Merge branch 'main' into ciaran/handle-download-error

## Motivation

Maybe addresses #1303 

## Changes

Add an mx barrier before warmup

## Why It Works

It might, it might not. Shouldn't break anything that's not already
broken though.

## Test Plan

### Manual Testing
The two machines I tested on were fine on GLM 4.7 Flash 8bit (the one in
exo.log in the issue). Obviously not definitive for anything, however.

<img width="594" height="878" alt="image"
src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/534d3ad6-16ef-4cb5-b823-43c8d4e1d3c6"
/>

.gitignore

@@ -32,3 +32,9 @@ dashboard/.svelte-kit/
 # host config snapshots
 hosts_*.json
 .swp
+
+# bench files
+bench/**/*.json
+
+# tmp
+tmp/models

.mlx_typings/mflux/models/flux/variants/kontext/__init__.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""
+This type stub file was generated by pyright.
+"""
+
+from mflux.models.flux.variants.kontext.flux_kontext import Flux1Kontext
+
+__all__ = ["Flux1Kontext"]

.mlx_typings/mflux/models/flux/variants/kontext/flux_kontext.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+"""
+This type stub file was generated by pyright.
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from mlx import nn
+
+from mflux.models.common.config.model_config import ModelConfig
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_text_encoder.clip_encoder.clip_encoder import (
+    CLIPEncoder,
+)
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_text_encoder.t5_encoder.t5_encoder import T5Encoder
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_transformer.transformer import Transformer
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_vae.vae import VAE
+from mflux.utils.generated_image import GeneratedImage
+
+class Flux1Kontext(nn.Module):
+    vae: VAE
+    transformer: Transformer
+    t5_text_encoder: T5Encoder
+    clip_text_encoder: CLIPEncoder
+    bits: int | None
+    lora_paths: list[str] | None
+    lora_scales: list[float] | None
+    prompt_cache: dict[str, Any]
+    tokenizers: dict[str, Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        quantize: int | None = ...,
+        model_path: str | None = ...,
+        lora_paths: list[str] | None = ...,
+        lora_scales: list[float] | None = ...,
+        model_config: ModelConfig = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def generate_image(
+        self,
+        seed: int,
+        prompt: str,
+        num_inference_steps: int = ...,
+        height: int = ...,
+        width: int = ...,
+        guidance: float = ...,
+        image_path: Path | str | None = ...,
+        image_strength: float | None = ...,
+        scheduler: str = ...,
+    ) -> GeneratedImage: ...

.mlx_typings/mflux/models/flux/variants/kontext/kontext_util.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""
+This type stub file was generated by pyright.
+"""
+
+import mlx.core as mx
+
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_vae.vae import VAE
+
+class KontextUtil:
+    @staticmethod
+    def create_image_conditioning_latents(
+        vae: VAE,
+        height: int,
+        width: int,
+        image_path: str,
+    ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array]: ...

.mlx_typings/mlx/core/__init__.pyi

@@ -1139,7 +1139,7 @@ class array:
     ) -> array:
         """See :func:`flatten`."""
 
-    def reshape(self, *shape, stream: Stream | Device | None = ...) -> array:
+    def reshape(self, *shape: int, stream: Stream | Device | None = ...) -> array:
         """
         Equivalent to :func:`reshape` but the shape can be passed either as a
         :obj:`tuple` or as separate arguments.
@@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ class array:
     ) -> array:
         """See :func:`swapaxes`."""
 
-    def transpose(self, *axes, stream: Stream | Device | None = ...) -> array:
+    def transpose(self, *axes: int, stream: Stream | Device | None = ...) -> array:
         """
         Equivalent to :func:`transpose` but the axes can be passed either as
         a tuple or as separate arguments.

.mlx_typings/mlx/nn/layers/convolution.pyi

@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ class Conv1d(Module):
         bias (bool, optional): If ``True`` add a learnable bias to the output.
             Default: ``True``
     """
+
+    weight: mx.array
+    groups: int
     def __init__(
         self,
         in_channels: int,

.mlx_typings/mlx_lm/models/cache.pyi

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ import mlx.core as mx
 class Cache(Protocol):
     keys: mx.array
     values: mx.array
-    def update_and_fetch(self, keys: mx.array, values: mx.array) -> None: ...
+    offset: int
+    def update_and_fetch(
+        self, keys: mx.array, values: mx.array
+    ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array]: ...
     @property
     def state(self) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array]: ...
     @state.setter
@@ -87,6 +90,7 @@ def create_attention_mask(
 class _BaseCache(Cache):
     keys: mx.array
     values: mx.array
+    offset: int
     @property
     def state(self) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array]: ...
     @state.setter

.mlx_typings/mlx_lm/models/deepseek_v3.pyi

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
 
 import mlx.core as mx
 import mlx.nn as nn
+from mlx_lm.models.mla import MultiLinear
 
 from .base import BaseModelArgs
 from .switch_layers import SwitchGLU
@@ -60,7 +61,10 @@ class DeepseekV3Attention(nn.Module):
     q_b_proj: nn.Linear
     kv_a_proj_with_mqa: nn.Linear
     kv_a_layernorm: nn.RMSNorm
-    kv_b_proj: nn.Linear
+    # kv_b_proj: nn.Linear
+    embed_q: MultiLinear
+    unembed_out: MultiLinear
+
     o_proj: nn.Linear
     rope: Any
 

.mlx_typings/mlx_lm/models/glm4_moe.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+import mlx.core as mx
+import mlx.nn as nn
+
+from .base import BaseModelArgs
+from .switch_layers import SwitchGLU
+
+@dataclass
+class ModelArgs(BaseModelArgs):
+    model_type: str
+    vocab_size: int
+    hidden_size: int
+    intermediate_size: int
+    max_position_embeddings: int
+    moe_intermediate_size: int
+    norm_topk_prob: bool
+    num_attention_heads: int
+    n_group: int
+    head_dim: int
+    topk_group: int
+    n_shared_experts: int
+    n_routed_experts: int
+    routed_scaling_factor: float
+    num_experts_per_tok: int
+    first_k_dense_replace: int
+    num_hidden_layers: int
+    num_key_value_heads: int
+    rms_norm_eps: float
+    rope_theta: float
+    rope_scaling: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
+    use_qk_norm: bool
+    tie_word_embeddings: bool
+    attention_bias: bool
+    partial_rotary_factor: float
+    scoring_func: str
+    topk_method: str
+
+class Attention(nn.Module):
+    n_heads: int
+    n_kv_heads: int
+    scale: float
+    q_proj: nn.Linear
+    k_proj: nn.Linear
+    v_proj: nn.Linear
+    o_proj: nn.Linear
+    use_qk_norm: bool
+    q_norm: nn.RMSNorm
+    k_norm: nn.RMSNorm
+    rope: nn.RoPE
+
+    def __init__(self, args: ModelArgs) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: mx.array,
+        mask: Optional[mx.array] = None,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class MLP(nn.Module):
+    config: ModelArgs
+    hidden_size: int
+    intermediate_size: int
+    gate_proj: nn.Linear
+    up_proj: nn.Linear
+    down_proj: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: ModelArgs,
+        hidden_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        intermediate_size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class MoEGate(nn.Module):
+    config: ModelArgs
+    top_k: int
+    norm_topk_prob: bool
+    n_routed_experts: int
+    routed_scaling_factor: float
+    n_group: int
+    topk_group: int
+    weight: mx.array
+    e_score_correction_bias: mx.array
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ModelArgs) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array]: ...
+
+class MoE(nn.Module):
+    config: ModelArgs
+    num_experts_per_tok: int
+    switch_mlp: SwitchGLU
+    gate: MoEGate
+    shared_experts: MLP
+    sharding_group: Optional[mx.distributed.Group]
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ModelArgs) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class DecoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    self_attn: Attention
+    mlp: MLP | MoE
+    input_layernorm: nn.RMSNorm
+    post_attention_layernorm: nn.RMSNorm
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ModelArgs, layer_idx: int) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: mx.array,
+        mask: Optional[mx.array] = None,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class LanguageModel(nn.Module):
+    vocab_size: int
+    embed_tokens: nn.Embedding
+    layers: list[DecoderLayer]
+    norm: nn.RMSNorm
+    pipeline_rank: int
+    pipeline_size: int
+    start_idx: int
+    end_idx: Optional[int]
+    num_layers: int
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ModelArgs) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: mx.array,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+    @property
+    def pipeline_layers(self) -> list[DecoderLayer]: ...
+
+class Model(nn.Module):
+    args: ModelArgs
+    model_type: str
+    model: LanguageModel
+    lm_head: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ModelArgs) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        inputs: mx.array,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+    def sanitize(self, weights: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
+    def shard(self, group: Optional[mx.distributed.Group] = None) -> None: ...
+    @property
+    def layers(self) -> list[DecoderLayer]: ...
+    @property
+    def cast_predicate(self) -> Any: ...

.mlx_typings/mlx_lm/models/qwen3_next.pyi

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""Type stubs for mlx_lm.models.qwen3_next"""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+import mlx.core as mx
+import mlx.nn as nn
+
+from .switch_layers import SwitchGLU
+
+class Qwen3NextMLP(nn.Module):
+    gate_proj: nn.Linear
+    down_proj: nn.Linear
+    up_proj: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(self, dim: int, hidden_dim: int) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class Qwen3NextGatedDeltaNet(nn.Module):
+    hidden_size: int
+    num_v_heads: int
+    num_k_heads: int
+    head_k_dim: int
+    head_v_dim: int
+    key_dim: int
+    value_dim: int
+    conv_kernel_size: int
+    conv_dim: int
+    conv1d: nn.Conv1d
+    in_proj_qkvz: nn.Linear
+    in_proj_ba: nn.Linear
+    dt_bias: mx.array
+    A_log: mx.array
+    out_proj: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(self, config: Any) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        inputs: mx.array,
+        mask: Optional[mx.array] = None,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class Qwen3NextAttention(nn.Module):
+    num_attention_heads: int
+    num_key_value_heads: int
+    head_dim: int
+    scale: float
+    q_proj: nn.Linear
+    k_proj: nn.Linear
+    v_proj: nn.Linear
+    o_proj: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(self, args: Any) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: mx.array,
+        mask: Optional[mx.array] = None,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock(nn.Module):
+    norm_topk_prob: bool
+    num_experts: int
+    top_k: int
+    gate: nn.Linear
+    switch_mlp: SwitchGLU
+    shared_expert: Qwen3NextMLP
+    shared_expert_gate: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(self, args: Any) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class Qwen3NextDecoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    is_linear: bool
+    linear_attn: Qwen3NextGatedDeltaNet
+    self_attn: Qwen3NextAttention
+    input_layernorm: nn.RMSNorm
+    post_attention_layernorm: nn.RMSNorm
+    mlp: Qwen3NextMLP | Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock
+
+    def __init__(self, args: Any, layer_idx: int) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: mx.array,
+        mask: Optional[mx.array] = None,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class Qwen3NextModel(nn.Module):
+    embed_tokens: nn.Embedding
+    layers: list[Qwen3NextDecoderLayer]
+    norm: nn.RMSNorm
+
+    def __init__(self, args: Any) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        inputs: mx.array,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+
+class Model(nn.Module):
+    model_type: str
+    model: Qwen3NextModel
+    lm_head: nn.Linear
+
+    def __init__(self, args: Any) -> None: ...
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        inputs: mx.array,
+        cache: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> mx.array: ...
+    def sanitize(self, weights: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
+    @property
+    def layers(self) -> list[Qwen3NextDecoderLayer]: ...

.mlx_typings/mlx_lm/tokenizer_utils.pyi

@@ -113,6 +113,10 @@ class TokenizerWrapper:
     bos_token: str | None
     vocab_size: int
     all_special_tokens: list[str]
+    think_start: str | None
+    think_end: str | None
+    think_start_id: int | None
+    think_end_id: int | None
 
     def __init__(
         self,

Cargo.lock

@@ -141,6 +141,12 @@ version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76a2e8124351fda1ef8aaaa3bbd7ebbcb486bbcd4225aca0aa0d84bb2db8fecb"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "arrayvec"
+version = "0.7.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "asn1-rs"
 version = "0.7.1"
@@ -298,6 +304,19 @@ version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "55248b47b0caf0546f7988906588779981c43bb1bc9d0c44087278f80cdb44ba"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bigdecimal"
+version = "0.4.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "560f42649de9fa436b73517378a147ec21f6c997a546581df4b4b31677828934"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "libm",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bimap"
 version = "0.6.3"
@@ -334,6 +353,31 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bon"
+version = "3.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ebeb9aaf9329dff6ceb65c689ca3db33dbf15f324909c60e4e5eef5701ce31b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "bon-macros",
+ "rustversion",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bon-macros"
+version = "3.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "77e9d642a7e3a318e37c2c9427b5a6a48aa1ad55dcd986f3034ab2239045a645"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling",
+ "ident_case",
+ "prettyplease",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "rustversion",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bs58"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -497,6 +541,15 @@ version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2f421161cb492475f1661ddc9815a745a1c894592070661180fdec3d4872e9c3"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "convert_case"
+version = "0.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "633458d4ef8c78b72454de2d54fd6ab2e60f9e02be22f3c6104cdc8a4e0fceb9"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-segmentation",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -647,6 +700,41 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.111",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.21.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9cdf337090841a411e2a7f3deb9187445851f91b309c0c0a29e05f74a00a48c0"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "darling_macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.21.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1247195ecd7e3c85f83c8d2a366e4210d588e802133e1e355180a9870b517ea4"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.21.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d38308df82d1080de0afee5d069fa14b0326a88c14f15c5ccda35b4a6c414c81"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "data-encoding"
 version = "2.9.0"
@@ -673,6 +761,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.111",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "delegate"
+version = "0.13.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "780eb241654bf097afb00fc5f054a09b687dad862e485fdcf8399bb056565370"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "der"
 version = "0.7.10"
@@ -707,6 +806,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "powerfmt",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "derive_more"
+version = "2.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "10b768e943bed7bf2cab53df09f4bc34bfd217cdb57d971e769874c9a6710618"
+dependencies = [
+ "derive_more-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "derive_more-impl"
+version = "2.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6d286bfdaf75e988b4a78e013ecd79c581e06399ab53fbacd2d916c2f904f30b"
+dependencies = [
+ "convert_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "rustc_version",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+ "unicode-xid",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
 version = "0.10.7"
@@ -876,23 +998,37 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "exo_pyo3_bindings"
 version = "0.0.1"
 dependencies = [
+ "delegate",
+ "derive_more",
  "env_logger",
- "futures-lite",
+ "extend",
+ "futures",
+ "impl-trait-for-tuples",
  "libp2p",
  "log",
  "networking",
+ "once_cell",
+ "pin-project",
  "pyo3",
  "pyo3-async-runtimes",
  "pyo3-log",
  "pyo3-stub-gen",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
+ "thread_local",
  "tokio",
+ "util",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.3.0"
+name = "extend"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "37909eebbb50d72f9059c3b6d82c0463f2ff062c9e95845c43a6c9c0355411be"
+checksum = "311a6d2f1f9d60bff73d2c78a0af97ed27f79672f15c238192a5bbb64db56d00"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
@@ -1002,10 +1138,7 @@ version = "2.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f78e10609fe0e0b3f4157ffab1876319b5b0db102a2c60dc4626306dc46b44ad"
 dependencies = [
- "fastrand",
  "futures-core",
- "futures-io",
- "parking",
  "pin-project-lite",
 ]
 
@@ -1492,6 +1625,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerovec",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ident_case"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -1567,6 +1706,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "xmltree",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "impl-trait-for-tuples"
+version = "0.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a0eb5a3343abf848c0984fe4604b2b105da9539376e24fc0a3b0007411ae4fd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "2.12.1"
@@ -1595,6 +1745,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "internment"
+version = "0.8.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "636d4b0f6a39fd684effe2a73f5310df16a3fa7954c26d36833e98f44d1977a2"
+dependencies = [
+ "hashbrown 0.15.5",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "inventory"
 version = "0.3.21"
@@ -1721,6 +1880,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "keccak-const"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57d8d8ce877200136358e0bbff3a77965875db3af755a11e1fa6b1b3e2df13ea"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop-util"
 version = "0.20.2"
@@ -1739,6 +1904,12 @@ version = "0.2.178"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "37c93d8daa9d8a012fd8ab92f088405fb202ea0b6ab73ee2482ae66af4f42091"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9fbbcab51052fe104eb5e5d351cf728d30a5be1fe14d9be8a3b097481fb97de"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libp2p"
 version = "0.56.0"
@@ -2727,10 +2898,20 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "networking"
 version = "0.0.1"
 dependencies = [
+ "delegate",
+ "derive_more",
+ "either",
+ "extend",
+ "futures",
+ "futures-timer",
+ "impl-trait-for-tuples",
+ "keccak-const",
  "libp2p",
  "log",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
  "tokio",
  "tracing-subscriber",
+ "util",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2812,6 +2993,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-rational"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f83d14da390562dca69fc84082e73e548e1ad308d24accdedd2720017cb37824"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-bigint",
+ "num-integer",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
 version = "0.2.19"
@@ -3115,6 +3307,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerocopy",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "prettyplease"
+version = "0.2.37"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "479ca8adacdd7ce8f1fb39ce9ecccbfe93a3f1344b3d0d97f20bc0196208f62b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "syn 2.0.111",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "primeorder"
 version = "0.13.6"
@@ -3162,14 +3364,28 @@ version = "0.27.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ab53c047fcd1a1d2a8820fe84f05d6be69e9526be40cb03b73f86b6b03e6d87d"
 dependencies = [
+ "bigdecimal",
+ "either",
+ "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "indexmap",
  "indoc",
+ "inventory",
  "libc",
+ "lock_api",
  "memoffset",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-rational",
+ "num-traits",
  "once_cell",
+ "ordered-float",
+ "parking_lot",
  "portable-atomic",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "pyo3-ffi",
  "pyo3-macros",
+ "rust_decimal",
+ "smallvec",
  "unindent",
 ]
 
@@ -3524,6 +3740,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "yasna",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "recursion"
+version = "0.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9dba2197bf7b1d87b4dd460c195f4edeb45a94e82e8054f8d5f317c1f0e93ca1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
 version = "0.5.18"
@@ -3610,6 +3832,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rust_decimal"
+version = "1.39.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "35affe401787a9bd846712274d97654355d21b2a2c092a3139aabe31e9022282"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -4474,12 +4706,24 @@ version = "1.0.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9312f7c4f6ff9069b165498234ce8be658059c6728633667c526e27dc2cf1df5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-segmentation"
+version = "1.12.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f6ccf251212114b54433ec949fd6a7841275f9ada20dddd2f29e9ceea4501493"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
 version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4ac048d71ede7ee76d585517add45da530660ef4390e49b098733c6e897f254"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-xid"
+version = "0.2.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
 version = "1.3.0"
@@ -4560,6 +4804,19 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "util"
+version = "0.0.1"
+dependencies = [
+ "bon",
+ "derive_more",
+ "extend",
+ "internment",
+ "once_cell",
+ "recursion",
+ "thiserror 2.0.17",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
 version = "1.19.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ resolver = "3"
 members = [
     "rust/networking",
     "rust/exo_pyo3_bindings",
+    "rust/util",
 ]
 
 [workspace.package]
@@ -23,18 +24,62 @@ opt-level = 3
 [workspace.dependencies]
 ## Crate members as common dependencies
 networking = { path = "rust/networking" }
+util = { path = "rust/util" }
+
+# Proc-macro authoring tools
+syn = "2.0"
+quote = "1.0"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+darling = "0.20"
+
+# Macro dependecies
+extend = "1.2"
+delegate = "0.13"
+impl-trait-for-tuples = "0.2"
+clap = "4.5"
+derive_more = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["display"] }
+pin-project = "1"
+
+# Utility dependencies
+itertools = "0.14"
+thiserror = "2"
+internment = "0.8"
+recursion = "0.5"
+regex = "1.11"
+once_cell = "1.21"
+thread_local = "1.1"
+bon = "3.4"
+generativity = "1.1"
+anyhow = "1.0"
+keccak-const = "0.2"
+
+# Functional generics/lenses frameworks
+frunk_core = "0.4"
+frunk = "0.4"
+frunk_utils = "0.2"
+frunk-enum-core = "0.3"
 
 # Async dependencies
 tokio = "1.46"
+futures = "0.3"
+futures-util = "0.3"
+futures-timer = "3.0"
+
+# Data structures
+either = "1.15"
+ordered-float = "5.0"
+ahash = "0.8"
 
 # Tracing/logging
 log = "0.4"
 
 # networking
 libp2p = "0.56"
+libp2p-tcp = "0.44"
 
 [workspace.lints.rust]
-static_mut_refs = "warn"
+static_mut_refs = "warn"      # Or use "warn" instead of deny
+incomplete_features = "allow"
 
 # Clippy's lint category level configurations;
 # every member crate needs to inherit these by adding
@@ -55,3 +100,64 @@ perf = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 nursery = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
 cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+
+# Individual Clippy lints from the `restriction` category
+arithmetic_side_effects = "warn"
+as_conversions = "warn"
+assertions_on_result_states = "warn"
+clone_on_ref_ptr = "warn"
+decimal_literal_representation = "warn"
+default_union_representation = "warn"
+deref_by_slicing = "warn"
+disallowed_script_idents = "deny"
+else_if_without_else = "warn"
+empty_enum_variants_with_brackets = "warn"
+empty_structs_with_brackets = "warn"
+error_impl_error = "warn"
+exit = "deny"
+expect_used = "warn"
+float_cmp_const = "warn"
+get_unwrap = "warn"
+if_then_some_else_none = "warn"
+impl_trait_in_params = "warn"
+indexing_slicing = "warn"
+infinite_loop = "warn"
+let_underscore_must_use = "warn"
+let_underscore_untyped = "warn"
+lossy_float_literal = "warn"
+mem_forget = "warn"
+missing_inline_in_public_items = "warn"
+multiple_inherent_impl = "warn"
+multiple_unsafe_ops_per_block = "warn"
+mutex_atomic = "warn"
+non_zero_suggestions = "warn"
+panic = "warn"
+partial_pub_fields = "warn"
+pattern_type_mismatch = "warn"
+pub_without_shorthand = "warn"
+rc_buffer = "warn"
+rc_mutex = "warn"
+redundant_type_annotations = "warn"
+renamed_function_params = "warn"
+rest_pat_in_fully_bound_structs = "warn"
+same_name_method = "warn"
+self_named_module_files = "deny"
+semicolon_inside_block = "warn"
+shadow_same = "warn"
+shadow_unrelated = "warn"
+str_to_string = "warn"
+string_add = "warn"
+string_lit_chars_any = "warn"
+string_to_string = "warn"
+tests_outside_test_module = "warn"
+todo = "warn"
+try_err = "warn"
+undocumented_unsafe_blocks = "warn"
+unnecessary_safety_comment = "warn"
+unnecessary_safety_doc = "warn"
+unneeded_field_pattern = "warn"
+unseparated_literal_suffix = "warn"
+unused_result_ok = "warn"
+unused_trait_names = "warn"
+unwrap_used = "warn"
+verbose_file_reads = "warn"

bench/exo_bench.py

@@ -431,7 +431,12 @@ def main() -> int:
     ap.add_argument(
         "--skip-pipeline-jaccl",
         action="store_true",
-        help="Pipeline jaccl is often pointless, skip by default",
+        help="Skip pipeline+jaccl placements, as it's often pointless.",
+    )
+    ap.add_argument(
+        "--skip-tensor-ring",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Skip tensor+ring placements, as it's so slow.",
     )
     ap.add_argument(
         "--repeat", type=int, default=1, help="Repetitions per (pp,tg) pair."
@@ -450,6 +455,7 @@ def main() -> int:
         default="bench/results.json",
         help="Write raw per-run results JSON to this path.",
     )
+    ap.add_argument("--stdout", action="store_true", help="Write results to stdout")
     ap.add_argument(
         "--dry-run", action="store_true", help="List selected placements and exit."
     )
@@ -533,6 +539,16 @@ def main() -> int:
         ):
             continue
 
+        if (
+            args.skip_tensor_ring
+            and (
+                args.instance_meta == "both"
+                and "ring" in p.get("instance_meta", "").lower()
+            )
+            and (args.sharding == "both" and "tensor" in p.get("sharding", "").lower())
+        ):
+            continue
+
         if args.min_nodes <= n <= args.max_nodes:
             selected.append(p)
 
@@ -652,7 +668,9 @@ def main() -> int:
 
             time.sleep(5)
 
-    if args.json_out:
+    if args.stdout:
+        json.dump(all_rows, sys.stdout, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+    elif args.json_out:
         with open(args.json_out, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             json.dump(all_rows, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
         logger.debug(f"\nWrote results JSON: {args.json_out}")

bench/pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[project]
+name = "exo-bench"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "Benchmarking tool for exo distributed inference"
+requires-python = ">=3.13"
+dependencies = [
+    "loguru>=0.7.3",
+    "transformers>=5.0.0",
+    "huggingface-hub>=0.33.4",
+    "tiktoken>=0.12.0",
+    "jinja2>=3.1.0",
+]
+
+[build-system]
+requires = ["hatchling"]
+build-backend = "hatchling.build"

dashboard/src/lib/components/FamilyLogos.svelte

@@ -58,6 +58,18 @@
       d="M17.962 1.844h-4.326l-3.425 7.81H5.369V1.878H1.5V22h3.87v-8.477h6.824a3.025 3.025 0 002.743-1.75V22h3.87v-8.477a3.87 3.87 0 00-3.588-3.86v-.01h-2.125a3.94 3.94 0 002.323-2.12l2.545-5.689z"
     />
   </svg>
+{:else if family === "flux"}
+  <svg class="w-6 h-6 {className}" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+    <path
+      d="M12 2L2 19h7.5l2.5-4.5L14.5 19H22L12 2zm0 4.5L16.5 17h-3l-1.5-2.7L10.5 17h-3L12 6.5z"
+    />
+  </svg>
+{:else if family === "qwen-image"}
+  <svg class="w-6 h-6 {className}" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
+    <path
+      d="M12.604 1.34c.393.69.784 1.382 1.174 2.075a.18.18 0 00.157.091h5.552c.174 0 .322.11.446.327l1.454 2.57c.19.337.24.478.024.837-.26.43-.513.864-.76 1.3l-.367.658c-.106.196-.223.28-.04.512l2.652 4.637c.172.301.111.494-.043.77-.437.785-.882 1.564-1.335 2.34-.159.272-.352.375-.68.37-.777-.016-1.552-.01-2.327.016a.099.099 0 00-.081.05 575.097 575.097 0 01-2.705 4.74c-.169.293-.38.363-.725.364-.997.003-2.002.004-3.017.002a.537.537 0 01-.465-.271l-1.335-2.323a.09.09 0 00-.083-.049H4.982c-.285.03-.553-.001-.805-.092l-1.603-2.77a.543.543 0 01-.002-.54l1.207-2.12a.198.198 0 000-.197 550.951 550.951 0 01-1.875-3.272l-.79-1.395c-.16-.31-.173-.496.095-.965.465-.813.927-1.625 1.387-2.436.132-.234.304-.334.584-.335a338.3 338.3 0 012.589-.001.124.124 0 00.107-.063l2.806-4.895a.488.488 0 01.422-.246c.524-.001 1.053 0 1.583-.006L11.704 1c.341-.003.724.032.9.34zm-3.432.403a.06.06 0 00-.052.03L6.254 6.788a.157.157 0 01-.135.078H3.253c-.056 0-.07.025-.041.074l5.81 10.156c.025.042.013.062-.034.063l-2.795.015a.218.218 0 00-.2.116l-1.32 2.31c-.044.078-.021.118.068.118l5.716.008c.046 0 .08.02.104.061l1.403 2.454c.046.081.092.082.139 0l5.006-8.76.783-1.382a.055.055 0 01.096 0l1.424 2.53a.122.122 0 00.107.062l2.763-.02a.04.04 0 00.035-.02.041.041 0 000-.04l-2.9-5.086a.108.108 0 010-.113l.293-.507 1.12-1.977c.024-.041.012-.062-.035-.062H9.2c-.059 0-.073-.026-.043-.077l1.434-2.505a.107.107 0 000-.114L9.225 1.774a.06.06 0 00-.053-.031zm6.29 8.02c.046 0 .058.02.034.06l-.832 1.465-2.613 4.585a.056.056 0 01-.05.029.058.058 0 01-.05-.029L8.498 9.841c-.02-.034-.01-.052.028-.054l.216-.012 6.722-.012z"
+    />
+  </svg>
 {:else if family === "huggingface"}
   <svg class="w-6 h-6 {className}" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
     <path

dashboard/src/lib/components/FamilySidebar.svelte

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
     glm: "GLM",
     minimax: "MiniMax",
     kimi: "Kimi",
+    flux: "FLUX",
+    "qwen-image": "Qwen Img",
   };
 
   function getFamilyName(family: string): string {
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@
 </script>
 
