🔖 Release 0.44.0, with support for Pydantic v1 and above! 🎉

* Make compatible with pydantic v1

* Remove unused import

* Remove unused ignores

* Update pydantic version

* Fix minor formatting issue

* ⏪ Revert removing iterate_in_threadpool

* ✨ Add backwards compatibility with Pydantic 0.32.2

with deprecation warnings

* ✅ Update tests to not break when using Pydantic < 1.0.0

* 📝 Update docs for Pydantic version 1.0.0

* 📌 Update Pydantic range version to support from 0.32.2

* 🎨 Format test imports

* ✨ Add support for Pydantic < 1.2 for populate_validators

* ✨ Add backwards compatibility for Pydantic < 1.2.0 with required fields

* 📌 Relax requirement for Pydantic to < 2.0.0 🎉 🚀

* 💚 Update pragma coverage for older Pydantic versions

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+on:
+  schedule:
+  - cron: "0 0 * * *"
+
+jobs:
+  issue-manager:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: tiangolo/issue-manager@master
+      with:
+        token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        config: >
+            {
+              "answered": {
+                "users": ["tiangolo", "dmontagu"],
+                "delay": 864000,
+                "message": "Assuming the original issue was solved, it will be automatically closed now. But feel free to add more comments or create new issues."
+              }
+            }

.gitignore

@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ coverage.xml
 .netlify
 test.db
 log.txt
+Pipfile.lock

.travis.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ cache: pip
 python:
     - "3.6"
     - "3.7"
+    - "3.8-dev"
+    - "nightly"
+
+matrix:
+    allow_failures:
+        - python: "3.8-dev"
+        - python: "nightly"
 
 install:
     - pip install flit

Pipfile

@@ -25,10 +25,11 @@ sqlalchemy = "*"
 uvicorn = "*"
 
 [packages]
-starlette = "==0.12.0"
-pydantic = "==0.28.0"
+starlette = "==0.12.9"
+pydantic = "==1.0.0"
 databases = {extras = ["sqlite"],version = "*"}
 hypercorn = "*"
+orjson = "*"
 
 [requires]
 python_version = "3.6"

Pipfile.lock

@@ -1,987 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "_meta": {
-        "hash": {
-            "sha256": "14f3b2d3a0457913244d4dc96fbf18ed356fbb43fbd10eae043270531afa61bb"
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-        },
-        "sources": [
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-                "name": "pypi",
-                "url": "https://pypi.org/simple",
-                "verify_ssl": true
-            }
-        ]
-    },
-    "default": {
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-            ],
-            "version": "==0.2.2"
-        },
-        "aiosqlite": {
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-            ],
-            "version": "==0.10.0"
-        },
-        "contextvars": {
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-            "markers": "python_version < '3.7'",
-            "version": "==2.4"
-        },
-        "databases": {
-            "extras": [
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-            ],
-            "hashes": [
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README.md

@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"
 
+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"
 
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
 
 ## Requirements
 
@@ -79,13 +90,13 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 ## Installation
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install fastapi
+pip install fastapi
 ```
 
 You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install uvicorn
+pip install uvicorn
 ```
 
 ## Example

docs/alternatives.md

@@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ Another big feature required by APIs is <abbr title="reading and converting to P
 
 Webargs is a tool that was made to provide that on top of several frameworks, including Flask.
 
-It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same guys.
+It uses Marshmallow underneath to do the data validation. And it was created by the same developers.
 
 It's a great tool and I have used it a lot too, before having **FastAPI**.
 
 !!! info
-    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    Webargs was created by the same Marshmallow developers.
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Have automatic validation of incoming request data.
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ But then, we have again the problem of having a micro-syntax, inside of a Python
 The editor can't help much with that. And if we modify parameters or Marshmallow schemas and forget to also modify that YAML docstring, the generated schema would be obsolete.
 
 !!! info
-    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    APISpec was created by the same Marshmallow developers.
 
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ Using it led to the creation of several Flask full-stack generators. These are t
 And these same full-stack generators were the base of the <a href="/project-generation/" target="_blank">**FastAPI** project generator</a>.
 
 !!! info
-    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow guys.
+    Flask-apispec was created by the same Marshmallow developers.
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Generate the OpenAPI schema automatically, from the same code that defines serialization and validation.

docs/deployment.md

@@ -170,32 +170,33 @@ Now, from a developer's perspective, here are several things to have in mind whi
     * So, the certificate and encryption handling is done before HTTP.
 * TCP doesn't know about "domains". Only about IP addresses.
     * The information about the specific domain requested goes in the HTTP data.
-* The HTTPS certificates "certificate" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
+* The HTTPS certificates "certify" a certain domain, but the protocol and encryption happen at the TCP level, before knowing which domain is being dealt with.
 * By default, that would mean that you can only have one HTTPS certificate per IP address.
-    * No matter how big is your server and how small each application you have there might be. But...
+    * No matter how big your server is or how small each application you have on it might be.
+    * There is a solution to this, however.
 * There's an extension to the TLS protocol (the one handling the encryption at the TCP level, before HTTP) called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication" target="_blank"><abbr title="Server Name Indication">SNI</abbr></a>.
-    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and server multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
-    * For this to work, a single component (program) running in the server, listening in the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
-* After having a secure connection, the communication protocol is the same HTTP.
-    * It goes encrypted, but the encrypted contents are the same HTTP protocol.
+    * This SNI extension allows one single server (with a single IP address) to have several HTTPS certificates and serve multiple HTTPS domains/applications.
+    * For this to work, a single component (program) running on the server, listening on the public IP address, must have all the HTTPS certificates in the server.
+* After obtaining a secure connection, the communication protocol is still HTTP.
+    * The contents are encrypted, even though they are being sent with the HTTP protocol.
 
 
-It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running in the server (the machine, host, etc) and managing all the HTTPS parts, sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is ofter called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.
+It is a common practice to have one program/HTTP server running on the server (the machine, host, etc.) and managing all the HTTPS parts : sending the decrypted HTTP requests to the actual HTTP application running in the same server (the **FastAPI** application, in this case), take the HTTP response from the application, encrypt it using the appropriate certificate and sending it back to the client using HTTPS. This server is often called a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS_termination_proxy" target="_blank">TLS Termination Proxy</a>.
 
 
 ### Let's Encrypt
 
-Up to some years ago, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.
+Before Let's Encrypt, these HTTPS certificates were sold by trusted third-parties.
 
 The process to acquire one of these certificates used to be cumbersome, require quite some paperwork and the certificates were quite expensive.
 
 But then <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" target="_blank">Let's Encrypt</a> was created.
 
-It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so, the security is actually increased, by reducing their lifespan.
+It is a project from the Linux Foundation. It provides HTTPS certificates for free. In an automated way. These certificates use all the standard cryptographic security, and are short lived (about 3 months), so the security is actually better because of their reduced lifespan.
 
-The domain's are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automatizing the renewal of these certificates.
+The domains are securely verified and the certificates are generated automatically. This also allows automating the renewal of these certificates.
 
-The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, free, forever.
+The idea is to automate the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so that you can have secure HTTPS, for free, forever.
 
 
 ### Traefik
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ The idea is to automatize the acquisition and renewal of these certificates, so
 
 It has integration with Let's Encrypt. So, it can handle all the HTTPS parts, including certificate acquisition and renewal.
 
-It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application, all automatically. Without requiring any change in its configuration.
+It also has integrations with Docker. So, you can declare your domains in each application configurations and have it read those configurations, generate the HTTPS certificates and serve HTTPS to your application automatically, without requiring any change in its configuration.
 
 ---
 
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ It is designed to be integrated with this Docker Swarm cluster with Traefik and
 
 You can generate a project in about 2 min.
 
-The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes other 2 min.
+The generated project has instructions to deploy it, doing it takes another 2 min.
 
