improve(prompt): Turkish translation prompt has been improved.

2026-02-12 23:31:04 -05:00 · 2026-01-18 18:36:11 +03:00
1235 changed files with 48047 additions and 68682 deletions
--- a/.github/labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/labeler.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ internal:
        - .pre-commit-config.yaml
        - pdm_build.py
        - requirements*.txt
-        - uv.lock
        - docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
        - docs/en/overrides/main.html
      - all-globs-to-all-files:
--- a/.github/workflows/test-redistribute.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-redistribute.yml
@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ on:
 jobs:
  test-redistribute:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        package:
+          - fastapi
+          - fastapi-slim
    steps:
      - name: Dump GitHub context
        env:
@@ -25,6 +30,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install build dependencies
        run: pip install build
      - name: Build source distribution
+        env:
+          TIANGOLO_BUILD_PACKAGE: ${{ matrix.package }}
        run: python -m build --sdist
      - name: Decompress source distribution
        run: |
@@ -34,6 +41,8 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          cd dist/fastapi*/
          pip install --group tests --editable .[all]
+        env:
+          TIANGOLO_BUILD_PACKAGE: ${{ matrix.package }}
      - name: Run source distribution tests
        run: |
          cd dist/fastapi*/
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -14,77 +14,38 @@ on:

 env:
  UV_NO_SYNC: true
-  INLINE_SNAPSHOT_DEFAULT_FLAGS: review

 jobs:
-  changes:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    # Required permissions
-    permissions:
-      pull-requests: read
-    # Set job outputs to values from filter step
-    outputs:
-      src: ${{ steps.filter.outputs.src }}
-    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-    # For pull requests it's not necessary to checkout the code but for the main branch it is
-    - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
-      id: filter
-      with:
-        filters: |
-          src:
-            - .github/workflows/test.yml
-            - docs_src/**
-            - fastapi/**
-            - scripts/**
-            - tests/**
-            - .python-version
-            - pyproject.toml
-            - uv.lock
-
  test:
-    needs:
-      - changes
-    if: needs.changes.outputs.src == 'true'
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ windows-latest, macos-latest ]
        python-version: [ "3.14" ]
-        uv-resolution:
-          - highest
-        starlette-src:
-          - starlette-pypi
-          - starlette-git
        include:
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            python-version: "3.9"
+            coverage: coverage
          - os: macos-latest
            python-version: "3.10"
            coverage: coverage
-            uv-resolution: lowest-direct
          - os: windows-latest
            python-version: "3.12"
            coverage: coverage
-            uv-resolution: lowest-direct
          - os: ubuntu-latest
            python-version: "3.13"
            coverage: coverage
-            uv-resolution: highest
            # Ubuntu with 3.13 needs coverage for CodSpeed benchmarks
          - os: ubuntu-latest
            python-version: "3.13"
            coverage: coverage
-            uv-resolution: highest
            codspeed: codspeed
          - os: ubuntu-latest
            python-version: "3.14"
            coverage: coverage
-            uv-resolution: highest
-            starlette-src: starlette-git
      fail-fast: false
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    env:
      UV_PYTHON: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      UV_RESOLUTION: ${{ matrix.uv-resolution }}
-      STARLETTE_SRC: ${{ matrix.starlette-src }}
    steps:
      - name: Dump GitHub context
        env:
@@ -103,14 +64,11 @@ jobs:
            pyproject.toml
            uv.lock
      - name: Install Dependencies
-        run: uv sync --no-dev --group tests --extra all
-      - name: Install Starlette from source
-        if: matrix.starlette-src == 'starlette-git'
-        run: uv pip install "git+https://github.com/Kludex/starlette@main"
+        run: uv sync --locked --no-dev --group tests --extra all
      - run: mkdir coverage
      - name: Test
        if: matrix.codspeed != 'codspeed'
-        run: uv run --no-sync bash scripts/test.sh
+        run: uv run bash scripts/test.sh
        env:
          COVERAGE_FILE: coverage/.coverage.${{ runner.os }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
          CONTEXT: ${{ runner.os }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
@@ -122,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
            CONTEXT: ${{ runner.os }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
        with:
          mode: simulation
-          run: uv run --no-sync coverage run -m pytest tests/ --codspeed
+          run: uv run coverage run -m pytest tests/ --codspeed
      # Do not store coverage for all possible combinations to avoid file size max errors in Smokeshow
      - name: Store coverage files
        if: matrix.coverage == 'coverage'
@@ -133,8 +91,7 @@ jobs:
          include-hidden-files: true

  coverage-combine:
-    needs:
-      - test
+    needs: [test]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Dump GitHub context
@@ -186,4 +143,3 @@ jobs:
        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
        with:
          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
-          allowed-skips: coverage-combine,test
--- a/.github/workflows/translate.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/translate.yml
@@ -35,11 +35,6 @@ on:
        type: boolean
        required: false
        default: false
-      max:
-        description: Maximum number of items to translate (e.g. 10)
-        type: number
-        required: false
-        default: 10

 jobs:
  langs:
@@ -120,4 +115,3 @@ jobs:
          EN_PATH: ${{ github.event.inputs.en_path }}
          COMMAND: ${{ matrix.command }}
          COMMIT_IN_PLACE: ${{ github.event.inputs.commit_in_place }}
-          MAX: ${{ github.event.inputs.max }}
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -30,13 +30,6 @@ repos:
        language: unsupported
        types: [python]

-      - id: local-mypy
-        name: mypy check
-        entry: uv run mypy fastapi
-        require_serial: true
-        language: unsupported
-        pass_filenames: false
-
      - id: add-permalinks-pages
        language: unsupported
        name: add-permalinks-pages
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ The key features are:
 * **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).
 * **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300%. *
 * **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
-* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <dfn title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</dfn> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
 * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
 * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
 * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
@@ -164,6 +164,8 @@ $ pip install "fastapi[standard]"
 Create a file `main.py` with:

 ```Python
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -184,7 +186,9 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):

 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:

-```Python hl_lines="7  12"
+```Python hl_lines="9  14"
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ async def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -287,7 +291,9 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.

 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.

-```Python hl_lines="2  7-10 23-25"
+```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel

@@ -297,7 +303,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
-    is_offer: bool | None = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
@@ -306,7 +312,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@@ -371,7 +377,7 @@ item: Item
 * Validation of data:
    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
-* <dfn title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</dfn> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
    * JSON.
    * Path parameters.
    * Query parameters.
@@ -379,7 +385,7 @@ item: Item
    * Headers.
    * Forms.
    * Files.
-* <dfn title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</dfn> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
    * Convert Python types (`str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, etc).
    * `datetime` objects.
    * `UUID` objects.
@@ -442,7 +448,7 @@ For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fa

 * Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
 * How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
-* A very powerful and easy to use **<dfn title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</dfn>** system.
+* A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
 * Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
 * More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
 * **GraphQL** integration with <a href="https://strawberry.rocks" class="external-link" target="_blank">Strawberry</a> and other libraries.
@@ -527,7 +533,7 @@ Used by Starlette:

 * <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" target="_blank"><code>httpx</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
 * <a href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
-* <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <dfn title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</dfn>, with `request.form()`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.

 Used by FastAPI:

--- a/docs/de/docs/_llm-test.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/_llm-test.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Siehe Abschnitt `### Content of code snippets` im allgemeinen Prompt in `scripts

 //// tab | Test

-Gestern schrieb mein Freund: „Wenn man ‚incorrectly‘ korrekt schreibt, hat man es falsch geschrieben“. Worauf ich antwortete: „Korrekt, aber ‚incorrectly‘ ist inkorrekterweise nicht ‚„incorrectly“‘“.
+Gestern schrieb mein Freund: „Wenn man unkorrekt korrekt schreibt, hat man es unkorrekt geschrieben“. Worauf ich antwortete: „Korrekt, aber ‚unkorrekt‘ ist unkorrekterweise nicht ‚„unkorrekt“‘“.

 /// note | Hinweis

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Siehe Abschnitt `### Links` im allgemeinen Prompt in `scripts/translate.py`.

 ////

-## HTML-„abbr“-Elemente { #html-abbr-elements }
+## HTML „abbr“-Elemente { #html-abbr-elements }

 //// tab | Test

@@ -202,6 +202,11 @@ Hier einige Dinge, die in HTML-„abbr“-Elemente gepackt sind (einige sind erf
 * <abbr title="XML Web Token">XWT</abbr>
 * <abbr title="Paralleles Server-Gateway-Interface">PSGI</abbr>

+### Das abbr gibt eine Erklärung { #the-abbr-gives-an-explanation }
+
+* <abbr title="Eine Gruppe von Maschinen, die so konfiguriert sind, dass sie verbunden sind und in irgendeiner Weise zusammenarbeiten.">Cluster</abbr>
+* <abbr title="Eine Methode des Machine Learning, die künstliche neuronale Netze mit zahlreichen versteckten Schichten zwischen Eingabe- und Ausgabeschicht verwendet und so eine umfassende interne Struktur entwickelt">Deep Learning</abbr>
+
 ### Das abbr gibt eine vollständige Phrase und eine Erklärung { #the-abbr-gives-a-full-phrase-and-an-explanation }

 * <abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network – Mozilla-Entwicklernetzwerk: Dokumentation für Entwickler, geschrieben von den Firefox-Leuten">MDN</abbr>
@@ -219,11 +224,6 @@ Siehe Abschnitt `### HTML abbr elements` im allgemeinen Prompt in `scripts/trans

 ////

-## HTML „dfn“-Elemente { #html-dfn-elements }
-
-* <dfn title="Eine Gruppe von Maschinen, die so konfiguriert sind, dass sie verbunden sind und in irgendeiner Weise zusammenarbeiten.">Cluster</dfn>
-* <dfn title="Eine Methode des Machine Learning, die künstliche neuronale Netze mit zahlreichen versteckten Schichten zwischen Eingabe- und Ausgabeschicht verwendet und so eine umfassende interne Struktur entwickelt">Deep Learning</dfn>
-
 ## Überschriften { #headings }

 //// tab | Test
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ Die einzige strenge Regel für Überschriften ist, dass das LLM den Hash-Teil in

 Siehe Abschnitt `### Headings` im allgemeinen Prompt in `scripts/translate.py`.

-Für einige sprachsspezifische Anweisungen, siehe z. B. den Abschnitt `### Headings` in `docs/de/llm-prompt.md`.
+Für einige sprachspezifische Anweisungen, siehe z. B. den Abschnitt `### Headings` in `docs/de/llm-prompt.md`.

 ////

--- a/docs/de/docs/advanced/wsgi.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/advanced/wsgi.md
@@ -6,29 +6,13 @@ Dazu können Sie die `WSGIMiddleware` verwenden und damit Ihre WSGI-Anwendung wr

 ## `WSGIMiddleware` verwenden { #using-wsgimiddleware }

-/// info | Info
-
-Dafür muss `a2wsgi` installiert sein, z. B. mit `pip install a2wsgi`.
-
-///
-
-Sie müssen `WSGIMiddleware` aus `a2wsgi` importieren.
+Sie müssen `WSGIMiddleware` importieren.

 Wrappen Sie dann die WSGI-Anwendung (z. B. Flask) mit der Middleware.

 Und dann mounten Sie das auf einem Pfad.

-{* ../../docs_src/wsgi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,3,23] *}
-
-/// note | Hinweis
-
-Früher wurde empfohlen, `WSGIMiddleware` aus `fastapi.middleware.wsgi` zu verwenden, dies ist jetzt deprecatet.
-
-Stattdessen wird empfohlen, das Paket `a2wsgi` zu verwenden. Die Nutzung bleibt gleich.
-
-Stellen Sie lediglich sicher, dass das Paket `a2wsgi` installiert ist und importieren Sie `WSGIMiddleware` korrekt aus `a2wsgi`.
-
-///
+{* ../../docs_src/wsgi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2:3,3] *}

 ## Es testen { #check-it }

--- a/docs/de/docs/deployment/docker.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/deployment/docker.md
@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ Es gibt andere Formate und Tools zum Definieren und Installieren von Paketabhän
 * Erstellen Sie eine `main.py`-Datei mit:

 ```Python
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

--- a/docs/de/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/index.md
@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ $ pip install "fastapi[standard]"
 Erstellen Sie eine Datei `main.py` mit:

 ```Python
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -181,7 +183,9 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):

 Wenn Ihr Code `async` / `await` verwendet, benutzen Sie `async def`:

-```Python hl_lines="7  12"
+```Python hl_lines="9  14"
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -193,7 +197,7 @@ async def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -284,7 +288,9 @@ Sie sehen die alternative automatische Dokumentation (bereitgestellt von <a href

 Deklarieren Sie den Body mit Standard-Python-Typen, dank Pydantic.

-```Python hl_lines="2  7-10 23-25"
+```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel

@@ -294,7 +300,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
-    is_offer: bool | None = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
@@ -303,7 +309,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


--- a/docs/de/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ from app.routers import items

 Die gleiche Dateistruktur mit Kommentaren:

-```bash
+```
 .
-├── app                  # "app" ist ein Python-Package
-│   ├── __init__.py      # diese Datei macht "app" zu einem "Python-Package"
-│   ├── main.py          # "main"-Modul, z. B. import app.main
-│   ├── dependencies.py  # "dependencies"-Modul, z. B. import app.dependencies
-│   └── routers          # "routers" ist ein "Python-Subpackage"
-│   │   ├── __init__.py  # macht "routers" zu einem "Python-Subpackage"
-│   │   ├── items.py     # "items"-Submodul, z. B. import app.routers.items
-│   │   └── users.py     # "users"-Submodul, z. B. import app.routers.users
-│   └── internal         # "internal" ist ein "Python-Subpackage"
-│       ├── __init__.py  # macht "internal" zu einem "Python-Subpackage"
-│       └── admin.py     # "admin"-Submodul, z. B. import app.internal.admin
+├── app                  # „app“ ist ein Python-Package
+│   ├── __init__.py      # diese Datei macht „app“ zu einem „Python-Package“
+│   ├── main.py          # „main“-Modul, z. B. import app.main
+│   ├── dependencies.py  # „dependencies“-Modul, z. B. import app.dependencies
+│   └── routers          # „routers“ ist ein „Python-Subpackage“
+│   │   ├── __init__.py  # macht „routers“ zu einem „Python-Subpackage“
+│   │   ├── items.py     # „items“-Submodul, z. B. import app.routers.items
+│   │   └── users.py     # „users“-Submodul, z. B. import app.routers.users
+│   └── internal         # „internal“ ist ein „Python-Subpackage“
+│       ├── __init__.py  # macht „internal“ zu einem „Python-Subpackage“
+│       └── admin.py     # „admin“-Submodul, z. B. import app.internal.admin
 ```

 ## `APIRouter` { #apirouter }
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ $ fastapi dev app/main.py

 </div>

-Und öffnen Sie die Dokumentation unter <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+und öffnen Sie die Dokumentation unter <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.

 Sie sehen die automatische API-Dokumentation, einschließlich der Pfade aller Submodule, mit den richtigen Pfaden (und Präfixen) und den richtigen Tags:

--- a/docs/de/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Body – Mehrere Parameter { #body-multiple-parameters }

-Nun, da wir gesehen haben, wie `Path` und `Query` verwendet werden, schauen wir uns fortgeschrittenere Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von <abbr title="Requestbody">Requestbody</abbr>-Deklarationen an.
+Nun, da wir gesehen haben, wie `Path` und `Query` verwendet werden, schauen wir uns fortgeschrittenere Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von <abbr title="Anfragekörper">Requestbody</abbr>-Deklarationen an.

 ## `Path`-, `Query`- und Body-Parameter vermischen { #mix-path-query-and-body-parameters }

@@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ Natürlich können Sie auch, wann immer Sie das brauchen, weitere Query-Paramete
 Da einfache Werte standardmäßig als Query-Parameter interpretiert werden, müssen Sie `Query` nicht explizit hinzufügen, Sie können einfach schreiben:

 ```Python
-q: str | None = None
+q: Union[str, None] = None
 ```

-Oder in Python 3.9:
+Oder in Python 3.10 und darüber:

 ```Python
-q: Union[str, None] = None
+q: str | None = None
 ```

 Zum Beispiel:
--- a/docs/de/docs/tutorial/path-operation-configuration.md
+++ b/docs/de/docs/tutorial/path-operation-configuration.md
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ In diesem Fall macht es Sinn, die Tags in einem `Enum` zu speichern.

 Sie können eine <abbr title="Zusammenfassung">`summary`</abbr> und eine <abbr title="Beschreibung">`description`</abbr> hinzufügen:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial003_py310.py hl[17:18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial003_py310.py hl[18:19] *}

 ## Beschreibung mittels Docstring { #description-from-docstring }

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Es wird in der interaktiven Dokumentation verwendet:

 Sie können die Response mit dem Parameter `response_description` beschreiben:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial005_py310.py hl[18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial005_py310.py hl[19] *}

