomial;
}
else {
remainder = (remainder << 1);
}
}
}
return remainder;
}
static int fineoffset_WH2_callback(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], int16_t bits_per_row[BITBUF_ROWS]) {
uint8_t ID;
float temperature;
float humidity;
const uint8_t polynomial = 0x31; // x8 + x5 + x4 + 1 (x8 is implicit)
// Validate package
if (bits_per_row[0] >= 48 && // Dont waste time on a short package
bb[0][0] == 0xFF && // Preamble
bb[0][5] == crc8(&bb[0][1], 4, polynomial) // CRC (excluding preamble)
)
{
// Nibble 3,4 contains ID
ID = ((bb[0][1]&0x0F) << 4) | ((bb[0][2]&0xF0) >> 4);
// Nible 5,6,7 contains 12 bits of temperature
// The temperature is signed magnitude and scaled by 10
int16_t temp;
temp = bb[0][3];
temp |= (int16_t)(bb[0][2] & 0x0F) << 8;
if(temp & 0x800) {
temp &= 0x7FF; // remove sign bit
temp = -temp; // reverse magnitude
}
temperature = (float)temp / 10;
// Nibble 8,9 contains humidity
humidity = bb[0][4];
fprintf(stderr, "Fine Offset Electronics, WH2:\n");
fprintf(stderr, "ID = 0x%2X\n", ID);
fprintf(stderr, "temperature = %.1f C\n", temperature);
fprintf(stderr, "humidity = %2.0f %%\n", humidity);
// fprintf(stderr, "raw = %02x %02x %02x %02x %02x %02x\n",bb[0][0],bb[0][1],bb[0][2],bb[0][3],bb[0][4],bb[0][5]);
if (debug_output)
debug_callback(bb, bits_per_row);
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
r_device fineoffset_WH2 = {
/* .id = */ 12,
/* .name = */ "Fine Offset Electronics, WH-2 Sensor",
/* .modulation = */ OOK_PWM_RAW,
/* .short_limit = */ 200, // Short pulse 136, long pulse 381, fixed gap 259
/* .long_limit = */ 700, // Maximum pulse period (long pulse + fixed gap)
/* .reset_limit = */ 700, // We just want 1 package
/* .json_callback = */ &fineoffset_WH2_callback,
};

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@@ -15,6 +15,32 @@ unsigned int get_os_humidity(unsigned char *message, unsigned int sensor_id) {
return humidity;
}
unsigned int get_os_rollingcode(unsigned char *message, unsigned int sensor_id){
int rc = 0;
rc = (message[2]&0x0F) + (message[3]&0xF0);
return rc;
}
unsigned short int power(const unsigned char* d){
unsigned short int val = 0;
val += d[4] << 8;
val += d[3];
//fprintf(stderr, "Power: %x %d", val, val);
return val & 0xFFF0 ;
}
unsigned long total(const unsigned char* d){
unsigned long val = 0;
if ( (d[1]&0x0F) == 0 ){
// Sensor returns total only if nibble#4 == 0
val = (unsigned long)d[8]<<24;
val += (unsigned long)d[7] << 16;
val += d[6] << 8;
val += d[5];
}
return val ;
}
static int validate_os_checksum(unsigned char *msg, int checksum_nibble_idx) {
// Oregon Scientific v2.1 and v3 checksum is a 1 byte 'sum of nibbles' checksum.
// with the 2 nibbles of the checksum byte swapped.