 <div
-  class="flex flex-col gap-1 py-2 px-1 border-r border-exo-yellow/10 bg-exo-medium-gray/30 min-w-[64px]"
+  class="flex flex-col gap-1 py-2 px-1 border-r border-exo-yellow/10 bg-exo-medium-gray/30 min-w-[64px] overflow-y-auto scrollbar-hide"
 >
   <!-- All models (no filter) -->
   <button

dashboard/src/lib/components/ImageParamsPanel.svelte

@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@
     "1024x1024",
     "1024x768",
     "768x1024",
+    "1024x1365",
+    "1365x1024",
   ];
 
   const qualityOptions: ImageGenerationParams["quality"][] = [
@@ -148,6 +150,15 @@
     setImageGenerationParams({ guidance: null });
   }
 
+  function handleNumSyncStepsChange(event: Event) {
+    const value = parseInt((event.target as HTMLInputElement).value, 10);
+    setImageGenerationParams({ numSyncSteps: value });
+  }
+
+  function clearNumSyncSteps() {
+    setImageGenerationParams({ numSyncSteps: null });
+  }
+
   function handleReset() {
     resetImageGenerationParams();
     showAdvanced = false;
@@ -157,7 +168,8 @@
     params.seed !== null ||
       params.numInferenceSteps !== null ||
       params.guidance !== null ||
-      (params.negativePrompt !== null && params.negativePrompt.trim() !== ""),
+      (params.negativePrompt !== null && params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "") ||
+      params.numSyncSteps !== null,
   );
 </script>
 
@@ -578,7 +590,50 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Row 3: Negative Prompt -->
+      <!-- Row 3: Sync Steps -->
+      <div class="flex items-center gap-1.5">
+        <span
+          class="text-xs text-exo-light-gray uppercase tracking-wider whitespace-nowrap"
+          >SYNC STEPS:</span
+        >
+        <div class="flex items-center gap-2 flex-1 max-w-xs">
+          <input
+            type="range"
+            min="1"
+            max="100"
+            value={params.numSyncSteps ?? 1}
+            oninput={handleNumSyncStepsChange}
+            class="flex-1 h-1 bg-exo-medium-gray/50 rounded appearance-none cursor-pointer accent-exo-yellow"
+          />
+          <span class="text-xs font-mono text-exo-yellow w-8 text-right">
+            {params.numSyncSteps ?? "--"}
+          </span>
+          {#if params.numSyncSteps !== null}
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onclick={clearNumSyncSteps}
+              class="text-exo-light-gray hover:text-exo-yellow transition-colors"
+              title="Clear"
+            >
+              <svg
+                class="w-3 h-3"
+                fill="none"
+                viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+                stroke="currentColor"
+              >
+                <path
+                  stroke-linecap="round"
+                  stroke-linejoin="round"
+                  stroke-width="2"
+                  d="M6 18L18 6M6 6l12 12"
+                />
+              </svg>
+            </button>
+          {/if}
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Row 4: Negative Prompt -->
       <div class="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
         <span class="text-xs text-exo-light-gray uppercase tracking-wider"
           >NEGATIVE PROMPT:</span

dashboard/src/lib/components/ModelFilterPopover.svelte

@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
     { id: "thinking", label: "Thinking" },
     { id: "code", label: "Code" },
     { id: "vision", label: "Vision" },
+    { id: "image_gen", label: "Image Gen" },
+    { id: "image_edit", label: "Image Edit" },
   ];
 
   // Size ranges
@@ -142,6 +144,45 @@
                   stroke-linejoin="round"
                 /><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="3" /></svg
               >
+            {:else if cap.id === "image_gen"}
+              <svg
+                class="w-3.5 h-3.5 inline-block"
+                viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+                fill="none"
+                stroke="currentColor"
+                stroke-width="1.5"
+                ><rect
+                  x="3"
+                  y="3"
+                  width="18"
+                  height="18"
+                  rx="2"
+                  ry="2"
+                  stroke-linecap="round"
+                  stroke-linejoin="round"
+                /><circle cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="1.5" /><path
+                  d="M21 15l-5-5L5 21"
+                  stroke-linecap="round"
+                  stroke-linejoin="round"
+                /></svg
+              >
+            {:else if cap.id === "image_edit"}
+              <svg
+                class="w-3.5 h-3.5 inline-block"
+                viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+                fill="none"
+                stroke="currentColor"
+                stroke-width="1.5"
+                ><path
+                  d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"
+                  stroke-linecap="round"
+                  stroke-linejoin="round"
+                /><path
+                  d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"
+                  stroke-linecap="round"
+                  stroke-linejoin="round"
+                /></svg
+              >
             {/if}
             <span class="ml-1">{cap.label}</span>
           </button>

dashboard/src/lib/components/ModelPickerGroup.svelte

@@ -200,9 +200,42 @@
               stroke-width="1.5"
               title="Supports image generation"
             >
-              <rect x="3" y="3" width="18" height="18" rx="2" ry="2" />
+              <rect
+                x="3"
+                y="3"
+                width="18"
+                height="18"
+                rx="2"
+                ry="2"
+                stroke-linecap="round"
+                stroke-linejoin="round"
+              />
               <circle cx="8.5" cy="8.5" r="1.5" />
-              <path d="M21 15l-5-5L5 21" />
+              <path
+                d="M21 15l-5-5L5 21"
+                stroke-linecap="round"
+                stroke-linejoin="round"
+              />
+            </svg>
+          {:else if cap === "image_edit"}
+            <svg
+              class="w-3.5 h-3.5 text-white/40 flex-shrink-0"
+              viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+              fill="none"
+              stroke="currentColor"
+              stroke-width="1.5"
+              title="Supports image editing"
+            >
+              <path
+                d="M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7"
+                stroke-linecap="round"
+                stroke-linejoin="round"
+              />
+              <path
+                d="M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z"
+                stroke-linecap="round"
+                stroke-linejoin="round"
+              />
             </svg>
           {/if}
         {/each}

dashboard/src/lib/components/ModelPickerModal.svelte

@@ -363,6 +363,8 @@
       "deepseek",
       "gpt-oss",
       "llama",
+      "flux",
+      "qwen-image",
     ];
     return Array.from(families).sort((a, b) => {
       const aIdx = familyOrder.indexOf(a);
@@ -606,7 +608,7 @@
       />
 
       <!-- Model list -->
-      <div class="flex-1 overflow-y-auto flex flex-col">
+      <div class="flex-1 overflow-y-auto scrollbar-hide flex flex-col">
         {#if selectedFamily === "huggingface"}
           <!-- HuggingFace Hub view -->
           <div class="flex-1 flex flex-col min-h-0">
@@ -624,7 +626,7 @@
             </div>
 
             <!-- Results list -->
-            <div class="flex-1 overflow-y-auto">
+            <div class="flex-1 overflow-y-auto scrollbar-hide">
               {#if hfIsLoadingTrending && hfTrendingModels.length === 0}
                 <div
                   class="flex items-center justify-center py-12 text-white/40"

dashboard/src/lib/stores/app.svelte.ts

@@ -286,7 +286,14 @@ const IMAGE_PARAMS_STORAGE_KEY = "exo-image-generation-params";
 // Image generation params interface matching backend API
 export interface ImageGenerationParams {
   // Basic params
-  size: "512x512" | "768x768" | "1024x1024" | "1024x768" | "768x1024";
+  size:
+    | "512x512"
+    | "768x768"
+    | "1024x1024"
+    | "1024x768"
+    | "768x1024"
+    | "1024x1365"
+    | "1365x1024";
   quality: "low" | "medium" | "high";
   outputFormat: "png" | "jpeg";
   numImages: number;
@@ -298,6 +305,7 @@ export interface ImageGenerationParams {
   numInferenceSteps: number | null;
   guidance: number | null;
   negativePrompt: string | null;
+  numSyncSteps: number | null;
   // Edit mode params
   inputFidelity: "low" | "high";
 }
@@ -319,6 +327,7 @@ const DEFAULT_IMAGE_PARAMS: ImageGenerationParams = {
   numInferenceSteps: null,
   guidance: null,
   negativePrompt: null,
+  numSyncSteps: null,
   inputFidelity: "low",
 };
 
@@ -2396,7 +2405,9 @@ class AppStore {
         params.seed !== null ||
         params.numInferenceSteps !== null ||
         params.guidance !== null ||
-        (params.negativePrompt !== null && params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "");
+        (params.negativePrompt !== null &&
+          params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "") ||
+        params.numSyncSteps !== null;
 
       const requestBody: Record<string, unknown> = {
         model,
@@ -2421,6 +2432,9 @@ class AppStore {
             params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "" && {
               negative_prompt: params.negativePrompt,
             }),
+          ...(params.numSyncSteps !== null && {
+            num_sync_steps: params.numSyncSteps,
+          }),
         };
       }
 
@@ -2670,29 +2684,19 @@ class AppStore {
       formData.append("input_fidelity", params.inputFidelity);
 
       // Advanced params
-      if (params.seed !== null) {
-        formData.append(
-          "advanced_params",
-          JSON.stringify({
-            seed: params.seed,
-            ...(params.numInferenceSteps !== null && {
-              num_inference_steps: params.numInferenceSteps,
-            }),
-            ...(params.guidance !== null && { guidance: params.guidance }),
-            ...(params.negativePrompt !== null &&
-              params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "" && {
-                negative_prompt: params.negativePrompt,
-              }),
-          }),
-        );
-      } else if (
+      const hasAdvancedParams =
+        params.seed !== null ||
         params.numInferenceSteps !== null ||
         params.guidance !== null ||
-        (params.negativePrompt !== null && params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "")
-      ) {
+        (params.negativePrompt !== null &&
+          params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "") ||
+        params.numSyncSteps !== null;
+
+      if (hasAdvancedParams) {
         formData.append(
           "advanced_params",
           JSON.stringify({
+            ...(params.seed !== null && { seed: params.seed }),
             ...(params.numInferenceSteps !== null && {
               num_inference_steps: params.numInferenceSteps,
             }),
@@ -2701,6 +2705,9 @@ class AppStore {
               params.negativePrompt.trim() !== "" && {
                 negative_prompt: params.negativePrompt,
               }),
+            ...(params.numSyncSteps !== null && {
+              num_sync_steps: params.numSyncSteps,
+            }),
           }),
         );
       }

justfile

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ sync-clean:
 
 rust-rebuild:
     cargo run --bin stub_gen
-    just sync-clean
+    uv sync --reinstall-package exo_pyo3_bindings
 
 build-dashboard:
     #!/usr/bin/env bash

nix/mlx.nix

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ let
 
   mlx = stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
     pname = "mlx";
-    version = let v = "0.30.4"; in
+    version = let v = "0.30.5"; in
       assert v == uvLockMlxVersion || throw "MLX version mismatch: nix/mlx.nix has ${v} but uv.lock has ${uvLockMlxVersion}. Update both the version and hash in nix/mlx.nix.";
       v;
     pyproject = true;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ let
       owner = "ml-explore";
       repo = "mlx";
       tag = "v${version}";
-      hash = "sha256-OJk6jPlbaSlsUdk3ADz3tWcRzTWXRof3/q8Soe1AO6w=";
+      hash = "sha256-SV/3MXt+SuJ69XfLfXycold6KgtXSM7OE0KwMSNw+eE=";
     };
 
     patches = [

pyproject.toml

@@ -17,22 +17,20 @@ dependencies = [
     "loguru>=0.7.3",
     "exo_pyo3_bindings", # rust bindings
     "anyio==4.11.0",
-    "mlx==0.30.4; sys_platform == 'darwin'",
-    "mlx[cpu]==0.30.4; sys_platform == 'linux'",
-    "mlx-lm",
+    "mlx==0.30.5; sys_platform == 'darwin'",
+    "mlx[cpu]==0.30.5; sys_platform == 'linux'",
+    "mlx-lm==0.30.6",
     "tiktoken>=0.12.0", # required for kimi k2 tokenizer
     "hypercorn>=0.18.0",
     "openai-harmony>=0.0.8",
     "httpx>=0.28.1",
     "tomlkit>=0.14.0",
     "pillow>=11.0,<12.0", # compatibility with mflux
-    "mflux==0.15.4",
+    "mflux==0.15.5",
     "python-multipart>=0.0.21",
 ]
 
 [project.scripts]
-exo-master = "exo.master.main:main"
-exo-worker = "exo.worker.main:main"
 exo = "exo.main:main"
 
 # dependencies only required for development
@@ -59,11 +57,12 @@ dev = [
 [tool.uv.workspace]
 members = [
     "rust/exo_pyo3_bindings",
+    "bench",
 ]
 
 [tool.uv.sources]
 exo_pyo3_bindings = { workspace = true }
-mlx-lm = { git = "https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx-lm", branch = "main" }
+#mlx-lm = { git = "https://github.com/davidmcc73/mlx-lm", branch = "stable" }
 # Uncomment to use local mlx/mlx-lm development versions:
 # mlx = { path = "/Users/Shared/mlx", editable=true }
 # mlx-lm = { path = "/Users/Shared/mlx-lm", editable=true }
@@ -105,6 +104,7 @@ root = "src"
 
 # supported platforms for this project
 [tool.uv]
+required-version = ">=0.8.6"
 prerelease = "allow"
 environments = [
     "sys_platform == 'darwin'",

python/parts.nix

@@ -59,6 +59,32 @@
         }
       );
 
+      mkPythonScript = name: path: pkgs.writeShellApplication {
+        inherit name;
+        runtimeInputs = [ exoVenv ];
+        runtimeEnv = {
+          EXO_DASHBOARD_DIR = self'.packages.dashboard;
+          EXO_RESOURCES_DIR = inputs.self + /resources;
+        };
+        text = ''exec python ${path} "$@"'';
+      };
+
+      benchVenv = pythonSet.mkVirtualEnv "exo-bench-env" {
+        exo-bench = [ ];
+      };
+
+      mkBenchScript = name: path: pkgs.writeShellApplication {
+        inherit name;
+        runtimeInputs = [ benchVenv ];
+        text = ''exec python ${path} "$@"'';
+      };
+
+      mkSimplePythonScript = name: path: pkgs.writeShellApplication {
+        inherit name;
+        runtimeInputs = [ pkgs.python313 ];
+        text = ''exec python ${path} "$@"'';
+      };
+
       exoPackage = pkgs.runCommand "exo"
         {
           nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgs.makeWrapper ];
@@ -66,28 +92,30 @@
         ''
           mkdir -p $out/bin
 
-          # Create wrapper scripts
-          for script in exo exo-master exo-worker; do
-            makeWrapper ${exoVenv}/bin/$script $out/bin/$script \
-              --set EXO_DASHBOARD_DIR ${self'.packages.dashboard} \
-              --set EXO_RESOURCES_DIR ${inputs.self + "/resources"} \
-              ${lib.optionalString pkgs.stdenv.isDarwin "--prefix PATH : ${pkgs.macmon}/bin"}
-          done
+          # Create wrapper script
+          makeWrapper ${exoVenv}/bin/exo $out/bin/exo \
+            --set EXO_DASHBOARD_DIR ${self'.packages.dashboard} \
+            --set EXO_RESOURCES_DIR ${inputs.self + /resources} \
+            ${lib.optionalString pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin "--prefix PATH : ${pkgs.macmon}/bin"}
         '';
     in
     {
       # Python package only available on macOS (requires MLX/Metal)
-      packages = lib.optionalAttrs pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin {
-        exo = exoPackage;
-        # Test environment for running pytest outside of Nix sandbox (needs GPU access)
-        exo-test-env = testVenv;
+      packages = lib.optionalAttrs pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.isDarwin
+        {
+          exo = exoPackage;
+          # Test environment for running pytest outside of Nix sandbox (needs GPU access)
+          exo-test-env = testVenv;
+        } // {
+        exo-bench = mkBenchScript "exo-bench" (inputs.self + /bench/exo_bench.py);
+        exo-get-all-models-on-cluster = mkSimplePythonScript "exo-get-all-models-on-cluster" (inputs.self + /tests/get_all_models_on_cluster.py);
       };
 
       checks = {
         # Ruff linting (works on all platforms)
         lint = pkgs.runCommand "ruff-lint" { } ''
           export RUFF_CACHE_DIR="$TMPDIR/ruff-cache"
-          ${pkgs.ruff}/bin/ruff check ${inputs.self}/
+          ${pkgs.ruff}/bin/ruff check ${inputs.self}
           touch $out
         '';
       };

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-Kontext-dev-4bit.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+model_id = "exolabs/FLUX.1-Kontext-dev-4bit"
+n_layers = 57
+hidden_size = 1
+supports_tensor = false
+tasks = ["ImageToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "4bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Kontext"
+capabilities = ["image_edit"]
+
+[storage_size]
+in_bytes = 15475325472
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "text_encoder"
+component_path = "text_encoder/"
+n_layers = 12
+can_shard = false
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 0
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "text_encoder_2"
+component_path = "text_encoder_2/"
+n_layers = 24
+can_shard = false
+safetensors_index_filename = "model.safetensors.index.json"
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 9524621312
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "transformer"
+component_path = "transformer/"
+n_layers = 57
+can_shard = true
+safetensors_index_filename = "diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors.index.json"
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 5950704160
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "vae"
+component_path = "vae/"
+can_shard = false
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 0

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-Kontext-dev-8bit.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+model_id = "exolabs/FLUX.1-Kontext-dev-8bit"
+n_layers = 57
+hidden_size = 1
+supports_tensor = false
+tasks = ["ImageToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "8bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Kontext"
+capabilities = ["image_edit"]
+
+[storage_size]
+in_bytes = 21426029632
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "text_encoder"
+component_path = "text_encoder/"
+n_layers = 12
+can_shard = false
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 0
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "text_encoder_2"
+component_path = "text_encoder_2/"
+n_layers = 24
+can_shard = false
+safetensors_index_filename = "model.safetensors.index.json"
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 9524621312
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "transformer"
+component_path = "transformer/"
+n_layers = 57
+can_shard = true
+safetensors_index_filename = "diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors.index.json"
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 11901408320
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "vae"
+component_path = "vae/"
+can_shard = false
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 0

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-Kontext-dev.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+model_id = "exolabs/FLUX.1-Kontext-dev"
+n_layers = 57
+hidden_size = 1
+supports_tensor = false
+tasks = ["ImageToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = ""
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Kontext"
+capabilities = ["image_edit"]
+
+[storage_size]
+in_bytes = 33327437952
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "text_encoder"
+component_path = "text_encoder/"
+n_layers = 12
+can_shard = false
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 0
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "text_encoder_2"
+component_path = "text_encoder_2/"
+n_layers = 24
+can_shard = false
+safetensors_index_filename = "model.safetensors.index.json"
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 9524621312
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "transformer"
+component_path = "transformer/"
+n_layers = 57
+can_shard = true
+safetensors_index_filename = "diffusion_pytorch_model.safetensors.index.json"
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 23802816640
+
+[[components]]
+component_name = "vae"
+component_path = "vae/"
+can_shard = false
+
+[components.storage_size]
+in_bytes = 0

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-Krea-dev-4bit.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "4bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Krea"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 15475325472

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-Krea-dev-8bit.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "8bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Krea"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 21426029632

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-Krea-dev.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = ""
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Krea"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 33327437952

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-dev-4bit.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "4bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Dev"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 15475325472

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-dev-8bit.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "8bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Dev"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 21426029632

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-dev.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = ""
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Dev"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 33327437952

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-schnell-4bit.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "4bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Schnell"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 15470210592

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-schnell-8bit.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = "8bit"
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Schnell"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 21415799872

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--FLUX.1-schnell.toml

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ n_layers = 57
 hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
+family = "flux"
+quantization = ""
+base_model = "FLUX.1 Schnell"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 33306978432

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--Qwen-Image-4bit.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
 uses_cfg = true
+family = "qwen-image"
+quantization = "4bit"
+base_model = "Qwen Image"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 26799533856

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--Qwen-Image-8bit.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
 uses_cfg = true
+family = "qwen-image"
+quantization = "8bit"
+base_model = "Qwen Image"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 37014734400

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--Qwen-Image-Edit-2509-4bit.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["ImageToImage"]
 uses_cfg = true
+family = "qwen-image"
+quantization = "4bit"
+base_model = "Qwen Image Edit"
+capabilities = ["image_edit"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 26799533856

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--Qwen-Image-Edit-2509-8bit.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["ImageToImage"]
 uses_cfg = true
+family = "qwen-image"
+quantization = "8bit"
+base_model = "Qwen Image Edit"
+capabilities = ["image_edit"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 37014734400

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--Qwen-Image-Edit-2509.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["ImageToImage"]
 uses_cfg = true
+family = "qwen-image"
+quantization = ""
+base_model = "Qwen Image Edit"
+capabilities = ["image_edit"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 57445135488

resources/image_model_cards/exolabs--Qwen-Image.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ hidden_size = 1
 supports_tensor = false
 tasks = ["TextToImage"]
 uses_cfg = true
+family = "qwen-image"
+quantization = ""
+base_model = "Qwen Image"
+capabilities = ["image_gen"]
 
 [storage_size]
 in_bytes = 57445135488

rust/clippy.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# we can manually exclude false-positive lint errors for dual packages (if in dependencies)
+#allowed-duplicate-crates = ["hashbrown"]

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/Cargo.toml

@@ -25,25 +25,44 @@ workspace = true
 networking = { workspace = true }
 
 # interop
-pyo3 = { version = "0.27.2", features = [
-    "abi3-py313", # tells pyo3 (and maturin) to build using the stable ABI with minimum Python version 3.11
-    # "nightly", # enables better-supported GIL integration
-    "experimental-async" # async support in #[pyfunction] & #[pymethods]
-    # "experimental-inspect", # inspection of generated binary => easier to automate type-hint generation
-    # "py-clone", # adding Clone-ing of `Py<T>` without GIL (may cause panics - remove if panics happen)
-    # "multiple-pymethods", # allows multiple #[pymethods] sections per class
+pyo3 = { version = "0.27.1", features = [
+    # "abi3-py311", # tells pyo3 (and maturin) to build using the stable ABI with minimum Python version 3.11
+    "nightly", # enables better-supported GIL integration
+    "experimental-async", # async support in #[pyfunction] & #[pymethods]
+    #"experimental-inspect", # inspection of generated binary => easier to automate type-hint generation
+    #"py-clone", # adding Clone-ing of `Py<T>` without GIL (may cause panics - remove if panics happen)
+    "multiple-pymethods", # allows multiple #[pymethods] sections per class
 
     # integrations with other libraries
-    # "arc_lock", "bigdecimal", "either", "hashbrown", "indexmap", "num-bigint", "num-complex", "num-rational",
-    # "ordered-float", "rust_decimal", "smallvec",
+    "arc_lock", "bigdecimal", "either", "hashbrown", "indexmap", "num-bigint", "num-complex", "num-rational",
+    "ordered-float", "rust_decimal", "smallvec",
     # "anyhow", "chrono", "chrono-local", "chrono-tz", "eyre", "jiff-02", "lock_api", "parking-lot", "time",  "serde",
 ] }
 pyo3-stub-gen = { version = "0.17.2" }
 pyo3-async-runtimes = { version = "0.27.0", features = ["attributes", "tokio-runtime", "testing"] }
 pyo3-log = "0.13.2"
 
+# macro dependencies
+extend = { workspace = true }
+delegate = { workspace = true }
+impl-trait-for-tuples = { workspace = true }
+derive_more = { workspace = true }
+pin-project = { workspace = true }
+
 # async runtime
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full", "tracing"] }
+futures = { workspace = true }
+
+# utility dependencies
+once_cell = "1.21.3"
+thread_local = "1.1.9"
+util = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
+#internment = { workspace = true }
+#recursion = { workspace = true }
+#generativity = { workspace = true }
+#itertools = { workspace = true }
+
 
 # Tracing
 #tracing = "0.1"
@@ -56,4 +75,3 @@ env_logger = "0.11"
 
 # Networking
 libp2p = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-futures-lite = "2.6.1"

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/exo_pyo3_bindings.pyi

@@ -2,39 +2,220 @@
 # ruff: noqa: E501, F401
 
 import builtins
+import enum
 import typing
 
 @typing.final
-class Keypair:
-    @staticmethod
-    def generate() -> Keypair:
+class AllQueuesFullError(builtins.Exception):
+    def __new__(cls, *args: typing.Any) -> AllQueuesFullError: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> builtins.str: ...
+    def __str__(self) -> builtins.str: ...
+
+@typing.final
+class ConnectionUpdate:
+    @property
+    def update_type(self) -> ConnectionUpdateType:
         r"""
-        Generate a new ed25519 keypair
+        Whether this is a connection or disconnection event
+        """
+    @property
+    def peer_id(self) -> PeerId:
+        r"""
+        Identity of the peer that we have connected to or disconnected from.
+        """
+    @property
+    def remote_ipv4(self) -> builtins.str:
+        r"""
+        Remote connection's IPv4 address.
+        """
+    @property
+    def remote_tcp_port(self) -> builtins.int:
+        r"""
+        Remote connection's TCP port.
+        """
+
+@typing.final
+class Keypair:
+    r"""
+    Identity keypair of a node.
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def generate_ed25519() -> Keypair:
+        r"""
+        Generate a new Ed25519 keypair.
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def generate_ecdsa() -> Keypair:
+        r"""
+        Generate a new ECDSA keypair.
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def generate_secp256k1() -> Keypair:
+        r"""
+        Generate a new Secp256k1 keypair.
         """
     @staticmethod
     def from_protobuf_encoding(bytes: bytes) -> Keypair:
         r"""
         Decode a private key from a protobuf structure and parse it as a `Keypair`.
         """
+    @staticmethod
+    def rsa_from_pkcs8(bytes: bytes) -> Keypair:
+        r"""
+        Decode an keypair from a DER-encoded secret key in PKCS#8 `PrivateKeyInfo`
+        format (i.e. unencrypted) as defined in [RFC5208].
+        
+        [RFC5208]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208#section-5
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def secp256k1_from_der(bytes: bytes) -> Keypair:
+        r"""
+        Decode a keypair from a DER-encoded Secp256k1 secret key in an `ECPrivateKey`
+        structure as defined in [RFC5915].
+        
+        [RFC5915]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5915
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def ed25519_from_bytes(bytes: bytes) -> Keypair: ...
     def to_protobuf_encoding(self) -> bytes:
         r"""
-        Encode a private key to a protobuf structure.
+        Encode a private key as protobuf structure.
+        """
+    def to_peer_id(self) -> PeerId:
+        r"""
+        Convert the `Keypair` into the corresponding `PeerId`.
         """
-    def to_string(self) -> builtins.str: ...
 