 
 ## Alternatively, deploy **FastAPI** without Docker

docs/external-links.md

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+**FastAPI** has a great community constantly growing.
+
+There are many posts, articles, tools, and projects, related to **FastAPI**.
+
+Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
+
+!!! tip
+    If you have an article, project, tool, or anything related to **FastAPI** that is not yet listed here, create a <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/external-links.md" target="_blank">Pull Request adding it</a>.
+
+## Articles
+
+### English
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59" target="_blank">FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@williamhayes" target="_blank">William Hayes</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-google-as-an-external-authentication-provider-3a527672cf33" target="_blank">FastAPI — Google as an external authentication provider</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-how-to-add-basic-and-cookie-authentication-a45c85ef47d3" target="_blank">FastAPI — How to add basic and cookie authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://dev.to/errietta/introduction-to-the-fastapi-python-framework-2n10" target="_blank">Introduction to the fastapi python framework</a> by <a href="https://dev.to/errietta" target="_blank">Errieta Kostala</a>.
+
+* <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/api,/scikit-learn/2019/01/10/scikit-fastapi.html" target="_blank">FastAPI and Scikit-Learn: Easily Deploy Models</a> by <a href="http://nickc1.github.io/" target="_blank">Nick Cortale</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/data-rebels/fastapi-authentication-revisited-enabling-api-key-authentication-122dc5975680" target="_blank">FastAPI authentication revisited: Enabling API key authentication</a> by <a href="https://medium.com/@nils_29588" target="_blank">Nils de Bruin</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/fastapi-logging-on-the-fly/" target="_blank">FastAPI, a simple use case on logging</a> by <a href="https://blog.bartab.fr/" target="_blank">@euri10</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915" target="_blank">Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann" target="_blank">Nico Axtmann</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://geekflare.com/python-asynchronous-web-frameworks/" target="_blank">Top 5 Asynchronous Web Frameworks for Python</a> by <a href="https://geekflare.com/author/ankush/" target="_blank">Ankush Thakur</a> on <a href="https://geekflare.com" target="_blank">GeekFlare</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://medium.com/@gntrm/jwt-authentication-with-fastapi-and-aws-cognito-1333f7f2729e" target="_blank">JWT Authentication with FastAPI and AWS Cognito</a> by <a href="https://twitter.com/gntrm" target="_blank">Johannes Gontrum</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-deploy-a-machine-learning-model-dc51200fe8cf" target="_blank">How to Deploy a Machine Learning Model</a> by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mgrootendorst/" target="_blank">Maarten Grootendorst</a> on <a href="https://towardsdatascience.com/" target="_blank">Towards Data Science</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank">Uber: Ludwig v0.2 Adds New Features and Other Improvements to its Deep Learning Toolbox [including a FastAPI server]</a> on <a href="https://eng.uber.com" target="_blank">Uber Engineering</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://gitlab.com/euri10/fastapi_cheatsheet" target="_blank">A FastAPI and Swagger UI visual cheatsheet</a> by <a href="https://gitlab.com/euri10" target="_blank">@euri10</a>
+
+### Japanese
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg/items/47770e9a562dd150631d" target="_blank">FastAPI｜DB接続してCRUDするPython製APIサーバーを構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/mtitg" target="_blank">@mtitg</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru/items/59958ed385b3571d50de" target="_blank">python製の最新APIフレームワーク FastAPI を触ってみた</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/ryoryomaru" target="_blank">@ryoryomaru</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/0e1f5dbbe62efc612a78" target="_blank">FastAPIでCORSを回避</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/4fbc1a4e2b33fa2237d2" target="_blank">FastAPIをMySQLと接続してDockerで管理してみる</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku/items/8a458a8952f50b73f420" target="_blank">FastAPIでPOSTされたJSONのレスポンスbodyを受け取る</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/angel_katayoku" target="_blank">@angel_katayoku</a>.
+
+* <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut/items/b178af2e2440c67c6ac4" target="_blank">フロントエンド開発者向けのDockerによるPython開発環境構築</a> by <a href="https://qiita.com/hikarut" target="_blank">Hikaru Takahashi</a>.
+
+### Chinese
+
+* <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1431448" target="_blank">使用FastAPI框架快速构建高性能的api服务</a> by <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/5471722" target="_blank">逍遥散人</a>.
+
+### Vietnamese
+
+* <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/" target="_blank">FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER</a> by <a href="https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/" target="_blank">Nguyễn Nhân</a>.
+
+### Russian
+
+* <a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/454440/" target="_blank">Мелкая питонячая радость #2: Starlette - Солидная примочка – FastAPI</a> by <a href="https://habr.com/ru/users/57uff3r/" target="_blank">Andrey Korchak</a>.
+
+## Podcasts
+
+* <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">FastAPI on PythonBytes</a> by <a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/" target="_blank">Python Bytes FM</a>.

docs/features.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from datetime import date
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
-# Declare a variable as an str
+# Declare a variable as a str
 # and get editor support inside the function
 def main(user_id: str):
     return user_id

docs/help-fastapi.md

@@ -70,10 +70,8 @@ You can let me know:
 
 ## Vote for FastAPI
 
-You can vote to include FastAPI in several "awesome lists":
-
 * <a href="https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python/pull/1209" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-python`</a>.
-* <a href="https://github.com/timofurrer/awesome-asyncio/pull/43" target="_blank">Vote to include **FastAPI** in `awesome-asyncio`</a>.
+* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in Slant</a>.
 
 ## Help others with issues in GitHub
 

docs/index.md

@@ -63,8 +63,19 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"*If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]*"
 
+"*We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]*"
 
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"*We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]*"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
 
 ## Requirements
 
@@ -79,13 +90,13 @@ FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
 ## Installation
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install fastapi
+pip install fastapi
 ```
 
 You will also need an ASGI server, for production such as <a href="http://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a> or <a href="https://gitlab.com/pgjones/hypercorn" target="_blank">Hypercorn</a>.
 