@@ -126,9 +152,13 @@ static int oregon_scientific_v2_1_parser(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], i
if (channel == 4)
channel = 3; // sensor 3 channel number is 0x04
float temp_c = get_os_temperature(msg, sensor_id);
if (sensor_id == 0x1d20) fprintf(stderr, "Weather Sensor THGR122N Channel %d ", channel);
unsigned int rc = get_os_rollingcode(msg, sensor_id);
if (sensor_id == 0x1d20) {
fprintf(stderr, "Weather Sensor THGR122N RC %x Channel %d ", rc, channel);
//fprintf(stderr, "Message: "); for (i=0 ; i<20 ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", msg[i]);
}
else fprintf(stderr, "Weather Sensor THGR968 Outdoor ");
fprintf(stderr, "Temp: %3.1f°C %3.1f°F Humidity: %d%%\n", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32,get_os_humidity(msg, sensor_id));
fprintf(stderr, "Temp: %3.1fC %3.1fF Humidity: %d%%\n", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32,get_os_humidity(msg, sensor_id));
}
return 1;
} else if (sensor_id == 0x5d60) {
@@ -144,7 +174,7 @@ static int oregon_scientific_v2_1_parser(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], i
else if (forecast == 6) forecast_str = "Partly Cloudy";
else if (forecast == 0xc) forecast_str = "Sunny";
float temp_c = get_os_temperature(msg, 0x5d60);
fprintf(stderr,"Weather Sensor BHTR968 Indoor Temp: %3.1f°C %3.1f°F Humidity: %d%%", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32, get_os_humidity(msg, 0x5d60));
fprintf(stderr,"Weather Sensor BHTR968 Indoor Temp: %3.1fC %3.1fF Humidity: %d%%", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32, get_os_humidity(msg, 0x5d60));
fprintf(stderr, " (%s) Pressure: %dmbar (%s)\n", comfort_str, ((msg[7] & 0x0f) | (msg[8] & 0xf0))+856, forecast_str);
}
return 1;
@@ -162,7 +192,7 @@ static int oregon_scientific_v2_1_parser(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], i
channel = 3; // sensor 3 channel number is 0x04
float temp_c = get_os_temperature(msg, sensor_id);
if (sensor_id == 0xec40) fprintf(stderr, "Thermo Sensor THR228N Channel %d ", channel);
fprintf(stderr, "Temp: %3.1f°C %3.1f°F\n", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32);
fprintf(stderr, "Temp: %3.1fC %3.1fF\n", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32);
}
return 1;
} else if (sensor_id == 0xec40 && num_valid_v2_bits==129) {
@@ -174,7 +204,7 @@ static int oregon_scientific_v2_1_parser(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], i
unsigned char rolling_code = ((msg[2] << 4)&0xF0) | ((msg[3] >> 4)&0x0F);
float temp_c = get_os_temperature(msg, sensor_id);
if (sensor_id == 0xec40) fprintf(stderr, "Thermo Sensor THN132N, Channel %d, Battery: %s, Rolling-code 0x%0X, ", channel, battery_low?"Low":"Ok", rolling_code);
fprintf(stderr, "Temp: %3.1f°C %3.1f°F\n", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32);
fprintf(stderr, "Temp: %3.1fC %3.1fF\n", temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32);
}
return 1;
} else if (num_valid_v2_bits > 16) {
@@ -192,62 +222,62 @@ fprintf(stderr, "Message: "); for (i=0 ; i<20 ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", ms
static int oregon_scientific_v3_parser(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], int16_t bits_per_row[BITBUF_ROWS]) {
// Check stream for possible Oregon Scientific v3 protocol data (skip part of first and last bytes to get past sync/startup bit errors)
if ((((bb[0][0]&0xf) == 0x0f) && (bb[0][1] == 0xff) && ((bb[0][2]&0xc0) == 0xc0)) ||
if ((((bb[0][0]&0xf) == 0x0f) && (bb[0][1] == 0xff) && ((bb[0][2]&0xc0) == 0xc0)) ||
(((bb[0][0]&0xf) == 0x00) && (bb[0][1] == 0x00) && ((bb[0][2]&0xc0) == 0x00))) {
int i,j;
unsigned char msg[BITBUF_COLS] = {0};
unsigned int sync_test_val = (bb[0][2]<<24) | (bb[0][3]<<16) | (bb[0][4]<<8);
int dest_bit = 0;
int pattern_index;
// Could be extra/dropped bits in stream. Look for sync byte at expected position +/- some bits in either direction
for(pattern_index=0; pattern_index<16; pattern_index++) {
unsigned int mask = (unsigned int)(0xfff00000>>pattern_index);
unsigned int pattern = (unsigned int)(0xffa00000>>pattern_index);
unsigned int pattern2 = (unsigned int)(0xff500000>>pattern_index);
unsigned int pattern3 = (unsigned int)(0x00500000>>pattern_index);
//fprintf(stderr, "OS v3 Sync nibble search - test_val=%08x pattern=%08x mask=%08x\n", sync_test_val, pattern, mask);
if (((sync_test_val & mask) == pattern) ||
((sync_test_val & mask) == pattern2) ||
((sync_test_val & mask) == pattern3)) {
// Found sync byte - start working on decoding the stream data.