 @typing.final
-class PyPeer:
+class Multiaddr:
+    r"""
+    Representation of a Multiaddr.
+    """
     @staticmethod
-    def new(kp: Keypair, namespace: builtins.str) -> PyPeer: ...
-    async def subscribe(self, topic: builtins.str) -> None: ...
-    async def unsubscribe(self, topic: builtins.str) -> None: ...
-    async def send(self, topic: builtins.str, payload: bytes) -> None: ...
-    async def run(self) -> None: ...
-    async def recv(self) -> PySwarmEvent: ...
+    def empty() -> Multiaddr:
+        r"""
+        Create a new, empty multiaddress.
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def with_capacity(n: builtins.int) -> Multiaddr:
+        r"""
+        Create a new, empty multiaddress with the given capacity.
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_bytes(bytes: bytes) -> Multiaddr:
+        r"""
+        Parse a `Multiaddr` value from its byte slice representation.
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_string(string: builtins.str) -> Multiaddr:
+        r"""
+        Parse a `Multiaddr` value from its string representation.
+        """
+    def len(self) -> builtins.int:
+        r"""
+        Return the length in bytes of this multiaddress.
+        """
+    def is_empty(self) -> builtins.bool:
+        r"""
+        Returns true if the length of this multiaddress is 0.
+        """
+    def to_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        r"""
+        Return a copy of this [`Multiaddr`]'s byte representation.
+        """
+    def to_string(self) -> builtins.str:
+        r"""
+        Convert a Multiaddr to a string.
+        """
 
 @typing.final
-class PySwarmEvent:
-    def downcast_discovered(self) -> typing.Optional[builtins.str]: ...
-    def downcast_expired(self) -> typing.Optional[builtins.str]: ...
-    def downcast_message(self) -> typing.Optional[tuple[builtins.str, builtins.str, bytes]]: ...
+class NetworkingHandle:
+    def __new__(cls, identity: Keypair) -> NetworkingHandle: ...
+    async def connection_update_recv(self) -> ConnectionUpdate:
+        r"""
+        Receives the next `ConnectionUpdate` from networking.
+        """
+    async def connection_update_recv_many(self, limit: builtins.int) -> builtins.list[ConnectionUpdate]:
+        r"""
+        Receives at most `limit` `ConnectionUpdate`s from networking and returns them.
+        
+        For `limit = 0`, an empty collection of `ConnectionUpdate`s will be returned immediately.
+        For `limit > 0`, if there are no `ConnectionUpdate`s in the channel's queue this method
+        will sleep until a `ConnectionUpdate`s is sent.
+        """
+    async def gossipsub_subscribe(self, topic: builtins.str) -> builtins.bool:
+        r"""
+        Subscribe to a `GossipSub` topic.
+        
+        Returns `True` if the subscription worked. Returns `False` if we were already subscribed.
+        """
+    async def gossipsub_unsubscribe(self, topic: builtins.str) -> builtins.bool:
+        r"""
+        Unsubscribes from a `GossipSub` topic.
+        
+        Returns `True` if we were subscribed to this topic. Returns `False` if we were not subscribed.
+        """
+    async def gossipsub_publish(self, topic: builtins.str, data: bytes) -> None:
+        r"""
+        Publishes a message with multiple topics to the `GossipSub` network.
+        
+        If no peers are found that subscribe to this topic, throws `NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError` exception.
+        """
+    async def gossipsub_recv(self) -> tuple[builtins.str, bytes]:
+        r"""
+        Receives the next message from the `GossipSub` network.
+        """
+    async def gossipsub_recv_many(self, limit: builtins.int) -> builtins.list[tuple[builtins.str, bytes]]:
+        r"""
+        Receives at most `limit` messages from the `GossipSub` network and returns them.
+        
+        For `limit = 0`, an empty collection of messages will be returned immediately.
+        For `limit > 0`, if there are no messages in the channel's queue this method
+        will sleep until a message is sent.
+        """
+
+@typing.final
+class NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError(builtins.Exception):
+    def __new__(cls, *args: typing.Any) -> NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> builtins.str: ...
+    def __str__(self) -> builtins.str: ...
+
+@typing.final
+class PeerId:
+    r"""
+    Identifier of a peer of the network.
+    
+    The data is a `CIDv0` compatible multihash of the protobuf encoded public key of the peer
+    as specified in [specs/peer-ids](https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/peer-ids/peer-ids.md).
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def random() -> PeerId:
+        r"""
+        Generates a random peer ID from a cryptographically secure PRNG.
+        
+        This is useful for randomly walking on a DHT, or for testing purposes.
+        """
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_bytes(bytes: bytes) -> PeerId:
+        r"""
+        Parses a `PeerId` from bytes.
+        """
+    def to_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        r"""
+        Returns a raw bytes representation of this `PeerId`.
+        """
+    def to_base58(self) -> builtins.str:
+        r"""
+        Returns a base-58 encoded string of this `PeerId`.
+        """
+    def __repr__(self) -> builtins.str: ...
+    def __str__(self) -> builtins.str: ...
+
+@typing.final
+class ConnectionUpdateType(enum.Enum):
+    r"""
+    Connection or disconnection event discriminant type.
+    """
+    Connected = ...
+    Disconnected = ...
 

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/allow_threading.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-//! See: <https://pyo3.rs/v0.27.2/async-await.html#detaching-from-the-interpreter-across-await>
+//! SEE: https://pyo3.rs/v0.26.0/async-await.html#detaching-from-the-interpreter-across-await
+//!
+
+use pin_project::pin_project;
+use pyo3::marker::Ungil;
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 use std::{
     future::Future,
@@ -6,17 +10,31 @@ use std::{
     task::{Context, Poll},
 };
 
-pub struct AllowThreads<F>(pub(crate) F);
+/// SEE: https://pyo3.rs/v0.26.0/async-await.html#detaching-from-the-interpreter-across-await
+#[pin_project]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub(crate) struct AllowThreads<F>(#[pin] F);
+
+impl<F> AllowThreads<F>
+where
+    Self: Future,
+{
+    pub fn new(f: F) -> Self {
+        Self(f)
+    }
+}
 
 impl<F> Future for AllowThreads<F>
 where
-    F: Future + Unpin + Send,
-    F::Output: Send,
+    F: Future + Ungil,
+    F::Output: Ungil,
 {
     type Output = F::Output;
 
-    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
         let waker = cx.waker();
-        Python::attach(|py| py.detach(|| pin!(&mut self.0).poll(&mut Context::from_waker(waker))))
+        Python::with_gil(|py| {
+            py.allow_threads(|| self.project().0.poll(&mut Context::from_waker(waker)))
+        })
     }
 }

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/examples/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+//! This module exists to hold examples of some pyo3 patterns that may be too complex to
+//! re-create from scratch, but too inhomogenous to create an abstraction/wrapper around.
+//!
+//! Pattern examples include:
+//!  - Async task handles: with GC-integrated cleanup
+//!  - Sync/async callbacks from python: with propper eventloop handling
+//!
+//! Mutability pattern: https://pyo3.rs/v0.26.0/async-await.html#send--static-constraint
+//!  - Store mutable fields in tokio's `Mutex<T>`
+//!  - For async code: take `&self` and `.lock().await`
+//!  - For sync code: take `&mut self` and `.get_mut()`
+
+use crate::ext::{PyResultExt as _, ResultExt as _, TokioRuntimeExt as _};
+use futures::FutureExt as _;
+use futures::future::BoxFuture;
+use pyo3::exceptions::PyRuntimeError;
+use pyo3::prelude::{PyModule, PyModuleMethods as _};
+use pyo3::{
+    Bound, Py, PyAny, PyErr, PyResult, PyTraverseError, PyVisit, Python, pyclass, pymethods,
+};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError;
+
+fn needs_tokio_runtime() {
+    tokio::runtime::Handle::current();
+}
+
+type SyncCallback = Box<dyn Fn() + Send + Sync>;
+type AsyncCallback = Box<dyn Fn() -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> + Send + Sync>;
+
+enum AsyncTaskMessage {
+    SyncCallback(SyncCallback),
+    AsyncCallback(AsyncCallback),
+}
+
+async fn async_task(
+    sender: mpsc::UnboundedSender<()>,
+    mut receiver: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<AsyncTaskMessage>,
+) {
+    log::info!("RUST: async task started");
+
+    // task state
+    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(1));
+
+    let mut sync_cbs: Vec<SyncCallback> = vec![];
+    let mut async_cbs: Vec<AsyncCallback> = vec![];
+
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            // handle incoming messages from task-handle
+            message = receiver.recv() => {
+                // handle closed channel by exiting
+                let Some(message) = message else {
+                    log::info!("RUST: channel closed");
+                    break;
+                };
+
+                // dispatch incoming event
+                match message {
+                    AsyncTaskMessage::SyncCallback(cb) => {
+                        sync_cbs.push(cb);
+                    }
+                    AsyncTaskMessage::AsyncCallback(cb) => {
+                        async_cbs.push(cb);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // handle all other events
+            _ = interval.tick() => {
+                log::info!("RUST: async task tick");
+
+                // call back all sync callbacks
+                for cb in &sync_cbs {
+                    cb();
+                }
+
+                // call back all async callbacks
+                for cb in &async_cbs {
+                    cb().await;
+                }
+
+                // send event on unbounded channel
+                sender.send(()).expect("handle receiver cannot be closed/dropped");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    log::info!("RUST: async task stopped");
+}
+
+// #[gen_stub_pyclass]
+#[pyclass(name = "AsyncTaskHandle")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct PyAsyncTaskHandle {
+    sender: Option<mpsc::UnboundedSender<AsyncTaskMessage>>,
+    receiver: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<()>,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+impl PyAsyncTaskHandle {
+    const fn sender(&self) -> &mpsc::UnboundedSender<AsyncTaskMessage> {
+        self.sender
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The sender should only be None after de-initialization.")
+    }
+
+    const fn sender_mut(&mut self) -> &mpsc::UnboundedSender<AsyncTaskMessage> {
+        self.sender
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("The sender should only be None after de-initialization.")
+    }
+
+    const fn new(
+        sender: mpsc::UnboundedSender<AsyncTaskMessage>,
+        receiver: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<()>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            sender: Some(sender),
+            receiver,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// #[gen_stub_pymethods]
+#[pymethods]
+impl PyAsyncTaskHandle {
+    #[new]
+    fn py_new(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        use pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::get_runtime;
+
+        // create communication channel TOWARDS our task
+        let (h_sender, t_receiver) = mpsc::unbounded_channel::<AsyncTaskMessage>();
+
+        // create communication channel FROM our task
+        let (t_sender, h_receiver) = mpsc::unbounded_channel::<()>();
+
+        // perform necessary setup within tokio context - or it crashes
+        let () = get_runtime().block_on(async { needs_tokio_runtime() });
+
+        // spawn tokio task with this thread's task-locals - without this, async callbacks on the new threads will not work!!
+        _ = get_runtime().spawn_with_scope(py, async move {
+            async_task(t_sender, t_receiver).await;
+        });
+        Ok(Self::new(h_sender, h_receiver))
+    }
+
+    /// NOTE: exceptions in callbacks are silently ignored until end of execution
+    fn add_sync_callback(
+        &self,
+        // #[gen_stub(override_type(
+        //     type_repr="collections.abc.Callable[[], None]",
+        //     imports=("collections.abc")
+        // ))]
+        callback: Py<PyAny>,
+    ) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // blocking call to async method -> can do non-blocking if needed
+        self.sender()
+            .send(AsyncTaskMessage::SyncCallback(Box::new(move || {
+                _ = Python::with_gil(|py| callback.call0(py).write_unraisable_with(py));
+            })))
+            .pyerr()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// NOTE: exceptions in callbacks are silently ignored until end of execution
+    fn add_async_callback(
+        &self,
+        // #[gen_stub(override_type(
+        //     type_repr="collections.abc.Callable[[], collections.abc.Awaitable[None]]",
+        //     imports=("collections.abc")
+        // ))]
+        callback: Py<PyAny>,
+    ) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // blocking call to async method -> can do non-blocking if needed
+        self.sender()
+            .send(AsyncTaskMessage::AsyncCallback(Box::new(move || {
+                let c = Python::with_gil(|py| callback.clone_ref(py));
+                async move {
+                    if let Some(f) = Python::with_gil(|py| {
+                        let coroutine = c.call0(py).write_unraisable_with(py)?;
+                        pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::into_future(coroutine.into_bound(py))
+                            .write_unraisable_with(py)
+                    }) {
+                        _ = f.await.write_unraisable();
+                    }
+                }
+                .boxed()
+            })))
+            .pyerr()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn receive_unit(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
+        self.receiver
+            .recv()
+            .await
+            .ok_or(PyErr::new::<PyRuntimeError, _>(
+                "cannot receive unit on closed channel",
+            ))
+    }
+
+    fn drain_units(&mut self) -> PyResult<i32> {
+        let mut cnt = 0;
+        loop {
+            match self.receiver.try_recv() {
+                Err(TryRecvError::Disconnected) => {
+                    return Err(PyErr::new::<PyRuntimeError, _>(
+                        "cannot receive unit on closed channel",
+                    ));
+                }
+                Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => return Ok(cnt),
+                Ok(()) => {
+                    cnt += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    const fn __traverse__(&self, _visit: PyVisit<'_>) -> Result<(), PyTraverseError> {
+        Ok(()) // This is needed purely so `__clear__` can work
+    }
+
+    // #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    fn __clear__(&mut self) {
+        // TODO: may or may not need to await a "kill-signal" oneshot channel message,
+        //       to ensure that the networking task is done BEFORE exiting the clear function...
+        //       but this may require GIL?? and it may not be safe to call GIL here??
+        self.sender = None; // Using Option<T> as a trick to force `sender` channel to be dropped
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn examples_submodule(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    m.add_class::<PyAsyncTaskHandle>()?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,42 +1,216 @@
 //! TODO: crate documentation
-pub(crate) mod allow_threading;
+//!
+//! this is here as a placeholder documentation
+//!
+//!
 
+// enable Rust-unstable features for convenience
+#![feature(trait_alias)]
+#![feature(tuple_trait)]
+#![feature(unboxed_closures)]
+// #![feature(stmt_expr_attributes)]
+// #![feature(assert_matches)]
+// #![feature(async_fn_in_dyn_trait)]
+// #![feature(async_for_loop)]
+// #![feature(auto_traits)]
+// #![feature(negative_impls)]
+
+extern crate core;
+mod allow_threading;
+mod examples;
 pub(crate) mod networking;
-pub(crate) mod take_once {
-    use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+pub(crate) mod pylibp2p;
 
-    pub struct TakeOnce<T>(Mutex<Option<T>>);
-    impl<T> TakeOnce<T> {
-        pub fn new(t: T) -> Self {
-            Self(Mutex::new(Some(t)))
+use crate::networking::networking_submodule;
+use crate::pylibp2p::ident::ident_submodule;
+use crate::pylibp2p::multiaddr::multiaddr_submodule;
+use pyo3::prelude::PyModule;
+use pyo3::prelude::*;
+use pyo3::{Bound, PyResult, pyclass, pymodule};
+use pyo3_stub_gen::define_stub_info_gatherer;
+
+/// Namespace for all the constants used by this crate.
+pub(crate) mod r#const {
+    pub const MPSC_CHANNEL_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+}
+
+/// Namespace for all the type/trait aliases used by this crate.
+pub(crate) mod alias {
+    use std::error::Error;
+    use std::marker::Tuple;
+
+    pub trait SendFn<Args: Tuple + Send + 'static, Output> =
+        Fn<Args, Output = Output> + Send + 'static;
+
+    pub type AnyError = Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+    pub type AnyResult<T> = Result<T, AnyError>;
+}
+
+/// Namespace for crate-wide extension traits/methods
+pub(crate) mod ext {
+    use crate::allow_threading::AllowThreads;
+    use extend::ext;
+    use pyo3::exceptions::{PyConnectionError, PyRuntimeError};
+    use pyo3::marker::Ungil;
+    use pyo3::types::PyBytes;
+    use pyo3::{Py, PyErr, PyResult, Python};
+    use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
+    use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+    use tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError;
+    use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = ByteArrayExt)]
+    impl [u8] {
+        fn pybytes(&self) -> Py<PyBytes> {
+            Python::with_gil(|py| PyBytes::new(py, self).unbind())
         }
-        pub fn take(&self) -> Option<T> {
-            match self.0.try_lock() {
-                Ok(mut o) => o.take(),
-                Err(_) => None,
+    }
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = ResultExt)]
+    impl<T, E> Result<T, E>
+    where
+        E: ToString,
+    {
+        fn pyerr(self) -> PyResult<T> {
+            self.map_err(|e| PyRuntimeError::new_err(e.to_string()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub trait FutureExt: Future + Sized {
+        /// SEE: https://pyo3.rs/v0.26.0/async-await.html#detaching-from-the-interpreter-across-await
+        fn allow_threads_py(self) -> AllowThreads<Self>
+        where
+            AllowThreads<Self>: Future,
+        {
+            AllowThreads::new(self)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<T: Future> FutureExt for T {}
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = PyErrExt)]
+    impl PyErr {
+        fn receiver_channel_closed() -> Self {
+            PyConnectionError::new_err("Receiver channel closed unexpectedly")
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = PyResultExt)]
+    impl<T> PyResult<T> {
+        fn write_unraisable(self) -> Option<T> {
+            Python::with_gil(|py| self.write_unraisable_with(py))
+        }
+
+        fn write_unraisable_with(self, py: Python<'_>) -> Option<T> {
+            match self {
+                Ok(v) => Some(v),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    // write error back to python
+                    e.write_unraisable(py, None);
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = TokioRuntimeExt)]
+    impl Runtime {
+        fn spawn_with_scope<F>(&self, py: Python<'_>, future: F) -> PyResult<JoinHandle<F::Output>>
+        where
+            F: Future + Send + 'static,
+            F::Output: Send + 'static,
+        {
+            let locals = pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::get_current_locals(py)?;
+            Ok(self.spawn(pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::scope(locals, future)))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = TokioMpscSenderExt)]
+    impl<T> mpsc::Sender<T> {
+        /// Sends a value, waiting until there is capacity.
+        ///
+        /// A successful send occurs when it is determined that the other end of the
+        /// channel has not hung up already. An unsuccessful send would be one where
+        /// the corresponding receiver has already been closed.
+        async fn send_py(&self, value: T) -> PyResult<()> {
+            self.send(value)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|_| PyErr::receiver_channel_closed())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = TokioMpscReceiverExt)]
+    impl<T> mpsc::Receiver<T> {
+        /// Receives the next value for this receiver.
+        async fn recv_py(&mut self) -> PyResult<T> {
+            self.recv().await.ok_or_else(PyErr::receiver_channel_closed)
+        }
+
+        /// Receives at most `limit` values for this receiver and returns them.
+        ///
+        /// For `limit = 0`, an empty collection of messages will be returned immediately.
+        /// For `limit > 0`, if there are no messages in the channel's queue this method
+        /// will sleep until a message is sent.
+        async fn recv_many_py(&mut self, limit: usize) -> PyResult<Vec<T>> {
+            // get updates from receiver channel
+            let mut updates = Vec::with_capacity(limit);
+            let received = self.recv_many(&mut updates, limit).await;
+
+            // if we received zero items, then the channel was unexpectedly closed
+            if limit != 0 && received == 0 {
+                return Err(PyErr::receiver_channel_closed());
+            }
+
+            Ok(updates)
+        }
+
+        /// Tries to receive the next value for this receiver.
+        fn try_recv_py(&mut self) -> PyResult<Option<T>> {
+            match self.try_recv() {
+                Ok(v) => Ok(Some(v)),
+                Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => Ok(None),
+                Err(TryRecvError::Disconnected) => Err(PyErr::receiver_channel_closed()),
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
-use pyo3::prelude::*;
+pub(crate) mod private {
+    use std::marker::Sized;
 
-use pyo3_stub_gen::define_stub_info_gatherer;
+    /// Sealed traits support
+    pub trait Sealed {}
+    impl<T: ?Sized> Sealed for T {}
+}
+
+/// A wrapper around [`Py`] that implements [`Clone`] using [`Python::with_gil`].
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub(crate) struct ClonePy<T>(pub Py<T>);
+
+impl<T> Clone for ClonePy<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Python::with_gil(|py| Self(self.0.clone_ref(py)))
+    }
+}
 
 /// A Python module implemented in Rust. The name of this function must match
 /// the `lib.name` setting in the `Cargo.toml`, else Python will not be able to
 /// import the module.
 #[pymodule(name = "exo_pyo3_bindings")]
-pub fn networking_module(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+fn main_module(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
     // install logger
     pyo3_log::init();
-    // setup runtime
-    let mut builder = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread();
-    builder.enable_all();
-    pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::init(builder);
 
-    m.add_class::<networking::PyPeer>()?;
-    m.add_class::<networking::PyKeypair>()?;
+    // TODO: for now this is all NOT a submodule, but figure out how to make the submodule system
+    //       work with maturin, where the types generate correctly, in the right folder, without
+    //       too many importing issues...
+    ident_submodule(m)?;
+    multiaddr_submodule(m)?;
+    networking_submodule(m)?;
+
+    // top-level constructs
+    // TODO: ...
+
     Ok(())
 }
 

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/networking.rs

@@ -1,214 +1,571 @@
-use crate::allow_threading::AllowThreads;
-use crate::take_once::TakeOnce;
+#![allow(
+    clippy::multiple_inherent_impl,
+    clippy::unnecessary_wraps,
+    clippy::unused_self,
+    clippy::needless_pass_by_value
+)]
 
-use std::pin::pin;
+use crate::r#const::MPSC_CHANNEL_SIZE;
+use crate::ext::{ByteArrayExt as _, FutureExt, PyErrExt as _};
+use crate::ext::{ResultExt as _, TokioMpscReceiverExt as _, TokioMpscSenderExt as _};
+use crate::pyclass;
+use crate::pylibp2p::ident::{PyKeypair, PyPeerId};
+use libp2p::futures::StreamExt as _;
+use libp2p::gossipsub::{IdentTopic, Message, MessageId, PublishError};
+use libp2p::swarm::SwarmEvent;
+use libp2p::{gossipsub, mdns};
+use networking::discovery;
+use networking::swarm::create_swarm;
+use pyo3::prelude::{PyModule, PyModuleMethods as _};
+use pyo3::types::PyBytes;
+use pyo3::{Bound, Py, PyErr, PyResult, PyTraverseError, PyVisit, Python, pymethods};
+use pyo3_stub_gen::derive::{gen_stub_pyclass, gen_stub_pyclass_enum, gen_stub_pymethods};
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, mpsc, oneshot};
+use util::ext::VecExt as _;
 
-use futures_lite::FutureExt;
-use libp2p::{gossipsub::PublishError, identity::Keypair};
-use networking::{FromSwarm, Peer, ToSwarm};
-use pyo3::{
-    coroutine::CancelHandle,
-    exceptions::{PyConnectionError, PyRuntimeError, PyValueError},
-    prelude::*,
-    types::PyBytes,
-};
-use pyo3_stub_gen::{
-    derive::{gen_methods_from_python, gen_stub_pyclass, gen_stub_pymethods},
-    inventory::submit,
-};
-use tokio::sync::{Mutex, mpsc};
+mod exception {
+    use pyo3::types::PyTuple;
+    use pyo3::{PyErrArguments, exceptions::PyException, prelude::*};
+    use pyo3_stub_gen::derive::*;
 
-#[gen_stub_pyclass]
-#[pyclass(name = "Keypair", frozen)]
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct PyKeypair(Keypair);
+    #[gen_stub_pyclass]
+    #[pyclass(frozen, extends=PyException, name="NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError")]
+    pub struct PyNoPeersSubscribedToTopicError {}
 
-#[gen_stub_pymethods]
-#[pymethods]
-impl PyKeypair {
-    /// Generate a new ed25519 keypair
-    #[staticmethod]
-    fn generate() -> Self {
-        Self(Keypair::generate_ed25519())
-    }
+    impl PyNoPeersSubscribedToTopicError {
+        const MSG: &'static str = "\
+        No peers are currently subscribed to receive messages on this topic. \
+        Wait for peers to subscribe or check your network connectivity.";
 
-    /// Decode a private key from a protobuf structure and parse it as a `Keypair`.
-    #[staticmethod]
-    fn from_protobuf_encoding(bytes: &Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> Self {
-        let bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
-        Self(Keypair::from_protobuf_encoding(&bytes).expect("todo"))
-    }
-
-    /// Encode a private key to a protobuf structure.
-    fn to_protobuf_encoding<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyBytes>> {
-        match self.0.to_protobuf_encoding() {
-            Ok(bytes) => Ok(PyBytes::new(py, &bytes)),
-            Err(e) => Err(PyValueError::new_err(e.to_string())),
+        ///   Creates a new  [ `PyErr` ]  of this type.
+        ///
+        ///   [`PyErr`] :  https://docs.rs/pyo3/latest/pyo3/struct.PyErr.html   "PyErr in pyo3"
+        pub(crate) fn new_err() -> PyErr {
+            PyErr::new::<Self, _>(()) // TODO: check if this needs to be replaced???
         }
     }
 
-    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
-        self.0.public().to_peer_id().to_base58()
+    #[gen_stub_pymethods]
+    #[pymethods]
+    impl PyNoPeersSubscribedToTopicError {
+        #[new]
+        #[pyo3(signature = (*args))]
+        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+        pub(crate) fn new(args: &Bound<'_, PyTuple>) -> Self {
+            Self {}
+        }
+
+        fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
+            format!("PeerId(\"{}\")", Self::MSG)
+        }
+
+        fn __str__(&self) -> String {
+            Self::MSG.to_string()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[gen_stub_pyclass]
+    #[pyclass(frozen, extends=PyException, name="AllQueuesFullError")]
+    pub struct PyAllQueuesFullError {}
+
+    impl PyAllQueuesFullError {
+        const MSG: &'static str =
+            "All libp2p peers are unresponsive, resend the message or reconnect.";
+
+        ///   Creates a new  [ `PyErr` ]  of this type.
+        ///
+        ///   [`PyErr`] :  https://docs.rs/pyo3/latest/pyo3/struct.PyErr.html   "PyErr in pyo3"
+        pub(crate) fn new_err() -> PyErr {
+            PyErr::new::<Self, _>(()) // TODO: check if this needs to be replaced???
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[gen_stub_pymethods]
+    #[pymethods]
+    impl PyAllQueuesFullError {
+        #[new]
+        #[pyo3(signature = (*args))]
+        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+        pub(crate) fn new(args: &Bound<'_, PyTuple>) -> Self {
+            Self {}
+        }
+
+        fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
+            format!("PeerId(\"{}\")", Self::MSG)
+        }
+
+        fn __str__(&self) -> String {
+            Self::MSG.to_string()
+        }
     }
 }
 
-struct PeerBuilder(
-    String,
-    Keypair,
-    mpsc::Sender<FromSwarm>,
-    mpsc::Receiver<ToSwarm>,
-);
+/// Connection or disconnection event discriminant type.
+#[gen_stub_pyclass_enum]
+#[pyclass(eq, eq_int, name = "ConnectionUpdateType")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum PyConnectionUpdateType {
+    Connected = 0,
+    Disconnected,
+}
 