 ```bash
-$ pip install uvicorn
+pip install uvicorn
 ```
 
 ## Example

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -1,5 +1,177 @@
 ## Latest changes
 
+## 0.44.0
+
+* Add GitHub action [Issue Manager](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager). PR [#742](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/742).
+* Fix typos in docs. PR [734](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/734) by [@bundabrg](https://github.com/bundabrg).
+* Fix usage of `custom_encoder` in `jsonable_encoder`. PR [#715](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/715) by [@matrixise](https://github.com/matrixise).
+* Fix invalid XML example. PR [710](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/710) by [@OcasoProtal](https://github.com/OcasoProtal).
+* Fix typos and update wording in deployment docs. PR [#700](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/700) by [@marier-nico](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/700).
+* Add note about dependencies in `APIRouter` docs. PR [#698](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/698) by [@marier-nico](https://github.com/marier-nico).
+* Add support for async class methods as dependencies [#681](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/681) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
+* Add FastAPI with Swagger UI cheatsheet to external links. PR [#671](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/671) by [@euri10](https://github.com/euri10).
+* Fix typo in HTTP protocol in CORS example. PR [#647](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/647) by [@forestmonster](https://github.com/forestmonster).
+* Add support for Pydantic versions `1.0.0` and above, with temporary (deprecated) backwards compatibility for Pydantic `0.32.2`. PR [#646](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/646) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.43.0
+
+* Update docs to reduce gender bias. PR [#645](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/645) by [@ticosax](https://github.com/ticosax).
+* Add docs about [overriding the `operationId` for all the *path operations*](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#using-the-path-operation-function-name-as-the-operationid) based on their function name. PR [#642](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/642) by [@SKalt](https://github.com/SKalt).
+* Fix validators in models generating an incorrect key order. PR [#637](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/637) by [@jaddison](https://github.com/jaddison).
+* Generate correct OpenAPI docs for responses with no content. PR [#621](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/621) by [@brotskydotcom](https://github.com/brotskydotcom).
+* Remove `$` from Bash code blocks in docs for consistency. PR [#613](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/613) by [@nstapelbroek](https://github.com/nstapelbroek).
+* Add docs for [self-serving docs' (Swagger UI) static assets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/extending-openapi/#self-hosting-javascript-and-css-for-docs), e.g. to use the docs offline, or without Internet. Initial PR [#557](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/557) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `black` linting after upgrade. PR [#682](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/682) by [@frankie567](https://github.com/frankie567).
+
+## 0.42.0
+
+* Add dependencies with `yield`, a.k.a. exit steps, context managers, cleanup, teardown, ...
+    * This allows adding extra code after a dependency is done. It can be used, for example, to close database connections.
+    * Dependencies with `yield` can be normal or `async`, **FastAPI** will run normal dependencies in a threadpool.
+    * They can be combined with normal dependencies.
+    * It's possible to have arbitrary trees/levels of dependencies with `yield` and exit steps are handled in the correct order automatically.
+    * It works by default in Python 3.7 or above. For Python 3.6, it requires the extra backport dependencies:
+        * `async-exit-stack`
+        * `async-generator`
+    * New docs at [Dependencies with `yield`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/).
+    * Updated database docs [SQL (Relational) Databases: Main **FastAPI** app](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#main-fastapi-app).
+    * PR [#595](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/595).
+* Fix `sitemap.xml` in website. PR [#598](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/598) by [@samuelcolvin](https://github.com/samuelcolvin).
+
+## 0.41.0
+
+* Upgrade required Starlette to `0.12.9`, the new range is `>=0.12.9,<=0.12.9`.
+    * Add `State` to FastAPI apps at `app.state`.
+    * PR [#593](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/593).
+* Improve handling of custom classes for `Request`s and `APIRoute`s.
+    * This helps to more easily solve use cases like:
+        * Reading a body before and/or after a request (equivalent to a middleware).
+        * Run middleware-like code only for a subset of *path operations*.
+        * Process a request before passing it to a *path operation function*. E.g. decompressing, deserializing, etc.
+        * Processing a response after being generated by *path operation functions* but before returning it. E.g. adding custom headers, logging, adding extra metadata.
+    * New docs section: [Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/custom-request-and-route/).
+    * PR [#589](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/589) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix preserving custom route class in routers when including other sub-routers. PR [#538](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/538) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.40.0
+
+* Add notes to docs about installing `python-multipart` when using forms. PR [#574](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/574) by [@sliptonic](https://github.com/sliptonic).
+* Generate OpenAPI schemas in alphabetical order. PR [#554](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/554) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Add support for truncating docstrings from *path operation functions*.
+    * New docs at [Advanced description from docstring](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#advanced-description-from-docstring).
+    * PR [#556](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/556) by [@svalouch](https://github.com/svalouch).
+* Fix `DOCTYPE` in HTML files generated for Swagger UI and ReDoc. PR [#537](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/537) by [@Trim21](https://github.com/Trim21).
+* Fix handling `4XX` responses overriding default `422` validation error responses. PR [#517](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/517) by [@tsouvarev](https://github.com/tsouvarev).
+* Fix typo in documentation for [Simple HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth/#simple-http-basic-auth). PR [#514](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/514) by [@prostomarkeloff](https://github.com/prostomarkeloff).
+* Fix incorrect documentation example in [first steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/). PR [#511](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/511) by [@IgnatovFedor](https://github.com/IgnatovFedor).
+* Add support for Swagger UI [initOauth](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/master/docs/usage/oauth2.md) settings with the parameter `swagger_ui_init_oauth`. PR [#499](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/499) by [@zamiramir](https://github.com/zamiramir).
+
+## 0.39.0
+
+* Allow path parameters to have default values (e.g. `None`) and discard them instead of raising an error.
+    * This allows declaring a parameter like `user_id: str = None` that can be taken from a query parameter, but the same path operation can be included in a router with a path `/users/{user_id}`, in which case will be taken from the path and will be required.
+    * PR [#464](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/464) by [@jonathanunderwood](https://github.com/jonathanunderwood).
+* Add support for setting a `default_response_class` in the `FastAPI` instance or in `include_router`. Initial PR [#467](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/467) by [@toppk](https://github.com/toppk).
+* Add support for type annotations using strings and `from __future__ import annotations`. PR [#451](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/451) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.38.1
+
+* Fix incorrect `Request` class import. PR [#493](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/493) by [@kamalgill](https://github.com/kamalgill).
+
+## 0.38.0
+
+* Add recent articles to [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/) and recent opinions. PR [#490](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/490).
+* Upgrade support range for Starlette to include `0.12.8`. The new range is `>=0.11.1,<=0.12.8"`. PR [#477](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/477) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Upgrade support to Pydantic version 0.32.2 and update internal code to use it (breaking change). PR [#463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/463) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+
+## 0.37.0
+
+* Add support for custom route classes for advanced use cases. PR [#468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/468) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow disabling Google fonts in ReDoc. PR [#481](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/481) by [@b1-luettje](https://github.com/b1-luettje).
+* Fix security issue: when returning a sub-class of a response model and using `skip_defaults` it could leak information. PR [#485](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/485) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Enable tests for Python 3.8-dev. PR [#465](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/465) by [@Jamim](https://github.com/Jamim).
+* Add support and tests for Pydantic dataclasses in `response_model`. PR [#454](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/454) by [@dconathan](https://github.com/dconathan).
+* Fix typo in OAuth2 JWT tutorial. PR [#447](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/447) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Use the `media_type` parameter in `Body()` params to set the media type in OpenAPI for `requestBody`. PR [#439](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/439) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Add article [Deploying a scikit-learn model with ONNX and FastAPI](https://medium.com/@nico.axtmann95/deploying-a-scikit-learn-model-with-onnx-und-fastapi-1af398268915) by [https://www.linkedin.com/in/nico-axtmann](Nico Axtmann). PR [#438](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/438) by [@naxty](https://github.com/naxty).
+* Allow setting custom `422` (validation error) response/schema in OpenAPI.
+    * And use media type from response class instead of fixed `application/json` (the default).
+    * PR [#437](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/437) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+* Fix using `"default"` extra response with status codes at the same time. PR [#489](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/489).
+* Allow additional responses to use status code ranges (like `5XX` and `4XX`) and `"default"`. PR [#435](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/435) by [@divums](https://github.com/divums).
+
+## 0.36.0
+
+* Fix implementation for `skip_defaults` when returning a Pydantic model. PR [#422](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/422) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Fix OpenAPI generation when using the same dependency in multiple places for the same *path operation*. PR [#417](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/417) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+* Allow having empty paths in *path operations* used with `include_router` and a `prefix`.
+    * This allows having a router for `/cats` and all its *path operations*, while having one of them for `/cats`.
+    * Now it doesn't have to be only `/cats/` (with a trailing slash).
+    * To use it, declare the path in the *path operation* as the empty string (`""`).
+    * PR [#415](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/415) by [@vitalik](https://github.com/vitalik).
+* Fix mypy error after merging PR #415. PR [#462](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/462).
+
+## 0.35.0
+
+* Fix typo in routing `assert`. PR [#419](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/419) by [@pablogamboa](https://github.com/pablogamboa).
+* Fix typo in docs. PR [#411](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/411) by [@bronsen](https://github.com/bronsen).
+* Fix parsing a body type declared with `Union`. PR [#400](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/400) by [@koxudaxi](https://github.com/koxudaxi).
+
+## 0.34.0
+
+* Upgrade Starlette supported range to include the latest `0.12.7`. The new range is `0.11.1,<=0.12.7`. PR [#367](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/367) by [@dedsm](https://github.com/dedsm).
+
+* Add test for OpenAPI schema with duplicate models from PR [#333](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/333) by [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu). PR [#385](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/385).
+
+## 0.33.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic version to `0.30.0`. PR [#384](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/384) by [@jekirl](https://github.com/jekirl).
+
+## 0.32.0
+
+* Fix typo in docs for features. PR [#380](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/380) by [@MartinoMensio](https://github.com/MartinoMensio).
+
+* Fix source code `limit` for example in [Query Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/). PR [#366](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/366) by [@Smashman](https://github.com/Smashman).
+
+* Update wording in docs about [OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes/). PR [#371](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/371) by [@cjw296](https://github.com/cjw296).
+
+* Update docs for `Enum`s to inherit from `str` and improve Swagger UI rendering. PR [#351](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/351).
+
+* Fix regression, add Swagger UI deep linking again. PR [#350](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/350).
+
+* Add test for having path templates in `prefix` of `.include_router`. PR [#349](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/349).
+
+* Add note to docs: [Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-the-same-router-multiple-times-with-different-prefix). PR [#348](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/348).
+
+* Fix OpenAPI/JSON Schema generation for two functions with the same name (in different modules) with the same composite bodies.
+    * Composite bodies' IDs are now based on path, not only on route name, as the auto-generated name uses the function names, that can be duplicated in different modules.
+    * The same new ID generation applies to response models.
+    * This also changes the generated title for those models.
+    * Only composite bodies and response models are affected because those are generated dynamically, they don't have a module (a Python file).
+    * This also adds the possibility of using `.include_router()` with the same `APIRouter` *multiple*  times, with different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v2` and `/api/latest`, and it will now work correctly.
+    * PR [#347](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/347).
+
+## 0.31.0
+
+* Upgrade Pydantic supported version to `0.29.0`.
+    * New supported version range is `"pydantic >=0.28,<=0.29.0"`.
+    * This adds support for Pydantic [Generic Models](https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#generic-models), kudos to [@dmontagu](https://github.com/dmontagu).
+    * PR [#344](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/344).
+
+## 0.30.1
+