 /// info | Info

--- a/docs/en/data/contributors.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/contributors.yml
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 tiangolo:
  login: tiangolo
-  count: 871
+  count: 857
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1326112?u=cb5d06e73a9e1998141b1641aa88e443c6717651&v=4
  url: https://github.com/tiangolo
 dependabot:
  login: dependabot
-  count: 133
+  count: 130
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/in/29110?v=4
  url: https://github.com/apps/dependabot
 alejsdev:
  login: alejsdev
  count: 53
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90076947?u=0facffe3abf87f57a1f05fa773d1119cc5c2f6a5&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90076947?u=85ceac49fb87138aebe8d663912e359447329090&v=4
  url: https://github.com/alejsdev
 pre-commit-ci:
  login: pre-commit-ci
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ pre-commit-ci:
  url: https://github.com/apps/pre-commit-ci
 YuriiMotov:
  login: YuriiMotov
-  count: 38
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109919500?u=bc48be95c429989224786106b027f3c5e40cc354&v=4
+  count: 36
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109919500?u=b9b13d598dddfab529a52d264df80a900bfe7060&v=4
  url: https://github.com/YuriiMotov
 github-actions:
  login: github-actions
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ dmontagu:
  url: https://github.com/dmontagu
 svlandeg:
  login: svlandeg
-  count: 17
+  count: 16
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8796347?u=556c97650c27021911b0b9447ec55e75987b0e8a&v=4
  url: https://github.com/svlandeg
 nilslindemann:
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ hitrust:
 ShahriyarR:
  login: ShahriyarR
  count: 4
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3852029?u=2dc6402d9053ee53f7afc407089cbab21c68f21d&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3852029?u=631b2ae59360ab380c524b32bc3d245aff1165af&v=4
  url: https://github.com/ShahriyarR
 adriangb:
  login: adriangb
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ Nimitha-jagadeesha:
 lucaromagnoli:
  login: lucaromagnoli
  count: 3
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38782977?u=a09a2e916625fa035f9dfa25ebc58e07aac8ec36&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38782977?u=15df02e806a2293af40ac619fba11dbe3c0c4fd4&v=4
  url: https://github.com/lucaromagnoli
 salmantec:
  login: salmantec
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ s111d:
 estebanx64:
  login: estebanx64
  count: 2
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10840422?u=812422ae5d6a4bc5ff331c901fc54f9ab3cecf5c&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10840422?u=1900887aeed268699e5ea6f3fb7db614f7b77cd3&v=4
  url: https://github.com/estebanx64
 ndimares:
  login: ndimares
--- a/docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/sponsors.yml
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ bronze:
  # - url: https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/
  #   title: Learn to build high-quality web apps with best practices
  #   img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/testdriven.svg
-  - url: https://www.testmu.ai/?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=sponsor&utm_term=opensource&utm_content=webpage
-    title: TestMu AI. The Native AI-Agentic Cloud Platform to Supercharge Quality Engineering.
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/testmu.png
+  - url: https://lambdatest.com/?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=sponsor&utm_term=opensource&utm_content=webpage
+    title: LambdaTest, AI-Powered Cloud-based Test Orchestration Platform
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/lambdatest.png
+  - url: https://requestly.com/fastapi
+    title: All-in-one platform to Test, Mock and Intercept APIs. Built for speed, privacy and offline support.
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/requestly.png
--- a/docs/en/data/topic_repos.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/topic_repos.yml
@@ -1,181 +1,176 @@
 - name: full-stack-fastapi-template
  html_url: https://github.com/fastapi/full-stack-fastapi-template
-  stars: 41312
+  stars: 40334
  owner_login: fastapi
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/fastapi
 - name: Hello-Python
  html_url: https://github.com/mouredev/Hello-Python
-  stars: 34206
+  stars: 33628
  owner_login: mouredev
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/mouredev
 - name: serve
  html_url: https://github.com/jina-ai/serve
-  stars: 21832
+  stars: 21817
  owner_login: jina-ai
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/jina-ai
 - name: HivisionIDPhotos
  html_url: https://github.com/Zeyi-Lin/HivisionIDPhotos
-  stars: 20661
+  stars: 20409
  owner_login: Zeyi-Lin
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Zeyi-Lin
 - name: sqlmodel
  html_url: https://github.com/fastapi/sqlmodel
-  stars: 17567
+  stars: 17415
  owner_login: fastapi
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/fastapi
 - name: fastapi-best-practices
  html_url: https://github.com/zhanymkanov/fastapi-best-practices
-  stars: 16291
+  stars: 15776
  owner_login: zhanymkanov
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/zhanymkanov
 - name: Douyin_TikTok_Download_API
  html_url: https://github.com/Evil0ctal/Douyin_TikTok_Download_API
-  stars: 16132
+  stars: 15588
  owner_login: Evil0ctal
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Evil0ctal
- name: SurfSense
-  html_url: https://github.com/MODSetter/SurfSense
-  stars: 12723
-  owner_login: MODSetter
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/MODSetter
 - name: machine-learning-zoomcamp
  html_url: https://github.com/DataTalksClub/machine-learning-zoomcamp
-  stars: 12575
+  stars: 12447
  owner_login: DataTalksClub
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/DataTalksClub
+- name: SurfSense
+  html_url: https://github.com/MODSetter/SurfSense
+  stars: 12128
+  owner_login: MODSetter
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/MODSetter
 - name: fastapi_mcp
  html_url: https://github.com/tadata-org/fastapi_mcp
-  stars: 11478
+  stars: 11326
  owner_login: tadata-org
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/tadata-org
 - name: awesome-fastapi
  html_url: https://github.com/mjhea0/awesome-fastapi
-  stars: 11018
+  stars: 10901
  owner_login: mjhea0
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/mjhea0
 - name: XHS-Downloader
  html_url: https://github.com/JoeanAmier/XHS-Downloader
-  stars: 9938
+  stars: 9584
  owner_login: JoeanAmier
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/JoeanAmier
 - name: polar
  html_url: https://github.com/polarsource/polar
-  stars: 9348
+  stars: 8951
  owner_login: polarsource
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/polarsource
 - name: FastUI
  html_url: https://github.com/pydantic/FastUI
-  stars: 8949
+  stars: 8934
  owner_login: pydantic
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/pydantic
 - name: FileCodeBox
  html_url: https://github.com/vastsa/FileCodeBox
-  stars: 8060
+  stars: 7934
  owner_login: vastsa
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/vastsa
 - name: nonebot2
  html_url: https://github.com/nonebot/nonebot2
-  stars: 7311
+  stars: 7248
  owner_login: nonebot
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/nonebot
 - name: hatchet
  html_url: https://github.com/hatchet-dev/hatchet
-  stars: 6479
+  stars: 6392
  owner_login: hatchet-dev
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/hatchet-dev
 - name: fastapi-users
  html_url: https://github.com/fastapi-users/fastapi-users
-  stars: 5970
+  stars: 5899
  owner_login: fastapi-users
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/fastapi-users
 - name: serge
  html_url: https://github.com/serge-chat/serge
-  stars: 5751
+  stars: 5754
  owner_login: serge-chat
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/serge-chat
 - name: strawberry
  html_url: https://github.com/strawberry-graphql/strawberry
-  stars: 4598
+  stars: 4577
  owner_login: strawberry-graphql
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/strawberry-graphql
- name: devpush
-  html_url: https://github.com/hunvreus/devpush
-  stars: 4407
-  owner_login: hunvreus
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/hunvreus
- name: Kokoro-FastAPI
-  html_url: https://github.com/remsky/Kokoro-FastAPI
-  stars: 4359
-  owner_login: remsky
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/remsky
 - name: poem
  html_url: https://github.com/poem-web/poem
-  stars: 4337
+  stars: 4303
  owner_login: poem-web
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/poem-web
 - name: chatgpt-web-share
  html_url: https://github.com/chatpire/chatgpt-web-share
-  stars: 4279
+  stars: 4287
  owner_login: chatpire
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/chatpire
 - name: dynaconf
  html_url: https://github.com/dynaconf/dynaconf
-  stars: 4244
+  stars: 4221
  owner_login: dynaconf
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/dynaconf
- name: Yuxi-Know
-  html_url: https://github.com/xerrors/Yuxi-Know
-  stars: 4154
-  owner_login: xerrors
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/xerrors
+- name: Kokoro-FastAPI
+  html_url: https://github.com/remsky/Kokoro-FastAPI
+  stars: 4181
+  owner_login: remsky
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/remsky
 - name: atrilabs-engine
  html_url: https://github.com/Atri-Labs/atrilabs-engine
-  stars: 4086
+  stars: 4090
  owner_login: Atri-Labs
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Atri-Labs
+- name: devpush
+  html_url: https://github.com/hunvreus/devpush
+  stars: 4037
+  owner_login: hunvreus
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/hunvreus
 - name: logfire
  html_url: https://github.com/pydantic/logfire
-  stars: 3975
+  stars: 3896
  owner_login: pydantic
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/pydantic
 - name: LitServe
  html_url: https://github.com/Lightning-AI/LitServe
-  stars: 3797
+  stars: 3756
  owner_login: Lightning-AI
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Lightning-AI
 - name: huma
  html_url: https://github.com/danielgtaylor/huma
-  stars: 3785
+  stars: 3702
  owner_login: danielgtaylor
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/danielgtaylor
+- name: Yuxi-Know
+  html_url: https://github.com/xerrors/Yuxi-Know
+  stars: 3680
+  owner_login: xerrors
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/xerrors
 - name: datamodel-code-generator
  html_url: https://github.com/koxudaxi/datamodel-code-generator
-  stars: 3731
+  stars: 3675
  owner_login: koxudaxi
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/koxudaxi
 - name: fastapi-admin
  html_url: https://github.com/fastapi-admin/fastapi-admin
-  stars: 3697
+  stars: 3659
  owner_login: fastapi-admin
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/fastapi-admin
 - name: farfalle
  html_url: https://github.com/rashadphz/farfalle
-  stars: 3506
+  stars: 3497
  owner_login: rashadphz
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/rashadphz
 - name: tracecat
  html_url: https://github.com/TracecatHQ/tracecat
-  stars: 3458
+  stars: 3421
  owner_login: TracecatHQ
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/TracecatHQ
- name: mcp-context-forge
-  html_url: https://github.com/IBM/mcp-context-forge
-  stars: 3216
-  owner_login: IBM
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/IBM
 - name: opyrator
  html_url: https://github.com/ml-tooling/opyrator
-  stars: 3134
+  stars: 3136
  owner_login: ml-tooling
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/ml-tooling
 - name: docarray
@@ -185,311 +180,316 @@
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/docarray
 - name: fastapi-realworld-example-app
  html_url: https://github.com/nsidnev/fastapi-realworld-example-app
-  stars: 3072
+  stars: 3051
  owner_login: nsidnev
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/nsidnev
+- name: mcp-context-forge
+  html_url: https://github.com/IBM/mcp-context-forge
+  stars: 3034
+  owner_login: IBM
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/IBM
 - name: uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker
  html_url: https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker
-  stars: 2908
+  stars: 2904
  owner_login: tiangolo
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/tiangolo
 - name: FastAPI-template
  html_url: https://github.com/s3rius/FastAPI-template
-  stars: 2728
+  stars: 2680
  owner_login: s3rius
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/s3rius
 - name: best-of-web-python
  html_url: https://github.com/ml-tooling/best-of-web-python
-  stars: 2686
+  stars: 2662
  owner_login: ml-tooling
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/ml-tooling
 - name: YC-Killer
  html_url: https://github.com/sahibzada-allahyar/YC-Killer
-  stars: 2648
+  stars: 2614
  owner_login: sahibzada-allahyar
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/sahibzada-allahyar
 - name: sqladmin
  html_url: https://github.com/aminalaee/sqladmin
-  stars: 2637
+  stars: 2587
  owner_login: aminalaee
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/aminalaee
 - name: fastapi-react
  html_url: https://github.com/Buuntu/fastapi-react
-  stars: 2573
+  stars: 2566
  owner_login: Buuntu
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Buuntu
 - name: RasaGPT
  html_url: https://github.com/paulpierre/RasaGPT
-  stars: 2460
+  stars: 2456
  owner_login: paulpierre
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/paulpierre
 - name: supabase-py
  html_url: https://github.com/supabase/supabase-py
-  stars: 2428
+  stars: 2394
  owner_login: supabase
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/supabase
- name: 30-Days-of-Python
-  html_url: https://github.com/codingforentrepreneurs/30-Days-of-Python
-  stars: 2347
-  owner_login: codingforentrepreneurs
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/codingforentrepreneurs
 - name: nextpy
  html_url: https://github.com/dot-agent/nextpy
-  stars: 2337
+  stars: 2338
  owner_login: dot-agent
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/dot-agent
 - name: fastapi-utils
  html_url: https://github.com/fastapiutils/fastapi-utils
-  stars: 2299
+  stars: 2289
  owner_login: fastapiutils
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/fastapiutils
 - name: langserve
  html_url: https://github.com/langchain-ai/langserve
-  stars: 2255
+  stars: 2234
  owner_login: langchain-ai
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/langchain-ai
- name: NoteDiscovery
-  html_url: https://github.com/gamosoft/NoteDiscovery
-  stars: 2182
-  owner_login: gamosoft
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/gamosoft
+- name: 30-Days-of-Python
+  html_url: https://github.com/codingforentrepreneurs/30-Days-of-Python
+  stars: 2232
+  owner_login: codingforentrepreneurs
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/codingforentrepreneurs
 - name: solara
  html_url: https://github.com/widgetti/solara
-  stars: 2154
+  stars: 2141
  owner_login: widgetti
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/widgetti
 - name: mangum
  html_url: https://github.com/Kludex/mangum
-  stars: 2071
+  stars: 2046
  owner_login: Kludex
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Kludex
 - name: fastapi_best_architecture
  html_url: https://github.com/fastapi-practices/fastapi_best_architecture
-  stars: 2036
+  stars: 1963
  owner_login: fastapi-practices
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/fastapi-practices
- name: vue-fastapi-admin
-  html_url: https://github.com/mizhexiaoxiao/vue-fastapi-admin
-  stars: 1983
-  owner_login: mizhexiaoxiao
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/mizhexiaoxiao
+- name: NoteDiscovery
+  html_url: https://github.com/gamosoft/NoteDiscovery
+  stars: 1943
+  owner_login: gamosoft
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/gamosoft
 - name: agentkit
  html_url: https://github.com/BCG-X-Official/agentkit
-  stars: 1941
+  stars: 1936
  owner_login: BCG-X-Official
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/BCG-X-Official
- name: fastapi-langgraph-agent-production-ready-template
-  html_url: https://github.com/wassim249/fastapi-langgraph-agent-production-ready-template
-  stars: 1920
-  owner_login: wassim249
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/wassim249
- name: openapi-python-client
-  html_url: https://github.com/openapi-generators/openapi-python-client
-  stars: 1900
-  owner_login: openapi-generators
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/openapi-generators
+- name: vue-fastapi-admin
+  html_url: https://github.com/mizhexiaoxiao/vue-fastapi-admin
+  stars: 1909
+  owner_login: mizhexiaoxiao
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/mizhexiaoxiao
 - name: manage-fastapi
  html_url: https://github.com/ycd/manage-fastapi
-  stars: 1894
+  stars: 1887
  owner_login: ycd
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/ycd
+- name: openapi-python-client
+  html_url: https://github.com/openapi-generators/openapi-python-client
+  stars: 1879
+  owner_login: openapi-generators
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/openapi-generators
 - name: slowapi
  html_url: https://github.com/laurentS/slowapi
-  stars: 1891
+  stars: 1845
  owner_login: laurentS
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/laurentS
 - name: piccolo
  html_url: https://github.com/piccolo-orm/piccolo
-  stars: 1854
+  stars: 1843
  owner_login: piccolo-orm
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/piccolo-orm
- name: fastapi-cache
-  html_url: https://github.com/long2ice/fastapi-cache
-  stars: 1816
-  owner_login: long2ice
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/long2ice
 - name: python-week-2022
  html_url: https://github.com/rochacbruno/python-week-2022
  stars: 1813
  owner_login: rochacbruno
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/rochacbruno
+- name: fastapi-cache
+  html_url: https://github.com/long2ice/fastapi-cache
+  stars: 1805
+  owner_login: long2ice
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/long2ice
 - name: ormar
  html_url: https://github.com/collerek/ormar
-  stars: 1797
+  stars: 1785
  owner_login: collerek
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/collerek
+- name: fastapi-langgraph-agent-production-ready-template
+  html_url: https://github.com/wassim249/fastapi-langgraph-agent-production-ready-template
+  stars: 1780
+  owner_login: wassim249
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/wassim249
 - name: FastAPI-boilerplate
  html_url: https://github.com/benavlabs/FastAPI-boilerplate
-  stars: 1792
+  stars: 1734
  owner_login: benavlabs
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/benavlabs
 - name: termpair
  html_url: https://github.com/cs01/termpair
-  stars: 1727
+  stars: 1724
  owner_login: cs01
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/cs01
 - name: fastapi-crudrouter
  html_url: https://github.com/awtkns/fastapi-crudrouter
-  stars: 1677
+  stars: 1671
  owner_login: awtkns
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/awtkns
 - name: langchain-serve
  html_url: https://github.com/jina-ai/langchain-serve
-  stars: 1634
+  stars: 1633
  owner_login: jina-ai
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/jina-ai
 - name: fastapi-pagination
  html_url: https://github.com/uriyyo/fastapi-pagination
-  stars: 1607
+  stars: 1588
  owner_login: uriyyo
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/uriyyo
 - name: awesome-fastapi-projects
  html_url: https://github.com/Kludex/awesome-fastapi-projects
-  stars: 1592
+  stars: 1583
  owner_login: Kludex
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Kludex
- name: bracket
-  html_url: https://github.com/evroon/bracket
-  stars: 1580
-  owner_login: evroon
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/evroon
 - name: coronavirus-tracker-api
  html_url: https://github.com/ExpDev07/coronavirus-tracker-api
-  stars: 1570
+  stars: 1571
  owner_login: ExpDev07
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/ExpDev07
+- name: bracket
+  html_url: https://github.com/evroon/bracket
+  stars: 1549
+  owner_login: evroon
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/evroon
 - name: fastapi-amis-admin
  html_url: https://github.com/amisadmin/fastapi-amis-admin
-  stars: 1512
+  stars: 1491
  owner_login: amisadmin
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/amisadmin
- name: fastcrud
-  html_url: https://github.com/benavlabs/fastcrud
-  stars: 1471
-  owner_login: benavlabs
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/benavlabs
 - name: fastapi-boilerplate
  html_url: https://github.com/teamhide/fastapi-boilerplate
-  stars: 1461
+  stars: 1452
  owner_login: teamhide
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/teamhide
+- name: fastcrud
+  html_url: https://github.com/benavlabs/fastcrud
+  stars: 1452
+  owner_login: benavlabs
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/benavlabs
 - name: awesome-python-resources
  html_url: https://github.com/DjangoEx/awesome-python-resources
-  stars: 1435
+  stars: 1430
  owner_login: DjangoEx
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/DjangoEx
 - name: prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator
  html_url: https://github.com/trallnag/prometheus-fastapi-instrumentator
-  stars: 1417
+  stars: 1399
  owner_login: trallnag
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/trallnag
 - name: fastapi-code-generator
  html_url: https://github.com/koxudaxi/fastapi-code-generator
-  stars: 1382
+  stars: 1371
  owner_login: koxudaxi
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/koxudaxi
- name: fastapi-scaff
-  html_url: https://github.com/atpuxiner/fastapi-scaff
-  stars: 1367
-  owner_login: atpuxiner
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/atpuxiner
 - name: fastapi-tutorial
  html_url: https://github.com/liaogx/fastapi-tutorial
-  stars: 1360
+  stars: 1346
  owner_login: liaogx
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/liaogx
 - name: budgetml
  html_url: https://github.com/ebhy/budgetml
-  stars: 1343
+  stars: 1345
  owner_login: ebhy
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/ebhy
+- name: fastapi-scaff
+  html_url: https://github.com/atpuxiner/fastapi-scaff
+  stars: 1331
+  owner_login: atpuxiner
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/atpuxiner
 - name: bolt-python
  html_url: https://github.com/slackapi/bolt-python
-  stars: 1276
+  stars: 1266
  owner_login: slackapi
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/slackapi
 - name: bedrock-chat
  html_url: https://github.com/aws-samples/bedrock-chat
-  stars: 1268
+  stars: 1266
  owner_login: aws-samples
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/aws-samples
 - name: fastapi-alembic-sqlmodel-async
-  html_url: https://github.com/vargasjona/fastapi-alembic-sqlmodel-async
-  stars: 1265
-  owner_login: vargasjona
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/vargasjona
+  html_url: https://github.com/jonra1993/fastapi-alembic-sqlmodel-async
+  stars: 1260
+  owner_login: jonra1993
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/jonra1993
 - name: fastapi_production_template
  html_url: https://github.com/zhanymkanov/fastapi_production_template
-  stars: 1227
+  stars: 1222
  owner_login: zhanymkanov
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/zhanymkanov
- name: restish
-  html_url: https://github.com/rest-sh/restish
-  stars: 1200
-  owner_login: rest-sh
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/rest-sh
 - name: langchain-extract
  html_url: https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain-extract
-  stars: 1183
+  stars: 1179
  owner_login: langchain-ai
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/langchain-ai
+- name: restish
+  html_url: https://github.com/rest-sh/restish
+  stars: 1152
+  owner_login: rest-sh
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/rest-sh
 - name: odmantic
  html_url: https://github.com/art049/odmantic
-  stars: 1162
+  stars: 1143
  owner_login: art049
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/art049
- name: aktools
-  html_url: https://github.com/akfamily/aktools
-  stars: 1155
-  owner_login: akfamily
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/akfamily
- name: RuoYi-Vue3-FastAPI
-  html_url: https://github.com/insistence/RuoYi-Vue3-FastAPI
-  stars: 1155
-  owner_login: insistence
-  owner_html_url: https://github.com/insistence
 - name: authx
  html_url: https://github.com/yezz123/authx
-  stars: 1142
+  stars: 1128
  owner_login: yezz123
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/yezz123
 - name: SAG
  html_url: https://github.com/Zleap-AI/SAG
-  stars: 1110
+  stars: 1104
  owner_login: Zleap-AI
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Zleap-AI
+- name: aktools
+  html_url: https://github.com/akfamily/aktools
+  stars: 1072
+  owner_login: akfamily
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/akfamily
+- name: RuoYi-Vue3-FastAPI
+  html_url: https://github.com/insistence/RuoYi-Vue3-FastAPI
+  stars: 1063
+  owner_login: insistence
+  owner_html_url: https://github.com/insistence
 - name: flock
  html_url: https://github.com/Onelevenvy/flock
-  stars: 1069
+  stars: 1059
  owner_login: Onelevenvy
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/Onelevenvy
 - name: fastapi-observability
  html_url: https://github.com/blueswen/fastapi-observability
-  stars: 1063
+  stars: 1046
  owner_login: blueswen
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/blueswen
 - name: enterprise-deep-research
  html_url: https://github.com/SalesforceAIResearch/enterprise-deep-research
-  stars: 1061
+  stars: 1019
  owner_login: SalesforceAIResearch
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/SalesforceAIResearch
 - name: titiler
  html_url: https://github.com/developmentseed/titiler
-  stars: 1039
+  stars: 1016
  owner_login: developmentseed
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/developmentseed
 - name: every-pdf
  html_url: https://github.com/DDULDDUCK/every-pdf
-  stars: 1017
+  stars: 1004
  owner_login: DDULDDUCK
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/DDULDDUCK
 - name: autollm
  html_url: https://github.com/viddexa/autollm
-  stars: 1005
+  stars: 1003
  owner_login: viddexa
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/viddexa
 - name: lanarky
  html_url: https://github.com/ajndkr/lanarky
-  stars: 995
+  stars: 996
  owner_login: ajndkr
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/ajndkr
--- a/docs/en/data/translation_reviewers.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/translation_reviewers.yml
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ Xewus:
  url: https://github.com/Xewus
 sodaMelon:
  login: sodaMelon
-  count: 128
+  count: 127
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/66295123?u=be939db90f1119efee9e6110cc05066ff1f40f00&v=4
  url: https://github.com/sodaMelon
 ceb10n:
  login: ceb10n
-  count: 119
+  count: 117
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/235213?u=edcce471814a1eba9f0cdaa4cd0de18921a940a6&v=4
  url: https://github.com/ceb10n
 tokusumi:
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ tokusumi:
  url: https://github.com/tokusumi
 hard-coders:
  login: hard-coders
-  count: 102
+  count: 96
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9651103?u=78d12d1acdf853c817700145e73de7fd9e5d068b&v=4
  url: https://github.com/hard-coders
 hasansezertasan:
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ AlertRED:
  url: https://github.com/AlertRED
 tiangolo:
  login: tiangolo
-  count: 78
+  count: 73
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1326112?u=cb5d06e73a9e1998141b1641aa88e443c6717651&v=4
  url: https://github.com/tiangolo
 Alexandrhub:
@@ -58,31 +58,26 @@ Alexandrhub:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/119126536?u=9fc0d48f3307817bafecc5861eb2168401a6cb04&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Alexandrhub
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-  count: 64
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3127847?u=a08022b191ddbd0a6159b2981d9d878b6d5bb71f&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/cassiobotaro
 waynerv:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39515546?u=ec35139777597cdbbbddda29bf8b9d4396b429a9&v=4
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-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6892179?u=1dca6a22195d6cd1ab20737c0e19a4c55d639472&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/nilslindemann
+cassiobotaro:
+  login: cassiobotaro
+  count: 62
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3127847?u=a08022b191ddbd0a6159b2981d9d878b6d5bb71f&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/cassiobotaro
 mattwang44:
  login: mattwang44
  count: 61
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24987826?u=58e37fb3927b9124b458945ac4c97aa0f1062d85&v=4
  url: https://github.com/mattwang44
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-  login: YuriiMotov
-  count: 56
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109919500?u=bc48be95c429989224786106b027f3c5e40cc354&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/YuriiMotov
+nilslindemann:
+  login: nilslindemann
+  count: 59
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6892179?u=1dca6a22195d6cd1ab20737c0e19a4c55d639472&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/nilslindemann
 Laineyzhang55:
  login: Laineyzhang55
  count: 48
@@ -93,21 +88,26 @@ Kludex:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7353520?u=df8a3f06ba8f55ae1967a3e2d5ed882903a4e330&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Kludex
+YuriiMotov:
+  login: YuriiMotov
+  count: 46
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109919500?u=b9b13d598dddfab529a52d264df80a900bfe7060&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/YuriiMotov
 komtaki:
  login: komtaki
  count: 45
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39375566?u=260ad6b1a4b34c07dbfa728da5e586f16f6d1824&v=4
  url: https://github.com/komtaki
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-  login: svlandeg
-  count: 43
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8796347?u=556c97650c27021911b0b9447ec55e75987b0e8a&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/svlandeg
 rostik1410:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11443899?u=e26a635c2ba220467b308a326a579b8ccf4a8701&v=4
  url: https://github.com/rostik1410
+svlandeg:
+  login: svlandeg
+  count: 42
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8796347?u=556c97650c27021911b0b9447ec55e75987b0e8a&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/svlandeg
 alperiox:
  login: alperiox
  count: 42
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ JavierSanchezCastro:
 alejsdev:
  login: alejsdev
  count: 37
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90076947?u=0facffe3abf87f57a1f05fa773d1119cc5c2f6a5&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90076947?u=85ceac49fb87138aebe8d663912e359447329090&v=4
  url: https://github.com/alejsdev
 mezgoodle:
  login: mezgoodle
@@ -383,11 +383,6 @@ Joao-Pedro-P-Holanda:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/110267046?u=331bd016326dac4cf3df4848f6db2dbbf8b5f978&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Joao-Pedro-P-Holanda
-maru0123-2004:
-  login: maru0123-2004
-  count: 16
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/43961566?u=16ed8603a4d6a4665cb6c53a7aece6f31379b769&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/maru0123-2004
 JaeHyuckSa:
  login: JaeHyuckSa
  count: 16
@@ -423,6 +418,11 @@ mattkoehne:
  count: 14
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/80362153?v=4
  url: https://github.com/mattkoehne
+maru0123-2004:
+  login: maru0123-2004
+  count: 14
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/43961566?u=16ed8603a4d6a4665cb6c53a7aece6f31379b769&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/maru0123-2004
 jovicon:
  login: jovicon
  count: 13
@@ -458,11 +458,6 @@ wesinalves:
  count: 13
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/13563128?u=9eb17ed50645dd684bfec47e75dba4e9772ec9c1&v=4
  url: https://github.com/wesinalves
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-  login: andersonrocha0
-  count: 13
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22346169?u=93a1359c8c5461d894802c0cc65bcd09217e7a02&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/andersonrocha0
 NastasiaSaby:
  login: NastasiaSaby
  count: 12
@@ -476,7 +471,7 @@ oandersonmagalhaes:
 mkdir700:
  login: mkdir700
  count: 12
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56359329?u=818e5f4b4dcc1a6ffb3e5aaa08fd827e5a726dfd&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56359329?u=3d6ea8714f5000829b60dcf7b13a75b1e73aaf47&v=4
  url: https://github.com/mkdir700
 batlopes:
  login: batlopes
@@ -498,6 +493,11 @@ KaniKim:
  count: 12
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/19832624?u=296dbdd490e0eb96e3d45a2608c065603b17dc31&v=4
  url: https://github.com/KaniKim
+andersonrocha0:
+  login: andersonrocha0
+  count: 12
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22346169?u=93a1359c8c5461d894802c0cc65bcd09217e7a02&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/andersonrocha0
 gitgernit:
  login: gitgernit
  count: 12
@@ -558,11 +558,6 @@ Zhongheng-Cheng:
  count: 11
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/95612344?u=a0f7730a3cc7486827965e01a119ad610bda4b0a&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Zhongheng-Cheng
-Pyth3rEx:
-  login: Pyth3rEx
-  count: 11
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/26427764?u=087724f74d813c95925d51e354554bd4b6d6bb60&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/Pyth3rEx
 mariacamilagl:
  login: mariacamilagl
  count: 10
@@ -616,7 +611,7 @@ socket-socket:
 nick-cjyx9:
  login: nick-cjyx9
  count: 10
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/119087246?u=3d51dcbd79222ecb6538642f31dc7c8bb708d191&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/119087246?u=7227a2de948c68fb8396d5beff1ee5b0e057c42e&v=4
  url: https://github.com/nick-cjyx9
 marcelomarkus:
  login: marcelomarkus
@@ -688,6 +683,11 @@ Yarous:
  count: 9
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/61277193?u=5b462347458a373b2d599c6f416d2b75eddbffad&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Yarous
+Pyth3rEx:
+  login: Pyth3rEx
+  count: 9
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/26427764?u=087724f74d813c95925d51e354554bd4b6d6bb60&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/Pyth3rEx
 dimaqq:
  login: dimaqq
  count: 8
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ minaton-ru:
 sungchan1:
  login: sungchan1
  count: 8
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/28076127?u=fadbf24840186aca639d344bb3e0ecf7ff3441cf&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/28076127?u=a816d86ef3e60450a7225f128caf9a394c9320f9&v=4
  url: https://github.com/sungchan1
 Serrones:
  login: Serrones
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ anthonycepeda:
 fabioueno:
  login: fabioueno
  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/14273852?u=a3d546449cdc96621c32bcc26cf74be6e4390209&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/14273852?u=edd700982b16317ac6ebfd24c47bc0029b21d360&v=4
  url: https://github.com/fabioueno
 cfraboulet:
  login: cfraboulet
@@ -793,11 +793,6 @@ Zerohertz:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/42334717?u=5ebf4d33e73b1ad373154f6cdee44f7cab4d05ba&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Zerohertz
-EdmilsonRodrigues:
-  login: EdmilsonRodrigues
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62777025?u=217d6f3cd6cc750bb8818a3af7726c8d74eb7c2d&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/EdmilsonRodrigues
 deniscapeto:
  login: deniscapeto
  count: 6
@@ -1033,6 +1028,11 @@ devluisrodrigues:
  count: 5
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21125286?v=4
  url: https://github.com/11kkw
+EdmilsonRodrigues:
+  login: EdmilsonRodrigues
+  count: 5
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62777025?u=217d6f3cd6cc750bb8818a3af7726c8d74eb7c2d&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/EdmilsonRodrigues
 lpdswing:
  login: lpdswing
  count: 4
@@ -1178,11 +1178,6 @@ SBillion:
  count: 4
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1070649?u=3ab493dfc88b39da0eb1600e3b8e7df1c90a5dee&v=4
  url: https://github.com/SBillion
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-  login: seuthootDev
-  count: 4
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/175179350?u=7c2cbc48ab43b52e0c86592111d92e013d72ea4d&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/seuthootDev
 tyronedamasceno:
  login: tyronedamasceno
  count: 3
@@ -1271,7 +1266,7 @@ rafsaf:
 frnsimoes:
  login: frnsimoes
  count: 3
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/66239468?u=cba345870d8d6b25dd6d56ee18f7120581e3c573&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/66239468?u=fd8d408946633acc4bea057c207e6c0833871527&v=4
  url: https://github.com/frnsimoes
 lieryan:
  login: lieryan
@@ -1598,11 +1593,6 @@ ayr-ton:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1090517?u=5cf70a0e0f0dbf084e074e494aa94d7c91a46ba6&v=4
  url: https://github.com/ayr-ton
-Kadermiyanyedi:
-  login: Kadermiyanyedi
-  count: 2
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/48386782?u=e34f31bf50a8ed8d37fbfa4f301b0c190b1b4b86&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/Kadermiyanyedi
 raphaelauv:
  login: raphaelauv
  count: 2
@@ -1841,7 +1831,7 @@ EgorOnishchuk:
 iamantonreznik:
  login: iamantonreznik
  count: 2
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/112612414?u=b9ba8d9b4d3940198bc3a4353dfce70c044a39b1&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/112612414?u=bf6de9a1ab17326fe14de0709719fff3826526d0&v=4
  url: https://github.com/iamantonreznik
 Azazul123:
  login: Azazul123
@@ -1861,7 +1851,7 @@ NavesSapnis:
 isgin01:
  login: isgin01
  count: 2
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/157279130?u=16d6466476cf7dbc55a4cd575b6ea920ebdd81e1&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/157279130?u=ddffde10876b50f35dc90d1337f507a630530a6a&v=4
  url: https://github.com/isgin01
 syedasamina56:
  login: syedasamina56
--- a/docs/en/data/translators.yml
+++ b/docs/en/data/translators.yml
@@ -8,14 +8,9 @@ jaystone776:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11191137?u=299205a95e9b6817a43144a48b643346a5aac5cc&v=4
  url: https://github.com/jaystone776
-tiangolo:
-  login: tiangolo
-  count: 31
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1326112?u=cb5d06e73a9e1998141b1641aa88e443c6717651&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/tiangolo
 ceb10n:
  login: ceb10n
-  count: 30
+  count: 29
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/235213?u=edcce471814a1eba9f0cdaa4cd0de18921a940a6&v=4
  url: https://github.com/ceb10n
 valentinDruzhinin:
@@ -33,6 +28,11 @@ SwftAlpc:
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  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/52768429?u=6a3aa15277406520ad37f6236e89466ed44bc5b8&v=4
  url: https://github.com/SwftAlpc
+tiangolo:
+  login: tiangolo
+  count: 22
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1326112?u=cb5d06e73a9e1998141b1641aa88e443c6717651&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/tiangolo
 hasansezertasan:
  login: hasansezertasan
  count: 22
@@ -43,16 +43,16 @@ waynerv:
  count: 20
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39515546?u=ec35139777597cdbbbddda29bf8b9d4396b429a9&v=4
  url: https://github.com/waynerv
-hard-coders:
-  login: hard-coders
-  count: 16
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9651103?u=78d12d1acdf853c817700145e73de7fd9e5d068b&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/hard-coders
 AlertRED:
  login: AlertRED
  count: 16
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/15695000?u=f5a4944c6df443030409c88da7d7fa0b7ead985c&v=4
  url: https://github.com/AlertRED
+hard-coders:
+  login: hard-coders
+  count: 15
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9651103?u=78d12d1acdf853c817700145e73de7fd9e5d068b&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/hard-coders
 Joao-Pedro-P-Holanda:
  login: Joao-Pedro-P-Holanda
  count: 14
@@ -108,11 +108,6 @@ pablocm83:
  count: 8
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/28315068?u=3310fbb05bb8bfc50d2c48b6cb64ac9ee4a14549&v=4
  url: https://github.com/pablocm83
-YuriiMotov:
-  login: YuriiMotov
-  count: 8
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109919500?u=bc48be95c429989224786106b027f3c5e40cc354&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/YuriiMotov
 ptt3199:
  login: ptt3199
  count: 7
@@ -138,6 +133,11 @@ Alexandrhub:
  count: 6
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/119126536?u=9fc0d48f3307817bafecc5861eb2168401a6cb04&v=4
  url: https://github.com/Alexandrhub
+YuriiMotov:
+  login: YuriiMotov
+  count: 6
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/109919500?u=b9b13d598dddfab529a52d264df80a900bfe7060&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/YuriiMotov
 Serrones:
  login: Serrones
  count: 5
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ hsuanchi:
 alejsdev:
  login: alejsdev
  count: 3
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90076947?u=0facffe3abf87f57a1f05fa773d1119cc5c2f6a5&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/90076947?u=85ceac49fb87138aebe8d663912e359447329090&v=4
  url: https://github.com/alejsdev
 riroan:
  login: riroan
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ Rishat-F:
 ruzia:
  login: ruzia
  count: 3
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24503?u=abce66d26c9611818720f11e6ae6773a6e0928f8&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24503?v=4
  url: https://github.com/ruzia
 izaguerreiro:
  login: izaguerreiro
@@ -413,11 +413,6 @@ ayr-ton:
  count: 2
  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1090517?u=5cf70a0e0f0dbf084e074e494aa94d7c91a46ba6&v=4
  url: https://github.com/ayr-ton
-Kadermiyanyedi:
-  login: Kadermiyanyedi
-  count: 2
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/48386782?u=e34f31bf50a8ed8d37fbfa4f301b0c190b1b4b86&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/Kadermiyanyedi
 KdHyeon0661:
  login: KdHyeon0661
  count: 2
@@ -466,7 +461,7 @@ ArtemKhymenko:
 hasnatsajid:
  login: hasnatsajid
  count: 2
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/86589885?v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/86589885?u=6668823c3b029bfecf10a8918ed3af1aafb8b15e&v=4
  url: https://github.com/hasnatsajid
 alperiox:
  login: alperiox
--- a/docs/en/docs/_llm-test.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/_llm-test.md
@@ -202,6 +202,11 @@ Here some things wrapped in HTML "abbr" elements (Some are invented):
 * <abbr title="XML Web Token">XWT</abbr>
 * <abbr title="Parallel Server Gateway Interface">PSGI</abbr>