 #[gen_stub_pyclass]
-#[pyclass]
-pub struct PyPeer {
-    peer: TakeOnce<PeerBuilder>,
-    to_swarm: mpsc::Sender<ToSwarm>,
-    from_swarm: Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<FromSwarm>>,
+#[pyclass(frozen, name = "ConnectionUpdate")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct PyConnectionUpdate {
+    /// Whether this is a connection or disconnection event
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    update_type: PyConnectionUpdateType,
+
+    /// Identity of the peer that we have connected to or disconnected from.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    peer_id: PyPeerId,
+
+    /// Remote connection's IPv4 address.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    remote_ipv4: String,
+
+    /// Remote connection's TCP port.
+    #[pyo3(get)]
+    remote_tcp_port: u16,
+}
+
+enum ToTask {
+    GossipsubSubscribe {
+        topic: String,
+        result_tx: oneshot::Sender<PyResult<bool>>,
+    },
+    GossipsubUnsubscribe {
+        topic: String,
+        result_tx: oneshot::Sender<bool>,
+    },
+    GossipsubPublish {
+        topic: String,
+        data: Vec<u8>,
+        result_tx: oneshot::Sender<PyResult<MessageId>>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
+async fn networking_task(
+    mut swarm: networking::swarm::Swarm,
+    mut to_task_rx: mpsc::Receiver<ToTask>,
+    connection_update_tx: mpsc::Sender<PyConnectionUpdate>,
+    gossipsub_message_tx: mpsc::Sender<(String, Vec<u8>)>,
+) {
+    use SwarmEvent::*;
+    use ToTask::*;
+    use mdns::Event::*;
+    use networking::swarm::BehaviourEvent::*;
+
+    log::info!("RUST: networking task started");
+
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            message = to_task_rx.recv() => {
+                // handle closed channel
+                let Some(message) = message else {
+                    log::info!("RUST: channel closed");
+                    break;
+                };
+
+                // dispatch incoming messages
+                match message {
+                    GossipsubSubscribe { topic, result_tx } => {
+                        // try to subscribe
+                        let result = swarm.behaviour_mut()
+                            .gossipsub.subscribe(&IdentTopic::new(topic));
+
+                        // send response oneshot
+                        if let Err(e) = result_tx.send(result.pyerr()) {
+                            log::error!("RUST: could not subscribe to gossipsub topic since channel already closed: {e:?}");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    GossipsubUnsubscribe { topic, result_tx } => {
+                        // try to unsubscribe from the topic
+                        let result = swarm.behaviour_mut()
+                            .gossipsub.unsubscribe(&IdentTopic::new(topic));
+
+                        // send response oneshot (or exit if connection closed)
+                        if let Err(e) = result_tx.send(result) {
+                            log::error!("RUST: could not unsubscribe from gossipsub topic since channel already closed: {e:?}");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    GossipsubPublish { topic, data, result_tx } => {
+                        // try to publish the data -> catch NoPeersSubscribedToTopic error & convert to correct exception
+                        let result = swarm.behaviour_mut().gossipsub.publish(
+                            IdentTopic::new(topic), data);
+                        let pyresult: PyResult<MessageId> = if let Err(PublishError::NoPeersSubscribedToTopic) = result {
+                            Err(exception::PyNoPeersSubscribedToTopicError::new_err())
+                        } else if let Err(PublishError::AllQueuesFull(_)) = result {
+                            Err(exception::PyAllQueuesFullError::new_err())
+                        } else {
+                            result.pyerr()
+                        };
+
+                        // send response oneshot (or exit if connection closed)
+                        if let Err(e) = result_tx.send(pyresult) {
+                            log::error!("RUST: could not publish gossipsub message since channel already closed: {e:?}");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // architectural solution to this problem:
+            // create keep_alive behavior who's job it is to dial peers discovered by mDNS (and drop when expired)
+            //   -> it will emmit TRUE connected/disconnected events consumable elsewhere
+            //
+            // gossipsub will feed off-of dial attempts created by networking, and that will bootstrap its' peers list
+            // then for actual communication it will dial those peers if need-be
+            swarm_event = swarm.select_next_some() => {
+                match swarm_event {
+                    Behaviour(Gossipsub(gossipsub::Event::Message {
+                        message: Message {
+                            topic,
+                            data,
+                            ..
+                        },
+                        ..
+                    })) => {
+                        // topic-ID is just the topic hash!!! (since we used identity hasher)
+                        let message = (topic.into_string(), data);
+
+                        // send incoming message to channel (or exit if connection closed)
+                        if let Err(e) = gossipsub_message_tx.send(message).await {
+                            log::error!("RUST: could not send incoming gossipsub message since channel already closed: {e}");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Behaviour(Discovery(discovery::Event::ConnectionEstablished { peer_id, remote_ip, remote_tcp_port, .. })) => {
+                        // grab IPv4 string
+                        let remote_ipv4 = match remote_ip {
+                            IpAddr::V4(ip) => ip.to_string(),
+                            IpAddr::V6(ip) => {
+                                log::warn!("RUST: ignoring connection to IPv6 address: {ip}");
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        // send connection event to channel (or exit if connection closed)
+                        if let Err(e) = connection_update_tx.send(PyConnectionUpdate {
+                            update_type: PyConnectionUpdateType::Connected,
+                            peer_id: PyPeerId(peer_id),
+                            remote_ipv4,
+                            remote_tcp_port,
+                        }).await {
+                            log::error!("RUST: could not send connection update since channel already closed: {e}");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    Behaviour(Discovery(discovery::Event::ConnectionClosed { peer_id, remote_ip, remote_tcp_port, .. })) => {
+                        // grab IPv4 string
+                        let remote_ipv4 = match remote_ip {
+                            IpAddr::V4(ip) => ip.to_string(),
+                            IpAddr::V6(ip) => {
+                                log::warn!("RUST: ignoring disconnection from IPv6 address: {ip}");
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        // send disconnection event to channel (or exit if connection closed)
+                        if let Err(e) = connection_update_tx.send(PyConnectionUpdate {
+                            update_type: PyConnectionUpdateType::Disconnected,
+                            peer_id: PyPeerId(peer_id),
+                            remote_ipv4,
+                            remote_tcp_port,
+                        }).await {
+                            log::error!("RUST: could not send connection update since channel already closed: {e}");
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    e => {
+                        log::info!("RUST: other event {e:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    log::info!("RUST: networking task stopped");
+}
+
+#[gen_stub_pyclass]
+#[pyclass(name = "NetworkingHandle")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct PyNetworkingHandle {
+    // channels
+    to_task_tx: Option<mpsc::Sender<ToTask>>,
+    connection_update_rx: Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<PyConnectionUpdate>>,
+    gossipsub_message_rx: Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<(String, Vec<u8>)>>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for PyNetworkingHandle {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // TODO: may or may not need to await a "kill-signal" oneshot channel message,
+        //       to ensure that the networking task is done BEFORE exiting the clear function...
+        //       but this may require GIL?? and it may not be safe to call GIL here??
+        self.to_task_tx = None; // Using Option<T> as a trick to force channel to be dropped
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+impl PyNetworkingHandle {
+    fn new(
+        to_task_tx: mpsc::Sender<ToTask>,
+        connection_update_rx: mpsc::Receiver<PyConnectionUpdate>,
+        gossipsub_message_rx: mpsc::Receiver<(String, Vec<u8>)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            to_task_tx: Some(to_task_tx),
+            connection_update_rx: Mutex::new(connection_update_rx),
+            gossipsub_message_rx: Mutex::new(gossipsub_message_rx),
+        }
+    }
+
+    const fn to_task_tx(&self) -> &mpsc::Sender<ToTask> {
+        self.to_task_tx
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("The sender should only be None after de-initialization.")
+    }
 }
 
 #[gen_stub_pymethods]
 #[pymethods]
-impl PyPeer {
-    #[staticmethod]
-    fn new(kp: PyKeypair, namespace: String) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let (to_client, from_swarm) = mpsc::channel(1024);
-        let (to_swarm, from_client) = mpsc::channel(1024);
-        Ok(Self {
-            peer: TakeOnce::new(PeerBuilder(namespace, kp.0, to_client, from_client)),
-            to_swarm,
-            from_swarm: Mutex::new(from_swarm),
-        })
+impl PyNetworkingHandle {
+    // NOTE: `async fn`s here that use `.await` will wrap the future in `.allow_threads_py()`
+    //       immediately beforehand to release the interpreter.
+    //       SEE: https://pyo3.rs/v0.26.0/async-await.html#detaching-from-the-interpreter-across-await
+
+    // ---- Lifecycle management methods ----
+
+    #[new]
+    fn py_new(identity: Bound<'_, PyKeypair>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        use pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::get_runtime;
+
+        // create communication channels
+        let (to_task_tx, to_task_rx) = mpsc::channel(MPSC_CHANNEL_SIZE);
+        let (connection_update_tx, connection_update_rx) = mpsc::channel(MPSC_CHANNEL_SIZE);
+        let (gossipsub_message_tx, gossipsub_message_rx) = mpsc::channel(MPSC_CHANNEL_SIZE);
+
+        // get identity
+        let identity = identity.borrow().0.clone();
+
+        // create networking swarm (within tokio context!! or it crashes)
+        let swarm = get_runtime()
+            .block_on(async { create_swarm(identity) })
+            .pyerr()?;
+
+        // spawn tokio task running the networking logic
+        get_runtime().spawn(async move {
+            networking_task(
+                swarm,
+                to_task_rx,
+                connection_update_tx,
+                gossipsub_message_tx,
+            )
+            .await;
+        });
+        Ok(Self::new(
+            to_task_tx,
+            connection_update_rx,
+            gossipsub_message_rx,
+        ))
     }
 
     #[gen_stub(skip)]
-    async fn run(&self, #[pyo3(cancel_handle)] mut cancel: CancelHandle) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let builder = self
-            .peer
-            .take()
-            .ok_or_else(|| PyRuntimeError::new_err("tried to run peer twice"))?;
-        let jh = pyo3_async_runtimes::tokio::get_runtime()
-            .spawn(async move {
-                let mut peer =
-                    Peer::new(builder.0, builder.1, builder.2, builder.3).map_err(|_| {
-                        PyConnectionError::new_err("peer failed to listen on default address")
-                    })?;
-                peer.run()
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(|()| PyConnectionError::new_err("peer communication closed"))
+    const fn __traverse__(&self, _visit: PyVisit<'_>) -> Result<(), PyTraverseError> {
+        Ok(()) // This is needed purely so `__clear__` can work
+    }
+
+    #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    fn __clear__(&mut self) {
+        // TODO: may or may not need to await a "kill-signal" oneshot channel message,
+        //       to ensure that the networking task is done BEFORE exiting the clear function...
+        //       but this may require GIL?? and it may not be safe to call GIL here??
+        self.to_task_tx = None; // Using Option<T> as a trick to force channel to be dropped
+    }
+
+    // ---- Connection update receiver methods ----
+
+    /// Receives the next `ConnectionUpdate` from networking.
+    async fn connection_update_recv(&self) -> PyResult<PyConnectionUpdate> {
+        self.connection_update_rx
+            .lock()
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+            .recv_py()
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Receives at most `limit` `ConnectionUpdate`s from networking and returns them.
+    ///
+    /// For `limit = 0`, an empty collection of `ConnectionUpdate`s will be returned immediately.
+    /// For `limit > 0`, if there are no `ConnectionUpdate`s in the channel's queue this method
+    /// will sleep until a `ConnectionUpdate`s is sent.
+    async fn connection_update_recv_many(&self, limit: usize) -> PyResult<Vec<PyConnectionUpdate>> {
+        self.connection_update_rx
+            .lock()
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+            .recv_many_py(limit)
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+    }
+
+    // TODO: rn this blocks main thread if anything else is awaiting the channel (bc its a mutex)
+    //       so its too dangerous to expose just yet. figure out a better semantics for handling this,
+    //       so things don't randomly block
+    // /// Tries to receive the next `ConnectionUpdate` from networking.
+    // fn connection_update_try_recv(&self) -> PyResult<Option<PyConnectionUpdate>> {
+    //     self.connection_update_rx.blocking_lock().try_recv_py()
+    // }
+    //
+    // /// Checks if the `ConnectionUpdate` channel is empty.
+    // fn connection_update_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+    //     self.connection_update_rx.blocking_lock().is_empty()
+    // }
+    //
+    // /// Returns the number of `ConnectionUpdate`s in the channel.
+    // fn connection_update_len(&self) -> usize {
+    //     self.connection_update_rx.blocking_lock().len()
+    // }
+
+    // ---- Gossipsub management methods ----
+
+    /// Subscribe to a `GossipSub` topic.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `True` if the subscription worked. Returns `False` if we were already subscribed.
+    async fn gossipsub_subscribe(&self, topic: String) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+        // send off request to subscribe
+        self.to_task_tx()
+            .send_py(ToTask::GossipsubSubscribe {
+                topic,
+                result_tx: tx,
             })
-            .or(async {
-                cancel.cancelled().await;
-                Ok(Ok(()))
-            });
-        match AllowThreads(pin!(jh)).await {
-            Err(e) if e.is_cancelled() => Ok(()),
-            Err(e) if e.is_panic() => Err(PyRuntimeError::new_err(format!("tokio panic {e}"))),
-            Err(_) => unreachable!(),
-            Ok(res) => res,
-        }
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await?;
+
+        // wait for response & return any errors
+        rx.allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| PyErr::receiver_channel_closed())?
     }
 
-    async fn subscribe(&self, topic: String) -> PyResult<()> {
-        self.to_swarm
-            .send(ToSwarm::Subscribe(topic))
+    /// Unsubscribes from a `GossipSub` topic.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `True` if we were subscribed to this topic. Returns `False` if we were not subscribed.
+    async fn gossipsub_unsubscribe(&self, topic: String) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+        // send off request to unsubscribe
+        self.to_task_tx()
+            .send_py(ToTask::GossipsubUnsubscribe {
+                topic,
+                result_tx: tx,
+            })
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await?;
+
+        // wait for response & convert any errors
+        rx.allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
             .await
-            .map_err(|_| PyRuntimeError::new_err("swarm communication closed"))
-    }
-    async fn unsubscribe(&self, topic: String) -> PyResult<()> {
-        self.to_swarm
-            .send(ToSwarm::Unsubscribe(topic))
-            .await
-            .map_err(|_| PyRuntimeError::new_err("swarm communication closed"))
-    }
-    async fn send(&self, topic: String, payload: Py<PyBytes>) -> PyResult<()> {
-        // this function attaches to the python interpreter synchronously to avoid holding the GIL
-        let bytes = Python::attach(|py| Vec::from(payload.bind(py).as_bytes()));
-        self.to_swarm
-            .send(ToSwarm::Message(topic, bytes))
-            .await
-            .map_err(|_| PyRuntimeError::new_err("swarm communication closed"))
+            .map_err(|_| PyErr::receiver_channel_closed())
     }
 
-    #[gen_stub(skip)]
-    async fn recv(
-        &self,
-        #[pyo3(cancel_handle)] mut cancel: CancelHandle,
-    ) -> PyResult<PySwarmEvent> {
-        loop {
-            return match AllowThreads(pin!(
-                self.from_swarm
-                    .try_lock()
-                    .map_err(|_| PyRuntimeError::new_err("tried to recv twice"))?
-                    .recv()
-                    .or(async {
-                        cancel.cancelled().await;
-                        None
-                    })
-            ))
+    /// Publishes a message with multiple topics to the `GossipSub` network.
+    ///
+    /// If no peers are found that subscribe to this topic, throws `NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError` exception.
+    async fn gossipsub_publish(&self, topic: String, data: Py<PyBytes>) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+        // send off request to subscribe
+        let data = Python::with_gil(|py| Vec::from(data.as_bytes(py)));
+        self.to_task_tx()
+            .send_py(ToTask::GossipsubPublish {
+                topic,
+                data,
+                result_tx: tx,
+            })
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await?;
+
+        // wait for response & return any errors => ignore messageID for now!!!
+        let _ = rx
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
             .await
-            {
-                Some(FromSwarm::PublishError(p)) => match p {
-                    PublishError::AllQueuesFull(_) => {
-                        Err(PyConnectionError::new_err("swarm overloaded"))
-                    }
-                    PublishError::MessageTooLarge => {
-                        Err(PyValueError::new_err("message too large"))
-                    }
-                    PublishError::NoPeersSubscribedToTopic => {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    // TODO(evan): logs here
-                    _ => continue,
-                },
-                None => Err(PyRuntimeError::new_err("swarm communication closed")),
-                Some(fs) => Ok(PySwarmEvent(fs)),
-            };
-        }
+            .map_err(|_| PyErr::receiver_channel_closed())??;
+        Ok(())
     }
+
+    // ---- Gossipsub message receiver methods ----
+
+    /// Receives the next message from the `GossipSub` network.
+    async fn gossipsub_recv(&self) -> PyResult<(String, Py<PyBytes>)> {
+        self.gossipsub_message_rx
+            .lock()
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+            .recv_py()
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+            .map(|(t, d)| (t, d.pybytes()))
+    }
+
+    /// Receives at most `limit` messages from the `GossipSub` network and returns them.
+    ///
+    /// For `limit = 0`, an empty collection of messages will be returned immediately.
+    /// For `limit > 0`, if there are no messages in the channel's queue this method
+    /// will sleep until a message is sent.
+    async fn gossipsub_recv_many(&self, limit: usize) -> PyResult<Vec<(String, Py<PyBytes>)>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .gossipsub_message_rx
+            .lock()
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await
+            .recv_many_py(limit)
+            .allow_threads_py() // allow-threads-aware async call
+            .await?
+            .map(|(t, d)| (t, d.pybytes())))
+    }
+
+    // TODO: rn this blocks main thread if anything else is awaiting the channel (bc its a mutex)
+    //       so its too dangerous to expose just yet. figure out a better semantics for handling this,
+    //       so things don't randomly block
+    // /// Tries to receive the next message from the `GossipSub` network.
+    // fn gossipsub_try_recv(&self) -> PyResult<Option<(String, Py<PyBytes>)>> {
+    //     Ok(self
+    //         .gossipsub_message_rx
+    //         .blocking_lock()
+    //         .try_recv_py()?
+    //         .map(|(t, d)| (t, d.pybytes())))
+    // }
+    //
+    // /// Checks if the `GossipSub` message channel is empty.
+    // fn gossipsub_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+    //     self.gossipsub_message_rx.blocking_lock().is_empty()
+    // }
+    //
+    // /// Returns the number of `GossipSub` messages in the channel.
+    // fn gossipsub_len(&self) -> usize {
+    //     self.gossipsub_message_rx.blocking_lock().len()
+    // }
 }
 
-// Manually submit the run()/recv() stub because the cancelhandle is poorly understood
-submit! {
-    gen_methods_from_python! {
-        r#"
-        class PyPeer:
-            async def run(self): ...
-            async def recv(self) -> PySwarmEvent: ...
-        "#
-    }
-}
+pub fn networking_submodule(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    m.add_class::<exception::PyNoPeersSubscribedToTopicError>()?;
+    m.add_class::<exception::PyAllQueuesFullError>()?;
 
-#[gen_stub_pyclass]
-#[pyclass]
-pub struct PySwarmEvent(FromSwarm);
+    m.add_class::<PyConnectionUpdateType>()?;
+    m.add_class::<PyConnectionUpdate>()?;
+    m.add_class::<PyConnectionUpdateType>()?;
+    m.add_class::<PyNetworkingHandle>()?;
 
-#[gen_stub_pymethods]
-#[pymethods]
-impl PySwarmEvent {
-    // probably a better way to do this, but...
-    fn downcast_discovered(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        if let FromSwarm::Discovered(peer_id) = self.0 {
-            Some(peer_id.to_base58())
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-    fn downcast_expired(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        if let FromSwarm::Expired(peer_id) = self.0 {
-            Some(peer_id.to_base58())
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
-    fn downcast_message<'py>(
-        &self,
-        py: Python<'py>,
-    ) -> Option<(String, String, Bound<'py, PyBytes>)> {
-        if let FromSwarm::Message(peer_id, topic, data) = &self.0 {
-            Some((peer_id.to_base58(), topic.clone(), PyBytes::new(py, data)))
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    }
+    Ok(())
 }

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/pylibp2p/ident.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+use crate::ext::ResultExt as _;
+use libp2p::PeerId;
+use libp2p::identity::Keypair;
+use pyo3::prelude::{PyBytesMethods as _, PyModule, PyModuleMethods as _};
+use pyo3::types::PyBytes;
+use pyo3::{Bound, PyResult, Python, pyclass, pymethods};
+use pyo3_stub_gen::derive::{gen_stub_pyclass, gen_stub_pymethods};
+
+/// Identity keypair of a node.
+#[gen_stub_pyclass]
+#[pyclass(name = "Keypair", frozen)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct PyKeypair(pub Keypair);
+
+#[gen_stub_pymethods]
+#[pymethods]
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+impl PyKeypair {
+    /// Generate a new Ed25519 keypair.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn generate_ed25519() -> Self {
+        Self(Keypair::generate_ed25519())
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a new ECDSA keypair.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn generate_ecdsa() -> Self {
+        Self(Keypair::generate_ecdsa())
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a new Secp256k1 keypair.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn generate_secp256k1() -> Self {
+        Self(Keypair::generate_secp256k1())
+    }
+
+    /// Decode a private key from a protobuf structure and parse it as a `Keypair`.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn from_protobuf_encoding(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
+        Ok(Self(Keypair::from_protobuf_encoding(&bytes).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode an keypair from a DER-encoded secret key in PKCS#8 `PrivateKeyInfo`
+    /// format (i.e. unencrypted) as defined in [RFC5208].
+    ///
+    /// [RFC5208]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208#section-5
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn rsa_from_pkcs8(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let mut bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
+        Ok(Self(Keypair::rsa_from_pkcs8(&mut bytes).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode a keypair from a DER-encoded Secp256k1 secret key in an `ECPrivateKey`
+    /// structure as defined in [RFC5915].
+    ///
+    /// [RFC5915]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5915
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn secp256k1_from_der(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let mut bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
+        Ok(Self(Keypair::secp256k1_from_der(&mut bytes).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn ed25519_from_bytes(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let mut bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
+        Ok(Self(Keypair::ed25519_from_bytes(&mut bytes).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Encode a private key as protobuf structure.
+    fn to_protobuf_encoding<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyBytes>> {
+        let bytes = self.0.to_protobuf_encoding().pyerr()?;
+        Ok(PyBytes::new(py, &bytes))
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the `Keypair` into the corresponding `PeerId`.
+    fn to_peer_id(&self) -> PyPeerId {
+        PyPeerId(self.0.public().to_peer_id())
+    }
+
+    // /// Hidden constructor for pickling support. TODO: figure out how to do pickling...
+    // #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    // #[new]
+    // fn py_new(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+    //     Self::from_protobuf_encoding(bytes)
+    // }
+    //
+    // #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    // fn __setstate__(&mut self, state: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    //     *self = Self::from_protobuf_encoding(state)?;
+    //     Ok(())
+    // }
+    //
+    // #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    // fn __getstate__<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyBytes>> {
+    //     self.to_protobuf_encoding(py)
+    // }
+    //
+    // #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    // pub fn __getnewargs__<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> PyResult<(Bound<'py, PyBytes>,)> {
+    //     Ok((self.to_protobuf_encoding(py)?,))
+    // }
+}
+
+/// Identifier of a peer of the network.
+///
+/// The data is a `CIDv0` compatible multihash of the protobuf encoded public key of the peer
+/// as specified in [specs/peer-ids](https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/peer-ids/peer-ids.md).
+#[gen_stub_pyclass]
+#[pyclass(name = "PeerId", frozen)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct PyPeerId(pub PeerId);
+
+#[gen_stub_pymethods]
+#[pymethods]
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+impl PyPeerId {
+    /// Generates a random peer ID from a cryptographically secure PRNG.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful for randomly walking on a DHT, or for testing purposes.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn random() -> Self {
+        Self(PeerId::random())
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a `PeerId` from bytes.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn from_bytes(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
+        Ok(Self(PeerId::from_bytes(&bytes).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a raw bytes representation of this `PeerId`.
+    fn to_bytes<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> Bound<'py, PyBytes> {
+        let bytes = self.0.to_bytes();
+        PyBytes::new(py, &bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a base-58 encoded string of this `PeerId`.
+    fn to_base58(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.to_base58()
+    }
+
+    fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
+        format!("PeerId({})", self.to_base58())
+    }
+
+    fn __str__(&self) -> String {
+        self.to_base58()
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn ident_submodule(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    m.add_class::<PyKeypair>()?;
+    m.add_class::<PyPeerId>()?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/pylibp2p/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//! A module for exposing Rust's libp2p datatypes over Pyo3
+//!
+//! TODO: right now we are coupled to libp2p's identity, but eventually we want to create our own
+//!       independent identity type of some kind or another. This may require handshaking.
+//!
+
+pub mod ident;
+pub mod multiaddr;

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/src/pylibp2p/multiaddr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+use crate::ext::ResultExt as _;
+use libp2p::Multiaddr;
+use pyo3::prelude::{PyBytesMethods as _, PyModule, PyModuleMethods as _};
+use pyo3::types::PyBytes;
+use pyo3::{Bound, PyResult, Python, pyclass, pymethods};
+use pyo3_stub_gen::derive::{gen_stub_pyclass, gen_stub_pymethods};
+use std::str::FromStr as _;
+
+/// Representation of a Multiaddr.
+#[gen_stub_pyclass]
+#[pyclass(name = "Multiaddr", frozen)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct PyMultiaddr(pub Multiaddr);
+
+#[gen_stub_pymethods]
+#[pymethods]
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+impl PyMultiaddr {
+    /// Create a new, empty multiaddress.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self(Multiaddr::empty())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new, empty multiaddress with the given capacity.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn with_capacity(n: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(Multiaddr::with_capacity(n))
+    }
+
+    /// Parse a `Multiaddr` value from its byte slice representation.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn from_bytes(bytes: Bound<'_, PyBytes>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let bytes = Vec::from(bytes.as_bytes());
+        Ok(Self(Multiaddr::try_from(bytes).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Parse a `Multiaddr` value from its string representation.
+    #[staticmethod]
+    fn from_string(string: String) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self(Multiaddr::from_str(&string).pyerr()?))
+    }
+
+    /// Return the length in bytes of this multiaddress.
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the length of this multiaddress is 0.
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a copy of this [`Multiaddr`]'s byte representation.
+    fn to_bytes<'py>(&self, py: Python<'py>) -> Bound<'py, PyBytes> {
+        let bytes = self.0.to_vec();
+        PyBytes::new(py, &bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert a Multiaddr to a string.
+    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.to_string()
+    }
+
+    #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    fn __repr__(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Multiaddr({})", self.0)
+    }
+
+    #[gen_stub(skip)]
+    fn __str__(&self) -> String {
+        self.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn multiaddr_submodule(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    m.add_class::<PyMultiaddr>()?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}

rust/exo_pyo3_bindings/tests/dummy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use core::mem::drop;
+    use core::option::Option::Some;
+    use core::time::Duration;
+    use tokio;
+    use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_drop_channel() {
+        struct Ping;
+
+        let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::channel::<Ping>(10);
+
+        let _ = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            println!("TASK: entered");
+
+            loop {
+                tokio::select! {
+                    result = rx.recv() => {
+                        match result {
+                            Some(_) => {
+                                println!("TASK: pinged");
+                            }
+                            None => {
+                                println!("TASK: closing channel");
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ = tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs_f32(0.1)) => {
+                        println!("TASK: heartbeat");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            println!("TASK: exited");
+        });
+
+        let tx2 = tx.clone();
+
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs_f32(0.11)).await;
+
+        tx.send(Ping).await.expect("Should not fail");
+        drop(tx);
+
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs_f32(0.11)).await;
+
+        tx2.send(Ping).await.expect("Should not fail");
+        drop(tx2);
+
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs_f32(0.11)).await;
+    }
+}

rust/networking/Cargo.toml

@@ -13,14 +13,32 @@ path = "src/lib.rs"
 workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
+# datastructures
+either = { workspace = true }
+
+# macro dependencies
+extend = { workspace = true }
+delegate = { workspace = true }
+impl-trait-for-tuples = { workspace = true }
+derive_more = { workspace = true }
+
 # async
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+futures = { workspace = true }
+futures-timer = { workspace = true }
 
 # utility dependencies
+util = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
+#internment = { workspace = true }
+#recursion = { workspace = true }
+#generativity = { workspace = true }
+#itertools = { workspace = true }
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.19", features = ["default", "env-filter"] }
+keccak-const = { workspace = true }
 
 # tracing/logging
 log = { workspace = true }
 
 # networking
-libp2p = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+libp2p = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }

rust/networking/examples/chatroom.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use libp2p::identity;
-use networking::{self, FromSwarm, ToSwarm};
-use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use futures::stream::StreamExt as _;
+use libp2p::{gossipsub, identity, swarm::SwarmEvent};
+use networking::{discovery, swarm};
 use tokio::{io, io::AsyncBufReadExt as _, select};
 use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
 use tracing_subscriber::filter::LevelFilter;
@@ -12,51 +12,63 @@ async fn main() {
         .try_init();
 
     // Configure swarm
-    let (to_client, mut from_swarm) = mpsc::channel(20);
-    let (to_swarm, from_client) = mpsc::channel(20);
-    let mut peer = networking::Peer::new(
-        "chatroom!".to_string(),
-        identity::Keypair::generate_ed25519(),
-        to_client,
-        from_client,
-    )
-    .expect("listen error");
+    let mut swarm =
+        swarm::create_swarm(identity::Keypair::generate_ed25519()).expect("Swarm creation failed");
 
     // Create a Gossipsub topic & subscribe
+    let topic = gossipsub::IdentTopic::new("test-net");
+    swarm
+        .behaviour_mut()
+        .gossipsub
+        .subscribe(&topic)
+        .expect("Subscribing to topic failed");
+
     // Read full lines from stdin
     let mut stdin = io::BufReader::new(io::stdin()).lines();
     println!("Enter messages via STDIN and they will be sent to connected peers using Gossipsub");
 
-    let jh = tokio::spawn(async move { peer.run().await });
-    _ = to_swarm
-        .send(ToSwarm::Subscribe("chatting".to_string()))
-        .await;
-
     // Kick it off
     loop {
         select! {
             // on gossipsub outgoing
             Ok(Some(line)) = stdin.next_line() => {
-                _ = to_swarm.send(ToSwarm::Message("chatting".to_string(), line.into_bytes())).await;
+                if let Err(e) = swarm
+                    .behaviour_mut().gossipsub
+                    .publish(topic.clone(), line.as_bytes()) {
+                    println!("Publish error: {e:?}");
+                }
             }
-            event = from_swarm.recv() => match event {
+            event = swarm.select_next_some() => match event {
                 // on gossipsub incoming
-                Some(FromSwarm::Message(peer_id,_, data)) => println!(
-                        "\n\nGot message: '{}' from peer: {peer_id}\n\n",
-                        String::from_utf8_lossy(&data),
+                SwarmEvent::Behaviour(swarm::BehaviourEvent::Gossipsub(gossipsub::Event::Message {
+                    propagation_source: peer_id,
+                    message_id: id,
+                    message,
+                })) => println!(
+                        "\n\nGot message: '{}' with id: {id} from peer: {peer_id}\n\n",
+                        String::from_utf8_lossy(&message.data),
                     ),
 