+* Add section in docs about [External Links and Articles](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [#341](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/341).
+
+* Remove `Pipfile.lock` from the repository as it is only used by FastAPI contributors (developers of FastAPI itself). See the PR for more details. PR [#340](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/340).
+
+* Update section about [Help FastAPI - Get Help](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/). PR [#339](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/339).
+
+* Refine internal type declarations to improve/remove Mypy errors in users' code. PR [#338](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/338).
+
+* Update and clarify [SQL tutorial with SQLAlchemy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/). PR [#331](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/331) by [@mariacamilagl](https://github.com/mariacamilagl).
+
+* Add SQLite [online viewers to the docs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sql-databases/#interact-with-the-database-directly). PR [#330](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/330) by [@cyrilbois](https://github.com/cyrilbois).
+
 ## 0.30.0
 
 * Add support for Pydantic's ORM mode:

docs/src/body_schema/tutorial001.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Schema
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
-    description: str = Schema(None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300)
-    price: float = Schema(..., gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
+    description: str = Field(None, title="The description of the item", max_length=300)
+    price: float = Field(..., gt=0, description="The price must be greater than zero")
     tax: float = None
 
 

docs/src/body_updates/tutorial002.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ async def read_item(item_id: str):
 async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
     stored_item_data = items[item_id]
     stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
-    update_data = item.dict(skip_defaults=True)
+    update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
     updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)
     items[item_id] = jsonable_encoder(updated_item)
     return updated_item

docs/src/cors/tutorial001.py

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ app = FastAPI()
 origins = [
     "http://localhost.tiangolo.com",
     "https://localhost.tiangolo.com",
-    "http:localhost",
-    "http:localhost:8080",
+    "http://localhost",
+    "http://localhost:8080",
 ]
 
 app.add_middleware(

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import gzip
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class GzipRequest(Request):
+    async def body(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            body = await super().body()
+            if "gzip" in self.headers.getlist("Content-Encoding"):
+                body = gzip.decompress(body)
+            self._body = body
+        return self._body
+
+
+class GzipRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            request = GzipRequest(request.scope, request.receive)
+            return await original_route_handler(request)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = GzipRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/sum")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return {"sum": sum(numbers)}

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from fastapi import Body, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class ValidationErrorLoggingRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            try:
+                return await original_route_handler(request)
+            except RequestValidationError as exc:
+                body = await request.body()
+                detail = {"errors": exc.errors(), "body": body.decode()}
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=422, detail=detail)
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+app.router.route_class = ValidationErrorLoggingRoute
+
+
+@app.post("/")
+async def sum_numbers(numbers: List[int] = Body(...)):
+    return sum(numbers)

docs/src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import time
+from typing import Callable
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+
+class TimedRoute(APIRoute):
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()
+
+        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
+            before = time.time()
+            response: Response = await original_route_handler(request)
+            duration = time.time() - before
+            response.headers["X-Response-Time"] = str(duration)
+            print(f"route duration: {duration}")
+            print(f"route response: {response}")
+            print(f"route response headers: {response.headers}")
+            return response
+
+        return custom_route_handler
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router = APIRouter(route_class=TimedRoute)
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def not_timed():
+    return {"message": "Not timed"}
+
+
+@router.get("/timed")
+async def timed():
+    return {"message": "It's the time of my life"}
+
+
+app.include_router(router)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial007.py

@@ -1,21 +1,6 @@
-from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
-
-app = FastAPI()
-
-
-class FixedContentQueryChecker:
-    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
-        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
-
-    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
-        if q:
-            return self.fixed_content in q
-        return False
-
-
-checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
-
-
-@app.get("/query-checker/")
-async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
-    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}
+async def get_db():
+    db = DBSession()
+    try:
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial008.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial009.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import Depends
+
+
+async def dependency_a():
+    dep_a = generate_dep_a()
+    try:
+        yield dep_a
+    finally:
+        dep_a.close()
+
+
+async def dependency_b(dep_a=Depends(dependency_a)):
+    dep_b = generate_dep_b()
+    try:
+        yield dep_b
+    finally:
+        dep_b.close(dep_a)
+
+
+async def dependency_c(dep_b=Depends(dependency_b)):
+    dep_c = generate_dep_c()
+    try:
+        yield dep_c
+    finally:
+        dep_c.close(dep_b)

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial010.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+class MySuperContextManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.db = DBSession()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.db
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.db.close()
+
+
+async def get_db():
+    with MySuperContextManager() as db:
+        yield db

docs/src/dependencies/tutorial011.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class FixedContentQueryChecker:
+    def __init__(self, fixed_content: str):
+        self.fixed_content = fixed_content
+
+    def __call__(self, q: str = ""):
+        if q:
+            return self.fixed_content in q
+        return False
+
+
+checker = FixedContentQueryChecker("bar")
+
+
+@app.get("/query-checker/")
+async def read_query_check(fixed_content_included: bool = Depends(checker)):
+    return {"fixed_content_in_query": fixed_content_included}

docs/src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
+    get_redoc_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html,
+)
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles
+
+app = FastAPI(docs_url=None, redoc_url=None)
+
+app.mount("/static", StaticFiles(directory="static"), name="static")
+
+
+@app.get("/docs", include_in_schema=False)
+async def custom_swagger_ui_html():
+    return get_swagger_ui_html(
+        openapi_url=app.openapi_url,
+        title=app.title + " - Swagger UI",
+        oauth2_redirect_url=app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+        swagger_js_url="/static/swagger-ui-bundle.js",
+        swagger_css_url="/static/swagger-ui.css",
+    )
+
+
+@app.get(app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url, include_in_schema=False)
+async def swagger_ui_redirect():
+    return get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html()
+
+
+@app.get("/redoc", include_in_schema=False)
+async def redoc_html():
+    return get_redoc_html(
+        openapi_url=app.openapi_url,
+        title=app.title + " - ReDoc",
+        redoc_js_url="/static/redoc.standalone.js",
+    )
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{username}")
+async def read_user(username: str):
+    return {"message": f"Hello {username}"}

docs/src/extra_models/tutorial001.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/extra_models/tutorial002.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py

@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
 
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
-@app.get("/items/", include_in_schema=False)
+@app.get("/items/")
 async def read_items():
     return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]
+
+
+def use_route_names_as_operation_ids(app: FastAPI) -> None:
+    """
+    Simplify operation IDs so that generated API clients have simpler function
+    names.
+
+    Should be called only after all routes have been added.
+    """
+    for route in app.routes:
+        if isinstance(route, APIRoute):
+            route.operation_id = route.name  # in this case, 'read_items'
+
+
+use_route_names_as_operation_ids(app)

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", include_in_schema=False)
+async def read_items():
+    return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]

docs/src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Set
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float = None
+    tags: Set[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
+async def create_item(*, item: Item):
+    """
+    Create an item with all the information:
+
+    - **name**: each item must have a name
+    - **description**: a long description
+    - **price**: required
+    - **tax**: if the item doesn't have tax, you can omit this
+    - **tags**: a set of unique tag strings for this item
+    \f
+    :param item: User input.
+    """
+    return item

docs/src/path_params/tutorial005.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from enum import Enum
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
 
-class ModelName(Enum):
+class ModelName(str, Enum):
     alexnet = "alexnet"
     resnet = "resnet"
     lenet = "lenet"

docs/src/query_params/tutorial001.py

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ fake_items_db = [{"item_name": "Foo"}, {"item_name": "Bar"}, {"item_name": "Baz"
 
 
 @app.get("/items/")
-async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
     return fake_items_db[skip : skip + limit]

docs/src/response_directly/tutorial002.py

@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ app = FastAPI()
 
 @app.get("/legacy/")
 def get_legacy_data():
-    data = """
-    <?xml version="1.0"?>
+    data = """<?xml version="1.0"?>
     <shampoo>
     <Header>
         Apply shampoo here.
-    <Header>
+    </Header>
     <Body>
         You'll have to use soap here.
     </Body>

docs/src/response_model/tutorial002.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/response_model/tutorial003.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-from pydantic.types import EmailStr
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
 app = FastAPI()
 

docs/src/response_model/tutorial004.py

@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ items = {
 }
 
 
-@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_skip_defaults=True)
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item, response_model_exclude_unset=True)
 async def read_item(item_id: str):
     return items[item_id]

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+
+from . import crud, models, schemas
+from .database import SessionLocal, engine
+
+models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
+    try:
+        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
+        response = await call_next(request)
+    finally:
+        request.state.db.close()
+    return response
+
+
+# Dependency
+def get_db(request: Request):
+    return request.state.db
+
+
+@app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)
+def create_user(user: schemas.UserCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user_by_email(db, email=user.email)
+    if db_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Email already registered")
+    return crud.create_user(db=db, user=user)
+
+
+@app.get("/users/", response_model=List[schemas.User])
+def read_users(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    users = crud.get_users(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return users
+
+
+@app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
+def read_user(user_id: int, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    db_user = crud.get_user(db, user_id=user_id)
+    if db_user is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="User not found")
+    return db_user
+
+
+@app.post("/users/{user_id}/items/", response_model=schemas.Item)
+def create_item_for_user(
+    user_id: int, item: schemas.ItemCreate, db: Session = Depends(get_db)
+):
+    return crud.create_user_item(db=db, item=item, user_id=user_id)
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[schemas.Item])
+def read_items(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100, db: Session = Depends(get_db)):
+    items = crud.get_items(db, skip=skip, limit=limit)
+    return items

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/database.py

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
 
-SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "sqlite:///./test.db"
-# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./test.db"
+# SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
 
 engine = create_engine(
-    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
+    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL, connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
 )
 SessionLocal = sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
 

docs/src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py

@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ from typing import List
 
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
-from starlette.requests import Request
-from starlette.responses import Response
 
 from . import crud, models, schemas
 from .database import SessionLocal, engine
@@ -13,20 +11,13 @@ models.Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
 app = FastAPI()
 
 
-@app.middleware("http")
-async def db_session_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
-    response = Response("Internal server error", status_code=500)
-    try:
-        request.state.db = SessionLocal()
-        response = await call_next(request)
-    finally:
-        request.state.db.close()
-    return response
-
-
 # Dependency
-def get_db(request: Request):
-    return request.state.db
+def get_db():
+    try:
+        db = SessionLocal()
+        yield db
+    finally:
+        db.close()
 
 
 @app.post("/users/", response_model=schemas.User)

docs/tutorial/additional-responses.md

@@ -174,6 +174,11 @@ For example, you can add an additional media type of `image/png`, declaring that
 !!! note
     Notice that you have to return the image using a `FileResponse` directly.
 
+!!! info
+    Unless you specify a different media type explicitly in your `responses` parameter, FastAPI will assume the response has the same media type as the main response class (default `application/json`).
+
+    But if you have specified a custom response class with `None` as its media type, FastAPI will use `application/json` for any additional response that has an associated model.
+
 ## Combining information
 
 You can also combine response information from multiple places, including the `response_model`, `status_code`, and `responses` parameters.

docs/tutorial/async-sql-databases.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Later, for your production application, you might want to use a database server
 ```
 