+### The abbr gives an explanation { #the-abbr-gives-an-explanation }
+
+* <abbr title="A group of machines that are configured to be connected and work together in some way.">cluster</abbr>
+* <abbr title="A method of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with numerous hidden layers between input and output layers, thereby developing a comprehensive internal structure">Deep Learning</abbr>
+
 ### The abbr gives a full phrase and an explanation { #the-abbr-gives-a-full-phrase-and-an-explanation }

 * <abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network: documentation for developers, written by the Firefox people">MDN</abbr>
@@ -219,11 +224,6 @@ See section `### HTML abbr elements` in the general prompt in `scripts/translate

 ////

-## HTML "dfn" elements { #html-dfn-elements }
-
-* <dfn title="A group of machines that are configured to be connected and work together in some way.">cluster</dfn>
-* <dfn title="A method of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with numerous hidden layers between input and output layers, thereby developing a comprehensive internal structure">Deep Learning</dfn>
-
 ## Headings { #headings }

 //// tab | Test
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-responses.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-responses.md
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Each of those response `dict`s can have a key `model`, containing a Pydantic mod

 For example, to declare another response with a status code `404` and a Pydantic model `Message`, you can write:

-{* ../../docs_src/additional_responses/tutorial001_py310.py hl[18,22] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/additional_responses/tutorial001_py39.py hl[18,22] *}

 /// note

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ For example, you can declare a response with a status code `404` that uses a Pyd

 And a response with a status code `200` that uses your `response_model`, but includes a custom `example`:

-{* ../../docs_src/additional_responses/tutorial003_py310.py hl[20:31] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/additional_responses/tutorial003_py39.py hl[20:31] *}

 It will all be combined and included in your OpenAPI, and shown in the API docs:

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/advanced-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/advanced-dependencies.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas

 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py310.py hl[12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py39.py hl[12] *}

 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition

 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use

 We could create an instance of this class with:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py310.py hl[18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py39.py hl[18] *}

 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ checker(q="somequery")

 ...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our *path operation function* as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py310.py hl[22] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py39.py hl[22] *}

 /// tip

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ The exit code, the automatic closing of the `Session` in:

 {* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial013_an_py310.py ln[19:21] *}

-...would be run after the response finishes sending the slow data:
+...would be run after the the response finishes sending the slow data:

 {* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial013_an_py310.py ln[30:38] hl[31:33] *}

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/advanced-python-types.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/advanced-python-types.md
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Advanced Python Types { #advanced-python-types }
-
-Here are some additional ideas that might be useful when working with Python types.
-
-## Using `Union` or `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }
-
-If your code for some reason can't use `|`, for example if it's not in a type annotation but in something like `response_model=`, instead of using the vertical bar (`|`) you can use `Union` from `typing`.
-
-For example, you could declare that something could be a `str` or `None`:
-
-```python
-from typing import Union
-
-
-def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
-        print(f"Hi {name}!")
-```
-
-`typing` also has a shortcut to declare that something could be `None`, with `Optional`.
-
-Here's a tip from my very **subjective** point of view:
-
-* 🚨 Avoid using `Optional[SomeType]`
-* Instead ✨ **use `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.
-
-Both are equivalent and underneath they are the same, but I would recommend `Union` instead of `Optional` because the word "**optional**" would seem to imply that the value is optional, and it actually means "it can be `None`", even if it's not optional and is still required.
-
-I think `Union[SomeType, None]` is more explicit about what it means.
-
-It's just about the words and names. But those words can affect how you and your teammates think about the code.
-
-As an example, let's take this function:
-
-```python
-from typing import Optional
-
-
-def say_hi(name: Optional[str]):
-    print(f"Hey {name}!")
-```
-
-The parameter `name` is defined as `Optional[str]`, but it is **not optional**, you cannot call the function without the parameter:
-
-```Python
-say_hi()  # Oh, no, this throws an error! 😱
-```
-
-The `name` parameter is **still required** (not *optional*) because it doesn't have a default value. Still, `name` accepts `None` as the value:
-
-```Python
-say_hi(name=None)  # This works, None is valid 🎉
-```
-
-The good news is, in most cases, you will be able to simply use `|` to define unions of types:
-
-```python
-def say_hi(name: str | None):
-    print(f"Hey {name}!")
-```
-
-So, normally you don't have to worry about names like `Optional` and `Union`. 😎
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/async-tests.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/async-tests.md
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ For a simple example, let's consider a file structure similar to the one describ

 The file `main.py` would have:

-{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py310/main.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py39/main.py *}

 The file `test_main.py` would have the tests for `main.py`, it could look like this now:

-{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py310/test_main.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py39/test_main.py *}

 ## Run it { #run-it }

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ $ pytest

 The marker `@pytest.mark.anyio` tells pytest that this test function should be called asynchronously:

-{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py310/test_main.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py39/test_main.py hl[7] *}

 /// tip

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Note that the test function is now `async def` instead of just `def` as before w

 Then we can create an `AsyncClient` with the app, and send async requests to it, using `await`.

-{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py310/test_main.py hl[9:12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/async_tests/app_a_py39/test_main.py hl[9:12] *}

 This is the equivalent to:

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/behind-a-proxy.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/behind-a-proxy.md
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ $ fastapi run --forwarded-allow-ips="*"

 For example, let's say you define a *path operation* `/items/`:

-{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial001_01_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial001_01_py39.py hl[6] *}

 If the client tries to go to `/items`, by default, it would be redirected to `/items/`.

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ In this case, the original path `/app` would actually be served at `/api/v1/app`

 Even though all your code is written assuming there's just `/app`.

-{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6] *}

 And the proxy would be **"stripping"** the **path prefix** on the fly before transmitting the request to the app server (probably Uvicorn via FastAPI CLI), keeping your application convinced that it is being served at `/app`, so that you don't have to update all your code to include the prefix `/api/v1`.

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ You can get the current `root_path` used by your application for each request, i

 Here we are including it in the message just for demonstration purposes.

-{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial001_py310.py hl[8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial001_py39.py hl[8] *}

 Then, if you start Uvicorn with:

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ The response would be something like:

 Alternatively, if you don't have a way to provide a command line option like `--root-path` or equivalent, you can set the `root_path` parameter when creating your FastAPI app:

-{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial002_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial002_py39.py hl[3] *}

 Passing the `root_path` to `FastAPI` would be the equivalent of passing the `--root-path` command line option to Uvicorn or Hypercorn.

@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ If you pass a custom list of `servers` and there's a `root_path` (because your A

 For example:

-{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial003_py310.py hl[4:7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial003_py39.py hl[4:7] *}

 Will generate an OpenAPI schema like:

@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ If you don't specify the `servers` parameter and `root_path` is equal to `/`, th

 If you don't want **FastAPI** to include an automatic server using the `root_path`, you can use the parameter `root_path_in_servers=False`:

-{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial004_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/behind_a_proxy/tutorial004_py39.py hl[9] *}

 and then it won't include it in the OpenAPI schema.

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/custom-response.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/custom-response.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ This is because by default, FastAPI will inspect every item inside and make sure

 But if you are certain that the content that you are returning is **serializable with JSON**, you can pass it directly to the response class and avoid the extra overhead that FastAPI would have by passing your return content through the `jsonable_encoder` before passing it to the response class.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial001b_py310.py hl[2,7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial001b_py39.py hl[2,7] *}

 /// info

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ To return a response with HTML directly from **FastAPI**, use `HTMLResponse`.
 * Import `HTMLResponse`.
 * Pass `HTMLResponse` as the parameter `response_class` of your *path operation decorator*.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial002_py310.py hl[2,7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial002_py39.py hl[2,7] *}

 /// info

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ As seen in [Return a Response directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link tar

 The same example from above, returning an `HTMLResponse`, could look like:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial003_py310.py hl[2,7,19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial003_py39.py hl[2,7,19] *}

 /// warning

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ The `response_class` will then be used only to document the OpenAPI *path operat

 For example, it could be something like:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial004_py310.py hl[7,21,23] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial004_py39.py hl[7,21,23] *}

 In this example, the function `generate_html_response()` already generates and returns a `Response` instead of returning the HTML in a `str`.

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ It accepts the following parameters:

 FastAPI (actually Starlette) will automatically include a Content-Length header. It will also include a Content-Type header, based on the `media_type` and appending a charset for text types.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1,18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1,18] *}

 ### `HTMLResponse` { #htmlresponse }

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Takes some text or bytes and returns an HTML response, as you read above.

 Takes some text or bytes and returns a plain text response.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial005_py310.py hl[2,7,9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial005_py39.py hl[2,7,9] *}

 ### `JSONResponse` { #jsonresponse }

@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ This requires installing `ujson` for example with `pip install ujson`.

 ///

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2,7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,7] *}

 /// tip

@@ -194,14 +194,14 @@ Returns an HTTP redirect. Uses a 307 status code (Temporary Redirect) by default

 You can return a `RedirectResponse` directly:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006_py310.py hl[2,9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006_py39.py hl[2,9] *}

 ---

 Or you can use it in the `response_class` parameter:


-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006b_py310.py hl[2,7,9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006b_py39.py hl[2,7,9] *}

 If you do that, then you can return the URL directly from your *path operation* function.