                 // on discovery
-                Some(FromSwarm::Discovered(peer_id)) => {
-                    println!("\n\nConnected to: {peer_id}\n\n");
+                SwarmEvent::Behaviour(swarm::BehaviourEvent::Discovery(e)) => match e {
+                    discovery::Event::ConnectionEstablished {
+                        peer_id, connection_id, remote_ip, remote_tcp_port
+                    } => {
+                        println!("\n\nConnected to: {peer_id}; connection ID: {connection_id}; remote IP: {remote_ip}; remote TCP port: {remote_tcp_port}\n\n");
+                    }
+                    discovery::Event::ConnectionClosed {
+                        peer_id, connection_id, remote_ip, remote_tcp_port
+                    } => {
+                        eprintln!("\n\nDisconnected from: {peer_id}; connection ID: {connection_id}; remote IP: {remote_ip}; remote TCP port: {remote_tcp_port}\n\n");
+                    }
                 }
-                Some(FromSwarm::Expired(peer_id)) => {
-                    println!("\n\nDisconnected from: {peer_id}\n\n");
-                }
-                Some(FromSwarm::PublishError(e)) => eprintln!("\n\nError {e:?}\n\n"),
-                None => break,
+
+                // ignore outgoing errors: those are normal
+                e@SwarmEvent::OutgoingConnectionError { .. } => { log::debug!("Outgoing connection error: {e:?}"); }
+
+                // otherwise log any other event
+                e => { log::info!("Other event {e:?}"); }
             }
         }
     }
-    _ = jh.await;
 }

rust/networking/examples/chatroom_manual.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Parity Technologies (UK) Ltd.
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+// to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+// the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+// and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+// Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
+// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+// FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+// DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+use futures::stream::StreamExt;
+use libp2p::{
+    gossipsub, mdns, noise,
+    swarm::{NetworkBehaviour, SwarmEvent},
+    tcp, yamux,
+};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{error::Error, hash::Hash};
+use tokio::{io, io::AsyncBufReadExt, select};
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+
+// We create a custom network behaviour that combines Gossipsub and Mdns.
+#[derive(NetworkBehaviour)]
+struct MyBehaviour {
+    gossipsub: gossipsub::Behaviour,
+    mdns: mdns::tokio::Behaviour,
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let _ = tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())
+        .try_init();
+
+    let mut swarm = libp2p::SwarmBuilder::with_new_identity()
+        .with_tokio()
+        .with_tcp(
+            tcp::Config::default(),
+            noise::Config::new,
+            yamux::Config::default,
+        )?
+        .with_behaviour(|key| {
+            // Set a custom gossipsub configuration
+            let gossipsub_config = gossipsub::ConfigBuilder::default()
+                .heartbeat_interval(Duration::from_secs(10))
+                .validation_mode(gossipsub::ValidationMode::Strict) // This sets the kind of message validation. The default is Strict (enforce message signing)
+                .build()
+                .map_err(io::Error::other)?; // Temporary hack because `build` does not return a proper `std::error::Error`.
+
+            // build a gossipsub network behaviour
+            let gossipsub = gossipsub::Behaviour::new(
+                gossipsub::MessageAuthenticity::Signed(key.clone()),
+                gossipsub_config,
+            )?;
+
+            let mdns =
+                mdns::tokio::Behaviour::new(mdns::Config::default(), key.public().to_peer_id())?;
+            Ok(MyBehaviour { gossipsub, mdns })
+        })?
+        .build();
+
+    println!("Running swarm with identity {}", swarm.local_peer_id());
+
+    // Create a Gossipsub topic
+    let topic = gossipsub::IdentTopic::new("test-net");
+    // subscribes to our topic
+    swarm.behaviour_mut().gossipsub.subscribe(&topic)?;
+
+    // Read full lines from stdin
+    let mut stdin = io::BufReader::new(io::stdin()).lines();
+
+    // Listen on all interfaces and whatever port the OS assigns
+    swarm.listen_on("/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/0".parse()?)?;
+
+    println!("Enter messages via STDIN and they will be sent to connected peers using Gossipsub");
+
+    // Kick it off
+    loop {
+        select! {
+            Ok(Some(line)) = stdin.next_line() => {
+                if let Err(e) = swarm
+                    .behaviour_mut().gossipsub
+                    .publish(topic.clone(), line.as_bytes()) {
+                    println!("Publish error: {e:?}");
+                }
+            }
+            event = swarm.select_next_some() => match event {
+                SwarmEvent::Behaviour(MyBehaviourEvent::Mdns(mdns::Event::Discovered(list))) => {
+                    for (peer_id, multiaddr) in list {
+                        println!("mDNS discovered a new peer: {peer_id} on {multiaddr}");
+                        swarm.behaviour_mut().gossipsub.add_explicit_peer(&peer_id);
+                    }
+                },
+                SwarmEvent::Behaviour(MyBehaviourEvent::Mdns(mdns::Event::Expired(list))) => {
+                    for (peer_id, multiaddr) in list {
+                        println!("mDNS discover peer has expired: {peer_id} on {multiaddr}");
+                        swarm.behaviour_mut().gossipsub.remove_explicit_peer(&peer_id);
+                    }
+                },
+                SwarmEvent::Behaviour(MyBehaviourEvent::Gossipsub(gossipsub::Event::Message {
+                    propagation_source: peer_id,
+                    message_id: id,
+                    message,
+                })) => println!(
+                        "Got message: '{}' with id: {id} from peer: {peer_id}",
+                        String::from_utf8_lossy(&message.data),
+                    ),
+                SwarmEvent::NewListenAddr { address, .. } => {
+                    println!("Local node is listening on {address}");
+                }
+                e => {
+                    println!("Other swarm event: {:?}", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

rust/networking/src/RESEARCH_NOTES.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx/commit/3fe98bacc7640d857acf3539f1d21b47a32e5609
+^raw sockets distributed -> `<net/ndrv.h>` -> https://newosxbook.com/code/xnu-3247.1.106/bsd/net/ndrv.h.auto.html
+--> header file for a networking component found in the macOS kernel (XNU) that defines structures for network device driver registration, specifically the ndrv_demux_desc and ndrv_protocol_desc structures used for demultiplexing protocol data at the network interface level. It specifies how to describe protocol data, such as an Ethernet type or a SNAP header, and how to associate these descriptions with a specific protocol family to receive matching packets.
+--> Used to bind an NDRV socket so that packets that match given protocol demux descriptions can be received.
+--> An NDRV socket is a special kind of socket in the Darwin/macOS operating system's XNU kernel, used for low-level network packet manipulation and binding to specific protocols for packet processing. It allows user-space applications or drivers to directly write Layer 2 (L2) network packets or interact with the network stack at a lower level, often by binding to protocol descriptors like the ndrv_protocol_desc. This type of socket is used for functions such as capturing and injecting packets, especially in network infrastructure software like routers or for kernel-level network monitoring and security tools.
+--> also called PF_NDRV sockets --> https://newosxbook.com/bonus/vol1ch16.html
+----> they are conceptually similar to https://scapy.disruptivelabs.in/networking/socket-interface PF_RAW or PF_PACKET
+
+https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17169298/af-packet-on-osx
+^AF_PACKET duplicates the packets as soon as it receives them from the physical layer (for incoming packets) or just before sending them out to the physical layer (for outgoing packets). -> this is on Linux only
+^it doesn't exist on OS X so you can use /dev/bpfX (Berkeley Packet Filter) for sniffing
+
+https://www.unix.com/man_page/mojave/4/ip/
+^OS X manpages for IP
+
+https://developer.apple.com/documentation/kernel/implementing_drivers_system_extensions_and_kexts
+^driver kit, system extensions & kexts for macOS
+
+----
+
+To set up a Linux system to use a Thunderbolt connection as a network device, connect the two computers with a Thunderbolt cable, load the thunderbolt-net kernel module (usually automatic but modprobe is an option for manual loading), and then the operating system will create virtual Ethernet interfaces (e.g., thunderbolt0) for networking. You can then use standard tools like ifconfig or your desktop environment's network manager to configure these new interfaces for a link-local network.
+--> https://gist.github.com/geosp/80fbd39e617b7d1d9421683df4ea224a
+----> here is a guide on how to set up thunderbolt-ethernet on linux
+----> I may be able to steal the thunderbolt-net code ideas to implement a kernel module for MacOS
+
+https://chatgpt.com/s/t_68af8e41a8548191993281a014f846a7
+^GPT discussion about making socket interface
+
+https://chatgpt.com/s/t_68afb798a85c8191973c02a0fa7a48a3 --> link-local address,,??
+https://chatgpt.com/s/t_68afb02987e08191b2b0044d3667ece2
+^GPT discussion about accessing TB on MacOS low level interactions
+
+--------------------------------
+
+https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000098893/software.html
+^Thunderbolt Share & Thunderbolt Networking Mode => intel's equivalent of thunderbolt bridge
+
+
+---------------------------------
+
+https://www.zerotier.com/blog/how-zerotier-eliminated-kernel-extensions-on-macos/
+-->fake ethernet devices on MacOS -> omg??? we can detect thunderbolt bridge, then bind to it, then re-expose it as fake ethernet??
+-->ps: https://chatgpt.com/s/t_68afb2b25fb881919526763fb5d7359c, AF/PF_NDRV are one and the same!!!
+-->https://github.com/zerotier/ZeroTierOne/blob/dev/osdep/MacEthernetTapAgent.c

rust/networking/src/discovery.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+use crate::ext::MultiaddrExt;
+use crate::keep_alive;
+use delegate::delegate;
+use either::Either;
+use futures::FutureExt;
+use futures_timer::Delay;
+use libp2p::core::transport::PortUse;
+use libp2p::core::{ConnectedPoint, Endpoint};
+use libp2p::swarm::behaviour::ConnectionEstablished;
+use libp2p::swarm::dial_opts::DialOpts;
+use libp2p::swarm::{
+    CloseConnection, ConnectionClosed, ConnectionDenied, ConnectionHandler,
+    ConnectionHandlerSelect, ConnectionId, FromSwarm, NetworkBehaviour, THandler, THandlerInEvent,
+    THandlerOutEvent, ToSwarm, dummy,
+};
+use libp2p::{Multiaddr, PeerId, identity, mdns};
+use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::io;
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use util::wakerdeque::WakerDeque;
+
+const RETRY_CONNECT_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+mod managed {
+    use libp2p::swarm::NetworkBehaviour;
+    use libp2p::{identity, mdns, ping};
+    use std::io;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    const MDNS_RECORD_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(2_500);
+    const MDNS_QUERY_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1_500);
+    const PING_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(2_500);
+    const PING_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(2_500);
+
+    #[derive(NetworkBehaviour)]
+    pub struct Behaviour {
+        mdns: mdns::tokio::Behaviour,
+        ping: ping::Behaviour,
+    }
+
+    impl Behaviour {
+        pub fn new(keypair: &identity::Keypair) -> io::Result<Self> {
+            Ok(Self {
+                mdns: mdns_behaviour(keypair)?,
+                ping: ping_behaviour(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn mdns_behaviour(keypair: &identity::Keypair) -> io::Result<mdns::tokio::Behaviour> {
+        use mdns::{Config, tokio};
+
+        // mDNS config => enable IPv6
+        let mdns_config = Config {
+            ttl: MDNS_RECORD_TTL,
+            query_interval: MDNS_QUERY_INTERVAL,
+
+            // enable_ipv6: true, // TODO: for some reason, TCP+mDNS don't work well with ipv6?? figure out how to make work
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let mdns_behaviour = tokio::Behaviour::new(mdns_config, keypair.public().to_peer_id());
+        Ok(mdns_behaviour?)
+    }
+
+    fn ping_behaviour() -> ping::Behaviour {
+        ping::Behaviour::new(
+            ping::Config::new()
+                .with_timeout(PING_TIMEOUT)
+                .with_interval(PING_INTERVAL),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Events for when a listening connection is truly established and truly closed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Event {
+    ConnectionEstablished {
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        remote_ip: IpAddr,
+        remote_tcp_port: u16,
+    },
+    ConnectionClosed {
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        remote_ip: IpAddr,
+        remote_tcp_port: u16,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Discovery behavior that wraps mDNS to produce truly discovered durable peer-connections.
+///
+/// The behaviour operates as such:
+///  1) All true (listening) connections/disconnections are tracked, emitting corresponding events
+///     to the swarm.
+///  1) mDNS discovered/expired peers are tracked; discovered but not connected peers are dialed
+///     immediately, and expired but connected peers are disconnected from immediately.
+///  2) Every fixed interval: discovered but not connected peers are dialed, and expired but
+///     connected peers are disconnected from.
+pub struct Behaviour {
+    // state-tracking for managed behaviors & mDNS-discovered peers
+    managed: managed::Behaviour,
+    mdns_discovered: HashMap<PeerId, BTreeSet<Multiaddr>>,
+
+    retry_delay: Delay, // retry interval
+
+    // pending events to emmit => waker-backed Deque to control polling
+    pending_events: WakerDeque<ToSwarm<Event, Infallible>>,
+}
+
+impl Behaviour {
+    pub fn new(keypair: &identity::Keypair) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            managed: managed::Behaviour::new(keypair)?,
+            mdns_discovered: HashMap::new(),
+            retry_delay: Delay::new(RETRY_CONNECT_INTERVAL),
+            pending_events: WakerDeque::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn dial(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, addr: Multiaddr) {
+        self.pending_events.push_back(ToSwarm::Dial {
+            opts: DialOpts::peer_id(peer_id).addresses(vec![addr]).build(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn close_connection(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, connection: ConnectionId) {
+        // push front to make this IMMEDIATE
+        self.pending_events.push_front(ToSwarm::CloseConnection {
+            peer_id,
+            connection: CloseConnection::One(connection),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn handle_mdns_discovered(&mut self, peers: Vec<(PeerId, Multiaddr)>) {
+        for (p, ma) in peers {
+            self.dial(p, ma.clone()); // always connect
+
+            // get peer's multi-addresses or insert if missing
+            let Some(mas) = self.mdns_discovered.get_mut(&p) else {
+                self.mdns_discovered.insert(p, BTreeSet::from([ma]));
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            // multiaddress should never already be present - else something has gone wrong
+            let is_new_addr = mas.insert(ma);
+            assert!(is_new_addr, "cannot discover a discovered peer");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle_mdns_expired(&mut self, peers: Vec<(PeerId, Multiaddr)>) {
+        for (p, ma) in peers {
+            // at this point, we *must* have the peer
+            let mas = self
+                .mdns_discovered
+                .get_mut(&p)
+                .expect("nonexistent peer cannot expire");
+
+            // at this point, we *must* have the multiaddress
+            let was_present = mas.remove(&ma);
+            assert!(was_present, "nonexistent multiaddress cannot expire");
+
+            // if empty, remove the peer-id entirely
+            if mas.is_empty() {
+                self.mdns_discovered.remove(&p);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn on_connection_established(
+        &mut self,
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        remote_ip: IpAddr,
+        remote_tcp_port: u16,
+    ) {
+        // send out connected event
+        self.pending_events
+            .push_back(ToSwarm::GenerateEvent(Event::ConnectionEstablished {
+                peer_id,
+                connection_id,
+                remote_ip,
+                remote_tcp_port,
+            }));
+    }
+
+    fn on_connection_closed(
+        &mut self,
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        remote_ip: IpAddr,
+        remote_tcp_port: u16,
+    ) {
+        // send out disconnected event
+        self.pending_events
+            .push_back(ToSwarm::GenerateEvent(Event::ConnectionClosed {
+                peer_id,
+                connection_id,
+                remote_ip,
+                remote_tcp_port,
+            }));
+    }
+}
+
+impl NetworkBehaviour for Behaviour {
+    type ConnectionHandler =
+        ConnectionHandlerSelect<dummy::ConnectionHandler, THandler<managed::Behaviour>>;
+    type ToSwarm = Event;
+
+    // simply delegate to underlying mDNS behaviour
+
+    delegate! {
+        to self.managed {
+            fn handle_pending_inbound_connection(&mut self, connection_id: ConnectionId, local_addr: &Multiaddr, remote_addr: &Multiaddr) -> Result<(), ConnectionDenied>;
+            fn handle_pending_outbound_connection(&mut self, connection_id: ConnectionId, maybe_peer: Option<PeerId>, addresses: &[Multiaddr], effective_role: Endpoint) -> Result<Vec<Multiaddr>, ConnectionDenied>;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle_established_inbound_connection(
+        &mut self,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        peer: PeerId,
+        local_addr: &Multiaddr,
+        remote_addr: &Multiaddr,
+    ) -> Result<THandler<Self>, ConnectionDenied> {
+        Ok(ConnectionHandler::select(
+            dummy::ConnectionHandler,
+            self.managed.handle_established_inbound_connection(
+                connection_id,
+                peer,
+                local_addr,
+                remote_addr,
+            )?,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_question_mark)]
+    fn handle_established_outbound_connection(
+        &mut self,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        peer: PeerId,
+        addr: &Multiaddr,
+        role_override: Endpoint,
+        port_use: PortUse,
+    ) -> Result<THandler<Self>, ConnectionDenied> {
+        Ok(ConnectionHandler::select(
+            dummy::ConnectionHandler,
+            self.managed.handle_established_outbound_connection(
+                connection_id,
+                peer,
+                addr,
+                role_override,
+                port_use,
+            )?,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn on_connection_handler_event(
+        &mut self,
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        connection_id: ConnectionId,
+        event: THandlerOutEvent<Self>,
+    ) {
+        match event {
+            Either::Left(ev) => libp2p::core::util::unreachable(ev),
+            Either::Right(ev) => {
+                self.managed
+                    .on_connection_handler_event(peer_id, connection_id, ev)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // hook into these methods to drive behavior
+
+    fn on_swarm_event(&mut self, event: FromSwarm) {
+        self.managed.on_swarm_event(event); // let mDNS handle swarm events
+
+        // handle swarm events to update internal state:
+        match event {
+            FromSwarm::ConnectionEstablished(ConnectionEstablished {
+                peer_id,
+                connection_id,
+                endpoint,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                let remote_address = match endpoint {
+                    ConnectedPoint::Dialer { address, .. } => address,
+                    ConnectedPoint::Listener { send_back_addr, .. } => send_back_addr,
+                };
+
+                if let Some((ip, port)) = remote_address.try_to_tcp_addr() {
+                    // handle connection established event which is filtered correctly
+                    self.on_connection_established(peer_id, connection_id, ip, port)
+                }
+            }
+            FromSwarm::ConnectionClosed(ConnectionClosed {
+                peer_id,
+                connection_id,
+                endpoint,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                let remote_address = match endpoint {
+                    ConnectedPoint::Dialer { address, .. } => address,
+                    ConnectedPoint::Listener { send_back_addr, .. } => send_back_addr,
+                };
+
+                if let Some((ip, port)) = remote_address.try_to_tcp_addr() {
+                    // handle connection closed event which is filtered correctly
+                    self.on_connection_closed(peer_id, connection_id, ip, port)
+                }
+            }
+
+            // since we are running TCP/IP transport layer, we are assuming that
+            // no address changes can occur, hence encountering one is a fatal error
+            FromSwarm::AddressChange(a) => {
+                unreachable!("unhandlable: address change encountered: {:?}", a)
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll(&mut self, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<ToSwarm<Self::ToSwarm, THandlerInEvent<Self>>> {
+        // delegate to managed behaviors for any behaviors they need to perform
+        match self.managed.poll(cx) {
+            Poll::Ready(ToSwarm::GenerateEvent(e)) => {
+                match e {
+                    // handle discovered and expired events from mDNS
+                    managed::BehaviourEvent::Mdns(e) => match e.clone() {
+                        mdns::Event::Discovered(peers) => {
+                            self.handle_mdns_discovered(peers);
+                        }
+                        mdns::Event::Expired(peers) => {
+                            self.handle_mdns_expired(peers);
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    // handle ping events => if error then disconnect
+                    managed::BehaviourEvent::Ping(e) => {
+                        if let Err(_) = e.result {
+                            self.close_connection(e.peer, e.connection.clone())
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // since we just consumed an event, we should immediately wake just in case
+                // there are more events to come where that came from
+                cx.waker().wake_by_ref();
+            }
+
+            // forward any other mDNS event to the swarm or its connection handler(s)
+            Poll::Ready(e) => {
+                return Poll::Ready(
+                    e.map_out(|_| unreachable!("events returning to swarm already handled"))
+                        .map_in(Either::Right),
+                );
+            }
+
+            Poll::Pending => {}
+        }
+
+        // retry connecting to all mDNS peers periodically (fails safely if already connected)
+        if self.retry_delay.poll_unpin(cx).is_ready() {
+            for (p, mas) in self.mdns_discovered.clone() {
+                for ma in mas {
+                    self.dial(p, ma)
+                }
+            }
+            self.retry_delay.reset(RETRY_CONNECT_INTERVAL) // reset timeout
+        }
+
+        // send out any pending events from our own service
+        if let Some(e) = self.pending_events.pop_front(cx) {
+            return Poll::Ready(e.map_in(Either::Left));
+        }
+
+        // wait for pending events
+        Poll::Pending
+    }
+}

rust/networking/src/keep_alive.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use delegate::delegate;
+use libp2p::swarm::handler::ConnectionEvent;
+use libp2p::swarm::{ConnectionHandlerEvent, SubstreamProtocol, dummy, handler};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+/// An implementation of [`ConnectionHandler`] that doesn't handle any protocols, but it keeps
+/// the connection alive.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct ConnectionHandler(dummy::ConnectionHandler);
+
+impl ConnectionHandler {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        ConnectionHandler(dummy::ConnectionHandler)
+    }
+}
+
+impl handler::ConnectionHandler for ConnectionHandler {
+    // delegate types and implementation mostly to dummy handler
+    type FromBehaviour = <dummy::ConnectionHandler as handler::ConnectionHandler>::FromBehaviour;
+    type ToBehaviour = <dummy::ConnectionHandler as handler::ConnectionHandler>::ToBehaviour;
+    type InboundProtocol =
+        <dummy::ConnectionHandler as handler::ConnectionHandler>::InboundProtocol;
+    type OutboundProtocol =
+        <dummy::ConnectionHandler as handler::ConnectionHandler>::OutboundProtocol;
+    type InboundOpenInfo =
+        <dummy::ConnectionHandler as handler::ConnectionHandler>::InboundOpenInfo;
+    type OutboundOpenInfo =
+        <dummy::ConnectionHandler as handler::ConnectionHandler>::OutboundOpenInfo;
+
+    delegate! {
+        to self.0 {
+            fn listen_protocol(&self) -> SubstreamProtocol<Self::InboundProtocol, Self::InboundOpenInfo>;
+            fn poll(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<ConnectionHandlerEvent<Self::OutboundProtocol, Self::OutboundOpenInfo, Self::ToBehaviour>>;
+            fn on_behaviour_event(&mut self, event: Self::FromBehaviour);
+            fn on_connection_event(&mut self, event: ConnectionEvent<Self::InboundProtocol, Self::OutboundProtocol, Self::InboundOpenInfo, Self::OutboundOpenInfo>);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // specifically override this to force connection to stay alive
+    fn connection_keep_alive(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+}

rust/networking/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,299 +1,64 @@
-use libp2p::{
-    Multiaddr, PeerId,
-    futures::StreamExt,
-    gossipsub::{self, TopicHash},
-    identify,
-    identity::Keypair,
-    mdns,
-    swarm::{NetworkBehaviour, SwarmEvent, dial_opts::DialOpts},
-};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+//! TODO: crate documentation
+//!
+//! this is here as a placeholder documentation
+//!
+//!
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ListenError;
+// enable Rust-unstable features for convenience
+#![feature(trait_alias)]
+// #![feature(stmt_expr_attributes)]
+// #![feature(unboxed_closures)]
+// #![feature(assert_matches)]
+// #![feature(async_fn_in_dyn_trait)]
+// #![feature(async_for_loop)]
+// #![feature(auto_traits)]
+// #![feature(negative_impls)]
 
-pub enum FromSwarm {
-    PublishError(gossipsub::PublishError),
-    Discovered(PeerId),
-    Expired(PeerId),
-    Message(PeerId, String, Vec<u8>),
-}
-pub enum ToSwarm {
-    Message(String, Vec<u8>),
-    Subscribe(String),
-    Unsubscribe(String),
+pub mod discovery;
+pub mod keep_alive;
+pub mod swarm;
+
+/// Namespace for all the type/trait aliases used by this crate.
+pub(crate) mod alias {
+    use std::error::Error;
+
+    pub type AnyError = Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+    pub type AnyResult<T> = Result<T, AnyError>;
 }
 
-pub struct Peer {
-    pub swarm: libp2p::Swarm<Behaviour>,
-    to_client: mpsc::Sender<FromSwarm>,
-    from_client: mpsc::Receiver<ToSwarm>,
-    namespace: String,
-    known_peers: HashMap<PeerId, Vec<Multiaddr>>,
-}
-impl Peer {
-    pub fn new(
-        namespace: String,
-        kp: Keypair,
-        to_client: mpsc::Sender<FromSwarm>,
-        from_client: mpsc::Receiver<ToSwarm>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, ListenError> {
-        let mut swarm = libp2p::SwarmBuilder::with_existing_identity(kp)
-            .with_tokio()
-            .with_quic()
-            // TODO(evan) .with_bandwidth_metrics()
-            .with_behaviour(|kp| Behaviour::new(namespace.clone(), kp))
-            .expect("invalid swarm behaviour")
-            .build();
+/// Namespace for crate-wide extension traits/methods
+pub(crate) mod ext {
+    use extend::ext;
+    use libp2p::Multiaddr;
+    use libp2p::multiaddr::Protocol;
+    use std::net::IpAddr;
 