 !!! tip
-    If you where connecting to a different database (e.g. PostgreSQL), you would need to change the `DATABASE_URL`.
+    If you were connecting to a different database (e.g. PostgreSQL), you would need to change the `DATABASE_URL`.
 
 ## Create the tables
 

docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md

@@ -174,7 +174,6 @@ from app.routers import items, users
 
     To learn more about Python Packages and Modules, read <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html" target="_blank">the official Python documentation about Modules</a>.
 
-
 ### Avoid name collisions
 
 We are importing the submodule `items` directly, instead of importing just its variable `router`.
@@ -216,7 +215,6 @@ It will include all the routes from that router as part of it.
 
     So, behind the scenes, it will actually work as if everything was the same single app.
 
-
 !!! check
     You don't have to worry about performance when including routers.
 
@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@ We can also add a list of `tags` that will be applied to all the *path operation
 
 And we can add predefined `responses` that will be included in all the *path operations* too.
 
-And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them.
+And we can add a list of `dependencies` that will be added to all the *path operations* in the router and will be executed/solved for each request made to them. Note that, much like dependencies in *path operation decorators*, no value will be passed to your *path operation function*.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/bigger_applications/app/main.py!}
@@ -295,7 +293,6 @@ The end result is that the item paths are now:
 
     As we cannot just isolate them and "mount" them independently of the rest, the path operations are "cloned" (re-created), not included directly.
 
-
 ## Check the automatic API docs
 
 Now, run `uvicorn`, using the module `app.main` and the variable `app`:
@@ -309,3 +306,11 @@ And open the docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http:/
 You will see the automatic API docs, including the paths from all the submodules, using the correct paths (and prefixes) and the correct tags:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/image01.png">
+
+## Include the same router multiple times with different `prefix`
+
+You can also use `.include_router()` multiple times with the *same* router using different prefixes.
+
+This could be useful, for example, to expose the same API under different prefixes, e.g. `/api/v1` and `/api/latest`.
+
+This is an advanced usage that you might not really need, but it's there in case you do.

docs/tutorial/body-schema.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in path operation function parameters with `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, you can declare validation and metadata inside of Pydantic models using `Schema`.
+The same way you can declare additional validation and metadata in path operation function parameters with `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, you can declare validation and metadata inside of Pydantic models using Pydantic's `Field`.
 
-## Import Schema
+## Import `Field`
 
 First, you have to import it:
 