@@ -211,13 +211,13 @@ In this case, the `status_code` used will be the default one for the `RedirectRe

 You can also use the `status_code` parameter combined with the `response_class` parameter:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006c_py310.py hl[2,7,9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006c_py39.py hl[2,7,9] *}

 ### `StreamingResponse` { #streamingresponse }

 Takes an async generator or a normal generator/iterator and streams the response body.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial007_py310.py hl[2,14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial007_py39.py hl[2,14] *}

 #### Using `StreamingResponse` with file-like objects { #using-streamingresponse-with-file-like-objects }

@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ That way, you don't have to read it all first in memory, and you can pass that g

 This includes many libraries to interact with cloud storage, video processing, and others.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial008_py310.py hl[2,10:12,14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial008_py39.py hl[2,10:12,14] *}

 1. This is the generator function. It's a "generator function" because it contains `yield` statements inside.
 2. By using a `with` block, we make sure that the file-like object is closed after the generator function is done. So, after it finishes sending the response.
@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ Takes a different set of arguments to instantiate than the other response types:

 File responses will include appropriate `Content-Length`, `Last-Modified` and `ETag` headers.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009_py310.py hl[2,10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009_py39.py hl[2,10] *}

 You can also use the `response_class` parameter:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009b_py310.py hl[2,8,10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009b_py39.py hl[2,8,10] *}

 In this case, you can return the file path directly from your *path operation* function.

@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Let's say you want it to return indented and formatted JSON, so you want to use

 You could create a `CustomORJSONResponse`. The main thing you have to do is create a `Response.render(content)` method that returns the content as `bytes`:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009c_py310.py hl[9:14,17] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial009c_py39.py hl[9:14,17] *}

 Now instead of returning:

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ The parameter that defines this is `default_response_class`.

 In the example below, **FastAPI** will use `ORJSONResponse` by default, in all *path operations*, instead of `JSONResponse`.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial010_py310.py hl[2,4] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial010_py39.py hl[2,4] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/dataclasses.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/dataclasses.md
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ In that case, you can simply swap the standard `dataclasses` with `pydantic.data

 6. Here we are returning a dictionary that contains `items` which is a list of dataclasses.

-    FastAPI is still capable of <dfn title="converting the data to a format that can be transmitted">serializing</dfn> the data to JSON.
+    FastAPI is still capable of <abbr title="converting the data to a format that can be transmitted">serializing</abbr> the data to JSON.

 7. Here the `response_model` is using a type annotation of a list of `Author` dataclasses.

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/events.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/events.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Let's start with an example and then see it in detail.

 We create an async function `lifespan()` with `yield` like this:

-{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py310.py hl[16,19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py39.py hl[16,19] *}

 Here we are simulating the expensive *startup* operation of loading the model by putting the (fake) model function in the dictionary with machine learning models before the `yield`. This code will be executed **before** the application **starts taking requests**, during the *startup*.

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Maybe you need to start a new version, or you just got tired of running it. 🤷

 The first thing to notice, is that we are defining an async function with `yield`. This is very similar to Dependencies with `yield`.

-{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py310.py hl[14:19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py39.py hl[14:19] *}

 The first part of the function, before the `yield`, will be executed **before** the application starts.

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ If you check, the function is decorated with an `@asynccontextmanager`.

 That converts the function into something called an "**async context manager**".

-{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py310.py hl[1,13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py39.py hl[1,13] *}

 A **context manager** in Python is something that you can use in a `with` statement, for example, `open()` can be used as a context manager:

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ In our code example above, we don't use it directly, but we pass it to FastAPI f

 The `lifespan` parameter of the `FastAPI` app takes an **async context manager**, so we can pass our new `lifespan` async context manager to it.

-{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py310.py hl[22] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003_py39.py hl[22] *}

 ## Alternative Events (deprecated) { #alternative-events-deprecated }

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ These functions can be declared with `async def` or normal `def`.

 To add a function that should be run before the application starts, declare it with the event `"startup"`:

-{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial001_py310.py hl[8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial001_py39.py hl[8] *}

 In this case, the `startup` event handler function will initialize the items "database" (just a `dict`) with some values.

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ And your application won't start receiving requests until all the `startup` even

 To add a function that should be run when the application is shutting down, declare it with the event `"shutdown"`:

-{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial002_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial002_py39.py hl[6] *}

 Here, the `shutdown` event handler function will write a text line `"Application shutdown"` to a file `log.txt`.

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/generate-clients.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/generate-clients.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Some of these solutions may also be open source or offer free tiers, so you can

 Let's start with a simple FastAPI application:

-{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial001_py310.py hl[7:9,12:13,16:17,21] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial001_py39.py hl[7:9,12:13,16:17,21] *}

 Notice that the *path operations* define the models they use for request payload and response payload, using the models `Item` and `ResponseMessage`.

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ In many cases, your FastAPI app will be bigger, and you will probably use tags t

 For example, you could have a section for **items** and another section for **users**, and they could be separated by tags:

-{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002_py310.py hl[21,26,34] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002_py39.py hl[21,26,34] *}

 ### Generate a TypeScript Client with Tags { #generate-a-typescript-client-with-tags }

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ For example, here it is using the first tag (you will probably have only one tag

 You can then pass that custom function to **FastAPI** as the `generate_unique_id_function` parameter:

-{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial003_py310.py hl[6:7,10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial003_py39.py hl[6:7,10] *}

 ### Generate a TypeScript Client with Custom Operation IDs { #generate-a-typescript-client-with-custom-operation-ids }

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ But for the generated client, we could **modify** the OpenAPI operation IDs righ

 We could download the OpenAPI JSON to a file `openapi.json` and then we could **remove that prefixed tag** with a script like this:

-{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial004_py310.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial004_py39.py *}

 //// tab | Node.js

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/middleware.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/middleware.md
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ Enforces that all incoming requests must either be `https` or `wss`.

 Any incoming request to `http` or `ws` will be redirected to the secure scheme instead.

-{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2,6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6] *}

 ## `TrustedHostMiddleware` { #trustedhostmiddleware }

 Enforces that all incoming requests have a correctly set `Host` header, in order to guard against HTTP Host Header attacks.

-{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial002_py310.py hl[2,6:8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial002_py39.py hl[2,6:8] *}

 The following arguments are supported:

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ Handles GZip responses for any request that includes `"gzip"` in the `Accept-Enc

 The middleware will handle both standard and streaming responses.

-{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial003_py310.py hl[2,6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial003_py39.py hl[2,6] *}

 The following arguments are supported:

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/openapi-webhooks.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/openapi-webhooks.md
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Webhooks are available in OpenAPI 3.1.0 and above, supported by FastAPI `0.99.0`

 When you create a **FastAPI** application, there is a `webhooks` attribute that you can use to define *webhooks*, the same way you would define *path operations*, for example with `@app.webhooks.post()`.

-{* ../../docs_src/openapi_webhooks/tutorial001_py310.py hl[9:12,15:20] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/openapi_webhooks/tutorial001_py39.py hl[9:13,36:53] *}

 The webhooks that you define will end up in the **OpenAPI** schema and the automatic **docs UI**.

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ You can set the OpenAPI `operationId` to be used in your *path operation* with t

 You would have to make sure that it is unique for each operation.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6] *}

 ### Using the *path operation function* name as the operationId { #using-the-path-operation-function-name-as-the-operationid }

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ If you want to use your APIs' function names as `operationId`s, you can iterate

 You should do it after adding all your *path operations*.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002_py310.py hl[2, 12:21, 24] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002_py39.py hl[2, 12:21, 24] *}

 /// tip

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Even if they are in different modules (Python files).

 To exclude a *path operation* from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from the automatic documentation systems), use the parameter `include_in_schema` and set it to `False`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003_py39.py hl[6] *}

 ## Advanced description from docstring { #advanced-description-from-docstring }

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ You can extend the OpenAPI schema for a *path operation* using the parameter `op

 This `openapi_extra` can be helpful, for example, to declare [OpenAPI Extensions](https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/main/versions/3.0.3.md#specificationExtensions):

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial005_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial005_py39.py hl[6] *}

 If you open the automatic API docs, your extension will show up at the bottom of the specific *path operation*.

@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ For example, you could decide to read and validate the request with your own cod

 You could do that with `openapi_extra`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial006_py310.py hl[19:36, 39:40] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial006_py39.py hl[19:36, 39:40] *}

-In this example, we didn't declare any Pydantic model. In fact, the request body is not even <dfn title="converted from some plain format, like bytes, into Python objects">parsed</dfn> as JSON, it is read directly as `bytes`, and the function `magic_data_reader()` would be in charge of parsing it in some way.
+In this example, we didn't declare any Pydantic model. In fact, the request body is not even <abbr title="converted from some plain format, like bytes, into Python objects">parsed</abbr> as JSON, it is read directly as `bytes`, and the function `magic_data_reader()` would be in charge of parsing it in some way.

 Nevertheless, we can declare the expected schema for the request body.

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ And you could do this even if the data type in the request is not JSON.

 For example, in this application we don't use FastAPI's integrated functionality to extract the JSON Schema from Pydantic models nor the automatic validation for JSON. In fact, we are declaring the request content type as YAML, not JSON:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007_py310.py hl[15:20, 22] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007_py39.py hl[15:20, 22] *}

 Nevertheless, although we are not using the default integrated functionality, we are still using a Pydantic model to manually generate the JSON Schema for the data that we want to receive in YAML.

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ Then we use the request directly, and extract the body as `bytes`. This means th

 And then in our code, we parse that YAML content directly, and then we are again using the same Pydantic model to validate the YAML content:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007_py310.py hl[24:31] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007_py39.py hl[24:31] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-change-status-code.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-change-status-code.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*

 And then you can set the `status_code` in that *temporal* response object.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,9,12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_change_status_code/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,9,12] *}

 And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-cookies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-cookies.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*

 And then you can set cookies in that *temporal* response object.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1, 8:9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1, 8:9] *}

 And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ To do that, you can create a response as described in [Return a Response Directl

 Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:

-{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial001_py310.py hl[10:12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial001_py39.py hl[10:12] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-directly.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-directly.md
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Let's say that you want to return an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"

 You could put your XML content in a string, put that in a `Response`, and return it:

-{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1,18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1,18] *}

 ## Notes { #notes }

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-headers.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/response-headers.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function*

 And then you can set headers in that *temporal* response object.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1, 7:8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1, 7:8] *}

 And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ You can also add headers when you return a `Response` directly.

 Create a response as described in [Return a Response Directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank} and pass the headers as an additional parameter:

-{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial001_py310.py hl[10:12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial001_py39.py hl[10:12] *}

 /// note | Technical Details

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/security/http-basic-auth.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/security/http-basic-auth.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Then, when you type that username and password, the browser sends them in the he
 * It returns an object of type `HTTPBasicCredentials`:
    * It contains the `username` and `password` sent.

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[4,8,12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[4,8,12] *}

 When you try to open the URL for the first time (or click the "Execute" button in the docs) the browser will ask you for your username and password:

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ To handle that, we first convert the `username` and `password` to `bytes` encodi

 Then we can use `secrets.compare_digest()` to ensure that `credentials.username` is `"stanleyjobson"`, and that `credentials.password` is `"swordfish"`.

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial007_an_py310.py hl[1,12:24] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial007_an_py39.py hl[1,12:24] *}

 This would be similar to:

@@ -104,4 +104,4 @@ That way, using `secrets.compare_digest()` in your application code, it will be

 After detecting that the credentials are incorrect, return an `HTTPException` with a status code 401 (the same returned when no credentials are provided) and add the header `WWW-Authenticate` to make the browser show the login prompt again:

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial007_an_py310.py hl[26:30] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial007_an_py39.py hl[26:30] *}
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/settings.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/settings.md
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The same way as with Pydantic models, you declare class attributes with type ann

 You can use all the same validation features and tools you use for Pydantic models, like different data types and additional validations with `Field()`.

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2,5:8,11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,5:8,11] *}

 /// tip

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Next it will convert and validate the data. So, when you use that `settings` obj

 Then you can use the new `settings` object in your application:

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py310.py hl[18:20] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py39.py hl[18:20] *}

 ### Run the server { #run-the-server }

@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ You could put those settings in another module file as you saw in [Bigger Applic

 For example, you could have a file `config.py` with:

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app01_py310/config.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app01_py39/config.py *}

 And then use it in a file `main.py`:

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app01_py310/main.py hl[3,11:13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app01_py39/main.py hl[3,11:13] *}

 /// tip

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ This could be especially useful during testing, as it's very easy to override a

 Coming from the previous example, your `config.py` file could look like:

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py310/config.py hl[10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py39/config.py hl[10] *}

 Notice that now we don't create a default instance `settings = Settings()`.

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Notice that now we don't create a default instance `settings = Settings()`.

 Now we create a dependency that returns a new `config.Settings()`.

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py310/main.py hl[6,12:13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py39/main.py hl[6,12:13] *}

 /// tip

@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ For now you can assume `get_settings()` is a normal function.

 And then we can require it from the *path operation function* as a dependency and use it anywhere we need it.

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py310/main.py hl[17,19:21] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py39/main.py hl[17,19:21] *}

 ### Settings and testing { #settings-and-testing }

 Then it would be very easy to provide a different settings object during testing by creating a dependency override for `get_settings`:

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py310/test_main.py hl[9:10,13,21] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app02_an_py39/test_main.py hl[9:10,13,21] *}

 In the dependency override we set a new value for the `admin_email` when creating the new `Settings` object, and then we return that new object.

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ APP_NAME="ChimichangApp"

 And then update your `config.py` with:

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app03_an_py310/config.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app03_an_py39/config.py hl[9] *}

 /// tip

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ we would create that object for each request, and we would be reading the `.env`

 But as we are using the `@lru_cache` decorator on top, the `Settings` object will be created only once, the first time it's called. ✔️

-{* ../../docs_src/settings/app03_an_py310/main.py hl[1,11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/settings/app03_an_py39/main.py hl[1,11] *}

 Then for any subsequent call of `get_settings()` in the dependencies for the next requests, instead of executing the internal code of `get_settings()` and creating a new `Settings` object, it will return the same object that was returned on the first call, again and again.

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/sub-applications.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/sub-applications.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ If you need to have two independent FastAPI applications, with their own indepen

 First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its *path operations*:

-{* ../../docs_src/sub_applications/tutorial001_py310.py hl[3, 6:8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/sub_applications/tutorial001_py39.py hl[3, 6:8] *}

 ### Sub-application { #sub-application }

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Then, create your sub-application, and its *path operations*.

 This sub-application is just another standard FastAPI application, but this is the one that will be "mounted":

-{* ../../docs_src/sub_applications/tutorial001_py310.py hl[11, 14:16] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/sub_applications/tutorial001_py39.py hl[11, 14:16] *}

 ### Mount the sub-application { #mount-the-sub-application }

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ In your top-level application, `app`, mount the sub-application, `subapi`.

 In this case, it will be mounted at the path `/subapi`:

-{* ../../docs_src/sub_applications/tutorial001_py310.py hl[11, 19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/sub_applications/tutorial001_py39.py hl[11, 19] *}

 ### Check the automatic API docs { #check-the-automatic-api-docs }

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/templates.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/templates.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ $ pip install jinja2
 * Declare a `Request` parameter in the *path operation* that will return a template.
 * Use the `templates` you created to render and return a `TemplateResponse`, pass the name of the template, the request object, and a "context" dictionary with key-value pairs to be used inside of the Jinja2 template.

-{* ../../docs_src/templates/tutorial001_py310.py hl[4,11,15:18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/templates/tutorial001_py39.py hl[4,11,15:18] *}

 /// note

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-events.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-events.md
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@

 When you need `lifespan` to run in your tests, you can use the `TestClient` with a `with` statement:

-{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial004_py310.py hl[9:15,18,27:28,30:32,41:43] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial004_py39.py hl[9:15,18,27:28,30:32,41:43] *}


 You can read more details about the ["Running lifespan in tests in the official Starlette documentation site."](https://www.starlette.dev/lifespan/#running-lifespan-in-tests)

 For the deprecated `startup` and `shutdown` events, you can use the `TestClient` as follows:

-{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial003_py310.py hl[9:12,20:24] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial003_py39.py hl[9:12,20:24] *}
--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-websockets.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-websockets.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ You can use the same `TestClient` to test WebSockets.

 For this, you use the `TestClient` in a `with` statement, connecting to the WebSocket:

-{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002_py310.py hl[27:31] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002_py39.py hl[27:31] *}

 /// note

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/using-request-directly.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/using-request-directly.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Let's imagine you want to get the client's IP address/host inside of your *path

 For that you need to access the request directly.

-{* ../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,7:8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,7:8] *}

 By declaring a *path operation function* parameter with the type being the `Request` **FastAPI** will know to pass the `Request` in that parameter.

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/websockets.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/websockets.md
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ In production you would have one of the options above.

 But it's the simplest way to focus on the server-side of WebSockets and have a working example:

-{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2,6:38,41:43] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6:38,41:43] *}

 ## Create a `websocket` { #create-a-websocket }

 In your **FastAPI** application, create a `websocket`:

-{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,46:47] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,46:47] *}

 /// note | Technical Details

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ You could also use `from starlette.websockets import WebSocket`.

 In your WebSocket route you can `await` for messages and send messages.

-{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial001_py310.py hl[48:52] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial001_py39.py hl[48:52] *}

 You can receive and send binary, text, and JSON data.

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ With that you can connect the WebSocket and then send and receive messages:

 When a WebSocket connection is closed, the `await websocket.receive_text()` will raise a `WebSocketDisconnect` exception, which you can then catch and handle like in this example.

-{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial003_py310.py hl[79:81] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial003_py39.py hl[79:81] *}

 To try it out:

--- a/docs/en/docs/advanced/wsgi.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/advanced/wsgi.md
@@ -6,29 +6,13 @@ For that, you can use the `WSGIMiddleware` and use it to wrap your WSGI applicat

 ## Using `WSGIMiddleware` { #using-wsgimiddleware }

-/// info
-
-This requires installing `a2wsgi` for example with `pip install a2wsgi`.
-
-///
-
-You need to import `WSGIMiddleware` from `a2wsgi`.
+You need to import `WSGIMiddleware`.

 Then wrap the WSGI (e.g. Flask) app with the middleware.

 And then mount that under a path.

-{* ../../docs_src/wsgi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,3,23] *}
-
-/// note
-
-Previously, it was recommended to use `WSGIMiddleware` from `fastapi.middleware.wsgi`, but it is now deprecated.
-
-It’s advised to use the `a2wsgi` package instead. The usage remains the same.
-
-Just ensure that you have the `a2wsgi` package installed and import `WSGIMiddleware` correctly from `a2wsgi`.
-
-///
+{* ../../docs_src/wsgi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2:3,3] *}

 ## Check it { #check-it }

--- a/docs/en/docs/alternatives.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/alternatives.md
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ There are several Flask REST frameworks, but after investing the time and work i

 ### <a href="https://marshmallow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Marshmallow</a> { #marshmallow }

-One of the main features needed by API systems is data "<dfn title="also called marshalling, conversion">serialization</dfn>" which is taking data from the code (Python) and converting it into something that can be sent through the network. For example, converting an object containing data from a database into a JSON object. Converting `datetime` objects into strings, etc.
+One of the main features needed by API systems is data "<abbr title="also called marshalling, conversion">serialization</abbr>" which is taking data from the code (Python) and converting it into something that can be sent through the network. For example, converting an object containing data from a database into a JSON object. Converting `datetime` objects into strings, etc.

 Another big feature needed by APIs is data validation, making sure that the data is valid, given certain parameters. For example, that some field is an `int`, and not some random string. This is especially useful for incoming data.

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Without a data validation system, you would have to do all the checks by hand, i

 These features are what Marshmallow was built to provide. It is a great library, and I have used it a lot before.

-But it was created before there existed Python type hints. So, to define every <dfn title="the definition of how data should be formed">schema</dfn> you need to use specific utils and classes provided by Marshmallow.
+But it was created before there existed Python type hints. So, to define every <abbr title="the definition of how data should be formed">schema</abbr> you need to use specific utils and classes provided by Marshmallow.

 /// check | Inspired **FastAPI** to

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Use code to define "schemas" that provide data types and validation, automatical

 ### <a href="https://webargs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Webargs</a> { #webargs }

-Another big feature required by APIs is <dfn title="reading and converting to Python data">parsing</dfn> data from incoming requests.
+Another big feature required by APIs is <abbr title="reading and converting to Python data">parsing</abbr> data from incoming requests.

 Webargs is a tool that was made to provide that on top of several frameworks, including Flask.

@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ Handle all the data validation, data serialization and automatic model documenta

 ### <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> { #starlette }

-Starlette is a lightweight <dfn title="The new standard for building asynchronous Python web applications">ASGI</dfn> framework/toolkit, which is ideal for building high-performance asyncio services.
+Starlette is a lightweight <abbr title="The new standard for building asynchronous Python web applications">ASGI</abbr> framework/toolkit, which is ideal for building high-performance asyncio services.

 It is very simple and intuitive. It's designed to be easily extensible, and have modular components.

--- a/docs/en/docs/contributing.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/contributing.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Create a virtual environment and install the required packages with <a href="htt
 <div class="termy">

 ```console
-$ uv sync --extra all
+$ uv sync

 ---> 100%
 ```
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ That way, you don't have to "install" your local version to be able to test ever

 /// note | Technical Details

-This only happens when you install using `uv sync --extra all` instead of running `pip install fastapi` directly.
+This only happens when you install using `uv sync` instead of running `pip install fastapi` directly.