-        swarm
-            .listen_on("/ip6/::/udp/0/quic-v1".parse().expect("invalid multiaddr"))
-            .map_err(|_| ListenError)?;
-        swarm
-            .listen_on(
-                "/ip4/0.0.0.0/udp/0/quic-v1"
-                    .parse()
-                    .expect("invalid multiaddr"),
-            )
-            .map_err(|_| ListenError)?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            swarm,
-            to_client,
-            from_client,
-            namespace,
-            known_peers: HashMap::default(),
-        })
-    }
-    pub async fn run(&mut self) -> Result<(), ()> {
-        loop {
-            tokio::select! {
-                event = self.swarm.next() => self.handle_event(event.ok_or(())?).await?,
-                msg = self.from_client.recv() => self.handle_message(msg.ok_or(())?).await?,
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    async fn handle_message(&mut self, message: ToSwarm) -> Result<(), ()> {
-        match message {
-            ToSwarm::Message(topic, data) => {
-                if let Err(e) = self
-                    .swarm
-                    .behaviour_mut()
-                    .gossipsub
-                    .publish(TopicHash::from_raw(topic), data)
-                {
-                    self.to_client
-                        .send(FromSwarm::PublishError(e))
-                        .await
-                        .map_err(|_| ())?;
+    #[ext(pub, name = MultiaddrExt)]
+    impl Multiaddr {
+        /// If the multiaddress corresponds to a TCP address, extracts it
+        fn try_to_tcp_addr(&self) -> Option<(IpAddr, u16)> {
+            let mut ps = self.into_iter();
+            let ip = if let Some(p) = ps.next() {
+                match p {
+                    Protocol::Ip4(ip) => IpAddr::V4(ip),
+                    Protocol::Ip6(ip) => IpAddr::V6(ip),
+                    _ => return None,
                 }
-            }
-            ToSwarm::Subscribe(topic) => {
-                match self
-                    .swarm
-                    .behaviour_mut()
-                    .gossipsub
-                    .subscribe(&gossipsub::IdentTopic::new(topic))
-                {
-                    Ok(_) => {}
-                    Err(gossipsub::SubscriptionError::NotAllowed) => {
-                        unreachable!("subscription filter hit")
-                    }
-                    Err(gossipsub::SubscriptionError::PublishError(e)) => self
-                        .to_client
-                        .send(FromSwarm::PublishError(e))
-                        .await
-                        .map_err(|_| ())?,
-                }
-            }
-            ToSwarm::Unsubscribe(topic) => {
-                self.swarm
-                    .behaviour_mut()
-                    .gossipsub
-                    .unsubscribe(&gossipsub::IdentTopic::new(topic));
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    async fn handle_event(&mut self, event: SwarmEvent<BehaviourEvent>) -> Result<(), ()> {
-        let SwarmEvent::Behaviour(event) = event else {
-            return Ok(());
-        };
-        match event {
-            BehaviourEvent::Gossipsub(gossipsub::Event::Message { message, .. }) => {
-                if let Some(source) = message.source {
-                    self.to_client
-                        .send(FromSwarm::Message(
-                            source,
-                            message.topic.into_string(),
-                            message.data,
-                        ))
-                        .await
-                        .map_err(|_| ())?;
-                }
-            }
-            BehaviourEvent::Identify(identify::Event::Received { peer_id, info, .. }) => {
-                log::debug!(
-                    "identify from {peer_id}: protocol_version='{}' agent_version='{}' (local namespace='{}')",
-                    info.protocol_version,
-                    info.agent_version,
-                    self.namespace
-                );
-                if info.protocol_version == self.namespace {
-                    self.passed_namespace(peer_id);
-                    self.to_client
-                        .send(FromSwarm::Discovered(peer_id))
-                        .await
-                        .map_err(|_| ())?;
-                } else {
-                    self.failed_namespace(peer_id);
-                }
-            }
-            BehaviourEvent::Mdns(mdns::Event::Discovered(v)) => {
-                for (peer_id, addr) in v {
-                    self.known_peers.entry(peer_id).or_default().push(addr);
-                }
-                for (peer_id, addrs) in &self.known_peers {
-                    // dialopts handles rate limiting, we should check errors if we want to blacklist earlier
-                    let _ = self
-                        .swarm
-                        .dial(DialOpts::peer_id(*peer_id).addresses(addrs.clone()).build());
-                }
-            }
-            BehaviourEvent::Mdns(mdns::Event::Expired(v)) => {
-                for (peer_id, addr) in v {
-                    let addrs = self.known_peers.entry(peer_id).or_default();
-                    addrs.retain(|a| *a != addr);
-                    if addrs.is_empty() {
-                        self.known_peers.remove(&peer_id);
-                        self.swarm
-                            .behaviour_mut()
-                            .gossipsub
-                            .remove_explicit_peer(&peer_id);
-                        self.to_client
-                            .send(FromSwarm::Expired(peer_id))
-                            .await
-                            .map_err(|_| ())?;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn passed_namespace(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
-        self.swarm
-            .behaviour_mut()
-            .gossipsub
-            .remove_blacklisted_peer(&peer_id);
-        self.swarm
-            .behaviour_mut()
-            .gossipsub
-            .add_explicit_peer(&peer_id);
-    }
-    fn failed_namespace(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) {
-        self.swarm
-            .behaviour_mut()
-            .gossipsub
-            .blacklist_peer(&peer_id);
-        self.swarm
-            .behaviour_mut()
-            .gossipsub
-            .remove_explicit_peer(&peer_id);
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(NetworkBehaviour)]
-pub struct Behaviour {
-    gossipsub: gossipsub::Behaviour,
-    mdns: mdns::tokio::Behaviour,
-    identify: identify::Behaviour,
-}
-
-impl Behaviour {
-    fn new(namespace: String, kp: &Keypair) -> Self {
-        let mdns = mdns::Behaviour::new(mdns::Config::default(), kp.public().to_peer_id())
-            .expect("mdns behaviour failed to build");
-
-        let identify =
-            identify::Behaviour::new(identify::Config::new_with_signed_peer_record(namespace, kp));
-
-        let gossipsub = gossipsub::Behaviour::new(
-            gossipsub::MessageAuthenticity::Signed(kp.clone()),
-            gossipsub::ConfigBuilder::default()
-                .max_transmit_size(1024 * 1024)
-                .validation_mode(gossipsub::ValidationMode::Strict)
-                .build()
-                .expect("invalid gossipsub configuration"),
-        )
-        .expect("gossipsub behaviour failed ot build");
-
-        Self {
-            gossipsub,
-            mdns,
-            identify,
+            } else {
+                return None;
+            };
+            let Some(Protocol::Tcp(port)) = ps.next() else {
+                return None;
+            };
+            Some((ip, port))
         }
     }
 }
 
-// TODO: more tests
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use tokio::time::{Duration, timeout};
+pub(crate) mod private {
+    #![allow(dead_code)]
 
-    fn make_peer(namespace: &str) -> (Peer, mpsc::Receiver<FromSwarm>, mpsc::Sender<ToSwarm>) {
-        let kp = Keypair::generate_ed25519();
-
-        let (to_client_tx, to_client_rx) = mpsc::channel(64);
-        let (to_peer_tx, to_peer_rx) = mpsc::channel(64);
-
-        let peer = Peer::new(namespace.to_string(), kp, to_client_tx, to_peer_rx)
-            .expect("Peer::new should succeed in tests");
-
-        (peer, to_client_rx, to_peer_tx)
-    }
-
-    async fn next_listen_addr(peer: &mut Peer) -> Multiaddr {
-        loop {
-            match peer.swarm.next().await {
-                Some(SwarmEvent::NewListenAddr { address, .. }) => return address,
-                Some(_) => {}
-                None => panic!("swarm stream ended unexpectedly"),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn subscribe_and_unsubscribe_do_not_error() {
-        let (mut peer, mut events_rx, commands_tx) = make_peer("ns-test");
-
-        // Drive the swarm just enough to get at least one listen address event,
-        // so the background run loop has something initialized.
-        let _addr = next_listen_addr(&mut peer).await;
-
-        // Run the peer loop in the background.
-        let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
-            let _ = peer.run().await;
-        });
-
-        commands_tx
-            .send(ToSwarm::Subscribe("topic-a".to_string()))
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        commands_tx
-            .send(ToSwarm::Unsubscribe("topic-a".to_string()))
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        // We don't *require* any FromSwarm events here; this is mainly a
-        // smoke test that the message-handling path doesn't panic/hang.
-        // Still, poll briefly to ensure the task is alive.
-        let _ = timeout(Duration::from_millis(200), events_rx.recv()).await;
-
-        // Shut down: dropping the command sender closes the channel, causing run() to return Err.
-        drop(commands_tx);
-        let _ = handle.await;
-    }
+    /// Sealed traits support
+    pub trait Sealed {}
+    impl<T: ?Sized> Sealed for T {}
 }

rust/networking/src/swarm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+use crate::alias;
+use crate::swarm::transport::tcp_transport;
+pub use behaviour::{Behaviour, BehaviourEvent};
+use libp2p::{SwarmBuilder, identity};
+
+pub type Swarm = libp2p::Swarm<Behaviour>;
+
+/// The current version of the network: this prevents devices running different versions of the
+/// software from interacting with each other.
+///
+/// TODO: right now this is a hardcoded constant; figure out what the versioning semantics should
+///       even be, and how to inject the right version into this config/initialization. E.g. should
+///       this be passed in as a parameter? What about rapidly changing versions in debug builds?
+///       this is all VERY very hard to figure out and needs to be mulled over as a team.
+pub const NETWORK_VERSION: &[u8] = b"v0.0.1";
+pub const OVERRIDE_VERSION_ENV_VAR: &str = "EXO_LIBP2P_NAMESPACE";
+
+/// Create and configure a swarm which listens to all ports on OS
+pub fn create_swarm(keypair: identity::Keypair) -> alias::AnyResult<Swarm> {
+    let mut swarm = SwarmBuilder::with_existing_identity(keypair)
+        .with_tokio()
+        .with_other_transport(tcp_transport)?
+        .with_behaviour(Behaviour::new)?
+        .build();
+
+    // Listen on all interfaces and whatever port the OS assigns
+    swarm.listen_on("/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/0".parse()?)?;
+    Ok(swarm)
+}
+
+mod transport {
+    use crate::alias;
+    use crate::swarm::{NETWORK_VERSION, OVERRIDE_VERSION_ENV_VAR};
+    use futures::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
+    use keccak_const::Sha3_256;
+    use libp2p::core::muxing;
+    use libp2p::core::transport::Boxed;
+    use libp2p::pnet::{PnetError, PnetOutput};
+    use libp2p::{PeerId, Transport, identity, noise, pnet, yamux};
+    use std::{env, sync::LazyLock};
+
+    /// Key used for networking's private network; parametrized on the [`NETWORK_VERSION`].
+    /// See [`pnet_upgrade`] for more.
+    static PNET_PRESHARED_KEY: LazyLock<[u8; 32]> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+        let builder = Sha3_256::new().update(b"exo_discovery_network");
+
+        if let Ok(var) = env::var(OVERRIDE_VERSION_ENV_VAR) {
+            let bytes = var.into_bytes();
+            builder.update(&bytes)
+        } else {
+            builder.update(NETWORK_VERSION)
+        }
+        .finalize()
+    });
+
+    /// Make the Swarm run on a private network, as to not clash with public libp2p nodes and
+    /// also different-versioned instances of this same network.
+    /// This is implemented as an additional "upgrade" ontop of existing [`libp2p::Transport`] layers.
+    async fn pnet_upgrade<TSocket>(
+        socket: TSocket,
+        _: impl Sized,
+    ) -> Result<PnetOutput<TSocket>, PnetError>
+    where
+        TSocket: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Send + Unpin + 'static,
+    {
+        use pnet::{PnetConfig, PreSharedKey};
+        PnetConfig::new(PreSharedKey::new(*PNET_PRESHARED_KEY))
+            .handshake(socket)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// TCP/IP transport layer configuration.
+    pub fn tcp_transport(
+        keypair: &identity::Keypair,
+    ) -> alias::AnyResult<Boxed<(PeerId, muxing::StreamMuxerBox)>> {
+        use libp2p::{
+            core::upgrade::Version,
+            tcp::{Config, tokio},
+        };
+
+        // `TCP_NODELAY` enabled => avoid latency
+        let tcp_config = Config::default().nodelay(true);
+
+        // V1 + lazy flushing => 0-RTT negotiation
+        let upgrade_version = Version::V1Lazy;
+
+        // Noise is faster than TLS + we don't care much for security
+        let noise_config = noise::Config::new(keypair)?;
+
+        // Use default Yamux config for multiplexing
+        let yamux_config = yamux::Config::default();
+
+        // Create new Tokio-driven TCP/IP transport layer
+        let base_transport = tokio::Transport::new(tcp_config)
+            .and_then(pnet_upgrade)
+            .upgrade(upgrade_version)
+            .authenticate(noise_config)
+            .multiplex(yamux_config);
+
+        // Return boxed transport (to flatten complex type)
+        Ok(base_transport.boxed())
+    }
+}
+
+mod behaviour {
+    use crate::{alias, discovery};
+    use libp2p::swarm::NetworkBehaviour;
+    use libp2p::{gossipsub, identity};
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    /// Behavior of the Swarm which composes all desired behaviors:
+    /// Right now its just [`discovery::Behaviour`] and [`gossipsub::Behaviour`].
+    #[derive(NetworkBehaviour)]
+    pub struct Behaviour {
+        pub discovery: discovery::Behaviour,
+        pub gossipsub: gossipsub::Behaviour,
+    }
+
+    impl Behaviour {
+        pub fn new(keypair: &identity::Keypair) -> alias::AnyResult<Self> {
+            Ok(Self {
+                discovery: discovery::Behaviour::new(keypair)?,
+                gossipsub: gossipsub_behaviour(keypair),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn gossipsub_behaviour(keypair: &identity::Keypair) -> gossipsub::Behaviour {
+        use gossipsub::{ConfigBuilder, MessageAuthenticity, ValidationMode};
+
+        // build a gossipsub network behaviour
+        //  => signed message authenticity + strict validation mode means the message-ID is
+        //     automatically provided by gossipsub w/out needing to provide custom message-ID function
+        gossipsub::Behaviour::new(
+            MessageAuthenticity::Signed(keypair.clone()),
+            ConfigBuilder::default()
+                .publish_queue_duration(Duration::from_secs(15))
+                .max_transmit_size(1024 * 1024)
+                .validation_mode(ValidationMode::Strict)
+                .build()
+                .expect("the configuration should always be valid"),
+        )
+        .expect("creating gossipsub behavior should always work")
+    }
+}

rust/networking/tests/dummy.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// maybe this will hold test in the future...??
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn does_nothing() {}
+}

rust/rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "nightly"

rust/util/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[package]
+name = "util"
+version = { workspace = true }
+edition = { workspace = true }
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false
+name = "util"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+# macro dependencies
+extend = { workspace = true }
+
+# utility dependencies
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
+once_cell = { workspace = true }
+internment = { workspace = true }
+derive_more = { workspace = true }
+bon = { workspace = true }
+recursion = { workspace = true }

rust/util/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//! TODO: crate documentation
+//!
+//! this is here as a placeholder documentation
+//!
+//!
+
+// enable Rust-unstable features for convenience
+#![feature(trait_alias)]
+#![feature(stmt_expr_attributes)]
+#![feature(type_alias_impl_trait)]
+#![feature(specialization)]
+#![feature(unboxed_closures)]
+#![feature(const_trait_impl)]
+#![feature(fn_traits)]
+
+pub mod nonempty;
+pub mod wakerdeque;
+
+pub(crate) mod private {
+    // sealed traits support
+    pub trait Sealed {}
+    impl<T: ?Sized> Sealed for T {}
+}
+
+/// Namespace for all the type/trait aliases used by this crate.
+pub(crate) mod alias {}
+
+/// Namespace for crate-wide extension traits/methods
+pub mod ext {
+    use extend::ext;
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = BoxedSliceExt)]
+    impl<T> Box<[T]> {
+        #[inline]
+        fn map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Box<[B]>
+        where
+            F: FnMut(T) -> B,
+        {
+            self.into_iter().map(f).collect()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[ext(pub, name = VecExt)]
+    impl<T> Vec<T> {
+        #[inline]
+        fn map<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Vec<B>
+        where
+            F: FnMut(T) -> B,
+        {
+            self.into_iter().map(f).collect()
+        }
+    }
+}

rust/util/src/nonempty.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use std::slice::SliceIndex;
+use std::{ops, slice};
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+#[error("Cannot create to `NonemptyArray` because the supplied slice is empty")]
+pub struct EmptySliceError;
+
+/// A pointer to a non-empty fixed-size slice allocated on the heap.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct NonemptyArray<T>(Box<[T]>);
+
+#[allow(clippy::arbitrary_source_item_ordering)]
+impl<T> NonemptyArray<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn singleton(value: T) -> Self {
+        Self(Box::new([value]))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::missing_errors_doc)]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn try_from_boxed_slice<S: Into<Box<[T]>>>(
+        boxed_slice: S,
+    ) -> Result<Self, EmptySliceError> {
+        let boxed_slice = boxed_slice.into();
+        if boxed_slice.is_empty() {
+            Err(EmptySliceError)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Self(boxed_slice))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_boxed_slice(self) -> Box<[T]> {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<T>
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+    {
+        self.0.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)]
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn first(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.0[0]
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing, clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn last(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.0[self.0.len() - 1]
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get<I>(&self, index: I) -> Option<&I::Output>
+    where
+        I: SliceIndex<[T]>,
+    {
+        self.0.get(index)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
+    #[must_use]
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::iter_without_into_iter)]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> slice::Iter<'_, T> {
+        self.0.iter()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::iter_without_into_iter)]
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> slice::IterMut<'_, T> {
+        self.0.iter_mut()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn map<U, F: FnMut(T) -> U>(self, f: F) -> NonemptyArray<U> {
+        NonemptyArray(self.0.into_iter().map(f).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<NonemptyArray<T>> for Box<[T]> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(value: NonemptyArray<T>) -> Self {
+        value.into_boxed_slice()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ops::Index<usize> for NonemptyArray<T> {
+    type Output = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, index: usize) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.0.index(index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> IntoIterator for NonemptyArray<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<T>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.into_boxed_slice().into_vec().into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a NonemptyArray<T> {
+    type Item = &'a T;
+    type IntoIter = slice::Iter<'a, T>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.iter()
+    }
+}

rust/util/src/wakerdeque.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
+use std::task::{Context, Waker};
+
+/// A wrapper around [`VecDeque`] which wakes (if it can) on any `push_*` methods,
+/// and updates the internally stored waker by consuming [`Context`] on any `pop_*` methods.
+pub struct WakerDeque<T> {
+    waker: Option<Waker>,
+    deque: VecDeque<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Debug> Debug for WakerDeque<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.deque.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> WakerDeque<T> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            waker: None,
+            deque: VecDeque::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn update(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) {
+        self.waker = Some(cx.waker().clone());
+    }
+
+    fn wake(&mut self) {
+        let Some(ref mut w) = self.waker else { return };
+        w.wake_by_ref();
+        self.waker = None;
+    }
+
+    pub fn pop_front(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Option<T> {
+        self.update(cx);
+        self.deque.pop_front()
+    }
+
+    pub fn pop_back(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Option<T> {
+        self.update(cx);
+        self.deque.pop_back()
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_front(&mut self, value: T) {
+        self.wake();
+        self.deque.push_front(value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_back(&mut self, value: T) {
+        self.wake();
+        self.deque.push_back(value);
+    }
+}

src/exo/download/coordinator.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from exo.download.download_utils import (
 from exo.download.shard_downloader import ShardDownloader
 from exo.shared.models.model_cards import ModelId
 from exo.shared.types.commands import (
+    CancelDownload,
     DeleteDownload,
     ForwarderDownloadCommand,
     StartDownload,
@@ -107,6 +108,13 @@ class DownloadCoordinator:
                         await self._start_download(shard)
                     case DeleteDownload(model_id=model_id):
                         await self._delete_download(model_id)
+                    case CancelDownload(model_id=model_id):
+                        await self._cancel_download(model_id)
+
+    async def _cancel_download(self, model_id: ModelId) -> None:
+        if model_id in self.active_downloads and model_id in self.download_status:
+            logger.info(f"Cancelling download for {model_id}")
+            self.active_downloads.pop(model_id).cancel()
 
     async def _start_download(self, shard: ShardMetadata) -> None:
         model_id = shard.model_card.model_id

src/exo/download/download_utils.py

@@ -158,6 +158,78 @@ async def seed_models(seed_dir: str | Path):
                     logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
 
 
+async def _build_file_list_from_local_directory(
+    model_id: ModelId,
+    recursive: bool = False,
+) -> list[FileListEntry] | None:
+    """Build a file list from locally existing model files.
+
+    We can only figure out the files we need from safetensors index, so
+    a local directory must contain a *.safetensors.index.json and
+    safetensors listed there.
+    """
+    model_dir = (await ensure_models_dir()) / model_id.normalize()
+    if not await aios.path.exists(model_dir):
+        return None
+
+    def _scan() -> list[FileListEntry] | None:
+        index_files = list(model_dir.glob("**/*.safetensors.index.json"))
+        if not index_files:
+            return None
+
+        entries_by_path: dict[str, FileListEntry] = {}
+
+        if recursive:
+            for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(model_dir):
+                for filename in filenames:
+                    if filename.endswith(".partial"):
+                        continue
+                    full_path = Path(dirpath) / filename
+                    rel_path = str(full_path.relative_to(model_dir))
+                    entries_by_path[rel_path] = FileListEntry(
+                        type="file",
+                        path=rel_path,
+                        size=full_path.stat().st_size,
+                    )
+        else:
+            for item in model_dir.iterdir():
+                if item.is_file() and not item.name.endswith(".partial"):
+                    entries_by_path[item.name] = FileListEntry(
+                        type="file",
+                        path=item.name,
+                        size=item.stat().st_size,
+                    )
+
+        # Add expected weight files from index that haven't been downloaded yet
+        for index_file in index_files:
+            try:
+                index_data = ModelSafetensorsIndex.model_validate_json(
+                    index_file.read_text()
+                )
+                relative_dir = index_file.parent.relative_to(model_dir)
+                for filename in set(index_data.weight_map.values()):
+                    rel_path = (
+                        str(relative_dir / filename)
+                        if relative_dir != Path(".")
+                        else filename
+                    )
+                    if rel_path not in entries_by_path:
+                        entries_by_path[rel_path] = FileListEntry(
+                            type="file",
+                            path=rel_path,
+                            size=None,
+                        )
+            except Exception:
+                continue
+
+        return list(entries_by_path.values())
+
+    file_list = await asyncio.to_thread(_scan)
+    if not file_list:
+        return None
+    return file_list
+
+
 _fetched_file_lists_this_session: set[str] = set()
 
 
@@ -183,6 +255,14 @@ async def fetch_file_list_with_cache(
         if await aios.path.exists(cache_file):
             async with aiofiles.open(cache_file, "r") as f:
                 return TypeAdapter(list[FileListEntry]).validate_json(await f.read())
+        local_file_list = await _build_file_list_from_local_directory(
+            model_id, recursive
+        )
+        if local_file_list is not None:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"No internet and no cached file list for {model_id} - using local file list"
+            )
+            return local_file_list
         raise FileNotFoundError(
             f"No internet connection and no cached file list for {model_id}"
         )
@@ -203,10 +283,18 @@ async def fetch_file_list_with_cache(
     except Exception as e:
         if await aios.path.exists(cache_file):
             logger.warning(
-                f"Failed to fetch file list for {model_id}, using cached data: {e}"
+                f"No internet and no cached file list for {model_id} - using local file list"
             )
             async with aiofiles.open(cache_file, "r") as f:
                 return TypeAdapter(list[FileListEntry]).validate_json(await f.read())
+        local_file_list = await _build_file_list_from_local_directory(
+            model_id, recursive
+        )
+        if local_file_list is not None:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Failed to fetch file list for {model_id} and no cache exists, "
+            )
+            return local_file_list
         raise FileNotFoundError(f"Failed to fetch file list for {model_id}: {e}") from e
 
 
@@ -369,6 +457,8 @@ async def download_file_with_retry(
             )
         except HuggingFaceAuthenticationError:
             raise
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            raise
         except HuggingFaceRateLimitError as e:
             if attempt == n_attempts - 1:
                 raise e
@@ -378,10 +468,14 @@ async def download_file_with_retry(
             logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
             await asyncio.sleep(2.0**attempt)
         except Exception as e:
-            on_connection_lost()
             if attempt == n_attempts - 1:
+                on_connection_lost()
                 raise e
-            break
+            logger.error(
+                f"Download error on attempt {attempt + 1}/{n_attempts} for {model_id=} {revision=} {path=} {target_dir=}"
+            )
+            logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
+            await asyncio.sleep(2.0**attempt)
     raise Exception(
         f"Failed to download file {model_id=} {revision=} {path=} {target_dir=}"
     )

src/exo/download/impl_shard_downloader.py

@@ -195,6 +195,10 @@ class ResumableShardDownloader(ShardDownloader):
         self, shard: ShardMetadata
     ) -> RepoDownloadProgress:
         _, progress = await download_shard(
-            shard, self.on_progress_wrapper, skip_download=True
+            shard,
+            self.on_progress_wrapper,
+            skip_download=True,
+            skip_internet=not self.internet_connection,
+            on_connection_lost=lambda: self.set_internet_connection(False),
         )
         return progress

src/exo/main.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import argparse
-import importlib.metadata
 import itertools
 import multiprocessing as mp
 import os
@@ -45,9 +44,9 @@ class Node:
     @classmethod
     async def create(cls, args: "Args") -> "Self":
         keypair = get_node_id_keypair()
-        node_id = NodeId(keypair.to_string())
+        node_id = NodeId(keypair.to_peer_id().to_base58())
         session_id = SessionId(master_node_id=node_id, election_clock=0)
-        router = Router.create(keypair, namespace=args.namespace)
+        router = Router.create(keypair)
         await router.register_topic(topics.GLOBAL_EVENTS)
         await router.register_topic(topics.LOCAL_EVENTS)
         await router.register_topic(topics.COMMANDS)
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class Node:
         else:
             download_coordinator = None
 
-        if not args.no_api:
+        if args.spawn_api:
             api = API(
                 node_id,
                 session_id,
@@ -106,6 +105,7 @@ class Node:
             global_event_sender=router.sender(topics.GLOBAL_EVENTS),
             local_event_receiver=router.receiver(topics.LOCAL_EVENTS),
             command_receiver=router.receiver(topics.COMMANDS),
+            download_command_sender=router.sender(topics.DOWNLOAD_COMMANDS),
         )
 
         er_send, er_recv = channel[ElectionResult]()
@@ -189,6 +189,9 @@ class Node:
                         global_event_sender=self.router.sender(topics.GLOBAL_EVENTS),
                         local_event_receiver=self.router.receiver(topics.LOCAL_EVENTS),
                         command_receiver=self.router.receiver(topics.COMMANDS),
+                        download_command_sender=self.router.sender(
+                            topics.DOWNLOAD_COMMANDS
+                        ),
                     )
                     self._tg.start_soon(self.master.run)
                 elif (
@@ -254,7 +257,7 @@ def main():
     # TODO: Refactor the current verbosity system
     logger_setup(EXO_LOG, args.verbosity)
     logger.info("Starting EXO")
-    logger.info(f"Namespace: {args.namespace}")
+    logger.info(f"EXO_LIBP2P_NAMESPACE: {os.getenv('EXO_LIBP2P_NAMESPACE')}")
 
     # Set FAST_SYNCH override env var for runner subprocesses
     if args.fast_synch is True:
@@ -271,13 +274,13 @@ def main():
 
 
 class Args(CamelCaseModel):
-    verbosity: int
-    force_master: bool
-    no_api: bool
-    api_port: PositiveInt
+    verbosity: int = 0
+    force_master: bool = False
+    spawn_api: bool = False
+    api_port: PositiveInt = 52415
+    tb_only: bool = False
     no_worker: bool = False
     no_downloads: bool = False
-    namespace: str
     fast_synch: bool | None = None  # None = auto, True = force on, False = force off
 
     @classmethod
@@ -307,15 +310,14 @@ class Args(CamelCaseModel):
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--no-api",
-            action="store_true",
-            help="Disable the API server for this node",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="spawn_api",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--api-port",
             type=int,
             dest="api_port",
             default=52415,
-            help="Which port the API server will be available on",
         )
         parser.add_argument(
             "--no-worker",
@@ -326,11 +328,6 @@ class Args(CamelCaseModel):
             action="store_true",
             help="Disable the download coordinator (node won't download models)",
         )
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--namespace",
-            default=importlib.metadata.version("exo"),
-            help="Set the EXO namespace to run multiple isolated clusters",
-        )
         fast_synch_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
         fast_synch_group.add_argument(
             "--fast-synch",

src/exo/master/adapters/chat_completions.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import time
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from typing import Any
-from uuid import uuid4
 
 from exo.shared.types.api import (
     ChatCompletionChoice,
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ async def generate_chat_stream(
         if isinstance(chunk, ToolCallChunk):
             tool_call_deltas = [
                 ToolCall(
-                    id=str(uuid4()),
+                    id=tool.id,
                     index=i,
                     function=tool,
                 )
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ async def collect_chat_response(
         if isinstance(chunk, ToolCallChunk):
             tool_calls.extend(
                 ToolCall(
-                    id=str(uuid4()),
+                    id=tool.id,
                     index=i,
                     function=tool,
                 )

src/exo/master/adapters/claude.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import json
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from typing import Any
-from uuid import uuid4
 
 from exo.shared.types.api import FinishReason
 from exo.shared.types.chunks import ErrorChunk, TokenChunk, ToolCallChunk
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ async def collect_claude_response(
             for tool in chunk.tool_calls:
                 tool_use_blocks.append(
                     ClaudeToolUseBlock(
-                        id=f"toolu_{uuid4().hex[:24]}",
+                        id=f"toolu_{tool.id}",
                         name=tool.name,
                         input=json.loads(tool.arguments),  # pyright: ignore[reportAny]
                     )
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ async def generate_claude_stream(
 
             # Emit tool_use content blocks
             for tool in chunk.tool_calls:
-                tool_id = f"toolu_{uuid4().hex[:24]}"
+                tool_id = f"toolu_{tool.id}"
                 tool_input_json = tool.arguments
 