@@ -9,32 +9,34 @@ First, you have to import it:
 ```
 
 !!! warning
-    Notice that `Schema` is imported directly from `pydantic`, not from `fastapi` as are all the rest (`Query`, `Path`, `Body`, etc).
+    Notice that `Field` is imported directly from `pydantic`, not from `fastapi` as are all the rest (`Query`, `Path`, `Body`, etc).
 
 
 ## Declare model attributes
 
-You can then use `Schema` with model attributes:
+You can then use `Field` with model attributes:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="9 10"
 {!./src/body_schema/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
-`Schema` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
+`Field` works the same way as `Query`, `Path` and `Body`, it has all the same parameters, etc.
 
 !!! note "Technical Details"
-    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next are subclasses of a common `Param` which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `Schema`.
+    Actually, `Query`, `Path` and others you'll see next create objects of subclasses of a common `Param` class, which is itself a subclass of Pydantic's `FieldInfo` class.
 
-    `Body` is also a subclass of `Schema` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of `Body`.
+    And Pydantic's `Field` returns an instance of `FieldInfo` as well.
 
-    But remember that when you import `Query`, `Path` and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
+    `Body` also returns objects of a subclass of `FieldInfo` directly. And there are others you will see later that are subclasses of the `Body` class.
+
+    Remember that when you import `Query`, `Path`, and others from `fastapi`, <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#recap" target="_blank">those are actually functions that return classes of the same name</a>.
 
 !!! tip
-    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Schema` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Schema` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
+    Notice how each model's attribute with a type, default value and `Field` has the same structure as a path operation function's parameter, with `Field` instead of `Path`, `Query` and `Body`.
 
 ## Schema extras
 
-In `Schema`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
+In `Field`, `Path`, `Query`, `Body` and others you'll see later, you can declare extra parameters apart from those described before.
 
 Those parameters will be added as-is to the output JSON Schema.
 
@@ -55,6 +57,6 @@ And it would look in the `/docs` like this:
 
 ## Recap
 
-You can use Pydantic's `Schema` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
+You can use Pydantic's `Field` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.
 
-You can also use the extra keyword arguments to pass additional JSON Schema metadata.
+You can also use the extra keyword arguments to pass additional JSON Schema metadata.

docs/tutorial/body-updates.md

@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ This means that you can send only the data that you want to update, leaving the
 
     But this guide shows you, more or less, how they are intended to be used.
 
-### Using Pydantic's `skip_defaults` parameter
+### Using Pydantic's `exclude_unset` parameter
 
-If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `skip_defaults` in Pydantic's model's `.dict()`.
+If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `exclude_unset` in Pydantic's model's `.dict()`.
 
-Like `item.dict(skip_defaults=True)`.
+Like `item.dict(exclude_unset=True)`.
 
 That would generate a `dict` with only the data that was set when creating the `item` model, excluding default values.
 
-Then you can use this to generate a `dict` with only the data that was set, omitting default values:
+Then you can use this to generate a `dict` with only the data that was set (sent in the request), omitting default values:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="34"
 {!./src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ In summary, to apply partial updates you would:
 * (Optionally) use `PATCH` instead of `PUT`.
 * Retrieve the stored data.
 * Put that data in a Pydantic model.
-* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `skip_defaults`).
+* Generate a `dict` without default values from the input model (using `exclude_unset`).
     * This way you can update only the values actually set by the user, instead of overriding values already stored with default values in your model.
 * Create a copy of the stored model, updating it's attributes with the received partial updates (using the `update` parameter).
 * Convert the copied model to something that can be stored in your DB (for example, using the `jsonable_encoder`).

docs/tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+In some cases, you may want to override the logic used by the `Request` and `APIRoute` classes.
+
+In particular, this may be a good alternative to logic in a middleware.
+
+For example, if you want to read or manipulate the request body before it is processed by your application.
+
+!!! danger
+    This is an "advanced" feature.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this section.
+
+## Use cases
+
+Some use cases include:
+
+* Converting non-JSON request bodies to JSON (e.g. [`msgpack`](https://msgpack.org/index.html)).
+* Decompressing gzip-compressed request bodies.
+* Automatically logging all request bodies.
+* Accessing the request body in an exception handler.
+
+## Handling custom request body encodings
+
+Let's see how to make use of a custom `Request` subclass to decompress gzip requests.
+
+And an `APIRoute` subclass to use that custom request class.
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRequest` class
+
+First, we create a `GzipRequest` class, which will overwrite the `Request.body()` method to decompress the body in the presence of an appropriate header.
+
+If there's no `gzip` in the header, it will not try to decompress the body.
+
+That way, the same route class can handle gzip compressed or uncompressed requests.
+
+```Python hl_lines="10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+### Create a custom `GzipRoute` class
+
+Next, we create a custom subclass of `fastapi.routing.APIRoute` that will make use of the `GzipRequest`.
+
+This time, it will overwrite the method `APIRoute.get_route_handler()`.
+
+This method returns a function. And that function is what will receive a request and return a response.
+
+Here we use it to create a `GzipRequest` from the original request.
+
+```Python hl_lines="20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.
+
+    A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.
+
+    The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.
+
+    And those two things, `scope` and `receive`, are what is needed to create a new `Request` instance.
+
+    To learn more about the `Request` check <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Requests</a>.
+
+The only thing the function returned by `GzipRequest.get_route_handler` does differently is convert the `Request` to a `GzipRequest`.
+
+Doing this, our `GzipRequest` will take care of decompressing the data (if necessary) before passing it to our *path operations*.
+
+After that, all of the processing logic is the same.
+
+But because of our changes in `GzipRequest.body`, the request body will be automatically decompressed when it is loaded by **FastAPI** when needed.
+
+## Accessing the request body in an exception handler
+
+We can also use this same approach to access the request body in an exception handler.
+
+All we need to do is handle the request inside a `try`/`except` block:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 17"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+If an exception occurs, the`Request` instance will still be in scope, so we can read and make use of the request body when handling the error:
+
+```Python hl_lines="18 19 20"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+## Custom `APIRoute` class in a router
+
+You can also set the `route_class` parameter of an `APIRouter`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="25"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+In this example, the *path operations* under the `router` will use the custom `TimedRoute` class, and will have an extra `X-Response-Time` header in the response with the time it took to generate the response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19"
+{!./src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial003.py!}
+```

docs/tutorial/custom-response.md

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ The contents that you return from your *path operation function* will be put ins
 
 And if that `Response` has a JSON media type (`application/json`), like is the case with the `JSONResponse` and `UJSONResponse`, the data you return will be automatically converted (and filtered) with any Pydantic `response_model` that you declared in the *path operation decorator*.
 
+!!! note
+    If you use a response class with no media type, FastAPI will expect your response to have no content, so it will not document the response format in its generated OpenAPI docs.
+
 ## Use `UJSONResponse`
 
 For example, if you are squeezing performance, you can install and use `ujson` and set the response to be Starlette's `UJSONResponse`.

docs/tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-!!! danger
+!!! warning
     This is, more or less, an "advanced" chapter.
     
     If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip this chapter and come back to it later.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Not the class itself (which is already a callable), but an instance of that clas
 To do that, we declare a method `__call__`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="10"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for additional parameters and sub-dependencies, and this is what will be called to pass a value to the parameter in your *path operation function* later.
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In this case, this `__call__` is what **FastAPI** will use to check for addition
 And now, we can use `__init__` to declare the parameters of the instance that we can use to "parameterize" the dependency:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="7"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use it directly in our code.
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ In this case, **FastAPI** won't ever touch or care about `__init__`, we will use
 We could create an instance of this class with:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="16"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 And that way we are able to "parameterize" our dependency, that now has `"bar"` inside of it, as the attribute `checker.fixed_content`.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ checker(q="somequery")
 ...and pass whatever that returns as the value of the dependency in our path operation function as the parameter `fixed_content_included`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="20"
-{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial011.py!}
 ```
 
 !!! tip

docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Before diving deeper into the **Dependency Injection** system, let's upgrade the
 
 ## A `dict` from the previous example
 
-In the previous example, we where returning a `dict` from our dependency ("dependable"):
+In the previous example, we are returning a `dict` from our dependency ("dependable"):
 
 ```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!./src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}

docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# Dependencies with `yield`
+
+FastAPI supports dependencies that do some <abbr title='sometimes also called "exit", "cleanup", "teardown", "close", "context managers", ...'>extra steps after finishing</abbr>.
+
+To do this, use `yield` instead of `return`, and write the extra steps after.
+
+!!! tip
+    Make sure to use `yield` one single time.
+
+!!! info
+    For this to work, you need to use **Python 3.7** or above, or in **Python 3.6**, install the "backports":
+
+    ```bash
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+    ```
+
+    This installs <a href="https://github.com/sorcio/async_exit_stack" target="_blank">async-exit-stack</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-trio/async_generator" target="_blank">async-generator</a>.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    Any function that is valid to use with:
+
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
+
+    would be valid to use as a **FastAPI** dependency.
+
+    In fact, FastAPI uses those two decorators internally.
+
+## A database dependency with `yield`
+
+For example, you could use this to create a database session and close it after finishing.
+
+Only the code prior to and including the `yield` statement is executed before sending a response:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+The yielded value is what is injected into *path operations* and other dependencies:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+The code following the `yield` statement is executed after the response has been delivered:
+
+```Python hl_lines="5 6"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    You can use `async` or normal functions.
+
+    **FastAPI** will do the right thing with each, the same as with normal dependencies.
+
+## A dependency with `yield` and `try`
+
+If you use a `try` block in a dependency with `yield`, you'll receive any exception that was thrown when using the dependency.
+
+For example, if some code at some point in the middle, in another dependency or in a *path operation*, made a database transaction "rollback" or create any other error, you will receive the exception in your dependency.
+
+So, you can look for that specific exception inside the dependency with `except SomeException`.
+
+In the same way, you can use `finally` to make sure the exit steps are executed, no matter if there was an exception or not.
+
+```Python hl_lines="3 5"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial007.py!}
+```
+
+## Sub-dependencies with `yield`
+
+You can have sub-dependencies and "trees" of sub-dependencies of any size and shape, and any or all of them can use `yield`.
+
+**FastAPI** will make sure that the "exit code" in each dependency with `yield` is run in the correct order.
+
+For example, `dependency_c` can have a dependency on `dependency_b`, and `dependency_b` on `dependency_a`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="4 12 20"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+And all of them can use `yield`.
+
+In this case `dependency_c`, to execute its exit code, needs the value from `dependency_b` (here named `dep_b`) to still be available.
+
+And, in turn, `dependency_b` needs the value from `dependency_a` (here named `dep_a`) to be available for its exit code.
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 24 25"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial008.py!}
+```
+
+The same way, you could have dependencies with `yield` and `return` mixed.
+
+And you could have a single dependency that requires several other dependencies with `yield`, etc.
+
+You can have any combinations of dependencies that you want.
+
+**FastAPI** will make sure everything is run in the correct order.
+
+!!! note "Technical Details"
+    This works thanks to Python's <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html" target="_blank">Context Managers</a>.
+
+    **FastAPI** uses them internally to achieve this.
+
+## Context Managers
+
+### What are "Context Managers"
+
+"Context Managers" are any of those Python objects that you can use in a `with` statement.
+
+For example, <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files" target="_blank">you can use `with` to read a file</a>:
+
+```Python
+with open("./somefile.txt") as f:
+    contents = f.read()
+    print(contents)
+```
+
+Underneath, the `open("./somefile.txt")` returns an object that is a called a "Context Manager".
+
+When the `with` block finishes, it makes sure to close the file, even if there were exceptions.
+
+When you create a dependency with `yield`, **FastAPI** will internally convert it to a context manager, and combine it with some other related tools.
+
+### Using context managers in dependencies with `yield`
+
+!!! warning
+    This is, more or less, an "advanced" idea.
+
+    If you are just starting with **FastAPI** you might want to skip it for now.
+
+In Python, you can create context managers by <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#context-managers" target="_blank">creating a class with two methods: `__enter__()` and `__exit__()`</a>.
+
+You can also use them with **FastAPI** dependencies with `yield` by using
+`with` or `async with` statements inside of the dependency function:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13"
+{!./src/dependencies/tutorial010.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Another way to create a context manager is with:
+
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
+
+    using them to decorate a function with a single `yield`.
+
+    That's what **FastAPI** uses internally for dependencies with `yield`.
+
+    But you don't have to use the decorators for FastAPI dependencies (and you shouldn't).
+
+    FastAPI will do it for you internally.