-That is because `uv sync --extra all` will install the local version of FastAPI in "editable" mode by default.
+That is because `uv sync` will install the local version of FastAPI in "editable" mode by default.

 ///

@@ -179,23 +179,19 @@ as Uvicorn by default will use the port `8000`, the documentation on port `8008`

 Help with translations is VERY MUCH appreciated! And it can't be done without the help from the community. 🌎 🚀

+Here are the steps to help with translations.
+
+#### Review Translation PRs
+
 Translation pull requests are made by LLMs guided with prompts designed by the FastAPI team together with the community of native speakers for each supported language.

-#### LLM Prompt per Language
+These translations are normally still reviewed by native speakers, and here's where you can help!

-Each language has a directory: <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/tree/master/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/tree/master/docs</a>, in it you can see a file `llm-prompt.md` with the prompt specific for that language.
+* Check the currently <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pulls" class="external-link" target="_blank">existing pull requests</a> for your language. You can filter the pull requests by the ones with the label for your language. For example, for Spanish, the label is <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+sort%3Aupdated-desc+label%3Alang-es+label%3Aawaiting-review" class="external-link" target="_blank">`lang-es`</a>.

-For example, for Spanish, the prompt is at: <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/blob/master/docs/es/llm-prompt.md" class="external-link" target="_blank">`docs/es/llm-prompt.md`</a>.
+* When reviewing a pull request, it's better not to suggest changes in the same pull request, because it is LLM generated, and it won't be possible to make sure that small individual changes are replicated in other similar sections, or that they are preserved when translating the same content again.

-If you see mistakes in your language, you can make suggestions to the prompt in that file for your language, and request the specific pages you would like to re-generate after the changes.
-
-#### Reviewing Translation PRs
-
-You can also check the currently <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pulls" class="external-link" target="_blank">existing pull requests</a> for your language. You can filter the pull requests by the ones with the label for your language. For example, for Spanish, the label is <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+sort%3Aupdated-desc+label%3Alang-es+label%3Aawaiting-review" class="external-link" target="_blank">`lang-es`</a>.
-
-When reviewing a pull request, it's better not to suggest changes in the same pull request, because it is LLM generated, and it won't be possible to make sure that small individual changes are replicated in other similar sections, or that they are preserved when translating the same content again.
-
-Instead of adding suggestions to the translation PR, make the suggestions to the LLM prompt file for that language, in a new PR. For example, for Spanish, the LLM prompt file is at: <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/blob/master/docs/es/llm-prompt.md" class="external-link" target="_blank">`docs/es/llm-prompt.md`</a>.
+* Instead of adding suggestions to the translation PR, make the suggestions to the LLM prompt file for that language, in a new PR. For example, for Spanish, the LLM prompt file is at: <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/blob/master/docs/es/llm-prompt.md" class="external-link" target="_blank">`docs/es/llm-prompt.md`</a>.

 /// tip

@@ -205,9 +201,9 @@ Check the docs about <a href="https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-wi

 #### Subscribe to Notifications for Your Language

-Check if there's a <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/discussions/categories/translations" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Discussion</a> to coordinate translations for your language. You can subscribe to it, and when there's a new pull request to review, an automatic comment will be added to the discussion.
+* Check if there's a <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/discussions/categories/translations" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Discussion</a> to coordinate translations for your language. You can subscribe to it, and when there's a new pull request to review, an automatic comment will be added to the discussion.

-To check the 2-letter code for the language you want to translate, you can use the table <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes" class="external-link" target="_blank">List of ISO 639-1 codes</a>.
+* To check the 2-letter code for the language you want to translate, you can use the table <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes" class="external-link" target="_blank">List of ISO 639-1 codes</a>.

 #### Request a New Language

--- a/docs/en/docs/css/custom.css
+++ b/docs/en/docs/css/custom.css
@@ -203,8 +203,3 @@ Inspired by Termynal's CSS tricks with modifications
  -webkit-box-shadow: 25px 0 0 #f4c025, 50px 0 0 #3ec930;
          box-shadow: 25px 0 0 #f4c025, 50px 0 0 #3ec930;
 }
-
-.md-typeset dfn {
-  border-bottom: .05rem dotted var(--md-default-fg-color--light);
-  cursor: help;
-}
--- a/docs/en/docs/deployment/docker.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/deployment/docker.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ In a hurry and already know this stuff? Jump to the [`Dockerfile` below 👇](#b
 <summary>Dockerfile Preview 👀</summary>

 ```Dockerfile
-FROM python:3.14
+FROM python:3.9

 WORKDIR /code

@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ There are other formats and tools to define and install package dependencies.
 * Create a `main.py` file with:

 ```Python
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ Now in the same project directory create a file `Dockerfile` with:

 ```{ .dockerfile .annotate }
 # (1)!
-FROM python:3.14
+FROM python:3.9

 # (2)!
 WORKDIR /code
@@ -390,7 +392,7 @@ If your FastAPI is a single file, for example, `main.py` without an `./app` dire
 Then you would just have to change the corresponding paths to copy the file inside the `Dockerfile`:

 ```{ .dockerfile .annotate hl_lines="10  13" }
-FROM python:3.14
+FROM python:3.9

 WORKDIR /code

@@ -454,7 +456,7 @@ Without using containers, making applications run on startup and with restarts c

 ## Replication - Number of Processes { #replication-number-of-processes }

-If you have a <dfn title="A group of machines that are configured to be connected and work together in some way.">cluster</dfn> of machines with **Kubernetes**, Docker Swarm Mode, Nomad, or another similar complex system to manage distributed containers on multiple machines, then you will probably want to **handle replication** at the **cluster level** instead of using a **process manager** (like Uvicorn with workers) in each container.
+If you have a <abbr title="A group of machines that are configured to be connected and work together in some way.">cluster</abbr> of machines with **Kubernetes**, Docker Swarm Mode, Nomad, or another similar complex system to manage distributed containers on multiple machines, then you will probably want to **handle replication** at the **cluster level** instead of using a **process manager** (like Uvicorn with workers) in each container.

 One of those distributed container management systems like Kubernetes normally has some integrated way of handling **replication of containers** while still supporting **load balancing** for the incoming requests. All at the **cluster level**.

@@ -499,7 +501,7 @@ Of course, there are **special cases** where you could want to have **a containe
 In those cases, you can use the `--workers` command line option to set the number of workers that you want to run:

 ```{ .dockerfile .annotate }
-FROM python:3.14
+FROM python:3.9

 WORKDIR /code

--- a/docs/en/docs/deployment/https.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/deployment/https.md
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Here's an example of how an HTTPS API could look like, step by step, paying atte

 It would probably all start by you **acquiring** some **domain name**. Then, you would configure it in a DNS server (possibly your same cloud provider).

-You would probably get a cloud server (a virtual machine) or something similar, and it would have a <dfn title="Doesn't change over time. Not dynamic.">fixed</dfn> **public IP address**.
+You would probably get a cloud server (a virtual machine) or something similar, and it would have a <abbr title="That doesn't change">fixed</abbr> **public IP address**.

 In the DNS server(s) you would configure a record (an "`A record`") to point **your domain** to the public **IP address of your server**.

--- a/docs/en/docs/features.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/features.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@

 ### Based on open standards { #based-on-open-standards }

-* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>OpenAPI</strong></a> for API creation, including declarations of <dfn title="also known as: endpoints, routes">path</dfn> <dfn title="also known as HTTP methods, as POST, GET, PUT, DELETE">operations</dfn>, parameters, request bodies, security, etc.
+* <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>OpenAPI</strong></a> for API creation, including declarations of <abbr title="also known as: endpoints, routes">path</abbr> <abbr title="also known as HTTP methods, as POST, GET, PUT, DELETE">operations</abbr>, parameters, request bodies, security, etc.
 * Automatic data model documentation with <a href="https://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>JSON Schema</strong></a> (as OpenAPI itself is based on JSON Schema).
 * Designed around these standards, after a meticulous study. Instead of an afterthought layer on top.
 * This also allows using automatic **client code generation** in many languages.
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ All built as reusable tools and components that are easy to integrate with your

 ### Dependency Injection { #dependency-injection }

-FastAPI includes an extremely easy to use, but extremely powerful <dfn title='also known as "components", "resources", "services", "providers"'><strong>Dependency Injection</strong></dfn> system.
+FastAPI includes an extremely easy to use, but extremely powerful <abbr title='also known as "components", "resources", "services", "providers"'><strong>Dependency Injection</strong></abbr> system.

 * Even dependencies can have dependencies, creating a hierarchy or **"graph" of dependencies**.
 * All **automatically handled** by the framework.
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ Any integration is designed to be so simple to use (with dependencies) that you

 ### Tested { #tested }

-* 100% <dfn title="The amount of code that is automatically tested">test coverage</dfn>.
-* 100% <dfn title="Python type annotations, with this your editor and external tools can give you better support">type annotated</dfn> code base.
+* 100% <abbr title="The amount of code that is automatically tested">test coverage</abbr>.
+* 100% <abbr title="Python type annotations, with this your editor and external tools can give you better support">type annotated</abbr> code base.
 * Used in production applications.

 ## Starlette features { #starlette-features }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ With **FastAPI** you get all of **Pydantic**'s features (as FastAPI is based on
 * **No brainfuck**:
    * No new schema definition micro-language to learn.
    * If you know Python types you know how to use Pydantic.
-* Plays nicely with your **<abbr title="Integrated Development Environment: similar to a code editor">IDE</abbr>/<dfn title="A program that checks for code errors">linter</dfn>/brain**:
+* Plays nicely with your **<abbr title="Integrated Development Environment: similar to a code editor">IDE</abbr>/<abbr title="A program that checks for code errors">linter</abbr>/brain**:
    * Because pydantic data structures are just instances of classes you define; auto-completion, linting, mypy and your intuition should all work properly with your validated data.
 * Validate **complex structures**:
    * Use of hierarchical Pydantic models, Python `typing`’s `List` and `Dict`, etc.
--- a/docs/en/docs/how-to/authentication-error-status-code.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/how-to/authentication-error-status-code.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ But if for some reason your clients depend on the old behavior, you can revert t

 For example, you can create a subclass of `HTTPBearer` that returns a `403 Forbidden` error instead of the default `401 Unauthorized` error:

-{* ../../docs_src/authentication_error_status_code/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[9:13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/authentication_error_status_code/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[9:13] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/how-to/conditional-openapi.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/how-to/conditional-openapi.md
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ You can easily use the same Pydantic settings to configure your generated OpenAP

 For example:

-{* ../../docs_src/conditional_openapi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6,11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/conditional_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6,11] *}

 Here we declare the setting `openapi_url` with the same default of `"/openapi.json"`.

--- a/docs/en/docs/how-to/configure-swagger-ui.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/how-to/configure-swagger-ui.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Without changing the settings, syntax highlighting is enabled by default:

 But you can disable it by setting `syntaxHighlight` to `False`:

-{* ../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial001_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial001_py39.py hl[3] *}

 ...and then Swagger UI won't show the syntax highlighting anymore:

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ But you can disable it by setting `syntaxHighlight` to `False`:

 The same way you could set the syntax highlighting theme with the key `"syntaxHighlight.theme"` (notice that it has a dot in the middle):

-{* ../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial002_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial002_py39.py hl[3] *}

 That configuration would change the syntax highlighting color theme:

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ You can override any of them by setting a different value in the argument `swagg

 For example, to disable `deepLinking` you could pass these settings to `swagger_ui_parameters`:

-{* ../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial003_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial003_py39.py hl[3] *}

 ## Other Swagger UI Parameters { #other-swagger-ui-parameters }

--- a/docs/en/docs/how-to/custom-docs-ui-assets.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/how-to/custom-docs-ui-assets.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The first step is to disable the automatic docs, as by default, those use the de

 To disable them, set their URLs to `None` when creating your `FastAPI` app:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial001_py310.py hl[8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial001_py39.py hl[8] *}

 ### Include the custom docs { #include-the-custom-docs }

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ You can reuse FastAPI's internal functions to create the HTML pages for the docs

 And similarly for ReDoc...

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2:6,11:19,22:24,27:33] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2:6,11:19,22:24,27:33] *}

 /// tip

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Swagger UI will handle it behind the scenes for you, but it needs this "redirect

 Now, to be able to test that everything works, create a *path operation*:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial001_py310.py hl[36:38] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial001_py39.py hl[36:38] *}

 ### Test it { #test-it }

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ After that, your file structure could look like:
 * Import `StaticFiles`.
 * "Mount" a `StaticFiles()` instance in a specific path.

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py310.py hl[7,11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py39.py hl[7,11] *}

 ### Test the static files { #test-the-static-files }

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ The same as when using a custom CDN, the first step is to disable the automatic

 To disable them, set their URLs to `None` when creating your `FastAPI` app:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py39.py hl[9] *}

 ### Include the custom docs for static files { #include-the-custom-docs-for-static-files }

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Again, you can reuse FastAPI's internal functions to create the HTML pages for t

 And similarly for ReDoc...

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py310.py hl[2:6,14:22,25:27,30:36] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py39.py hl[2:6,14:22,25:27,30:36] *}

 /// tip

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ Swagger UI will handle it behind the scenes for you, but it needs this "redirect

 Now, to be able to test that everything works, create a *path operation*:

-{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py310.py hl[39:41] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/custom_docs_ui/tutorial002_py39.py hl[39:41] *}

 ### Test Static Files UI { #test-static-files-ui }

--- a/docs/en/docs/how-to/extending-openapi.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/how-to/extending-openapi.md
@@ -43,19 +43,19 @@ For example, let's add <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc/blob/master/doc

 First, write all your **FastAPI** application as normally:

-{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,4,7:9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,4,7:9] *}

 ### Generate the OpenAPI schema { #generate-the-openapi-schema }

 Then, use the same utility function to generate the OpenAPI schema, inside a `custom_openapi()` function:

-{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2,15:21] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,15:21] *}

 ### Modify the OpenAPI schema { #modify-the-openapi-schema }

 Now you can add the ReDoc extension, adding a custom `x-logo` to the `info` "object" in the OpenAPI schema:

-{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[22:24] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[22:24] *}

 ### Cache the OpenAPI schema { #cache-the-openapi-schema }

@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ That way, your application won't have to generate the schema every time a user o

 It will be generated only once, and then the same cached schema will be used for the next requests.

-{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[13:14,25:26] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[13:14,25:26] *}

 ### Override the method { #override-the-method }

 Now you can replace the `.openapi()` method with your new function.

-{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py310.py hl[29] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[29] *}

 ### Check it { #check-it }

--- a/docs/en/docs/how-to/graphql.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/how-to/graphql.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Depending on your use case, you might prefer to use a different library, but if

 Here's a small preview of how you could integrate Strawberry with FastAPI:

-{* ../../docs_src/graphql_/tutorial001_py310.py hl[3,22,25] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/graphql_/tutorial001_py39.py hl[3,22,25] *}

 You can learn more about Strawberry in the <a href="https://strawberry.rocks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Strawberry documentation</a>.

--- a/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/testmu.png
+++ b/docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/testmu.png
--- a/docs/en/docs/index.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/index.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The key features are:
 * **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).
 * **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300%. *
 * **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
-* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <dfn title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</dfn> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
 * **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
 * **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
 * **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ $ pip install "fastapi[standard]"
 Create a file `main.py` with:

 ```Python
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -181,7 +183,9 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):

 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:

-```Python hl_lines="7  12"
+```Python hl_lines="9  14"
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI

 app = FastAPI()
@@ -193,7 +197,7 @@ async def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```

@@ -284,7 +288,9 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.

 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.

-```Python hl_lines="2  7-10 23-25"
+```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
+from typing import Union
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel

@@ -294,7 +300,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
-    is_offer: bool | None = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
@@ -303,7 +309,7 @@ def read_root():


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@@ -368,7 +374,7 @@ item: Item
 * Validation of data:
    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
-* <dfn title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</dfn> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
    * JSON.
    * Path parameters.
    * Query parameters.
@@ -376,7 +382,7 @@ item: Item
    * Headers.
    * Forms.
    * Files.
-* <dfn title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</dfn> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
    * Convert Python types (`str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, etc).
    * `datetime` objects.
    * `UUID` objects.
@@ -439,7 +445,7 @@ For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fa

 * Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
 * How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
-* A very powerful and easy to use **<dfn title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</dfn>** system.
+* A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
 * Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
 * More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
 * **GraphQL** integration with <a href="https://strawberry.rocks" class="external-link" target="_blank">Strawberry</a> and other libraries.
@@ -524,7 +530,7 @@ Used by Starlette:

 * <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" target="_blank"><code>httpx</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
 * <a href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
-* <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <dfn title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</dfn>, with `request.form()`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.

 Used by FastAPI:

--- a/docs/en/docs/python-types.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/python-types.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 Python has support for optional "type hints" (also called "type annotations").

-These **"type hints"** or annotations are a special syntax that allow declaring the <dfn title="for example: str, int, float, bool">type</dfn> of a variable.
+These **"type hints"** or annotations are a special syntax that allow declaring the <abbr title="for example: str, int, float, bool">type</abbr> of a variable.

 By declaring types for your variables, editors and tools can give you better support.

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ If you are a Python expert, and you already know everything about type hints, sk

 Let's start with a simple example:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001_py310.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001_py39.py *}

 Calling this program outputs:

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ The function does the following:

 * Takes a `first_name` and `last_name`.
 * Converts the first letter of each one to upper case with `title()`.
-* <dfn title="Puts them together, as one. With the contents of one after the other.">Concatenates</dfn> them with a space in the middle.
+* <abbr title="Puts them together, as one. With the contents of one after the other.">Concatenates</abbr> them with a space in the middle.

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2] *}

 ### Edit it { #edit-it }

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ That's it.

 Those are the "type hints":

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1] *}

 That is not the same as declaring default values like would be with:

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ With that, you can scroll, seeing the options, until you find the one that "ring

 Check this function, it already has type hints:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial003_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial003_py39.py hl[1] *}

 Because the editor knows the types of the variables, you don't only get completion, you also get error checks:

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Because the editor knows the types of the variables, you don't only get completi

 Now you know that you have to fix it, convert `age` to a string with `str(age)`:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004_py310.py hl[2] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial004_py39.py hl[2] *}

 ## Declaring types { #declaring-types }

@@ -133,32 +133,29 @@ You can use, for example:
 * `bool`
 * `bytes`

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial005_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial005_py39.py hl[1] *}

-### `typing` module { #typing-module }
+### Generic types with type parameters { #generic-types-with-type-parameters }

-For some additional use cases, you might need to import some things from the standard library `typing` module, for example when you want to declare that something has "any type", you can use `Any` from `typing`:
+There are some data structures that can contain other values, like `dict`, `list`, `set` and `tuple`. And the internal values can have their own type too.

-```python
-from typing import Any
+These types that have internal types are called "**generic**" types. And it's possible to declare them, even with their internal types.

+To declare those types and the internal types, you can use the standard Python module `typing`. It exists specifically to support these type hints.

-def some_function(data: Any):
-    print(data)
-```
+#### Newer versions of Python { #newer-versions-of-python }

-### Generic types { #generic-types }
+The syntax using `typing` is **compatible** with all versions, from Python 3.6 to the latest ones, including Python 3.9, Python 3.10, etc.

-Some types can take "type parameters" in square brackets, to define their internal types, for example a "list of strings" would be declared `list[str]`.
+As Python advances, **newer versions** come with improved support for these type annotations and in many cases you won't even need to import and use the `typing` module to declare the type annotations.

-These types that can take type parameters are called **Generic types** or **Generics**.
+If you can choose a more recent version of Python for your project, you will be able to take advantage of that extra simplicity.

-You can use the same builtin types as generics (with square brackets and types inside):
+In all the docs there are examples compatible with each version of Python (when there's a difference).

-* `list`
-* `tuple`
-* `set`
-* `dict`
+For example "**Python 3.6+**" means it's compatible with Python 3.6 or above (including 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, etc). And "**Python 3.9+**" means it's compatible with Python 3.9 or above (including 3.10, etc).
+
+If you can use the **latest versions of Python**, use the examples for the latest version, those will have the **best and simplest syntax**, for example, "**Python 3.10+**".

 #### List { #list }

@@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ As the type, put `list`.

 As the list is a type that contains some internal types, you put them in square brackets:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial006_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial006_py39.py hl[1] *}

 /// info

@@ -196,7 +193,7 @@ And still, the editor knows it is a `str`, and provides support for that.

 You would do the same to declare `tuple`s and `set`s:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial007_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial007_py39.py hl[1] *}

 This means:

@@ -211,7 +208,7 @@ The first type parameter is for the keys of the `dict`.

 The second type parameter is for the values of the `dict`:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008_py39.py hl[1] *}

 This means:

@@ -223,20 +220,44 @@ This means:

 You can declare that a variable can be any of **several types**, for example, an `int` or a `str`.

-To define it you use the <dfn title='also called "bitwise or operator", but that meaning is not relevant here'>vertical bar (`|`)</dfn> to separate both types.
+In Python 3.6 and above (including Python 3.10) you can use the `Union` type from `typing` and put inside the square brackets the possible types to accept.

-This is called a "union", because the variable can be anything in the union of those two sets of types.
+In Python 3.10 there's also a **new syntax** where you can put the possible types separated by a <abbr title='also called "bitwise or operator", but that meaning is not relevant here'>vertical bar (`|`)</abbr>.
+
+//// tab | Python 3.10+

 ```Python hl_lines="1"
 {!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008b_py310.py!}
 ```

-This means that `item` could be an `int` or a `str`.
+////
+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4"
+{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008b_py39.py!}
+```
+
+////
+
+In both cases this means that `item` could be an `int` or a `str`.