// pattern_index indicates where sync nibble starts, so now we can find the start of the payload
int start_byte = 3 + (pattern_index>>3);
int start_bit = (pattern_index+4) & 0x07;
//fprintf(stderr, "Oregon Scientific v3 Sync test val %08x ok, starting decode at byte index %d bit %d\n", sync_test_val, start_byte, start_bit);
j = start_bit;
for (i=start_byte;i<BITBUF_COLS;i++) {
while (j<8) {
unsigned char bit_val = ((bb[0][i] & (0x80 >> j)) >> (7-j));
int i,j;
unsigned char msg[BITBUF_COLS] = {0};
unsigned int sync_test_val = (bb[0][2]<<24) | (bb[0][3]<<16) | (bb[0][4]<<8);
int dest_bit = 0;
int pattern_index;
// Could be extra/dropped bits in stream. Look for sync byte at expected position +/- some bits in either direction
for(pattern_index=0; pattern_index<16; pattern_index++) {
unsigned int mask = (unsigned int)(0xfff00000>>pattern_index);
unsigned int pattern = (unsigned int)(0xffa00000>>pattern_index);
unsigned int pattern2 = (unsigned int)(0xff500000>>pattern_index);
unsigned int pattern3 = (unsigned int)(0x00500000>>pattern_index);
//fprintf(stderr, "OS v3 Sync nibble search - test_val=%08x pattern=%08x mask=%08x\n", sync_test_val, pattern, mask);
if (((sync_test_val & mask) == pattern) ||
((sync_test_val & mask) == pattern2) ||
((sync_test_val & mask) == pattern3)) {
// Found sync byte - start working on decoding the stream data.
// pattern_index indicates where sync nibble starts, so now we can find the start of the payload
int start_byte = 3 + (pattern_index>>3);
int start_bit = (pattern_index+4) & 0x07;
//fprintf(stderr, "Oregon Scientific v3 Sync test val %08x ok, starting decode at byte index %d bit %d\n", sync_test_val, start_byte, start_bit);
j = start_bit;
for (i=start_byte;i<BITBUF_COLS;i++) {
while (j<8) {
unsigned char bit_val = ((bb[0][i] & (0x80 >> j)) >> (7-j));
// copy every bit from source stream to dest packet
msg[dest_bit>>3] |= (((bb[0][i] & (0x80 >> j)) >> (7-j)) << (7-(dest_bit & 0x07)));
//fprintf(stderr,"i=%d j=%d dest_bit=%02x bb=%02x msg=%02x\n",i, j, dest_bit, bb[0][i], msg[dest_bit>>3]);
if ((dest_bit & 0x07) == 0x07) {
// after assembling each dest byte, flip bits in each nibble to convert from lsb to msb bit ordering
int k = (dest_bit>>3);
unsigned char indata = msg[k];
// flip the 4 bits in the upper and lower nibbles
msg[k] = ((indata & 0x11) << 3) | ((indata & 0x22) << 1) |
((indata & 0x44) >> 1) | ((indata & 0x88) >> 3);
}
dest_bit++;
j++;
}
j=0;
}
break;
}
}
// copy every bit from source stream to dest packet
msg[dest_bit>>3] |= (((bb[0][i] & (0x80 >> j)) >> (7-j)) << (7-(dest_bit & 0x07)));
//fprintf(stderr,"i=%d j=%d dest_bit=%02x bb=%02x msg=%02x\n",i, j, dest_bit, bb[0][i], msg[dest_bit>>3]);
if ((dest_bit & 0x07) == 0x07) {
// after assembling each dest byte, flip bits in each nibble to convert from lsb to msb bit ordering
int k = (dest_bit>>3);
unsigned char indata = msg[k];
// flip the 4 bits in the upper and lower nibbles