                 # content_block_start for tool_use

src/exo/master/adapters/responses.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from itertools import count
 from typing import Any
-from uuid import uuid4
 
 from exo.shared.types.chunks import ErrorChunk, TokenChunk, ToolCallChunk
 from exo.shared.types.common import CommandId
@@ -140,8 +139,8 @@ async def collect_responses_response(
             for tool in chunk.tool_calls:
                 function_call_items.append(
                     ResponseFunctionCallItem(
-                        id=f"fc_{uuid4().hex[:24]}",
-                        call_id=f"call_{uuid4().hex[:24]}",
+                        id=f"fc_{tool.id}",
+                        call_id=f"call_{tool.id}",
                         name=tool.name,
                         arguments=tool.arguments,
                     )
@@ -246,8 +245,8 @@ async def generate_responses_stream(
         if isinstance(chunk, ToolCallChunk):
             last_stats = chunk.stats or last_stats
             for tool in chunk.tool_calls:
-                fc_id = f"fc_{uuid4().hex[:24]}"
-                call_id = f"call_{uuid4().hex[:24]}"
+                fc_id = f"fc_{tool.id}"
+                call_id = f"call_{tool.id}"
 
                 # response.output_item.added for function_call
                 fc_item = ResponseFunctionCallItem(

src/exo/master/api.py

@@ -386,7 +386,12 @@ class API:
         if len(list(self.state.topology.list_nodes())) == 0:
             return PlacementPreviewResponse(previews=[])
 
-        model_card = await ModelCard.load(model_id)
+        try:
+            model_card = await ModelCard.load(model_id)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=400, detail=f"Failed to load model card: {exc}"
+            ) from exc
         instance_combinations: list[tuple[Sharding, InstanceMeta, int]] = []
         for sharding in (Sharding.Pipeline, Sharding.Tensor):
             for instance_meta in (InstanceMeta.MlxRing, InstanceMeta.MlxJaccl):

src/exo/master/main.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from loguru import logger
 
 from exo.master.placement import (
     add_instance_to_placements,
+    cancel_unnecessary_downloads,
     delete_instance,
     get_transition_events,
     place_instance,
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ from exo.shared.types.commands import (
     CreateInstance,
     DeleteInstance,
     ForwarderCommand,
+    ForwarderDownloadCommand,
     ImageEdits,
     ImageGeneration,
     PlaceInstance,
@@ -66,12 +68,9 @@ class Master:
         session_id: SessionId,
         *,
         command_receiver: Receiver[ForwarderCommand],
-        # Receiving indexed events from the forwarder to be applied to state
-        # Ideally these would be WorkerForwarderEvents but type system says no :(
         local_event_receiver: Receiver[ForwarderEvent],
-        # Send events to the forwarder to be indexed (usually from command processing)
-        # Ideally these would be MasterForwarderEvents but type system says no :(
         global_event_sender: Sender[ForwarderEvent],
+        download_command_sender: Sender[ForwarderDownloadCommand],
     ):
         self.state = State()
         self._tg: TaskGroup = anyio.create_task_group()
@@ -81,6 +80,7 @@ class Master:
         self.command_receiver = command_receiver
         self.local_event_receiver = local_event_receiver
         self.global_event_sender = global_event_sender
+        self.download_command_sender = download_command_sender
         send, recv = channel[Event]()
         self.event_sender: Sender[Event] = send
         self._loopback_event_receiver: Receiver[Event] = recv
@@ -280,6 +280,14 @@ class Master:
                             transition_events = get_transition_events(
                                 self.state.instances, placement
                             )
+                            for cmd in cancel_unnecessary_downloads(
+                                placement, self.state.downloads
+                            ):
+                                await self.download_command_sender.send(
+                                    ForwarderDownloadCommand(
+                                        origin=self.node_id, command=cmd
+                                    )
+                                )
                             generated_events.extend(transition_events)
                         case PlaceInstance():
                             placement = place_instance(
@@ -324,7 +332,11 @@ class Master:
                                 ]
                         case RequestEventLog():
                             # We should just be able to send everything, since other buffers will ignore old messages
-                            for i in range(command.since_idx, len(self._event_log)):
+                            # rate limit to 1000 at a time
+                            for i in range(
+                                command.since_idx,
+                                min(command.since_idx + 1000, len(self._event_log)),
+                            ):
                                 await self._send_event(
                                     IndexedEvent(idx=i, event=self._event_log[i])
                                 )
@@ -371,7 +383,7 @@ class Master:
                         await self._handle_traces_collected(event)
                         continue
 
-                    logger.trace(f"Master indexing event: {str(event)[:100]}")
+                    logger.debug(f"Master indexing event: {str(event)[:100]}")
                     indexed = IndexedEvent(event=event, idx=len(self._event_log))
                     self.state = apply(self.state, indexed)
 

src/exo/master/placement.py

@@ -15,14 +15,20 @@ from exo.master.placement_utils import (
 from exo.shared.models.model_cards import ModelId
 from exo.shared.topology import Topology
 from exo.shared.types.commands import (
+    CancelDownload,
     CreateInstance,
     DeleteInstance,
+    DownloadCommand,
     PlaceInstance,
 )
 from exo.shared.types.common import NodeId
 from exo.shared.types.events import Event, InstanceCreated, InstanceDeleted
 from exo.shared.types.memory import Memory
 from exo.shared.types.profiling import MemoryUsage, NodeNetworkInfo
+from exo.shared.types.worker.downloads import (
+    DownloadOngoing,
+    DownloadProgress,
+)
 from exo.shared.types.worker.instances import (
     Instance,
     InstanceId,
@@ -202,3 +208,29 @@ def get_transition_events(
             )
 
     return events
+
+
+def cancel_unnecessary_downloads(
+    instances: Mapping[InstanceId, Instance],
+    download_status: Mapping[NodeId, Sequence[DownloadProgress]],
+) -> Sequence[DownloadCommand]:
+    commands: list[DownloadCommand] = []
+    currently_downloading = [
+        (k, v.shard_metadata.model_card.model_id)
+        for k, vs in download_status.items()
+        for v in vs
+        if isinstance(v, (DownloadOngoing))
+    ]
+    active_models = set(
+        (
+            node_id,
+            instance.shard_assignments.runner_to_shard[runner_id].model_card.model_id,
+        )
+        for instance in instances.values()
+        for node_id, runner_id in instance.shard_assignments.node_to_runner.items()
+    )
+    for pair in currently_downloading:
+        if pair not in active_models:
+            commands.append(CancelDownload(target_node_id=pair[0], model_id=pair[1]))
+
+    return commands

src/exo/master/tests/test_master.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from exo.shared.models.model_cards import ModelCard, ModelTask
 from exo.shared.types.commands import (
     CommandId,
     ForwarderCommand,
+    ForwarderDownloadCommand,
     PlaceInstance,
     TextGeneration,
 )
@@ -41,12 +42,13 @@ from exo.utils.channels import channel
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_master():
     keypair = get_node_id_keypair()
-    node_id = NodeId(keypair.to_string())
+    node_id = NodeId(keypair.to_peer_id().to_base58())
     session_id = SessionId(master_node_id=node_id, election_clock=0)
 
     ge_sender, global_event_receiver = channel[ForwarderEvent]()
     command_sender, co_receiver = channel[ForwarderCommand]()
     local_event_sender, le_receiver = channel[ForwarderEvent]()
+    fcds, _fcdr = channel[ForwarderDownloadCommand]()
 
     all_events: list[IndexedEvent] = []
 
@@ -67,12 +69,13 @@ async def test_master():
         global_event_sender=ge_sender,
         local_event_receiver=le_receiver,
         command_receiver=co_receiver,
+        download_command_sender=fcds,
     )
     logger.info("run the master")
     async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
         tg.start_soon(master.run)
 
-        sender_node_id = NodeId(f"{keypair.to_string()}_sender")
+        sender_node_id = NodeId(f"{keypair.to_peer_id().to_base58()}_sender")
         # inject a NodeGatheredInfo event
         logger.info("inject a NodeGatheredInfo event")
         await local_event_sender.send(

src/exo/routing/connection_message.py

@@ -1,9 +1,37 @@
+from enum import Enum
+
+from exo_pyo3_bindings import ConnectionUpdate, ConnectionUpdateType
+
 from exo.shared.types.common import NodeId
 from exo.utils.pydantic_ext import CamelCaseModel
 
 """Serialisable types for Connection Updates/Messages"""
 
 
+class ConnectionMessageType(Enum):
+    Connected = 0
+    Disconnected = 1
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_update_type(update_type: ConnectionUpdateType):
+        match update_type:
+            case ConnectionUpdateType.Connected:
+                return ConnectionMessageType.Connected
+            case ConnectionUpdateType.Disconnected:
+                return ConnectionMessageType.Disconnected
+
+
 class ConnectionMessage(CamelCaseModel):
     node_id: NodeId
-    expired: bool
+    connection_type: ConnectionMessageType
+    remote_ipv4: str
+    remote_tcp_port: int
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_update(cls, update: ConnectionUpdate) -> "ConnectionMessage":
+        return cls(
+            node_id=NodeId(update.peer_id.to_base58()),
+            connection_type=ConnectionMessageType.from_update_type(update.update_type),
+            remote_ipv4=update.remote_ipv4,
+            remote_tcp_port=update.remote_tcp_port,
+        )

src/exo/routing/router.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from copy import copy
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from itertools import count
 from math import inf
 from os import PathLike
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -14,14 +14,15 @@ from anyio import (
 )
 from anyio.abc import TaskGroup
 from exo_pyo3_bindings import (
+    AllQueuesFullError,
     Keypair,
-    PyPeer,
+    NetworkingHandle,
+    NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError,
 )
 from filelock import FileLock
 from loguru import logger
 
 from exo.shared.constants import EXO_NODE_ID_KEYPAIR
-from exo.shared.types.common import NodeId
 from exo.utils.channels import Receiver, Sender, channel
 from exo.utils.pydantic_ext import CamelCaseModel
 
@@ -98,32 +99,28 @@ class TopicRouter[T: CamelCaseModel]:
         )
 
 
-@dataclass
 class Router:
-    _peer: PyPeer
-    topic_routers: dict[str, TopicRouter[CamelCaseModel]] = field(
-        init=False, default_factory=dict
-    )
-    networking_receiver: Receiver[tuple[str, bytes]] = field(init=False)
-    _tmp_networking_sender: Sender[tuple[str, bytes]] | None = field(init=False)
-    _tg: TaskGroup | None = None
-
-    def __post_init__(self):
-        self._tmp_networking_sender, self.networking_receiver = channel()
-
     @classmethod
-    def create(cls, identity: Keypair, namespace: str) -> "Router":
-        return cls(_peer=PyPeer.new(identity, namespace))
+    def create(cls, identity: Keypair) -> "Router":
+        return cls(handle=NetworkingHandle(identity))
+
+    def __init__(self, handle: NetworkingHandle):
+        self.topic_routers: dict[str, TopicRouter[CamelCaseModel]] = {}
+        send, recv = channel[tuple[str, bytes]]()
+        self.networking_receiver: Receiver[tuple[str, bytes]] = recv
+        self._net: NetworkingHandle = handle
+        self._tmp_networking_sender: Sender[tuple[str, bytes]] | None = send
+        self._id_count = count()
+        self._tg: TaskGroup | None = None
 
     async def register_topic[T: CamelCaseModel](self, topic: TypedTopic[T]):
+        assert self._tg is None, "Attempted to register topic after setup time"
         send = self._tmp_networking_sender
         if send:
             self._tmp_networking_sender = None
         else:
             send = self.networking_receiver.clone_sender()
         router = TopicRouter[T](topic, send)
-        if self._tg is not None:
-            self._tg.start_soon(router.run)
         self.topic_routers[topic.topic] = cast(TopicRouter[CamelCaseModel], router)
         await self._networking_subscribe(str(topic.topic))
 
@@ -151,18 +148,14 @@ class Router:
     async def run(self):
         logger.debug("Starting Router")
         try:
-
-            async def _peer_run():
-                await self._peer.run()
-
             async with create_task_group() as tg:
                 self._tg = tg
                 for topic in self.topic_routers:
                     router = self.topic_routers[topic]
                     tg.start_soon(router.run)
                 tg.start_soon(self._networking_recv)
+                tg.start_soon(self._networking_recv_connection_messages)
                 tg.start_soon(self._networking_publish)
-                tg.start_soon(_peer_run)
                 # Router only shuts down if you cancel it.
                 await sleep_forever()
         finally:
@@ -177,58 +170,47 @@ class Router:
         self._tg.cancel_scope.cancel()
 
     async def _networking_subscribe(self, topic: str):
-        await self._peer.subscribe(topic)
+        await self._net.gossipsub_subscribe(topic)
         logger.info(f"Subscribed to {topic}")
 
     async def _networking_unsubscribe(self, topic: str):
-        await self._peer.unsubscribe(topic)
+        await self._net.gossipsub_unsubscribe(topic)
         logger.info(f"Unsubscribed from {topic}")
 
     async def _networking_recv(self):
         while True:
-            try:
-                swarm_event = await self._peer.recv()
-            except ValueError:
-                logger.error("Message too large for gossipsub, dropped")
-                continue
-            except ConnectionError:
-                logger.error("All peer queues full, network overloaded")
-                continue
-            except RuntimeError:
-                break
-
-            cm = None
-            if (peer_id := swarm_event.downcast_discovered()) is not None:
-                cm = ConnectionMessage(node_id=NodeId(peer_id), expired=False)
-            if (peer_id := swarm_event.downcast_expired()) is not None:
-                cm = ConnectionMessage(node_id=NodeId(peer_id), expired=True)
-
-            if cm is not None:
-                if CONNECTION_MESSAGES.topic in self.topic_routers:
-                    router = self.topic_routers[CONNECTION_MESSAGES.topic]
-                    assert router.topic.model_type == ConnectionMessage
-                    router = cast(TopicRouter[ConnectionMessage], router)
-                    await router.publish(cm)
-                continue
-
-            assert (msg := swarm_event.downcast_message()) is not None
-            _origin, topic, payload = msg
-            logger.debug(f"Received message on {topic} with payload {payload}")
+            topic, data = await self._net.gossipsub_recv()
+            logger.trace(f"Received message on {topic} with payload {data}")
             if topic not in self.topic_routers:
                 logger.warning(f"Received message on unknown or inactive topic {topic}")
                 continue
 
             router = self.topic_routers[topic]
-            await router.publish_bytes(payload)
+            await router.publish_bytes(data)
+
+    async def _networking_recv_connection_messages(self):
+        while True:
+            update = await self._net.connection_update_recv()
+            message = ConnectionMessage.from_update(update)
+            logger.trace(
+                f"Received message on connection_messages with payload {message}"
+            )
+            if CONNECTION_MESSAGES.topic in self.topic_routers:
+                router = self.topic_routers[CONNECTION_MESSAGES.topic]
+                assert router.topic.model_type == ConnectionMessage
+                router = cast(TopicRouter[ConnectionMessage], router)
+                await router.publish(message)
 
     async def _networking_publish(self):
         with self.networking_receiver as networked_items:
             async for topic, data in networked_items:
                 try:
                     logger.trace(f"Sending message on {topic} with payload {data}")
-                    await self._peer.send(topic, data)
-                except RuntimeError:
-                    break
+                    await self._net.gossipsub_publish(topic, data)
+                # As a hack, this also catches AllQueuesFull
+                # Need to fix that ASAP.
+                except (NoPeersSubscribedToTopicError, AllQueuesFullError):
+                    pass
 
 
 def get_node_id_keypair(
@@ -239,7 +221,7 @@ def get_node_id_keypair(
     Obtain the :class:`PeerId` by from it.
     """
     # TODO(evan): bring back node id persistence once we figure out how to deal with duplicates
-    return Keypair.generate()
+    return Keypair.generate_ed25519()
 
     def lock_path(path: str | bytes | PathLike[str] | PathLike[bytes]) -> Path:
         return Path(str(path) + ".lock")

src/exo/shared/tests/test_election.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import pytest
 from anyio import create_task_group, fail_after, move_on_after
 
-from exo.routing.connection_message import ConnectionMessage
+from exo.routing.connection_message import ConnectionMessage, ConnectionMessageType
 from exo.shared.election import Election, ElectionMessage, ElectionResult
 from exo.shared.types.commands import ForwarderCommand, TestCommand
 from exo.shared.types.common import NodeId, SessionId
@@ -330,7 +330,9 @@ async def test_connection_message_triggers_new_round_broadcast() -> None:
             await cm_tx.send(
                 ConnectionMessage(
                     node_id=NodeId(),
-                    expired=False,
+                    connection_type=ConnectionMessageType.Connected,
+                    remote_ipv4="",
+                    remote_tcp_port=0,
                 )
             )
 

src/exo/shared/types/api.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import time
 from collections.abc import Generator
 from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal
+from uuid import uuid4
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, field_validator
 from pydantic_core import PydanticUseDefault
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ class ChatCompletionMessageText(BaseModel):
 
 
 class ToolCallItem(BaseModel):
+    id: str = Field(default_factory=lambda: str(uuid4()))
     name: str
     arguments: str
 
@@ -272,6 +274,7 @@ class AdvancedImageParams(BaseModel):
     num_inference_steps: Annotated[int, Field(ge=1, le=100)] | None = None
     guidance: Annotated[float, Field(ge=1.0, le=20.0)] | None = None
     negative_prompt: str | None = None
+    num_sync_steps: Annotated[int, Field(ge=1, le=100)] | None = None
 
 
 class ImageGenerationTaskParams(BaseModel):

src/exo/shared/types/commands.py

@@ -72,7 +72,12 @@ class DeleteDownload(BaseCommand):
     model_id: ModelId
 
 
-DownloadCommand = StartDownload | DeleteDownload
+class CancelDownload(BaseCommand):
+    target_node_id: NodeId
+    model_id: ModelId
+
+
+DownloadCommand = StartDownload | DeleteDownload | CancelDownload
 
 
 Command = (

src/exo/shared/types/mlx.py

@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 
 from mlx_lm.models.cache import (
+    ArraysCache,
     KVCache,
     QuantizedKVCache,
     RotatingKVCache,
 )
 
 # This list contains one cache entry per transformer layer
-KVCacheType = Sequence[KVCache | RotatingKVCache | QuantizedKVCache]
+KVCacheType = Sequence[KVCache | RotatingKVCache | QuantizedKVCache | ArraysCache]

src/exo/worker/engines/image/config.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from enum import Enum
-from math import ceil
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class ImageModelConfig(BaseModel):
     block_configs: tuple[TransformerBlockConfig, ...]
 
     default_steps: dict[str, int]  # {"low": X, "medium": Y, "high": Z}
-    num_sync_steps_factor: float  # Fraction of steps for sync phase
+    num_sync_steps: int  # Number of sync steps for distributed inference
 
     guidance_scale: float | None = None  # None or <= 1.0 disables CFG
 
@@ -45,6 +44,3 @@ class ImageModelConfig(BaseModel):
 
     def get_steps_for_quality(self, quality: str) -> int:
         return self.default_steps[quality]
-
-    def get_num_sync_steps(self, steps: int) -> int:
-        return ceil(steps * self.num_sync_steps_factor)

src/exo/worker/engines/image/distributed_model.py

@@ -150,7 +150,10 @@ class DistributedImageModel:
             guidance=guidance_override if guidance_override is not None else 4.0,
         )
 
-        num_sync_steps = self._config.get_num_sync_steps(steps)
+        if advanced_params is not None and advanced_params.num_sync_steps is not None:
+            num_sync_steps = advanced_params.num_sync_steps
+        else:
+            num_sync_steps = self._config.num_sync_steps
 
         for result in self._runner.generate_image(
             runtime_config=config,

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/__init__.py

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ from exo.worker.engines.image.config import ImageModelConfig
 from exo.worker.engines.image.models.base import ModelAdapter
 from exo.worker.engines.image.models.flux import (
     FLUX_DEV_CONFIG,
+    FLUX_KONTEXT_CONFIG,
     FLUX_SCHNELL_CONFIG,
+    FluxKontextModelAdapter,
     FluxModelAdapter,
 )
 from exo.worker.engines.image.models.qwen import (
@@ -26,13 +28,16 @@ AdapterFactory = Callable[
 # Registry maps model_family string to adapter factory
 _ADAPTER_REGISTRY: dict[str, AdapterFactory] = {
     "flux": FluxModelAdapter,
+    "flux-kontext": FluxKontextModelAdapter,
     "qwen-edit": QwenEditModelAdapter,
     "qwen": QwenModelAdapter,
 }
 
 # Config registry: maps model ID patterns to configs
+# Order matters: longer/more-specific patterns must come before shorter ones
 _CONFIG_REGISTRY: dict[str, ImageModelConfig] = {
     "flux.1-schnell": FLUX_SCHNELL_CONFIG,
+    "flux.1-kontext": FLUX_KONTEXT_CONFIG,  # Must come before "flux.1-dev" for pattern matching
     "flux.1-krea-dev": FLUX_DEV_CONFIG,  # Must come before "flux.1-dev" for pattern matching
     "flux.1-dev": FLUX_DEV_CONFIG,
     "qwen-image-edit": QWEN_IMAGE_EDIT_CONFIG,  # Must come before "qwen-image" for pattern matching

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/base.py

@@ -66,6 +66,19 @@ class PromptData(ABC):
         """
         ...
 
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def kontext_image_ids(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        """Kontext-style position IDs for image conditioning.
+
+        For FLUX.1-Kontext models, returns position IDs with first_coord=1
+        to distinguish conditioning tokens from generation tokens (first_coord=0).
+
+        Returns:
+            Position IDs array [1, seq_len, 3] for Kontext, None for other models.
+        """
+        ...
+
     @abstractmethod
     def get_batched_cfg_data(
         self,

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/flux/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 from exo.worker.engines.image.models.flux.adapter import FluxModelAdapter
 from exo.worker.engines.image.models.flux.config import (
     FLUX_DEV_CONFIG,
+    FLUX_KONTEXT_CONFIG,
     FLUX_SCHNELL_CONFIG,
 )
+from exo.worker.engines.image.models.flux.kontext_adapter import (
+    FluxKontextModelAdapter,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "FluxModelAdapter",
+    "FluxKontextModelAdapter",
     "FLUX_DEV_CONFIG",
+    "FLUX_KONTEXT_CONFIG",
     "FLUX_SCHNELL_CONFIG",
 ]

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/flux/adapter.py

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ class FluxPromptData(PromptData):
     def conditioning_latents(self) -> mx.array | None:
         return None
 
+    @property
+    def kontext_image_ids(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        return None
+
     def get_batched_cfg_data(
         self,
     ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array, mx.array | None, mx.array | None] | None:

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/flux/config.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ FLUX_SCHNELL_CONFIG = ImageModelConfig(
         ),
     ),
     default_steps={"low": 1, "medium": 2, "high": 4},
-    num_sync_steps_factor=0.5,  # 1 sync step for medium (2 steps)
+    num_sync_steps=1,
 )
 
 
@@ -30,5 +30,21 @@ FLUX_DEV_CONFIG = ImageModelConfig(
         ),
     ),
     default_steps={"low": 10, "medium": 25, "high": 50},
-    num_sync_steps_factor=0.125,  # ~3 sync steps for medium (25 steps)
+    num_sync_steps=4,
+)
+
+
+FLUX_KONTEXT_CONFIG = ImageModelConfig(
+    model_family="flux-kontext",
+    block_configs=(
+        TransformerBlockConfig(
+            block_type=BlockType.JOINT, count=19, has_separate_text_output=True
+        ),
+        TransformerBlockConfig(
+            block_type=BlockType.SINGLE, count=38, has_separate_text_output=False
+        ),
+    ),
+    default_steps={"low": 10, "medium": 25, "high": 50},
+    num_sync_steps=4,
+    guidance_scale=4.0,
 )