 #### Possibly `None` { #possibly-none }

 You can declare that a value could have a type, like `str`, but that it could also be `None`.

+In Python 3.6 and above (including Python 3.10) you can declare it by importing and using `Optional` from the `typing` module.
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4"
+{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
+```
+
+Using `Optional[str]` instead of just `str` will let the editor help you detect errors where you could be assuming that a value is always a `str`, when it could actually be `None` too.
+
+`Optional[Something]` is actually a shortcut for `Union[Something, None]`, they are equivalent.
+
+This also means that in Python 3.10, you can use `Something | None`:
+
 //// tab | Python 3.10+

 ```Python hl_lines="1"
@@ -245,7 +266,96 @@ You can declare that a value could have a type, like `str`, but that it could al

 ////

-Using `str | None` instead of just `str` will let the editor help you detect errors where you could be assuming that a value is always a `str`, when it could actually be `None` too.
+//// tab | Python 3.9+
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4"
+{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
+```
+
+////
+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ alternative
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4"
+{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009b_py39.py!}
+```
+
+////
+
+#### Using `Union` or `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }
+
+If you are using a Python version below 3.10, here's a tip from my very **subjective** point of view:
+
+* 🚨 Avoid using `Optional[SomeType]`
+* Instead ✨ **use `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.
+
+Both are equivalent and underneath they are the same, but I would recommend `Union` instead of `Optional` because the word "**optional**" would seem to imply that the value is optional, and it actually means "it can be `None`", even if it's not optional and is still required.
+
+I think `Union[SomeType, None]` is more explicit about what it means.
+
+It's just about the words and names. But those words can affect how you and your teammates think about the code.
+
+As an example, let's take this function:
+
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c_py39.py hl[1,4] *}
+
+The parameter `name` is defined as `Optional[str]`, but it is **not optional**, you cannot call the function without the parameter:
+
+```Python
+say_hi()  # Oh, no, this throws an error! 😱
+```
+
+The `name` parameter is **still required** (not *optional*) because it doesn't have a default value. Still, `name` accepts `None` as the value:
+
+```Python
+say_hi(name=None)  # This works, None is valid 🎉
+```
+
+The good news is, once you are on Python 3.10 you won't have to worry about that, as you will be able to simply use `|` to define unions of types:
+
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c_py310.py hl[1,4] *}
+
+And then you won't have to worry about names like `Optional` and `Union`. 😎
+
+#### Generic types { #generic-types }
+
+These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic types** or **Generics**, for example:
+
+//// tab | Python 3.10+
+
+You can use the same builtin types as generics (with square brackets and types inside):
+
+* `list`
+* `tuple`
+* `set`
+* `dict`
+
+And the same as with previous Python versions, from the `typing` module:
+
+* `Union`
+* `Optional`
+* ...and others.
+
+In Python 3.10, as an alternative to using the generics `Union` and `Optional`, you can use the <abbr title='also called "bitwise or operator", but that meaning is not relevant here'>vertical bar (`|`)</abbr> to declare unions of types, that's a lot better and simpler.
+
+////
+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+
+
+You can use the same builtin types as generics (with square brackets and types inside):
+
+* `list`
+* `tuple`
+* `set`
+* `dict`
+
+And generics from the `typing` module:
+
+* `Union`
+* `Optional`
+* ...and others.
+
+////

 ### Classes as types { #classes-as-types }

@@ -253,11 +363,11 @@ You can also declare a class as the type of a variable.

 Let's say you have a class `Person`, with a name:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010_py310.py hl[1:3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010_py39.py hl[1:3] *}

 Then you can declare a variable to be of type `Person`:

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010_py39.py hl[6] *}

 And then, again, you get all the editor support:

@@ -293,13 +403,19 @@ To learn more about <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/" class="external-link" t

 You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

+/// tip
+
+Pydantic has a special behavior when you use `Optional` or `Union[Something, None]` without a default value, you can read more about it in the Pydantic docs about <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.3/usage/models/#required-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">Required Optional fields</a>.
+
+///
+
 ## Type Hints with Metadata Annotations { #type-hints-with-metadata-annotations }

-Python also has a feature that allows putting **additional <dfn title="Data about the data, in this case, information about the type, e.g. a description.">metadata</dfn>** in these type hints using `Annotated`.
+Python also has a feature that allows putting **additional <abbr title="Data about the data, in this case, information about the type, e.g. a description.">metadata</abbr>** in these type hints using `Annotated`.

-You can import `Annotated` from `typing`.
+Since Python 3.9, `Annotated` is a part of the standard library, so you can import it from `typing`.

-{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial013_py310.py hl[1,4] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial013_py39.py hl[1,4] *}

 Python itself doesn't do anything with this `Annotated`. And for editors and other tools, the type is still `str`.

--- a/docs/en/docs/reference/middleware.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/reference/middleware.md
@@ -35,3 +35,11 @@ It can be imported from `fastapi`:
 ```python
 from fastapi.middleware.trustedhost import TrustedHostMiddleware
 ```
+
+::: fastapi.middleware.wsgi.WSGIMiddleware
+
+It can be imported from `fastapi`:
+
+```python
+from fastapi.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
+```
--- a/docs/en/docs/reference/request.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/reference/request.md
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@

 You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency to be of type `Request` and then you can access the raw request object directly, without any validation, etc.

-Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs about using Request directly](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/using-request-directly/)
-
 You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

 ```python
--- a/docs/en/docs/reference/response.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/reference/response.md
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency to be o

 You can also use it directly to create an instance of it and return it from your *path operations*.

-Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs about returning a custom Response](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/response-directly/#returning-a-custom-response)
-
 You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

 ```python
--- a/docs/en/docs/reference/responses.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/reference/responses.md
@@ -56,8 +56,6 @@ There are a couple of custom FastAPI response classes, you can use them to optim

 ## Starlette Responses

-You can read more about all of them in the [FastAPI docs for Custom Response](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/) and in the [Starlette docs about Responses](https://starlette.dev/responses/).
-
 ::: fastapi.responses.FileResponse
    options:
        members:
--- a/docs/en/docs/reference/security/index.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/reference/security/index.md
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ from fastapi.security import (
 )
 ```

-Read more about them in the [FastAPI docs about Security](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/).
-
 ## API Key Security Schemes

 ::: fastapi.security.APIKeyCookie
--- a/docs/en/docs/reference/websockets.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/reference/websockets.md
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@

 When defining WebSockets, you normally declare a parameter of type `WebSocket` and with it you can read data from the client and send data to it.

-Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/)
-
 It is provided directly by Starlette, but you can import it from `fastapi`:

 ```python
@@ -46,6 +44,16 @@ When you want to define dependencies that should be compatible with both HTTP an
            - send_json
            - close

+When a client disconnects, a `WebSocketDisconnect` exception is raised, you can catch it.
+
+You can import it directly form `fastapi`:
+
+```python
+from fastapi import WebSocketDisconnect
+```
+
+::: fastapi.WebSocketDisconnect
+
 ## WebSockets - additional classes

 Additional classes for handling WebSockets.
@@ -58,16 +66,4 @@ from fastapi.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect, WebSocketState

 ::: fastapi.websockets.WebSocketDisconnect

-When a client disconnects, a `WebSocketDisconnect` exception is raised, you can catch it.
-
-You can import it directly form `fastapi`:
-
-```python
-from fastapi import WebSocketDisconnect
-```
-
-Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/#handling-disconnections-and-multiple-clients)
-
 ::: fastapi.websockets.WebSocketState
-
-`WebSocketState` is an enumeration of the possible states of a WebSocket connection.
--- a/docs/en/docs/release-notes.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/release-notes.md
@@ -7,186 +7,8 @@ hide:

 ## Latest Changes

-## 0.129.0
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-* ➖ Drop support for Python 3.9. PR [#14897](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14897) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Refactors
-
-* 🎨 Update internal types for Python 3.10. PR [#14898](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14898) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
 ### Docs

-* 📝 Update highlights in webhooks docs. PR [#14905](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14905) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 📝 Update source examples and docs from Python 3.9 to 3.10. PR [#14900](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14900) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Internal
-
-* 🔨 Update docs.py scripts to migrate Python 3.9 to Python 3.10. PR [#14906](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14906) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-## 0.128.8
-
-### Docs
-
-* 📝 Fix grammar in `docs/en/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md`. PR [#14708](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14708) by [@SanjanaS10](https://github.com/SanjanaS10).
-
-### Internal
-
-* 🔨 Tweak PDM hook script. PR [#14895](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14895) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* ♻️ Update build setup for `fastapi-slim`, deprecate it, and make it only depend on `fastapi`. PR [#14894](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14894) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-## 0.128.7
-
-### Features
-
-* ✨ Show a clear error on attempt to include router into itself. PR [#14258](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14258) by [@JavierSanchezCastro](https://github.com/JavierSanchezCastro).
-* ✨ Replace `dict` by `Mapping` on `HTTPException.headers`. PR [#12997](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/12997) by [@rijenkii](https://github.com/rijenkii).
-
-### Refactors
-
-* ♻️ Simplify reading files in memory, do it sequentially instead of (fake) parallel. PR [#14884](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14884) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Docs
-
-* 📝 Use `dfn` tag for definitions instead of `abbr` in docs. PR [#14744](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14744) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-
-### Internal
-
-* ✅ Tweak comment in test to reference PR. PR [#14885](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14885) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🔧 Update LLM-prompt for `abbr` and `dfn` tags. PR [#14747](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14747) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* ✅ Test order for the submitted byte Files. PR [#14828](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14828) by [@valentinDruzhinin](https://github.com/valentinDruzhinin).
-* 🔧 Configure `test` workflow to run tests with `inline-snapshot=review`. PR [#14876](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14876) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-
-## 0.128.6
-
-### Fixes
-
-* 🐛 Fix `on_startup` and `on_shutdown` parameters of `APIRouter`. PR [#14873](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14873) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-
-### Translations
-
-* 🌐 Update translations for zh (update-outdated). PR [#14843](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14843) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Internal
-
-* ✅ Fix parameterized tests with snapshots. PR [#14875](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14875) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-
-## 0.128.5
-
-### Refactors
-
-* ♻️ Refactor and simplify Pydantic v2 (and v1) compatibility internal utils. PR [#14862](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14862) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Internal
-
-* ✅ Add inline snapshot tests for OpenAPI before changes from Pydantic v2. PR [#14864](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14864) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-## 0.128.4
-
-### Refactors
-
-* ♻️ Refactor internals, simplify Pydantic v2/v1 utils, `create_model_field`, better types for `lenient_issubclass`. PR [#14860](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14860) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* ♻️ Simplify internals, remove Pydantic v1 only logic, no longer needed. PR [#14857](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14857) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* ♻️ Refactor internals, cleanup unneeded Pydantic v1 specific logic. PR [#14856](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14856) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Translations
-
-* 🌐 Update translations for fr (outdated pages). PR [#14839](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14839) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 🌐 Update translations for tr (outdated and missing). PR [#14838](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14838) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-
-### Internal
-
-* ⬆️ Upgrade development dependencies. PR [#14854](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14854) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-## 0.128.3
-
-### Refactors
-
-* ♻️ Re-implement `on_event` in FastAPI for compatibility with the next Starlette, while keeping backwards compatibility. PR [#14851](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14851) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Upgrades
-
-* ⬆️ Upgrade Starlette supported version range to `starlette>=0.40.0,<1.0.0`. PR [#14853](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14853) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Translations
-
-* 🌐 Update translations for ru (update-outdated). PR [#14834](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14834) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Internal
-
-* 👷 Run tests with Starlette from git. PR [#14849](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14849) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 👷 Run tests with lower bound uv sync, upgrade `fastapi[all]` minimum dependencies: `ujson >=5.8.0`, `orjson >=3.9.3`. PR [#14846](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14846) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-## 0.128.2
-
-### Features
-
-* ✨ Add support for PEP695 `TypeAliasType`. PR [#13920](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/13920) by [@cstruct](https://github.com/cstruct).
-* ✨ Allow `Response` type hint as dependency annotation. PR [#14794](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14794) by [@jonathan-fulton](https://github.com/jonathan-fulton).
-
-### Fixes
-
-* 🐛 Fix using `Json[list[str]]` type (issue #10997). PR [#14616](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14616) by [@mkanetsuna](https://github.com/mkanetsuna).
-
-### Docs
-
-* 📝 Update docs for translations. PR [#14830](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14830) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 📝 Fix duplicate word in `advanced-dependencies.md`. PR [#14815](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14815) by [@Rayyan-Oumlil](https://github.com/Rayyan-Oumlil).
-
-### Translations
-
-* 🌐 Enable Traditional Chinese translations. PR [#14842](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14842) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Enable French docs translations. PR [#14841](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14841) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for fr (translate-page). PR [#14837](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14837) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for de (update-outdated). PR [#14836](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14836) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for pt (update-outdated). PR [#14833](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14833) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for ko (update-outdated). PR [#14835](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14835) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for es (update-outdated). PR [#14832](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14832) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for tr (update-outdated). PR [#14831](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14831) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for tr (add-missing). PR [#14790](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14790) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for fr (update-outdated). PR [#14826](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14826) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for zh-hant (update-outdated). PR [#14825](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14825) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for uk (update-outdated). PR [#14822](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14822) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🔨 Update docs and translations scripts, enable Turkish. PR [#14824](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14824) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Internal
-
-* 🔨 Add max pages to translate to configs. PR [#14840](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14840) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-## 0.128.1
-
-### Features
-
-* ✨ Add `viewport` meta tag to improve Swagger UI on mobile devices. PR [#14777](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14777) by [@Joab0](https://github.com/Joab0).
-* 🚸 Improve error message for invalid query parameter type annotations. PR [#14479](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14479) by [@retwish](https://github.com/retwish).
-
-### Fixes
-
-* 🐛 Update `ValidationError` schema to include `input` and `ctx`. PR [#14791](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14791) by [@jonathan-fulton](https://github.com/jonathan-fulton).
-* 🐛 Fix TYPE_CHECKING annotations for Python 3.14 (PEP 649). PR [#14789](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14789) by [@mgu](https://github.com/mgu).
-* 🐛 Strip whitespaces from `Authorization` header credentials. PR [#14786](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14786) by [@WaveTheory1](https://github.com/WaveTheory1).
-* 🐛 Fix OpenAPI duplication of `anyOf` refs for app-level responses with specified `content` and `model` as `Union`. PR [#14463](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14463) by [@DJMcoder](https://github.com/DJMcoder).
-
-### Refactors
-
-* 🎨 Tweak types for mypy. PR [#14816](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14816) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🏷️ Re-export `IncEx` type from Pydantic instead of duplicating it. PR [#14641](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14641) by [@mvanderlee](https://github.com/mvanderlee).
-* 💡 Update comment for Pydantic internals. PR [#14814](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14814) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-
-### Docs
-
-* 📝 Update docs for contributing translations, simplify title. PR [#14817](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14817) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 📝 Fix typing issue in `docs_src/app_testing/app_b` code example. PR [#14573](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14573) by [@timakaa](https://github.com/timakaa).
-* 📝 Fix example of license identifier in documentation. PR [#14492](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14492) by [@johnson-earls](https://github.com/johnson-earls).
-* 📝 Add banner to translated pages. PR [#14809](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14809) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 📝 Add links to related sections of docs to docstrings. PR [#14776](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14776) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 📝 Update embedded code examples to Python 3.10 syntax. PR [#14758](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14758) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 📝 Fix dependency installation command in `docs/en/docs/contributing.md`. PR [#14757](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14757) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 📝 Use return type annotation instead of `response_model` when possible. PR [#14753](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14753) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 📝 Use `WSGIMiddleware` from `a2wsgi` instead of deprecated `fastapi.middleware.wsgi.WSGIMiddleware`. PR [#14756](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14756) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 📝 Fix minor typos in release notes. PR [#14780](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14780) by [@whyvineet](https://github.com/whyvineet).
 * 🐛 Fix copy button in custom.js. PR [#14722](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14722) by [@fcharrier](https://github.com/fcharrier).
 * 📝 Add contribution instructions about LLM generated code and comments and automated tools for PRs. PR [#14706](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14706) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 📝 Update docs for management tasks. PR [#14705](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14705) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
@@ -196,18 +18,6 @@ hide:

 ### Translations

-* 🌐 Improve LLM prompt of `uk` documentation. PR [#14795](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14795) by [@roli2py](https://github.com/roli2py).
-* 🌐 Update translations for ja (update-outdated). PR [#14588](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14588) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for uk (update outdated, found by fixer tool). PR [#14739](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14739) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 🌐 Update translations for tr (update-outdated). PR [#14745](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14745) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update `llm-prompt.md` for Korean language. PR [#14763](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14763) by [@seuthootDev](https://github.com/seuthootDev).
-* 🌐 Update translations for ko (update outdated, found by fixer tool). PR [#14738](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14738) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 🌐 Update translations for de (update-outdated). PR [#14690](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14690) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update LLM prompt for Russian translations. PR [#14733](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14733) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 🌐 Update translations for ru (update-outdated). PR [#14693](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14693) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update translations for pt (update-outdated). PR [#14724](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14724) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🌐 Update Korean LLM prompt. PR [#14740](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14740) by [@hard-coders](https://github.com/hard-coders).
-* 🌐 Improve LLM prompt for Turkish translations. PR [#14728](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14728) by [@Kadermiyanyedi](https://github.com/Kadermiyanyedi).
 * 🌐 Update portuguese llm-prompt.md. PR [#14702](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14702) by [@ceb10n](https://github.com/ceb10n).
 * 🌐 Update LLM prompt instructions file for French. PR [#14618](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14618) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * 🌐 Update translations for ko (add-missing). PR [#14699](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14699) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
@@ -220,22 +30,6 @@ hide:

 ### Internal

-* ⬇️ Downgrade LLM translations model to GPT-5 to reduce mistakes. PR [#14823](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14823) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🐛 Fix translation script commit in place. PR [#14818](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14818) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🔨 Update translation script to retry if LLM-response doesn't pass validation with Translation Fixer tool. PR [#14749](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14749) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* 👷 Run tests only on relevant code changes (not on docs). PR [#14813](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14813) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 👷 Run mypy by pre-commit. PR [#14806](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14806) by [@YuriiMotov](https://github.com/YuriiMotov).
-* ⬆ Bump ruff from 0.14.3 to 0.14.14. PR [#14798](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14798) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
-* ⬆ Bump pyasn1 from 0.6.1 to 0.6.2. PR [#14804](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14804) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
-* ⬆ Bump sqlmodel from 0.0.27 to 0.0.31. PR [#14802](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14802) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
-* ⬆ Bump mkdocs-macros-plugin from 1.4.1 to 1.5.0. PR [#14801](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14801) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
-* ⬆ Bump gitpython from 3.1.45 to 3.1.46. PR [#14800](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14800) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
-* ⬆ Bump typer from 0.16.0 to 0.21.1. PR [#14799](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14799) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
-* 👥 Update FastAPI GitHub topic repositories. PR [#14803](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14803) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 👥 Update FastAPI People - Contributors and Translators. PR [#14796](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14796) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🔧 Ensure that an edit to `uv.lock` gets the `internal` label. PR [#14759](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14759) by [@svlandeg](https://github.com/svlandeg).
-* 🔧 Update sponsors: remove Requestly. PR [#14735](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14735) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
-* 🔧 Update sponsors, LambdaTest changes to TestMu AI. PR [#14734](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14734) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/cache from 4 to 5. PR [#14511](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14511) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/upload-artifact from 5 to 6. PR [#14525](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14525) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
 * ⬆ Bump actions/download-artifact from 6 to 7. PR [#14526](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14526) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
@@ -478,7 +272,7 @@ hide:

 ### Refactors

-* 🔥 Remove dangling extra conditional no longer needed. PR [#14435](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14435) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔥 Remove dangling extra condiitonal no longer needed. PR [#14435](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14435) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 * ♻️ Refactor internals, update `is_coroutine` check to reuse internal supported variants (unwrap, check class). PR [#14434](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14434) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).

 ### Translations
@@ -613,7 +407,7 @@ hide:

 ### Docs

-* 📝 Update docs for advanced dependencies with `yield`, noting the changes in 0.121.0, adding `scope`. PR [#14287](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14287) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 📝 Upate docs for advanced dependencies with `yield`, noting the changes in 0.121.0, adding `scope`. PR [#14287](https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/14287) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).

 ### Internal

@@ -2841,7 +2635,7 @@ Read more in the [advisory: Content-Type Header ReDoS](https://github.com/tiango
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md`. PR [#1953](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1953) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/response-status-code.md`. PR [#1942](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1942) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md`. PR [#1941](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1941) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
-* 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/schema-extra-example.md`. PR [#1931](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1931) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
+* 🌐 Add Japanese tranlsation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/schema-extra-example.md`. PR [#1931](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1931) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md`. PR [#1930](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1930) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
 * 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md`. PR [#1923](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1923) by [@SwftAlpc](https://github.com/SwftAlpc).
 * 🌐 Add German translation for `docs/de/docs/tutorial/index.md`. PR [#9502](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/9502) by [@fhabers21](https://github.com/fhabers21).
@@ -4217,7 +4011,7 @@ You hopefully updated to a supported version of Python a while ago. If you haven
 ### Fixes

 * 🐛 Fix `RuntimeError` raised when `HTTPException` has a status code with no content. PR [#5365](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5365) by [@iudeen](https://github.com/iudeen).
-* 🐛 Fix empty response body when default `status_code` is empty but the a `Response` parameter with `response.status_code` is set. PR [#5360](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5360) by [@tmeckel](https://github.com/tmeckel).
+* 🐛 Fix empty reponse body when default `status_code` is empty but the a `Response` parameter with `response.status_code` is set. PR [#5360](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5360) by [@tmeckel](https://github.com/tmeckel).

 ### Docs

--- a/docs/en/docs/translation-banner.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/translation-banner.md
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-/// details | 🌐 Translation by AI and humans
-
-This translation was made by AI guided by humans. 🤝
-
-It could have mistakes of misunderstanding the original meaning, or looking unnatural, etc. 🤖
-
-You can improve this translation by [helping us guide the AI LLM better](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/contributing/#translations).
-
-[English version](ENGLISH_VERSION_URL)
-
-///
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ This includes, for example:

 First, import `BackgroundTasks` and define a parameter in your *path operation function* with a type declaration of `BackgroundTasks`:

-{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,13] *}

 **FastAPI** will create the object of type `BackgroundTasks` for you and pass it as that parameter.

@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ In this case, the task function will write to a file (simulating sending an emai

 And as the write operation doesn't use `async` and `await`, we define the function with normal `def`:

-{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6:9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6:9] *}

 ## Add the background task { #add-the-background-task }

 Inside of your *path operation function*, pass your task function to the *background tasks* object with the method `.add_task()`:

-{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001_py310.py hl[14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/background_tasks/tutorial001_py39.py hl[14] *}

 `.add_task()` receives as arguments:

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ You can create the *path operations* for that module using `APIRouter`.

 You import it and create an "instance" the same way you would with the class `FastAPI`:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/routers/users.py hl[1,3] title["app/routers/users.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/routers/users.py hl[1,3] title["app/routers/users.py"] *}

 ### *Path operations* with `APIRouter` { #path-operations-with-apirouter }

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ And then you use it to declare your *path operations*.

 Use it the same way you would use the `FastAPI` class:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/routers/users.py hl[6,11,16] title["app/routers/users.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/routers/users.py hl[6,11,16] title["app/routers/users.py"] *}

 You can think of `APIRouter` as a "mini `FastAPI`" class.

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ So we put them in their own `dependencies` module (`app/dependencies.py`).

 We will now use a simple dependency to read a custom `X-Token` header:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/dependencies.py hl[3,6:8] title["app/dependencies.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/dependencies.py hl[3,6:8] title["app/dependencies.py"] *}

 /// tip

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ We know all the *path operations* in this module have the same:

 So, instead of adding all that to each *path operation*, we can add it to the `APIRouter`.

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/routers/items.py hl[5:10,16,21] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/routers/items.py hl[5:10,16,21] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}

 As the path of each *path operation* has to start with `/`, like in:

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ And we need to get the dependency function from the module `app.dependencies`, t

 So we use a relative import with `..` for the dependencies:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/routers/items.py hl[3] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/routers/items.py hl[3] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}

 #### How relative imports work { #how-relative-imports-work }

@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ We are not adding the prefix `/items` nor the `tags=["items"]` to each *path ope

 But we can still add _more_ `tags` that will be applied to a specific *path operation*, and also some extra `responses` specific to that *path operation*:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/routers/items.py hl[30:31] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/routers/items.py hl[30:31] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}

 /// tip

@@ -305,13 +305,13 @@ You import and create a `FastAPI` class as normally.

 And we can even declare [global dependencies](dependencies/global-dependencies.md){.internal-link target=_blank} that will be combined with the dependencies for each `APIRouter`:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/main.py hl[1,3,7] title["app/main.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/main.py hl[1,3,7] title["app/main.py"] *}

 ### Import the `APIRouter` { #import-the-apirouter }

 Now we import the other submodules that have `APIRouter`s:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/main.py hl[4:5] title["app/main.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/main.py hl[4:5] title["app/main.py"] *}

 As the files `app/routers/users.py` and `app/routers/items.py` are submodules that are part of the same Python package `app`, we can use a single dot `.` to import them using "relative imports".

@@ -374,13 +374,13 @@ the `router` from `users` would overwrite the one from `items` and we wouldn't b

 So, to be able to use both of them in the same file, we import the submodules directly:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/main.py hl[5] title["app/main.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/main.py hl[5] title["app/main.py"] *}

 ### Include the `APIRouter`s for `users` and `items` { #include-the-apirouters-for-users-and-items }

 Now, let's include the `router`s from the submodules `users` and `items`:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/main.py hl[10:11] title["app/main.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/main.py hl[10:11] title["app/main.py"] *}

 /// info

@@ -420,13 +420,13 @@ It contains an `APIRouter` with some admin *path operations* that your organizat

 For this example it will be super simple. But let's say that because it is shared with other projects in the organization, we cannot modify it and add a `prefix`, `dependencies`, `tags`, etc. directly to the `APIRouter`:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/internal/admin.py hl[3] title["app/internal/admin.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/internal/admin.py hl[3] title["app/internal/admin.py"] *}

 But we still want to set a custom `prefix` when including the `APIRouter` so that all its *path operations* start with `/admin`, we want to secure it with the `dependencies` we already have for this project, and we want to include `tags` and `responses`.

 We can declare all that without having to modify the original `APIRouter` by passing those parameters to `app.include_router()`:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/main.py hl[14:17] title["app/main.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/main.py hl[14:17] title["app/main.py"] *}

 That way, the original `APIRouter` will stay unmodified, so we can still share that same `app/internal/admin.py` file with other projects in the organization.

@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ We can also add *path operations* directly to the `FastAPI` app.

 Here we do it... just to show that we can 🤷:

-{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/main.py hl[21:23] title["app/main.py"] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py39/main.py hl[21:23] title["app/main.py"] *}

 and it will work correctly, together with all the other *path operations* added with `app.include_router()`.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md
@@ -102,6 +102,12 @@ Of course, you can also declare additional query parameters whenever you need, a

 As, by default, singular values are interpreted as query parameters, you don't have to explicitly add a `Query`, you can just do:

+```Python
+q: Union[str, None] = None
+```
+
+Or in Python 3.10 and above:
+
 ```Python
 q: str | None = None
 ```
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ images: list[Image]

 as in:

-{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial008_py310.py hl[13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial008_py39.py hl[13] *}

 ## Editor support everywhere { #editor-support-everywhere }

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ That's what we are going to see here.

 In this case, you would accept any `dict` as long as it has `int` keys with `float` values:

-{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial009_py310.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial009_py39.py hl[7] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/body.md
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ The function parameters will be recognized as follows:

 FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.

-The `str | None` is not used by FastAPI to determine that the value is not required, it will know it's not required because it has a default value of `= None`.
+The `str | None` (Python 3.10+) or `Union` in `Union[str, None]` (Python 3.9+) is not used by FastAPI to determine that the value is not required, it will know it's not required because it has a default value of `= None`.

 But adding the type annotations will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/cookie-param-models.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/cookie-param-models.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ But even if you **fill the data** and click "Execute", because the docs UI works

 In some special use cases (probably not very common), you might want to **restrict** the cookies that you want to receive.

-Your API now has the power to control its own <dfn title="This is a joke, just in case. It has nothing to do with cookie consents, but it's funny that even the API can now reject the poor cookies. Have a cookie. 🍪">cookie consent</dfn>. 🤪🍪
+Your API now has the power to control its own <abbr title="This is a joke, just in case. It has nothing to do with cookie consents, but it's funny that even the API can now reject the poor cookies. Have a cookie. 🍪">cookie consent</abbr>. 🤪🍪

 You can use Pydantic's model configuration to `forbid` any `extra` fields:

@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ You can use Pydantic's model configuration to `forbid` any `extra` fields:

 If a client tries to send some **extra cookies**, they will receive an **error** response.

-Poor cookie banners with all their effort to get your consent for the <dfn title="This is another joke. Don't pay attention to me. Have some coffee for your cookie. ☕">API to reject it</dfn>. 🍪
+Poor cookie banners with all their effort to get your consent for the <abbr title="This is another joke. Don't pay attention to me. Have some coffee for your cookie. ☕">API to reject it</abbr>. 🍪

-For example, if the client tries to send a `santa_tracker` cookie with a value of `good-list-please`, the client will receive an **error** response telling them that the `santa_tracker` <dfn title="Santa disapproves the lack of cookies. 🎅 Okay, no more cookie jokes.">cookie is not allowed</dfn>:
+For example, if the client tries to send a `santa_tracker` cookie with a value of `good-list-please`, the client will receive an **error** response telling them that the `santa_tracker` <abbr title="Santa disapproves the lack of cookies. 🎅 Okay, no more cookie jokes.">cookie is not allowed</abbr>:

 ```json
 {
@@ -73,4 +73,4 @@ For example, if the client tries to send a `santa_tracker` cookie with a value o

 ## Summary { #summary }

-You can use **Pydantic models** to declare <dfn title="Have a last cookie before you go. 🍪">**cookies**</dfn> in **FastAPI**. 😎
+You can use **Pydantic models** to declare <abbr title="Have a last cookie before you go. 🍪">**cookies**</abbr> in **FastAPI**. 😎
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/cors.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/cors.md
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ You can also specify whether your backend allows:
 * Specific HTTP methods (`POST`, `PUT`) or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.
 * Specific HTTP headers or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.

-{* ../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001_py310.py hl[2,6:11,13:19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6:11,13:19] *}


 The default parameters used by the `CORSMiddleware` implementation are restrictive by default, so you'll need to explicitly enable particular origins, methods, or headers, in order for browsers to be permitted to use them in a Cross-Domain context.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/debugging.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/debugging.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ You can connect the debugger in your editor, for example with Visual Studio Code

 In your FastAPI application, import and run `uvicorn` directly:

-{* ../../docs_src/debugging/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,15] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/debugging/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,15] *}

 ### About `__name__ == "__main__"` { #about-name-main }

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Now you can declare your dependency using this class.

 Notice how we write `CommonQueryParams` twice in the above code:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python
 commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ It is from this one that FastAPI will extract the declared parameters and that i

 In this case, the first `CommonQueryParams`, in:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python
 commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, ...
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, ...

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ commons: CommonQueryParams ...

 You could actually write just:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python
 commons: Annotated[Any, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ commons: Annotated[Any, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ But declaring the type is encouraged as that way your editor will know what will

 But you see that we are having some code repetition here, writing `CommonQueryParams` twice:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python
 commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ For those specific cases, you can do the following:

 Instead of writing:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python
 commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends(CommonQueryParams)]

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ commons: CommonQueryParams = Depends(CommonQueryParams)

 ...you write:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python
 commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends()]
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ commons: Annotated[CommonQueryParams, Depends()]

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The *path operation decorator* receives an optional argument `dependencies`.

 It should be a `list` of `Depends()`:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[19] *}

 These dependencies will be executed/solved the same way as normal dependencies. But their value (if they return any) won't be passed to your *path operation function*.

@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ You can use the same dependency *functions* you use normally.

 They can declare request requirements (like headers) or other sub-dependencies:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[8,13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[8,13] *}

 ### Raise exceptions { #raise-exceptions }

 These dependencies can `raise` exceptions, the same as normal dependencies:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[10,15] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[10,15] *}

 ### Return values { #return-values }

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ And they can return values or not, the values won't be used.

 So, you can reuse a normal dependency (that returns a value) you already use somewhere else, and even though the value won't be used, the dependency will be executed:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[11,16] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[11,16] *}

 ## Dependencies for a group of *path operations* { #dependencies-for-a-group-of-path-operations }

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Dependencies with yield { #dependencies-with-yield }

-FastAPI supports dependencies that do some <dfn title='sometimes also called "exit code", "cleanup code", "teardown code", "closing code", "context manager exit code", etc.'>extra steps after finishing</dfn>.
+FastAPI supports dependencies that do some <abbr title='sometimes also called "exit code", "cleanup code", "teardown code", "closing code", "context manager exit code", etc.'>extra steps after finishing</abbr>.

 To do this, use `yield` instead of `return`, and write the extra steps (code) after.

@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ For example, you could use this to create a database session and close it after

 Only the code prior to and including the `yield` statement is executed before creating a response:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py310.py hl[2:4] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py39.py hl[2:4] *}

 The yielded value is what is injected into *path operations* and other dependencies:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py310.py hl[4] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py39.py hl[4] *}

 The code following the `yield` statement is executed after the response:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py310.py hl[5:6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py39.py hl[5:6] *}

 /// tip

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ So, you can look for that specific exception inside the dependency with `except

 In the same way, you can use `finally` to make sure the exit steps are executed, no matter if there was an exception or not.

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py310.py hl[3,5] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial007_py39.py hl[3,5] *}

 ## Sub-dependencies with `yield` { #sub-dependencies-with-yield }

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ You can have sub-dependencies and "trees" of sub-dependencies of any size and sh

 For example, `dependency_c` can have a dependency on `dependency_b`, and `dependency_b` on `dependency_a`:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008_an_py310.py hl[6,14,22] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008_an_py39.py hl[6,14,22] *}

 And all of them can use `yield`.

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ In this case `dependency_c`, to execute its exit code, needs the value from `dep

 And, in turn, `dependency_b` needs the value from `dependency_a` (here named `dep_a`) to be available for its exit code.

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008_an_py310.py hl[18:19,26:27] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008_an_py39.py hl[18:19,26:27] *}

 The same way, you could have some dependencies with `yield` and some other dependencies with `return`, and have some of those depend on some of the others.

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ But it's there for you if you need it. 🤓

 ///

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008b_an_py310.py hl[18:22,31] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008b_an_py39.py hl[18:22,31] *}

 If you want to catch exceptions and create a custom response based on that, create a [Custom Exception Handler](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}.

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ If you want to catch exceptions and create a custom response based on that, crea

 If you catch an exception using `except` in a dependency with `yield` and you don't raise it again (or raise a new exception), FastAPI won't be able to notice there was an exception, the same way that would happen with regular Python:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008c_an_py310.py hl[15:16] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008c_an_py39.py hl[15:16] *}

 In this case, the client will see an *HTTP 500 Internal Server Error* response as it should, given that we are not raising an `HTTPException` or similar, but the server will **not have any logs** or any other indication of what was the error. 😱

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ If you catch an exception in a dependency with `yield`, unless you are raising a

 You can re-raise the same exception using `raise`:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008d_an_py310.py hl[17] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008d_an_py39.py hl[17] *}

 Now the client will get the same *HTTP 500 Internal Server Error* response, but the server will have our custom `InternalError` in the logs. 😎

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Normally the exit code of dependencies with `yield` is executed **after the resp

 But if you know that you won't need to use the dependency after returning from the *path operation function*, you can use `Depends(scope="function")` to tell FastAPI that it should close the dependency after the *path operation function* returns, but **before** the **response is sent**.

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008e_an_py310.py hl[12,16] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008e_an_py39.py hl[12,16] *}

 `Depends()` receives a `scope` parameter that can be:

@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ In Python, you can create Context Managers by <a href="https://docs.python.org/3
 You can also use them inside of **FastAPI** dependencies with `yield` by using
 `with` or `async with` statements inside of the dependency function:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial010_py310.py hl[1:9,13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial010_py39.py hl[1:9,13] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/global-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/global-dependencies.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Similar to the way you can [add `dependencies` to the *path operation decorators

 In that case, they will be applied to all the *path operations* in the application:

-{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial012_an_py310.py hl[17] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial012_an_py39.py hl[17] *}


 And all the ideas in the section about [adding `dependencies` to the *path operation decorators*](dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md){.internal-link target=_blank} still apply, but in this case, to all of the *path operations* in the app.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Dependencies { #dependencies }

-**FastAPI** has a very powerful but intuitive **<dfn title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</dfn>** system.
+**FastAPI** has a very powerful but intuitive **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.

 It is designed to be very simple to use, and to make it very easy for any developer to integrate other components with **FastAPI**.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ query_extractor --> query_or_cookie_extractor --> read_query

 If one of your dependencies is declared multiple times for the same *path operation*, for example, multiple dependencies have a common sub-dependency, **FastAPI** will know to call that sub-dependency only once per request.

-And it will save the returned value in a <dfn title="A utility/system to store computed/generated values, to reuse them instead of computing them again.">"cache"</dfn> and pass it to all the "dependants" that need it in that specific request, instead of calling the dependency multiple times for the same request.
+And it will save the returned value in a <abbr title="A utility/system to store computed/generated values, to reuse them instead of computing them again.">"cache"</abbr> and pass it to all the "dependants" that need it in that specific request, instead of calling the dependency multiple times for the same request.

 In an advanced scenario where you know you need the dependency to be called at every step (possibly multiple times) in the same request instead of using the "cached" value, you can set the parameter `use_cache=False` when using `Depends`:

-//// tab | Python 3.10+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+

 ```Python hl_lines="1"
 async def needy_dependency(fresh_value: Annotated[str, Depends(get_value, use_cache=False)]):
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ async def needy_dependency(fresh_value: Annotated[str, Depends(get_value, use_ca

 ////

-//// tab | Python 3.10+ non-Annotated
+//// tab | Python 3.9+ non-Annotated

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/extra-models.md
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ But if we put that in the assignment `response_model=PlaneItem | CarItem` we wou

 The same way, you can declare responses of lists of objects.

-For that, use the standard Python `list`:
+For that, use the standard Python `typing.List` (or just `list` in Python 3.9 and above):

-{* ../../docs_src/extra_models/tutorial004_py310.py hl[18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extra_models/tutorial004_py39.py hl[18] *}

 ## Response with arbitrary `dict` { #response-with-arbitrary-dict }

@@ -200,9 +200,9 @@ You can also declare a response using a plain arbitrary `dict`, declaring just t

 This is useful if you don't know the valid field/attribute names (that would be needed for a Pydantic model) beforehand.

-In this case, you can use `dict`:
+In this case, you can use `typing.Dict` (or just `dict` in Python 3.9 and above):

-{* ../../docs_src/extra_models/tutorial005_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/extra_models/tutorial005_py39.py hl[6] *}

 ## Recap { #recap }

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/first-steps.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 The simplest FastAPI file could look like this:

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py310.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py39.py *}

 Copy that to a file `main.py`.

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ In the output, there's a line with something like:
 INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
 ```

-That line shows the URL where your app is being served on your local machine.
+That line shows the URL where your app is being served, in your local machine.

 ### Check it { #check-it }

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ That's it! Now you can access your app at that URL. ✨

 ### Step 1: import `FastAPI` { #step-1-import-fastapi }

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1] *}

 `FastAPI` is a Python class that provides all the functionality for your API.

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ You can use all the <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/" class="external-link" t

 ### Step 2: create a `FastAPI` "instance" { #step-2-create-a-fastapi-instance }

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py39.py hl[3] *}

 Here the `app` variable will be an "instance" of the class `FastAPI`.

@@ -266,12 +266,12 @@ We are going to call them "**operations**" too.

 #### Define a *path operation decorator* { #define-a-path-operation-decorator }

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6] *}

 The `@app.get("/")` tells **FastAPI** that the function right below is in charge of handling requests that go to:

 * the path `/`
-* using a <dfn title="an HTTP GET method"><code>get</code> operation</dfn>
+* using a <abbr title="an HTTP GET method"><code>get</code> operation</abbr>

 /// info | `@decorator` Info

@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ This is our "**path operation function**":
 * **operation**: is `get`.
 * **function**: is the function below the "decorator" (below `@app.get("/")`).

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py310.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py39.py hl[7] *}

 This is a Python function.

@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ In this case, it is an `async` function.

 You could also define it as a normal function instead of `async def`:

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial003_py310.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial003_py39.py hl[7] *}

 /// note

@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ If you don't know the difference, check the [Async: *"In a hurry?"*](../async.md

 ### Step 5: return the content { #step-5-return-the-content }

-{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py310.py hl[8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001_py39.py hl[8] *}

 You can return a `dict`, `list`, singular values as `str`, `int`, etc.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ To return HTTP responses with errors to the client you use `HTTPException`.

 ### Import `HTTPException` { #import-httpexception }

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1] *}

 ### Raise an `HTTPException` in your code { #raise-an-httpexception-in-your-code }

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The benefit of raising an exception over returning a value will be more evident

 In this example, when the client requests an item by an ID that doesn't exist, raise an exception with a status code of `404`:

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001_py310.py hl[11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[11] *}

 ### The resulting response { #the-resulting-response }

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ You probably won't need to use it directly in your code.

 But in case you needed it for an advanced scenario, you can add custom headers:

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial002_py310.py hl[14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial002_py39.py hl[14] *}

 ## Install custom exception handlers { #install-custom-exception-handlers }

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ And you want to handle this exception globally with FastAPI.

 You could add a custom exception handler with `@app.exception_handler()`:

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial003_py310.py hl[5:7,13:18,24] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial003_py39.py hl[5:7,13:18,24] *}

 Here, if you request `/unicorns/yolo`, the *path operation* will `raise` a `UnicornException`.

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ To override it, import the `RequestValidationError` and use it with `@app.except

 The exception handler will receive a `Request` and the exception.

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial004_py310.py hl[2,14:19] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial004_py39.py hl[2,14:19] *}

 Now, if you go to `/items/foo`, instead of getting the default JSON error with:

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ The same way, you can override the `HTTPException` handler.

 For example, you could want to return a plain text response instead of JSON for these errors:

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial004_py310.py hl[3:4,9:11,25] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial004_py39.py hl[3:4,9:11,25] *}

 /// note | Technical Details

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ The `RequestValidationError` contains the `body` it received with invalid data.

 You could use it while developing your app to log the body and debug it, return it to the user, etc.