msg[k] = ((indata & 0x11) << 3) | ((indata & 0x22) << 1) |
((indata & 0x44) >> 1) | ((indata & 0x88) >> 3);
}
dest_bit++;
j++;
}
j=0;
}
break;
}
}
if ((msg[0] == 0xf8) && (msg[1] == 0x24)) {
if (validate_os_checksum(msg, 15) == 0) {
int channel = ((msg[2] >> 4)&0x0f);
float temp_c = get_os_temperature(msg, 0xf824);
int humidity = get_os_humidity(msg, 0xf824);
fprintf(stderr,"Weather Sensor THGR810 Channel %d Temp: %3.1f°C %3.1f°F Humidity: %d%%\n", channel, temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32, humidity);
fprintf(stderr,"Weather Sensor THGR810 Channel %d Temp: %3.1fC %3.1fF Humidity: %d%%\n", channel, temp_c, ((temp_c*9)/5)+32, humidity);
}
return 1;
return 1; //msg[k] = ((msg[k] & 0x0F) << 4) + ((msg[k] & 0xF0) >> 4);
} else if ((msg[0] == 0x19) && (msg[1] == 0x84)) {
if (validate_os_checksum(msg, 17) == 0) {
float gustWindspeed = (msg[11]+msg[10])/100;
@@ -256,11 +286,50 @@ static int oregon_scientific_v3_parser(uint8_t bb[BITBUF_ROWS][BITBUF_COLS], int
}
return 1;
} else if ((msg[0] != 0) && (msg[1]!= 0)) { // sync nibble was found and some data is present...
fprintf(stderr, "Message received from unrecognized Oregon Scientific v3 sensor.\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Message: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", msg[i]); fprintf(stderr, "\n");
fprintf(stderr, " Raw: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", bb[0][i]); fprintf(stderr,"\n\n");
} else if (bb[0][3] != 0) {
//fprintf(stderr, "\nPossible Oregon Scientific v3 message, but sync nibble wasn't found\n"); fprintf(stderr, "Raw Data: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", bb[0][i]); fprintf(stderr,"\n\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Message received from unrecognized Oregon Scientific v3 sensor.\n");
fprintf(stderr, "Message: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", msg[i]); fprintf(stderr, "\n");
fprintf(stderr, " Raw: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", bb[0][i]); fprintf(stderr,"\n\n");
} else if (bb[0][0] == 0 && bb[0][1] == 0 && bb[0][2] == 0 && bb[0][5] == 0x3c) {
//fprintf(stderr, "Raw Data: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", bb[0][i]); fprintf(stderr,"\n\n");
int start_bit = 0;
int start_byte = 3;
j = start_bit;
for (i=start_byte;i<BITBUF_COLS;i++) {
while (j<8) {
unsigned char bit_val = ((bb[0][i] & (0x80 >> j)) >> (7-j));
// copy every bit from source stream to dest packet
msg[dest_bit>>3] |= (((bb[0][i] & (0x80 >> j)) >> (7-j)) << (7-(dest_bit & 0x07)));
//fprintf(stderr,"i=%d j=%d dest_bit=%02x bb=%02x msg=%02x\n",i, j, dest_bit, bb[0][i], msg[dest_bit>>3]);
if ((dest_bit & 0x07) == 0x07) {
// after assembling each dest byte, flip bits in each nibble to convert from lsb to msb bit ordering
int k = (dest_bit>>3);
unsigned char indata = msg[k];
// flip the 4 bits in the upper and lower nibbles
msg[k] = ((indata & 0x11) << 3) | ((indata & 0x22) << 1) |
((indata & 0x44) >> 1) | ((indata & 0x88) >> 3);