docs/tutorial/extending-openapi.md

@@ -88,3 +88,156 @@ Now you can replace the `.openapi()` method with your new function.
 Once you go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a> you will see that you are using your custom logo (in this example, **FastAPI**'s logo):
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image01.png">
+
+## Self-hosting JavaScript and CSS for docs
+
+The API docs use **Swagger UI** and **ReDoc**, and each of those need some JavaScript and CSS files.
+
+By default, those files are served from a <abbr title="Content Delivery Network: A service, normally composed of several servers, that provides static files, like JavaScript and CSS. It's commonly used to serve those files from the server closer to the client, improving performance.">CDN</abbr>.
+
+But it's possible to customize it, you can set a specific CDN, or serve the files yourself.
+
+That's useful, for example, if you need your app to keep working even while offline, without open Internet access, or in a local network.
+
+Here you'll see how to serve those files yourself, in the same FastAPI app, and configure the docs to use them.
+
+### Project file structure
+
+Let's say your project file structure looks like this:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+```
+
+Now create a directory to store those static files.
+
+Your new file structure could look like this:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+└── static/
+```
+
+### Download the files
+
+Download the static files needed for the docs and put them on that `static/` directory.
+
+You can probably right-click each link and select an option similar to `Save link as...`.
+
+**Swagger UI** uses the files:
+
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
+
+And **ReDoc** uses the file:
+
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js" target="_blank">`redoc.standalone.js`</a>
+
+After that, your file structure could look like:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── main.py
+└── static
+    ├── redoc.standalone.js
+    ├── swagger-ui-bundle.js
+    └── swagger-ui.css
+```
+
+### Install `aiofiles`
+
+Now you need to install `aiofiles`:
+
+```bash
+pip install aiofiles
+```
+
+### Serve the static files
+
+* Import `StaticFiles` from Starlette.
+* "Mount" it the same way you would <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/sub-applications-proxy/" target="_blank">mount a Sub-Application</a>.
+
+```Python hl_lines="7 11"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Test the static files
+
+Start your application and go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/redoc.standalone.js" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/static/redoc.standalone.js</a>.
+
+You should see a very long JavaScript file for **ReDoc**.
+
+It could start with something like:
+
+```JavaScript
+/*!
+ * ReDoc - OpenAPI/Swagger-generated API Reference Documentation
+ * -------------------------------------------------------------
+ *   Version: "2.0.0-rc.18"
+ *   Repo: https://github.com/Redocly/redoc
+ */
+!function(e,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof m
+
+...
+```
+
+That confirms that you are being able to serve static files from your app, and that you placed the static files for the docs in the correct place.
+
+Now we can configure the app to use those static files for the docs.
+
+### Disable the automatic docs
+
+The first step is to disable the automatic docs, as those use the CDN by default.
+
+To disable them, set their URLs to `None` when creating your `FastAPI` app:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Include the custom docs
+
+Now you can create the *path operations* for the custom docs.
+
+You can re-use FastAPI's internal functions to create the HTML pages for the docs, and pass them the needed arguments:
+
+* `openapi_url`: the URL where the HTML page for the docs can get the OpenAPI schema for your API. You can use here the attribute `app.openapi_url`.
+* `title`: the title of your API.
+* `oauth2_redirect_url`: you can use `app.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url` here to use the default.
+* `swagger_js_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **JavaScript** file. This is the one that your own app is now serving.
+* `swagger_css_url`: the URL where the HTML for your Swagger UI docs can get the **CSS** file. This is the one that your own app is now serving.
+
+And similarly for ReDoc...
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 3 4 5 6   14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22    25 26 27   30 31 32 33 34 35 36"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    The *path operation* for `swagger_ui_redirect` is a helper for when you use OAuth2.
+
+    If you integrate your API with an OAuth2 provider, you will be able to authenticate and come back to the API docs with the acquired credentials. And interact with it using the real OAuth2 authentication.
+
+    Swagger UI will handle it behind the scenes for you, but it needs this "redirect" helper.
+
+### Create a *path operation* to test it
+
+Now, to be able to test that everything works, create a path operation:
+
+```Python hl_lines="39 40 41"
+{!./src/extending_openapi/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+### Test it
+
+Now, you should be able to disconnect your WiFi, go to your docs at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>, and reload the page.
+
+And even without Internet, you would be able to see the docs for your API and interact with it.

docs/tutorial/extra-models.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ This is especially the case for user models, because:
 
 Here's a general idea of how the models could look like with their password fields and the places where they are used:
 
-```Python hl_lines="8 10 15 21 23 32 34 39 40"
+```Python hl_lines="7 9  14   20 22  27 28  31 32 33  38 39"
 {!./src/extra_models/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ All the data conversion, validation, documentation, etc. will still work as norm
 
 That way, we can declare just the differences between the models (with plaintext `password`, with `hashed_password` and without password):
 
-```Python hl_lines="8 14 15 18 19 22 23"
+```Python hl_lines="7  13 14  17 18  21 22"
 {!./src/extra_models/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
 

docs/tutorial/first-steps.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" target="_blank">http://127.
 You will see the JSON response as:
 
 ```JSON
-{"hello": "world"}
+{"message": "Hello World"}
 ```
 
 ### Interactive API docs

docs/tutorial/path-operation-advanced-configuration.md

@@ -11,10 +11,40 @@ You would have to make sure that it is unique for each operation.
 {!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
+### Using the *path operation function* name as the operationId
+
+If you want to use your APIs' function names as `operationId`s, you can iterate over all of them and override each *path operation's* `operation_id` using their `APIRoute.name`.
+
+You should do it after adding all your *path operations*.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    If you manually call `app.openapi()`, you should update the `operationId`s before that.
+
+!!! warning
+    If you do this, you have to make sure each one of your *path operation functions* has a unique name.
+
+    Even if they are in different modules (Python files).
+
 ## Exclude from OpenAPI
 
 To exclude a path operation from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from the automatic documentation systems), use the parameter `include_in_schema` and set it to `False`;
 
 ```Python hl_lines="6"
-{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial002.py!}
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+## Advanced description from docstring
+
+You can limit the lines used from the docstring of a *path operation function* for OpenAPI.
+
+Adding an `\f` (an escaped "form feed" character) causes **FastAPI** to truncate the output used for OpenAPI at this point.
+
+It won't show up in the documentation, but other tools (such as Sphinx) will be able to use the rest.
+
+```Python hl_lines="19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29"
+{!./src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial004.py!}
 ```

docs/tutorial/path-params.md

@@ -119,7 +119,9 @@ If you have a *path operation* that receives a *path parameter*, but you want th
 
 ### Create an `Enum` class
 
-Import `Enum` and create a sub-class that inherits from it.
+Import `Enum` and create a sub-class that inherits from `str` and from `Enum`.
+
+By inheriting from `str` the API docs will be able to know that the values must be of type `string` and will be able to render correctly.
 