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/flux/kontext_adapter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+import math
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, final
+
+import mlx.core as mx
+from mflux.models.common.config.config import Config
+from mflux.models.common.config.model_config import ModelConfig
+from mflux.models.flux.latent_creator.flux_latent_creator import FluxLatentCreator
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_text_encoder.prompt_encoder import PromptEncoder
+from mflux.models.flux.model.flux_transformer.transformer import Transformer
+from mflux.models.flux.variants.kontext.flux_kontext import Flux1Kontext
+from mflux.models.flux.variants.kontext.kontext_util import KontextUtil
+
+from exo.worker.engines.image.config import ImageModelConfig
+from exo.worker.engines.image.models.base import (
+    ModelAdapter,
+    PromptData,
+    RotaryEmbeddings,
+)
+from exo.worker.engines.image.models.flux.wrappers import (
+    FluxJointBlockWrapper,
+    FluxSingleBlockWrapper,
+)
+from exo.worker.engines.image.pipeline.block_wrapper import (
+    JointBlockWrapper,
+    SingleBlockWrapper,
+)
+
+
+@final
+class FluxKontextPromptData(PromptData):
+    """Prompt data for FLUX.1-Kontext image editing.
+
+    Stores text embeddings along with conditioning latents and position IDs
+    for the input image.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prompt_embeds: mx.array,
+        pooled_prompt_embeds: mx.array,
+        conditioning_latents: mx.array,
+        kontext_image_ids: mx.array,
+    ):
+        self._prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds
+        self._pooled_prompt_embeds = pooled_prompt_embeds
+        self._conditioning_latents = conditioning_latents
+        self._kontext_image_ids = kontext_image_ids
+
+    @property
+    def prompt_embeds(self) -> mx.array:
+        return self._prompt_embeds
+
+    @property
+    def pooled_prompt_embeds(self) -> mx.array:
+        return self._pooled_prompt_embeds
+
+    @property
+    def negative_prompt_embeds(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def negative_pooled_prompt_embeds(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        return None
+
+    def get_encoder_hidden_states_mask(self, positive: bool = True) -> mx.array | None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def cond_image_grid(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[int, int, int] | list[tuple[int, int, int]] | None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def conditioning_latents(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        """VAE-encoded input image latents for Kontext conditioning."""
+        return self._conditioning_latents
+
+    @property
+    def kontext_image_ids(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        """Position IDs for Kontext conditioning (first_coord=1)."""
+        return self._kontext_image_ids
+
+    def get_cfg_branch_data(
+        self, positive: bool
+    ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array | None, mx.array | None, mx.array | None]:
+        """Kontext doesn't use CFG, but we return positive data for compatibility."""
+        return (
+            self._prompt_embeds,
+            None,
+            self._pooled_prompt_embeds,
+            self._conditioning_latents,
+        )
+
+    def get_batched_cfg_data(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array, mx.array | None, mx.array | None] | None:
+        # Kontext doesn't use CFG
+        return None
+
+
+@final
+class FluxKontextModelAdapter(ModelAdapter[Flux1Kontext, Transformer]):
+    """Adapter for FLUX.1-Kontext image editing model.
+
+    Key differences from standard FluxModelAdapter:
+    - Takes an input image and computes output dimensions from it
+    - Creates conditioning latents from the input image via VAE
+    - Creates special position IDs (kontext_image_ids) for conditioning tokens
+    - Creates pure noise latents (not img2img blending)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: ImageModelConfig,
+        model_id: str,
+        local_path: Path,
+        quantize: int | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._config = config
+        self._model = Flux1Kontext(
+            model_config=ModelConfig.from_name(model_name=model_id, base_model=None),
+            model_path=str(local_path),
+            quantize=quantize,
+        )
+        self._transformer = self._model.transformer
+
+        # Stores image path and computed dimensions after set_image_dimensions
+        self._image_path: str | None = None
+        self._output_height: int | None = None
+        self._output_width: int | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def hidden_dim(self) -> int:
+        return self._transformer.x_embedder.weight.shape[0]  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownMemberType, reportUnknownVariableType]
+
+    @property
+    def needs_cfg(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def _get_latent_creator(self) -> type:
+        return FluxLatentCreator
+
+    def get_joint_block_wrappers(
+        self,
+        text_seq_len: int,
+        encoder_hidden_states_mask: mx.array | None = None,
+    ) -> list[JointBlockWrapper[Any]]:
+        """Create wrapped joint blocks for Flux Kontext."""
+        return [
+            FluxJointBlockWrapper(block, text_seq_len)
+            for block in self._transformer.transformer_blocks
+        ]
+
+    def get_single_block_wrappers(
+        self,
+        text_seq_len: int,
+    ) -> list[SingleBlockWrapper[Any]]:
+        """Create wrapped single blocks for Flux Kontext."""
+        return [
+            FluxSingleBlockWrapper(block, text_seq_len)
+            for block in self._transformer.single_transformer_blocks
+        ]
+
+    def slice_transformer_blocks(
+        self,
+        start_layer: int,
+        end_layer: int,
+    ):
+        all_joint = list(self._transformer.transformer_blocks)
+        all_single = list(self._transformer.single_transformer_blocks)
+        total_joint_blocks = len(all_joint)
+        if end_layer <= total_joint_blocks:
+            # All assigned are joint blocks
+            joint_start, joint_end = start_layer, end_layer
+            single_start, single_end = 0, 0
+        elif start_layer >= total_joint_blocks:
+            # All assigned are single blocks
+            joint_start, joint_end = 0, 0
+            single_start = start_layer - total_joint_blocks
+            single_end = end_layer - total_joint_blocks
+        else:
+            # Spans both joint and single
+            joint_start, joint_end = start_layer, total_joint_blocks
+            single_start = 0
+            single_end = end_layer - total_joint_blocks
+
+        self._transformer.transformer_blocks = all_joint[joint_start:joint_end]
+        self._transformer.single_transformer_blocks = all_single[
+            single_start:single_end
+        ]
+
+    def set_image_dimensions(self, image_path: Path) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        """Compute and store dimensions from input image.
+
+        Also stores image_path for use in encode_prompt().
+
+        Args:
+            image_path: Path to the input image
+
+        Returns:
+            (output_width, output_height) for runtime config
+        """
+        from mflux.utils.image_util import ImageUtil
+
+        pil_image = ImageUtil.load_image(str(image_path)).convert("RGB")
+        image_size = pil_image.size
+
+        # Compute output dimensions from input image aspect ratio
+        # Target area of 1024x1024 = ~1M pixels
+        target_area = 1024 * 1024
+        ratio = image_size[0] / image_size[1]
+        output_width = math.sqrt(target_area * ratio)
+        output_height = output_width / ratio
+        output_width = round(output_width / 32) * 32
+        output_height = round(output_height / 32) * 32
+
+        # Ensure multiple of 16 for VAE
+        vae_scale_factor = 8
+        multiple_of = vae_scale_factor * 2
+        output_width = output_width // multiple_of * multiple_of
+        output_height = output_height // multiple_of * multiple_of
+
+        self._image_path = str(image_path)
+        self._output_width = int(output_width)
+        self._output_height = int(output_height)
+
+        return self._output_width, self._output_height
+
+    def create_latents(self, seed: int, runtime_config: Config) -> mx.array:
+        """Create initial noise latents for Kontext.
+
+        Unlike standard img2img which blends noise with encoded input,
+        Kontext uses pure noise latents. The input image is provided
+        separately as conditioning.
+        """
+        return FluxLatentCreator.create_noise(
+            seed=seed,
+            height=runtime_config.height,
+            width=runtime_config.width,
+        )
+
+    def encode_prompt(
+        self, prompt: str, negative_prompt: str | None = None
+    ) -> FluxKontextPromptData:
+        """Encode prompt and create conditioning from stored input image.
+
+        Must call set_image_dimensions() before this method.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: Text prompt for editing
+            negative_prompt: Ignored (Kontext doesn't use CFG)
+
+        Returns:
+            FluxKontextPromptData with text embeddings and image conditioning
+        """
+        del negative_prompt  # Kontext doesn't support negative prompts or CFG
+
+        if (
+            self._image_path is None
+            or self._output_height is None
+            or self._output_width is None
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "set_image_dimensions() must be called before encode_prompt() "
+                "for FluxKontextModelAdapter"
+            )
+
+        assert isinstance(self.model.prompt_cache, dict)
+        assert isinstance(self.model.tokenizers, dict)
+
+        # Encode text prompt
+        prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds = PromptEncoder.encode_prompt(
+            prompt=prompt,
+            prompt_cache=self.model.prompt_cache,
+            t5_tokenizer=self.model.tokenizers["t5"],  # pyright: ignore[reportAny]
+            clip_tokenizer=self.model.tokenizers["clip"],  # pyright: ignore[reportAny]
+            t5_text_encoder=self.model.t5_text_encoder,
+            clip_text_encoder=self.model.clip_text_encoder,
+        )
+
+        # Create conditioning latents from input image
+        conditioning_latents, kontext_image_ids = (
+            KontextUtil.create_image_conditioning_latents(
+                vae=self.model.vae,
+                height=self._output_height,
+                width=self._output_width,
+                image_path=self._image_path,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return FluxKontextPromptData(
+            prompt_embeds=prompt_embeds,
+            pooled_prompt_embeds=pooled_prompt_embeds,
+            conditioning_latents=conditioning_latents,
+            kontext_image_ids=kontext_image_ids,
+        )
+
+    def compute_embeddings(
+        self,
+        hidden_states: mx.array,
+        prompt_embeds: mx.array,
+    ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array]:
+        embedded_hidden = self._transformer.x_embedder(hidden_states)
+        embedded_encoder = self._transformer.context_embedder(prompt_embeds)
+        return embedded_hidden, embedded_encoder
+
+    def compute_text_embeddings(
+        self,
+        t: int,
+        runtime_config: Config,
+        pooled_prompt_embeds: mx.array | None = None,
+        hidden_states: mx.array | None = None,
+    ) -> mx.array:
+        if pooled_prompt_embeds is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "pooled_prompt_embeds is required for Flux Kontext text embeddings"
+            )
+
+        return Transformer.compute_text_embeddings(
+            t, pooled_prompt_embeds, self._transformer.time_text_embed, runtime_config
+        )
+
+    def compute_rotary_embeddings(
+        self,
+        prompt_embeds: mx.array,
+        runtime_config: Config,
+        encoder_hidden_states_mask: mx.array | None = None,
+        cond_image_grid: tuple[int, int, int]
+        | list[tuple[int, int, int]]
+        | None = None,
+        kontext_image_ids: mx.array | None = None,
+    ) -> RotaryEmbeddings:
+        return Transformer.compute_rotary_embeddings(
+            prompt_embeds,
+            self._transformer.pos_embed,
+            runtime_config,
+            kontext_image_ids,
+        )
+
+    def apply_guidance(
+        self,
+        noise_positive: mx.array,
+        noise_negative: mx.array,
+        guidance_scale: float,
+    ) -> mx.array:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Flux Kontext does not use classifier-free guidance")

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/qwen/adapter.py

@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@ class QwenPromptData(PromptData):
     def conditioning_latents(self) -> mx.array | None:
         return None
 
+    @property
+    def kontext_image_ids(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        return None
+
     def get_batched_cfg_data(
         self,
     ) -> tuple[mx.array, mx.array, mx.array | None, mx.array | None] | None:

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/qwen/config.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ QWEN_IMAGE_CONFIG = ImageModelConfig(
         ),
     ),
     default_steps={"low": 10, "medium": 25, "high": 50},
-    num_sync_steps_factor=0.25,
+    num_sync_steps=7,
     guidance_scale=3.5,  # Set to None or < 1.0 to disable CFG
 )
 
@@ -24,6 +24,6 @@ QWEN_IMAGE_EDIT_CONFIG = ImageModelConfig(
         ),
     ),
     default_steps={"low": 10, "medium": 25, "high": 50},
-    num_sync_steps_factor=0.25,
+    num_sync_steps=7,
     guidance_scale=3.5,
 )

src/exo/worker/engines/image/models/qwen/edit_adapter.py

@@ -85,6 +85,10 @@ class QwenEditPromptData(PromptData):
     def qwen_image_ids(self) -> mx.array:
         return self._qwen_image_ids
 
+    @property
+    def kontext_image_ids(self) -> mx.array | None:
+        return None
+
     @property
     def is_edit_mode(self) -> bool:
         return True

src/exo/worker/engines/image/pipeline/runner.py

@@ -567,6 +567,7 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
         | list[tuple[int, int, int]]
         | None = None,
         conditioning_latents: mx.array | None = None,
+        kontext_image_ids: mx.array | None = None,
     ) -> mx.array:
         """Run a single forward pass through the transformer.
         Args:
@@ -578,6 +579,7 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
             encoder_hidden_states_mask: Attention mask for text (Qwen)
             cond_image_grid: Conditioning image grid dimensions (Qwen edit)
             conditioning_latents: Conditioning latents for edit mode
+            kontext_image_ids: Position IDs for Kontext conditioning (Flux Kontext)
 
         Returns:
             Noise prediction tensor
@@ -610,6 +612,7 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
             config,
             encoder_hidden_states_mask=encoder_hidden_states_mask,
             cond_image_grid=cond_image_grid,
+            kontext_image_ids=kontext_image_ids,
         )
 
         assert self.joint_block_wrappers is not None
@@ -681,6 +684,7 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
         prompt_data: PromptData,
     ) -> mx.array:
         cond_image_grid = prompt_data.cond_image_grid
+        kontext_image_ids = prompt_data.kontext_image_ids
         results: list[tuple[bool, mx.array]] = []
 
         for branch in self._get_cfg_branches(prompt_data):
@@ -700,6 +704,7 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
                 encoder_hidden_states_mask=branch.mask,
                 cond_image_grid=cond_image_grid,
                 conditioning_latents=branch.cond_latents,
+                kontext_image_ids=kontext_image_ids,
             )
             results.append((branch.positive, noise))
 
@@ -902,10 +907,10 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
         config: Config,
         hidden_states: mx.array,
         prompt_data: PromptData,
-        kontext_image_ids: mx.array | None = None,
     ) -> mx.array:
         prev_latents = hidden_states
         cond_image_grid = prompt_data.cond_image_grid
+        kontext_image_ids = prompt_data.kontext_image_ids
 
         scaled_hidden_states = config.scheduler.scale_model_input(hidden_states, t)  # pyright: ignore[reportAny]
         original_latent_tokens: int = scaled_hidden_states.shape[1]  # pyright: ignore[reportAny]
@@ -979,10 +984,10 @@ class DiffusionRunner:
         latents: mx.array,
         prompt_data: PromptData,
         is_first_async_step: bool,
-        kontext_image_ids: mx.array | None = None,
     ) -> mx.array:
         patch_latents, token_indices = self._create_patches(latents, config)
         cond_image_grid = prompt_data.cond_image_grid
+        kontext_image_ids = prompt_data.kontext_image_ids
 
         prev_patch_latents = [p for p in patch_latents]
 

src/exo/worker/engines/mlx/auto_parallel.py

@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ from mlx.nn.layers.distributed import (
     shard_linear,
     sum_gradients,
 )
+from mlx_lm.models.base import (
+    scaled_dot_product_attention,  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownVariableType]
+)
 from mlx_lm.models.deepseek_v3 import DeepseekV3MLP
 from mlx_lm.models.deepseek_v3 import Model as DeepseekV3Model
 from mlx_lm.models.deepseek_v32 import DeepseekV32MLP
@@ -25,16 +28,21 @@ from mlx_lm.models.gpt_oss import GptOssMoeModel
 from mlx_lm.models.gpt_oss import Model as GptOssModel
 from mlx_lm.models.kimi_k25 import Model as KimiK25Model
 from mlx_lm.models.llama import Model as LlamaModel
+from mlx_lm.models.minimax import MiniMaxAttention
 from mlx_lm.models.minimax import Model as MiniMaxModel
 from mlx_lm.models.ministral3 import Model as Ministral3Model
 from mlx_lm.models.qwen3_moe import Model as Qwen3MoeModel
 from mlx_lm.models.qwen3_moe import Qwen3MoeSparseMoeBlock
 from mlx_lm.models.qwen3_next import Model as Qwen3NextModel
-from mlx_lm.models.qwen3_next import Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock
+from mlx_lm.models.qwen3_next import Qwen3NextDecoderLayer, Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock
+from transformers.models.qwen3.modeling_qwen3 import Qwen3DecoderLayer
 
 from exo.shared.logging import logger
 from exo.shared.types.worker.shards import PipelineShardMetadata
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from mlx_lm.models.cache import Cache
+
 TimeoutCallback = Callable[[], None]
 
 
@@ -378,7 +386,15 @@ def tensor_auto_parallel(
             all_to_sharded_linear_in_place,
             sharded_to_all_linear_in_place,
         )
-    elif isinstance(model, (Qwen3MoeModel, Glm4MoeModel, Qwen3NextModel)):
+    elif isinstance(model, Glm4MoeModel):
+        tensor_parallel_sharding_strategy = Glm4MoeShardingStrategy(
+            group,
+            all_to_sharded_linear,
+            sharded_to_all_linear,
+            all_to_sharded_linear_in_place,
+            sharded_to_all_linear_in_place,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(model, (Qwen3MoeModel, Qwen3NextModel)):
         tensor_parallel_sharding_strategy = QwenShardingStrategy(
             group,
             all_to_sharded_linear,
@@ -503,12 +519,21 @@ class DeepSeekShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
                 layer.self_attn.q_b_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
                     layer.self_attn.q_b_proj
                 )
-            layer.self_attn.kv_b_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
-                layer.self_attn.kv_b_proj
-            )
+
             layer.self_attn.o_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(layer.self_attn.o_proj)
             layer.self_attn.num_heads //= self.N
 
+            # Logic from upstream mlx
+            num_heads = layer.self_attn.num_heads
+            sh = self.group.rank() * num_heads
+            eh = sh + num_heads
+
+            def shard_heads(w: mx.array, sh: int = sh, eh: int = eh) -> mx.array:
+                return w[sh:eh]
+
+            layer.self_attn.embed_q.apply(shard_heads)
+            layer.self_attn.unembed_out.apply(shard_heads)
+
             # Shard the MLP
             if isinstance(layer.mlp, (DeepseekV3MLP, DeepseekV32MLP)):
                 layer.mlp.gate_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.mlp.gate_proj)
@@ -524,7 +549,7 @@ class DeepSeekShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
                 self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.gate_proj)
                 self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.down_proj)
                 self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.up_proj)
-                layer.mlp = ShardedDeepseekV3MoE(layer.mlp)  # type: ignore
+                layer.mlp = ShardedMoE(layer.mlp)  # type: ignore
                 layer.mlp.sharding_group = self.group
 
             mx.eval(layer)
@@ -532,7 +557,9 @@ class DeepSeekShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
         return model
 
 
-class ShardedDeepseekV3MoE(CustomMlxLayer):
+class ShardedMoE(CustomMlxLayer):
+    """Wraps any MoE layer with distributed sum_gradients / all_sum."""
+
     def __init__(self, layer: _LayerCallable):
         super().__init__(layer)
         self.sharding_group: mx.distributed.Group | None = None
@@ -603,25 +630,89 @@ class GLM4MoeLiteShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
                 self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.gate_proj)
                 self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.down_proj)
                 self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.up_proj)
-                layer.mlp = ShardedGLM4MoeLiteMoE(layer.mlp)  # type: ignore
+                layer.mlp = ShardedMoE(layer.mlp)  # type: ignore
                 layer.mlp.sharding_group = self.group  # type: ignore
             mx.eval(layer)
 
         return model
 
 
-class ShardedGLM4MoeLiteMoE(CustomMlxLayer):
-    def __init__(self, layer: _LayerCallable):
+class WrappedMiniMaxAttention(CustomMlxLayer):
+    def __init__(self, layer: _LayerCallable, group: mx.distributed.Group):
         super().__init__(layer)
-        self.sharding_group: mx.distributed.Group | None = None
+        self.group = group
 
-    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array:
-        if self.sharding_group is not None:
-            x = sum_gradients(self.sharding_group)(x)
-        y = self.original_layer.__call__(x)
-        if self.sharding_group is not None:
-            y = mx.distributed.all_sum(y, group=self.sharding_group)
-        return y
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: mx.array,
+        mask: mx.array | None = None,
+        cache: "Cache | None" = None,
+    ) -> mx.array:
+        batch_dim, seq_dim, _ = x.shape
+
+        self._original_layer = cast(MiniMaxAttention, self.original_layer)  # type: ignore
+
+        queries: mx.array = self._original_layer.q_proj(x)
+        keys: mx.array = self._original_layer.k_proj(x)
+        values: mx.array = self._original_layer.v_proj(x)
+
+        if getattr(self, "use_qk_norm", False):
+            q_dim = queries.shape[-1]
+            k_dim = keys.shape[-1]
+            n = self.group.size()
+
+            qk = mx.concatenate(
+                [queries, keys], axis=-1
+            )  # (batch_dim, seq_dim, q_dim + k_dim)
+            qk = mx.distributed.all_gather(
+                qk, group=self.group
+            )  # (n*batch_dim, seq_dim, q_dim + k_dim)
+
+            qk = qk.reshape(n, batch_dim, seq_dim, q_dim + k_dim).transpose(1, 2, 0, 3)
+            queries = qk[..., :q_dim].reshape(
+                batch_dim, seq_dim, -1
+            )  # (batch_dim, seq_dim, n * q_dim)
+            keys = qk[..., q_dim:].reshape(
+                batch_dim, seq_dim, -1
+            )  # (batch_dim, seq_dim, n * k_dim)
+
+            queries = self._original_layer.q_norm(queries)
+            keys = self._original_layer.k_norm(keys)
+
+            # Split back and take this rank's portion
+            queries = mx.split(queries, n, axis=-1)[self.group.rank()]
+            keys = mx.split(keys, n, axis=-1)[self.group.rank()]
+
+        queries = queries.reshape(
+            batch_dim, seq_dim, self._original_layer.num_attention_heads, -1
+        ).transpose(0, 2, 1, 3)
+        keys = keys.reshape(
+            batch_dim, seq_dim, self._original_layer.num_key_value_heads, -1
+        ).transpose(0, 2, 1, 3)
+        values = values.reshape(
+            batch_dim, seq_dim, self._original_layer.num_key_value_heads, -1
+        ).transpose(0, 2, 1, 3)
+
+        if cache is not None:
+            queries = self._original_layer.rope(queries, offset=cache.offset)
+            keys = self._original_layer.rope(keys, offset=cache.offset)
+            keys, values = cache.update_and_fetch(keys, values)
+        else:
+            queries = self._original_layer.rope(queries)
+            keys = self._original_layer.rope(keys)
+
+        output = scaled_dot_product_attention(
+            queries,
+            keys,
+            values,
+            cache=cache,
+            scale=self._original_layer.scale,  # type: ignore
+            mask=mask,
+        )
+
+        output = output.transpose(0, 2, 1, 3).reshape(batch_dim, seq_dim, -1)
+
+        return self._original_layer.o_proj(output)
 
 
 class MiniMaxShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
@@ -632,7 +723,6 @@ class MiniMaxShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
         on_timeout: TimeoutCallback | None,
     ) -> nn.Module:
         model = cast(MiniMaxModel, model)
-        rank = self.group.rank()
         for layer in model.layers:
             eval_with_timeout(
                 layer.parameters(), timeout_seconds / len(model.layers), on_timeout
@@ -643,18 +733,11 @@ class MiniMaxShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
             layer.self_attn.v_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.v_proj)
             layer.self_attn.o_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(layer.self_attn.o_proj)
 
-            # Shard qk_norm weights if present (must match sharded head count)
-            if getattr(layer.self_attn, "use_qk_norm", False):
-                layer.self_attn.q_norm.weight = layer.self_attn.q_norm.weight.split(  # type: ignore
-                    self.N, axis=-1
-                )[rank]
-                layer.self_attn.k_norm.weight = layer.self_attn.k_norm.weight.split(  # type: ignore
-                    self.N, axis=-1
-                )[rank]
-
             layer.self_attn.num_attention_heads //= self.N
             layer.self_attn.num_key_value_heads //= self.N
 
+            layer.self_attn = WrappedMiniMaxAttention(layer.self_attn, self.group)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue,reportArgumentType]
+
             # Shard the MoE. Shard in place since the MoE should be responsible
             # for aggregating the results.
             self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(
@@ -666,7 +749,7 @@ class MiniMaxShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
             self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(
                 layer.block_sparse_moe.switch_mlp.up_proj
             )
-            layer.block_sparse_moe = ShardedQwenMoE(layer.block_sparse_moe)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue, reportArgumentType]
+            layer.block_sparse_moe = ShardedMoE(layer.block_sparse_moe)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue, reportArgumentType]
             layer.block_sparse_moe.sharding_group = self.group  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
             mx.eval(layer)
         return model
@@ -679,28 +762,111 @@ class QwenShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
         timeout_seconds: float,
         on_timeout: TimeoutCallback | None,
     ) -> nn.Module:
-        model = cast(Qwen3MoeModel, model)
+        model = cast(Qwen3MoeModel | Qwen3NextModel, model)
         for layer in model.layers:
             eval_with_timeout(
                 layer.parameters(), timeout_seconds / len(model.layers), on_timeout
             )
             # Shard the self attention
-            layer.self_attn.q_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.q_proj)
-            layer.self_attn.k_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.k_proj)
-            layer.self_attn.v_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.v_proj)
-            layer.self_attn.o_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(layer.self_attn.o_proj)
-            layer.self_attn.n_heads //= self.N
-            layer.self_attn.n_kv_heads //= self.N
+            if isinstance(layer, Qwen3DecoderLayer):
+                layer.self_attn.q_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                    layer.self_attn.q_proj
+                )
+                layer.self_attn.k_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                    layer.self_attn.k_proj
+                )
+                layer.self_attn.v_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                    layer.self_attn.v_proj
+                )
+                layer.self_attn.o_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(
+                    layer.self_attn.o_proj
+                )
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(layer, Qwen3NextDecoderLayer)
+                if hasattr(layer, "linear_attn"):
+                    linear_attn = layer.linear_attn
+
+                    linear_attn.in_proj_qkvz = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                        linear_attn.in_proj_qkvz
+                    )
+                    linear_attn.in_proj_ba = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                        linear_attn.in_proj_ba
+                    )
+                    linear_attn.out_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(
+                        linear_attn.out_proj
+                    )
+
+                    # Shard conv1d: depthwise conv with non-contiguous channel slicing.
+                    # Channel layout is [q(key_dim), k(key_dim), v(value_dim)].
+                    # Each rank takes its head-slice from each of the three sections.
+                    rank = self.group.rank()
+                    key_dim = linear_attn.key_dim
+                    value_dim = linear_attn.value_dim
+                    key_dim_shard = key_dim // self.N
+                    value_dim_shard = value_dim // self.N
+
+                    q_idx = mx.arange(rank * key_dim_shard, (rank + 1) * key_dim_shard)
+                    k_idx = mx.arange(
+                        key_dim + rank * key_dim_shard,
+                        key_dim + (rank + 1) * key_dim_shard,
+                    )
+                    v_idx = mx.arange(
+                        2 * key_dim + rank * value_dim_shard,
+                        2 * key_dim + (rank + 1) * value_dim_shard,
+                    )
+                    conv_indices = mx.concatenate([q_idx, k_idx, v_idx])
+                    linear_attn.conv1d.weight = linear_attn.conv1d.weight[conv_indices]
+                    new_conv_dim = key_dim_shard * 2 + value_dim_shard
+                    linear_attn.conv1d.groups = new_conv_dim
+
+                    num_v_shard = linear_attn.num_v_heads // self.N
+                    v_start = rank * num_v_shard
+                    v_end = v_start + num_v_shard
+                    linear_attn.A_log = linear_attn.A_log[v_start:v_end]
+                    linear_attn.dt_bias = linear_attn.dt_bias[v_start:v_end]
+
+                    linear_attn.num_k_heads //= self.N
+                    linear_attn.num_v_heads //= self.N
+                    linear_attn.key_dim = (
+                        linear_attn.head_k_dim * linear_attn.num_k_heads
+                    )
+                    linear_attn.value_dim = (
+                        linear_attn.head_v_dim * linear_attn.num_v_heads
+                    )
+                    linear_attn.conv_dim = (
+                        linear_attn.key_dim * 2 + linear_attn.value_dim
+                    )
+                else:
+                    layer.self_attn.q_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                        layer.self_attn.q_proj
+                    )
+                    layer.self_attn.k_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                        layer.self_attn.k_proj
+                    )
+                    layer.self_attn.v_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(
+                        layer.self_attn.v_proj
+                    )
+                    layer.self_attn.o_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(
+                        layer.self_attn.o_proj
+                    )
+                    layer.self_attn.num_attention_heads //= self.N
+                    layer.self_attn.num_key_value_heads //= self.N
 
             # Shard the MoE. Shard in place since the MoE should be responsible
             # for aggregating the results.
-            if isinstance(
-                layer.mlp, (Qwen3MoeSparseMoeBlock, MoE, Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock)
-            ):
+            if isinstance(layer.mlp, (Qwen3MoeSparseMoeBlock, Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock)):
                 self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.gate_proj)
                 self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.down_proj)
                 self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.up_proj)
-                layer.mlp = ShardedQwenMoE(layer.mlp)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue, reportArgumentType]
+                if isinstance(layer.mlp, Qwen3NextSparseMoeBlock):
+                    self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(
+                        layer.mlp.shared_expert.gate_proj
+                    )
+                    self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(
+                        layer.mlp.shared_expert.down_proj
+                    )
+                    self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.shared_expert.up_proj)
+                layer.mlp = ShardedMoE(layer.mlp)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue, reportArgumentType]
                 layer.mlp.sharding_group = self.group
 
             # Shard the MLP
@@ -713,18 +879,50 @@ class QwenShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
         return model
 
 
-class ShardedQwenMoE(CustomMlxLayer):
-    def __init__(self, layer: _LayerCallable):
-        super().__init__(layer)
-        self.sharding_group: mx.distributed.Group | None = None
+class Glm4MoeShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
+    def shard_model(
+        self,
+        model: nn.Module,
+        timeout_seconds: float,
+        on_timeout: TimeoutCallback | None,
+    ) -> nn.Module:
+        model = cast(Glm4MoeModel, model)
+        for layer in model.layers:
+            eval_with_timeout(
+                layer.parameters(), timeout_seconds / len(model.layers), on_timeout
+            )
 
-    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array:
-        if self.sharding_group is not None:
-            x = sum_gradients(self.sharding_group)(x)
-        y = self.original_layer.__call__(x)
-        if self.sharding_group is not None:
-            y = mx.distributed.all_sum(y, group=self.sharding_group)
-        return y
+            layer.self_attn.q_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.q_proj)
+            layer.self_attn.k_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.k_proj)
+            layer.self_attn.v_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.self_attn.v_proj)
+            layer.self_attn.o_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(layer.self_attn.o_proj)
+            layer.self_attn.n_heads //= self.N
+            layer.self_attn.n_kv_heads //= self.N
+
+            if isinstance(layer.mlp, MoE):
+                self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.gate_proj)
+                self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.down_proj)
+                self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.switch_mlp.up_proj)
+                if getattr(layer.mlp, "shared_experts", None) is not None:
+                    self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(
+                        layer.mlp.shared_experts.gate_proj
+                    )
+                    self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(
+                        layer.mlp.shared_experts.down_proj
+                    )
+                    self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(
+                        layer.mlp.shared_experts.up_proj
+                    )
+                layer.mlp = ShardedMoE(layer.mlp)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue, reportArgumentType]
+                layer.mlp.sharding_group = self.group
+
+            else:
+                layer.mlp.gate_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.mlp.gate_proj)
+                layer.mlp.down_proj = self.sharded_to_all_linear(layer.mlp.down_proj)
+                layer.mlp.up_proj = self.all_to_sharded_linear(layer.mlp.up_proj)
+
+            mx.eval(layer)
+        return model
 
 
 class GptOssShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
@@ -762,21 +960,7 @@ class GptOssShardingStrategy(TensorParallelShardingStrategy):
             self.sharded_to_all_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.experts.down_proj)
             self.all_to_sharded_linear_in_place(layer.mlp.experts.up_proj)
 
-            layer.mlp = ShardedGptOssMoE(layer.mlp)  # type: ignore
+            layer.mlp = ShardedMoE(layer.mlp)  # type: ignore
             layer.mlp.sharding_group = self.group  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
             mx.eval(layer)
         return model
-
-
-class ShardedGptOssMoE(CustomMlxLayer):
-    def __init__(self, layer: nn.Module):
-        super().__init__(layer)
-        self.sharding_group: mx.distributed.Group | None = None
-
-    def __call__(self, x: mx.array) -> mx.array:
-        if self.sharding_group is not None:
-            x = sum_gradients(self.sharding_group)(x)
-        y = self.original_layer(x)
-        if self.sharding_group is not None:
-            y = mx.distributed.all_sum(y, group=self.sharding_group)
-        return y