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial005_py310.py hl[14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial005_py39.py hl[14] *}

 Now try sending an invalid item like:

@@ -239,6 +239,6 @@ from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException

 If you want to use the exception along with the same default exception handlers from  **FastAPI**, you can import and reuse the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:

-{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006_py310.py hl[2:5,15,21] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006_py39.py hl[2:5,15,21] *}

 In this example you are just printing the error with a very expressive message, but you get the idea. You can use the exception and then just reuse the default exception handlers.
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/metadata.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/metadata.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ You can set the following fields that are used in the OpenAPI specification and

 You can set them as follows:

-{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial001_py310.py hl[3:16, 19:32] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial001_py39.py hl[3:16, 19:32] *}

 /// tip

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Since OpenAPI 3.1.0 and FastAPI 0.99.0, you can also set the `license_info` with

 For example:

-{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial001_1_py310.py hl[31] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial001_1_py39.py hl[31] *}

 ## Metadata for tags { #metadata-for-tags }

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Let's try that in an example with tags for `users` and `items`.

 Create metadata for your tags and pass it to the `openapi_tags` parameter:

-{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial004_py310.py hl[3:16,18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial004_py39.py hl[3:16,18] *}

 Notice that you can use Markdown inside of the descriptions, for example "login" will be shown in bold (**login**) and "fancy" will be shown in italics (_fancy_).

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ You don't have to add metadata for all the tags that you use.

 Use the `tags` parameter with your *path operations* (and `APIRouter`s) to assign them to different tags:

-{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial004_py310.py hl[21,26] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial004_py39.py hl[21,26] *}

 /// info

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ But you can configure it with the parameter `openapi_url`.

 For example, to set it to be served at `/api/v1/openapi.json`:

-{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial002_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial002_py39.py hl[3] *}

 If you want to disable the OpenAPI schema completely you can set `openapi_url=None`, that will also disable the documentation user interfaces that use it.

@@ -117,4 +117,4 @@ You can configure the two documentation user interfaces included:

 For example, to set Swagger UI to be served at `/documentation` and disable ReDoc:

-{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial003_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/metadata/tutorial003_py39.py hl[3] *}
--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/middleware.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/middleware.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The middleware function receives:
    * Then it returns the `response` generated by the corresponding *path operation*.
 * You can then further modify the `response` before returning it.

-{* ../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001_py310.py hl[8:9,11,14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001_py39.py hl[8:9,11,14] *}

 /// tip

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ And also after the `response` is generated, before returning it.

 For example, you could add a custom header `X-Process-Time` containing the time in seconds that it took to process the request and generate a response:

-{* ../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001_py310.py hl[10,12:13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001_py39.py hl[10,12:13] *}

 /// tip

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-operation-configuration.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-operation-configuration.md
@@ -46,17 +46,17 @@ In these cases, it could make sense to store the tags in an `Enum`.

 **FastAPI** supports that the same way as with plain strings:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial002b_py310.py hl[1,8:10,13,18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial002b_py39.py hl[1,8:10,13,18] *}

 ## Summary and description { #summary-and-description }

 You can add a `summary` and `description`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial003_py310.py hl[17:18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial003_py310.py hl[18:19] *}

 ## Description from docstring { #description-from-docstring }

-As descriptions tend to be long and cover multiple lines, you can declare the *path operation* description in the function <dfn title="a multi-line string as the first expression inside a function (not assigned to any variable) used for documentation">docstring</dfn> and **FastAPI** will read it from there.
+As descriptions tend to be long and cover multiple lines, you can declare the *path operation* description in the function <abbr title="a multi-line string as the first expression inside a function (not assigned to any variable) used for documentation">docstring</abbr> and **FastAPI** will read it from there.

 You can write <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown" class="external-link" target="_blank">Markdown</a> in the docstring, it will be interpreted and displayed correctly (taking into account docstring indentation).

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ It will be used in the interactive docs:

 You can specify the response description with the parameter `response_description`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial005_py310.py hl[18] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial005_py310.py hl[19] *}

 /// info

@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ So, if you don't provide one, **FastAPI** will automatically generate one of "Su

 ## Deprecate a *path operation* { #deprecate-a-path-operation }

-If you need to mark a *path operation* as <dfn title="obsolete, recommended not to use it">deprecated</dfn>, but without removing it, pass the parameter `deprecated`:
+If you need to mark a *path operation* as <abbr title="obsolete, recommended not to use it">deprecated</abbr>, but without removing it, pass the parameter `deprecated`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial006_py310.py hl[16] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial006_py39.py hl[16] *}

 It will be clearly marked as deprecated in the interactive docs:

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ It doesn't matter for **FastAPI**. It will detect the parameters by their names,

 So, you can declare your function as:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial002_py310.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial002_py39.py hl[7] *}

 But keep in mind that if you use `Annotated`, you won't have this problem, it won't matter as you're not using the function parameter default values for `Query()` or `Path()`.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial002_an_py310.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial002_an_py39.py *}

 ## Order the parameters as you need, tricks { #order-the-parameters-as-you-need-tricks }

@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ Pass `*`, as the first parameter of the function.

 Python won't do anything with that `*`, but it will know that all the following parameters should be called as keyword arguments (key-value pairs), also known as <abbr title="From: K-ey W-ord Arg-uments"><code>kwargs</code></abbr>. Even if they don't have a default value.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial003_py310.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial003_py39.py hl[7] *}

 ### Better with `Annotated` { #better-with-annotated }

 Keep in mind that if you use `Annotated`, as you are not using function parameter default values, you won't have this problem, and you probably won't need to use `*`.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial003_an_py310.py hl[10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial003_an_py39.py hl[10] *}

 ## Number validations: greater than or equal { #number-validations-greater-than-or-equal }

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ With `Query` and `Path` (and others you'll see later) you can declare number con

 Here, with `ge=1`, `item_id` will need to be an integer number "`g`reater than or `e`qual" to `1`.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial004_an_py310.py hl[10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial004_an_py39.py hl[10] *}

 ## Number validations: greater than and less than or equal { #number-validations-greater-than-and-less-than-or-equal }

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ The same applies for:
 * `gt`: `g`reater `t`han
 * `le`: `l`ess than or `e`qual

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial005_an_py310.py hl[10] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial005_an_py39.py hl[10] *}

 ## Number validations: floats, greater than and less than { #number-validations-floats-greater-than-and-less-than }

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ So, `0.5` would be a valid value. But `0.0` or `0` would not.

 And the same for <abbr title="less than"><code>lt</code></abbr>.

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[13] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[13] *}

 ## Recap { #recap }

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 You can declare path "parameters" or "variables" with the same syntax used by Python format strings:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6:7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6:7] *}

 The value of the path parameter `item_id` will be passed to your function as the argument `item_id`.

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ So, if you run this example and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo"

 You can declare the type of a path parameter in the function, using standard Python type annotations:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial002_py310.py hl[7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial002_py39.py hl[7] *}

 In this case, `item_id` is declared to be an `int`.

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ This will give you editor support inside of your function, with error checks, co

 ///

-## Data <dfn title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">conversion</dfn> { #data-conversion }
+## Data <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">conversion</abbr> { #data-conversion }

 If you run this example and open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/3" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/3</a>, you will see a response of:

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ If you run this example and open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/

 Notice that the value your function received (and returned) is `3`, as a Python `int`, not a string `"3"`.

-So, with that type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you automatic request <dfn title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</dfn>.
+So, with that type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you automatic request <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.

 ///

@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ And then you can also have a path `/users/{user_id}` to get data about a specifi

 Because *path operations* are evaluated in order, you need to make sure that the path for `/users/me` is declared before the one for `/users/{user_id}`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial003_py310.py hl[6,11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial003_py39.py hl[6,11] *}

 Otherwise, the path for `/users/{user_id}` would match also for `/users/me`, "thinking" that it's receiving a parameter `user_id` with a value of `"me"`.

 Similarly, you cannot redefine a path operation:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial003b_py310.py hl[6,11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial003b_py39.py hl[6,11] *}

 The first one will always be used since the path matches first.

@@ -140,11 +140,11 @@ By inheriting from `str` the API docs will be able to know that the values must

 Then create class attributes with fixed values, which will be the available valid values:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[1,6:9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py39.py hl[1,6:9] *}

 /// tip

-If you are wondering, "AlexNet", "ResNet", and "LeNet" are just names of Machine Learning <dfn title="Technically, Deep Learning model architectures">models</dfn>.
+If you are wondering, "AlexNet", "ResNet", and "LeNet" are just names of Machine Learning <abbr title="Technically, Deep Learning model architectures">models</abbr>.

 ///

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ If you are wondering, "AlexNet", "ResNet", and "LeNet" are just names of Machine

 Then create a *path parameter* with a type annotation using the enum class you created (`ModelName`):

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[16] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py39.py hl[16] *}

 ### Check the docs { #check-the-docs }

@@ -168,13 +168,13 @@ The value of the *path parameter* will be an *enumeration member*.

 You can compare it with the *enumeration member* in your created enum `ModelName`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[17] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py39.py hl[17] *}

 #### Get the *enumeration value* { #get-the-enumeration-value }

 You can get the actual value (a `str` in this case) using `model_name.value`, or in general, `your_enum_member.value`:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[20] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py39.py hl[20] *}

 /// tip

@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ You can return *enum members* from your *path operation*, even nested in a JSON

 They will be converted to their corresponding values (strings in this case) before returning them to the client:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[18,21,23] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py39.py hl[18,21,23] *}

 In your client you will get a JSON response like:

@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ In this case, the name of the parameter is `file_path`, and the last part, `:pat

 So, you can use it with:

-{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial004_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial004_py39.py hl[6] *}

 /// tip

@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ In that case, the URL would be: `/files//home/johndoe/myfile.txt`, with a double
 With **FastAPI**, by using short, intuitive and standard Python type declarations, you get:

 * Editor support: error checks, autocompletion, etc.
-* Data "<dfn title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">parsing</dfn>"
+* Data "<abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">parsing</abbr>"
 * Data validation
 * API annotation and automatic documentation

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md
@@ -47,16 +47,40 @@ Now it's the time to use it with FastAPI. 🚀

 We had this type annotation:

+//// tab | Python 3.10+
+
 ```Python
 q: str | None = None
 ```

+////
+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+
+
+```Python
+q: Union[str, None] = None
+```
+
+////
+
 What we will do is wrap that with `Annotated`, so it becomes:

+//// tab | Python 3.10+
+
 ```Python
 q: Annotated[str | None] = None
 ```

+////
+
+//// tab | Python 3.9+
+
+```Python
+q: Annotated[Union[str, None]] = None
+```
+
+////
+
 Both of those versions mean the same thing, `q` is a parameter that can be a `str` or `None`, and by default, it is `None`.

 Now let's jump to the fun stuff. 🎉
@@ -85,7 +109,7 @@ FastAPI will now:

 ## Alternative (old): `Query` as the default value { #alternative-old-query-as-the-default-value }

-Previous versions of FastAPI (before <dfn title="before 2023-03">0.95.0</dfn>) required you to use `Query` as the default value of your parameter, instead of putting it in `Annotated`, there's a high chance that you will see code using it around, so I'll explain it to you.
+Previous versions of FastAPI (before <abbr title="before 2023-03">0.95.0</abbr>) required you to use `Query` as the default value of your parameter, instead of putting it in `Annotated`, there's a high chance that you will see code using it around, so I'll explain it to you.

 /// tip

@@ -168,7 +192,7 @@ You can also add a parameter `min_length`:

 ## Add regular expressions { #add-regular-expressions }

-You can define a <dfn title="A regular expression, regex or regexp is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern for strings.">regular expression</dfn> `pattern` that the parameter should match:
+You can define a <abbr title="A regular expression, regex or regexp is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern for strings.">regular expression</abbr> `pattern` that the parameter should match:

 {* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial004_an_py310.py hl[11] *}

@@ -188,7 +212,7 @@ You can, of course, use default values other than `None`.

 Let's say that you want to declare the `q` query parameter to have a `min_length` of `3`, and to have a default value of `"fixedquery"`:

-{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial005_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial005_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 /// note

@@ -218,7 +242,7 @@ q: Annotated[str | None, Query(min_length=3)] = None

 So, when you need to declare a value as required while using `Query`, you can simply not declare a default value:

-{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 ### Required, can be `None` { #required-can-be-none }

@@ -269,7 +293,7 @@ The interactive API docs will update accordingly, to allow multiple values:

 You can also define a default `list` of values if none are provided:

-{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial012_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial012_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 If you go to:

@@ -292,7 +316,7 @@ the default of `q` will be: `["foo", "bar"]` and your response will be:

 You can also use `list` directly instead of `list[str]`:

-{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial013_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial013_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 /// note

@@ -348,7 +372,7 @@ Then you can declare an `alias`, and that alias is what will be used to find the

 Now let's say you don't like this parameter anymore.

-You have to leave it there a while because there are clients using it, but you want the docs to clearly show it as <dfn title="obsolete, recommended not to use it">deprecated</dfn>.
+You have to leave it there a while because there are clients using it, but you want the docs to clearly show it as <abbr title="obsolete, recommended not to use it">deprecated</abbr>.

 Then pass the parameter `deprecated=True` to `Query`:

@@ -378,7 +402,7 @@ Pydantic also has <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/validators/

 ///

-For example, this custom validator checks that the item ID starts with `isbn-` for an <abbr title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</abbr> book number or with `imdb-` for an <abbr title="Internet Movie Database: a website with information about movies">IMDB</abbr> movie URL ID:
+For example, this custom validator checks that the item ID starts with `isbn-` for an <abbr title="ISBN means International Standard Book Number">ISBN</abbr> book number or with `imdb-` for an <abbr title="IMDB (Internet Movie Database) is a website with information about movies">IMDB</abbr> movie URL ID:

 {* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial015_an_py310.py hl[5,16:19,24] *}

@@ -412,7 +436,7 @@ Did you notice? a string using `value.startswith()` can take a tuple, and it wil

 #### A Random Item { #a-random-item }

-With `data.items()` we get an <dfn title="Something we can iterate on with a for loop, like a list, set, etc.">iterable object</dfn> with tuples containing the key and value for each dictionary item.
+With `data.items()` we get an <abbr title="Something we can iterate on with a for loop, like a list, set, etc.">iterable object</abbr> with tuples containing the key and value for each dictionary item.

 We convert this iterable object into a proper `list` with `list(data.items())`.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/query-params.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/query-params.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 When you declare other function parameters that are not part of the path parameters, they are automatically interpreted as "query" parameters.

-{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial001_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial001_py39.py hl[9] *}

 The query is the set of key-value pairs that go after the `?` in a URL, separated by `&` characters.

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ But when you declare them with Python types (in the example above, as `int`), th
 All the same process that applied for path parameters also applies for query parameters:

 * Editor support (obviously)
-* Data <dfn title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</dfn>
+* Data <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>
 * Data validation
 * Automatic documentation

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ If you don't want to add a specific value but just make it optional, set the def

 But when you want to make a query parameter required, you can just not declare any default value:

-{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[6:7] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial005_py39.py hl[6:7] *}

 Here the query parameter `needy` is a required query parameter of type `str`.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-files.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-files.md
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ This is because uploaded files are sent as "form data".

 Import `File` and `UploadFile` from `fastapi`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[3] *}

 ## Define `File` Parameters { #define-file-parameters }

 Create file parameters the same way you would for `Body` or `Form`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 /// info

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ But there are several cases in which you might benefit from using `UploadFile`.

 Define a file parameter with a type of `UploadFile`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[14] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[14] *}

 Using `UploadFile` has several advantages over `bytes`:

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ You can make a file optional by using standard type annotations and setting a de

 You can also use `File()` with `UploadFile`, for example, to set additional metadata:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_03_an_py310.py hl[9,15] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_03_an_py39.py hl[9,15] *}

 ## Multiple File Uploads { #multiple-file-uploads }

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ They would be associated to the same "form field" sent using "form data".

 To use that, declare a list of `bytes` or `UploadFile`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial002_an_py310.py hl[10,15] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial002_an_py39.py hl[10,15] *}

 You will receive, as declared, a `list` of `bytes` or `UploadFile`s.

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ You could also use `from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse`.

 And the same way as before, you can use `File()` to set additional parameters, even for `UploadFile`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial003_an_py310.py hl[11,18:20] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial003_an_py39.py hl[11,18:20] *}

 ## Recap { #recap }

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-form-models.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-form-models.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ This is supported since FastAPI version `0.113.0`. 🤓

 You just need to declare a **Pydantic model** with the fields you want to receive as **form fields**, and then declare the parameter as `Form`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_form_models/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[9:11,15] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_form_models/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[9:11,15] *}

 **FastAPI** will **extract** the data for **each field** from the **form data** in the request and give you the Pydantic model you defined.

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ This is supported since FastAPI version `0.114.0`. 🤓

 You can use Pydantic's model configuration to `forbid` any `extra` fields:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_form_models/tutorial002_an_py310.py hl[12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_form_models/tutorial002_an_py39.py hl[12] *}

 If a client tries to send some extra data, they will receive an **error** response.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ $ pip install python-multipart

 ## Import `File` and `Form` { #import-file-and-form }

-{* ../../docs_src/request_forms_and_files/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_forms_and_files/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[3] *}

 ## Define `File` and `Form` parameters { #define-file-and-form-parameters }

 Create file and form parameters the same way you would for `Body` or `Query`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_forms_and_files/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[10:12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_forms_and_files/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[10:12] *}

 The files and form fields will be uploaded as form data and you will receive the files and form fields.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-forms.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-forms.md
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ $ pip install python-multipart

 Import `Form` from `fastapi`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_forms/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[3] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_forms/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[3] *}

 ## Define `Form` parameters { #define-form-parameters }

 Create form parameters the same way you would for `Body` or `Query`:

-{* ../../docs_src/request_forms/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/request_forms/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[9] *}

 For example, in one of the ways the OAuth2 specification can be used (called "password flow") it is required to send a `username` and `password` as form fields.

-The <dfn title="specification">spec</dfn> requires the fields to be exactly named `username` and `password`, and to be sent as form fields, not JSON.
+The <abbr title="specification">spec</abbr> requires the fields to be exactly named `username` and `password`, and to be sent as form fields, not JSON.

 With `Form` you can declare the same configurations as with `Body` (and `Query`, `Path`, `Cookie`), including validation, examples, an alias (e.g. `user-name` instead of `username`), etc.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-model.md
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ There might be cases where you return something that is not a valid Pydantic fie

 The most common case would be [returning a Response directly as explained later in the advanced docs](../advanced/response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_02_py310.py hl[8,10:11] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_02_py39.py hl[8,10:11] *}

 This simple case is handled automatically by FastAPI because the return type annotation is the class (or a subclass of) `Response`.

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ And tools will also be happy because both `RedirectResponse` and `JSONResponse`

 You can also use a subclass of `Response` in the type annotation:

-{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_03_py310.py hl[8:9] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_03_py39.py hl[8:9] *}

 This will also work because `RedirectResponse` is a subclass of `Response`, and FastAPI will automatically handle this simple case.

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ This will also work because `RedirectResponse` is a subclass of `Response`, and

 But when you return some other arbitrary object that is not a valid Pydantic type (e.g. a database object) and you annotate it like that in the function, FastAPI will try to create a Pydantic response model from that type annotation, and will fail.

-The same would happen if you had something like a <dfn title='A union between multiple types means "any of these types".'>union</dfn> between different types where one or more of them are not valid Pydantic types, for example this would fail 💥:
+The same would happen if you had something like a <abbr title='A union between multiple types means "any of these types".'>union</abbr> between different types where one or more of them are not valid Pydantic types, for example this would fail 💥:

 {* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04_py310.py hl[8] *}

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-status-code.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-status-code.md
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The same way you can specify a response model, you can also declare the HTTP sta
 * `@app.delete()`
 * etc.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6] *}

 /// note

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ To know more about each status code and which code is for what, check the <a hre

 Let's see the previous example again:

-{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial001_py39.py hl[6] *}

 `201` is the status code for "Created".

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ But you don't have to memorize what each of these codes mean.

 You can use the convenience variables from `fastapi.status`.

-{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1,6] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1,6] *}

 They are just a convenience, they hold the same number, but that way you can use the editor's autocomplete to find them:

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/schema-extra-example.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/schema-extra-example.md
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ You can of course also pass multiple `examples`:

 When you do this, the examples will be part of the internal **JSON Schema** for that body data.

-Nevertheless, at the <dfn title="2023-08-26">time of writing this</dfn>, Swagger UI, the tool in charge of showing the docs UI, doesn't support showing multiple examples for the data in **JSON Schema**. But read below for a workaround.
+Nevertheless, at the <abbr title="2023-08-26">time of writing this</abbr>, Swagger UI, the tool in charge of showing the docs UI, doesn't support showing multiple examples for the data in **JSON Schema**. But read below for a workaround.

 ### OpenAPI-specific `examples` { #openapi-specific-examples }

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Let's first just use the code and see how it works, and then we'll come back to

 Copy the example in a file `main.py`:

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py310.py *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py39.py *}

 ## Run it { #run-it }

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ In that case, **FastAPI** also provides you with the tools to build it.

 When we create an instance of the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class we pass in the `tokenUrl` parameter. This parameter contains the URL that the client (the frontend running in the user's browser) will use to send the `username` and `password` in order to get a token.

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[8] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[8] *}

 /// tip

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ So, it can be used with `Depends`.

 Now you can pass that `oauth2_scheme` in a dependency with `Depends`.

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[12] *}

 This dependency will provide a `str` that is assigned to the parameter `token` of the *path operation function*.

--- a/docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/get-current-user.md
+++ b/docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/get-current-user.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 In the previous chapter the security system (which is based on the dependency injection system) was giving the *path operation function* a `token` as a `str`:

-{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[12] *}
+{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[12] *}

 But that is still not that useful.

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More