// Flip nibbles
msg[k] = (msg[k] & 0xF0) >> 4 | (msg[k] & 0x0F) << 4;
}
dest_bit++;
j++;
}
j=0;
}
unsigned short int ipower = power(msg);
unsigned long itotal = total(msg);
float total_energy = itotal/3600/1000.0;
if (itotal)
fprintf(stderr,"Energy Sensor CMR180 Id %x%x power: %dW, total: %luW, Total Energy: %.3fkWh\n", msg[0], msg[1], ipower, itotal, total_energy);
else
fprintf(stderr,"Energy Sensor cmr180 Id %x%x power: %dW\n", msg[0], msg[1], ipower);
//for (i=0 ; i<15 ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", msg[i]);fprintf(stderr,"\n");
} else if (bb[0][3] != 0 ) {
//fprintf(stderr, "\nPossible Oregon Scientific v3 message, but sync nibble wasn't found\n");
//fprintf(stderr, "Raw Data: "); for (i=0 ; i<BITBUF_COLS ; i++) fprintf(stderr, "%02x ", bb[0][i]); fprintf(stderr,"\n\n");
}
}
else { // Based on first couple of bytes, either corrupt message or something other than an Oregon Scientific v3 message

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@@ -796,6 +796,55 @@ static void manchester_decode(struct dm_state *demod, struct protocol_state* p,
}
}
/* Pulse Width Modulation. No startbit removal */
static void pwm_raw_decode(struct dm_state *demod, struct protocol_state* p, int16_t *buf, uint32_t len) {
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
if (p->start_c) p->sample_counter++;
// Detect Pulse Start (leading edge)
if (!p->pulse_start && (buf[i] > demod->level_limit)) {
p->pulse_start = 1;
p->sample_counter = 0;
// Check for first bit in sequence
if(!p->start_c) {
p->start_c = 1;
}
}
// Detect Pulse End (trailing edge)
if (p->pulse_start && (buf[i] < demod->level_limit)) {
p->pulse_start = 0;
if (p->sample_counter <= p->short_limit) {
demod_add_bit(p, 1);
} else {
demod_add_bit(p, 0);
}
}
// Detect Pulse period overrun
if (p->sample_counter == p->long_limit) {
demod_next_bits_packet(p);
}
// Detect Pulse exceeding reset limit
if (p->sample_counter > p->reset_limit) {
p->sample_counter = 0;
p->start_c = 0;
p->pulse_start = 0;
if (p->callback)
events+=p->callback(p->bits_buffer, p->bits_per_row);
else
demod_print_bits_packet(p);
demod_reset_bits_packet(p);
}
}
}
/** Something that might look like a IIR lowpass filter
*
* [b,a] = butter(1, 0.01) -> quantizes nicely thus suitable for fixed point
@@ -874,6 +923,9 @@ static void rtlsdr_callback(unsigned char *buf, uint32_t len, void *ctx) {
case OOK_MANCHESTER:
manchester_decode(demod, demod->r_devs[i], demod->f_buf, len/2);
break;
case OOK_PWM_RAW:
pwm_raw_decode(demod, demod->r_devs[i], demod->f_buf, len / 2);
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr, "Unknown modulation %d in protocol!\n", demod->r_devs[i]->modulation);
}
@@ -1013,6 +1065,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
register_protocol(demod, &alectov1);
register_protocol(demod, &intertechno);
register_protocol(demod, &mebus433);
register_protocol(demod, &fineoffset_WH2);
if (argc <= optind - 1) {
usage();