 And create class attributes with fixed values, those fixed values will be the available valid values:
 

docs/tutorial/request-files.md

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 You can define files to be uploaded by the client using `File`.
 
+!!! info
+    To receive uploaded files, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
+    This is because uploaded files are sent as "form data".
+
 ## Import `File`
 
 Import `File` and `UploadFile` from `fastapi`:

docs/tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 You can define files and form fields at the same time using `File` and `Form`.
 
+!!! info
+    To receive uploaded files and/or form data, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
 ## Import `File` and `Form`
 
 ```Python hl_lines="1"

docs/tutorial/request-forms.md

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 When you need to receive form fields instead of JSON, you can use `Form`.
 
+!!! info
+    To use forms, first install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
 ## Import `Form`
 
 Import `Form` from `fastapi`:

docs/tutorial/response-model.md

@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ But most importantly:
 
 Here we are declaring a `UserIn` model, it will contain a plaintext password:
 
-```Python hl_lines="8 10"
+```Python hl_lines="7 9"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
 
 And we are using this model to declare our input and the same model to declare our output:
 
-```Python hl_lines="16 17"
+```Python hl_lines="15 16"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ But if we use the same model for another path operation, we could be sending our
 
 We can instead create an input model with the plaintext password and an output model without it:
 
-```Python hl_lines="8 10 15"
+```Python hl_lines="7 9 14"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial003.py!}
 ```
 
 Here, even though our path operation function is returning the same input user that contains the password:
 
-```Python hl_lines="23"
+```Python hl_lines="22"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial003.py!}
 ```
 
 ...we declared the `response_model` to be our model `UserOut`, that doesn't include the password:
 
-```Python hl_lines="21"
+```Python hl_lines="20"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial003.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -100,15 +100,15 @@ but you might want to omit them from the result if they were not actually stored
 
 For example, if you have models with many optional attributes in a NoSQL database, but you don't want to send very long JSON responses full of default values.
 
-### Use the `response_model_skip_defaults` parameter
+### Use the `response_model_exclude_unset` parameter
 
-You can set the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_skip_defaults=True`:
+You can set the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model_exclude_unset=True`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="24"
 {!./src/response_model/tutorial004.py!}
 ```
 
-and those default values won't be included in the response.
+and those default values won't be included in the response, only the values actually set.
 
 So, if you send a request to that *path operation* for the item with ID `foo`, the response (not including default values) will be:
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ So, if you send a request to that *path operation* for the item with ID `foo`, t
 ```
 
 !!! info
-    FastAPI uses Pydantic model's `.dict()` with <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#copying" target="_blank">its `skip_defaults` parameter</a> to achieve this.
+    FastAPI uses Pydantic model's `.dict()` with <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/exporting_models/#modeldict" target="_blank">its `exclude_unset` parameter</a> to achieve this.
 
 #### Data with values for fields with defaults
 
@@ -194,4 +194,4 @@ If you forget to use a `set` and use a `list` or `tuple` instead, FastAPI will s
 
 Use the path operation decorator's parameter `response_model` to define response models and especially to ensure private data is filtered out.
 
-Use `response_model_skip_defaults` to return only the values explicitly set.
+Use `response_model_exclude_unset` to return only the values explicitly set.

docs/tutorial/response-status-code.md

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ It will:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image01.png">
 
+!!! note
+    Some response codes (see the next section) indicate that the response does not have a body.
+
+    FastAPI knows this, and will produce OpenAPI docs that state there is no response body.
 
 ## About HTTP status codes
 
@@ -34,11 +38,12 @@ These status codes have a name associated to recognize them, but the important p
 
 In short:
 
-* `100` and above are for "Information". You rarely use them directly.
+* `100` and above are for "Information". You rarely use them directly.  Responses with these status codes cannot have a body.
 * **`200`** and above are for "Successful" responses. These are the ones you would use the most.
     * `200` is the default status code, which means everything was "OK".
     * Another example would be `201`, "Created". It is commonly used after creating a new record in the database.
-* `300` and above are for "Redirection". 
+    * A special case is `204`, "No Content".  This response is used when there is no content to return to the client, and so the response must not have a body.
+* **`300`** and above are for "Redirection".  Responses with these status codes may or may not have a body, except for `304`, "Not Modified", which must not have one.
 * **`400`** and above are for "Client error" responses. These are the second type you would probably use the most.
     * An example is `404`, for a "Not Found" response.
     * For generic errors from the client, you can just use `400`.

docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md

@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ Copy the example in a file `main.py`:
 
 ## Run it
 
+!!! info
+    First install [`python-multipart`](https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/).
+
+    E.g. `pip install python-multipart`.
+
+    This is because **OAuth2** uses "form data" for sending the `username` and `password`.
+
 Run the example with:
 
 ```bash

docs/tutorial/security/http-basic-auth.md

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ Then, when you type that username and password, the browser sends them in the he
 
 ## Simple HTTP Basic Auth
 
-* Import `HTTPBAsic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
-* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBAsic`.
+* Import `HTTPBasic` and `HTTPBasicCredentials`.
+* Create a "`security` scheme" using `HTTPBasic`.
 * Use that `security` with a dependency in your *path operation*.
 * It returns an object of type `HTTPBasicCredentials`:
     * It contains the `username` and `password` sent.

docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Then you could add permissions about that entity, like "drive" (for the car) or
 
 And then, you could give that JWT token to a user (or bot), and he could use it to perform those actions (drive the car, or edit the blog post) without even needing to have an account, just with the JWT token your API generated for that.
 
-Using these ideas, JWT can be used for way more sophisticate scenarios.
+Using these ideas, JWT can be used for way more sophisticated scenarios.
 
 In those cases, several of those entities could have the same ID, let's say `foo` (a user `foo`, a car `foo`, and a blog post `foo`).
 

docs/tutorial/security/oauth2-scopes.md

@@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ For this, we use `security_scopes.scopes`, that contains a `list` with all these
 
 Let's review again this dependency tree and the scopes.
 
-As the other dependency `get_current_active_user` has as a sub-dependency this `get_current_user`, the scope `"me"` declared at `get_current_active_user` will be included in the `security_scopes.scopes` `list` inside of `get_current_user`.
+As the `get_current_active_user` dependency has as a sub-dependency on `get_current_user`, the scope `"me"` declared at `get_current_active_user` will be included in the list of required scopes in the `security_scopes.scopes` passed to `get_current_user`.
 
-And as the *path operation* itself also declares a scope `"items"`, it will also be part of this `list` `security_scopes.scopes` in `get_current_user`.
+The *path operation* itself also declares a scope, `"items"`, so this will also be in the list of `security_scopes.scopes` passed to `get_current_user`.
 
 Here's how the hierarchy of dependencies and scopes looks like:
 

docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md

@@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ For example a class `Pet` could represent a SQL table `pets`.
 
 And each *instance* object of that class represents a row in the database.
 
-For example an object `mr_furry` (an instance of `Pet`) could have an attribute `mr_furry.type`, for the column `type`. And the value of that attribute could be, e.g. `"cat"`.
+For example an object `orion_cat` (an instance of `Pet`) could have an attribute `orion_cat.type`, for the column `type`. And the value of that attribute could be, e.g. `"cat"`.
 
 These ORMs also have tools to make the connections or relations between tables or entities.
 
-This way, you could also have an attribute `mr_furry.owner` and the owner would contain the data for this pet's owner, taken from the table *owners*.
+This way, you could also have an attribute `orion_cat.owner` and the owner would contain the data for this pet's owner, taken from the table *owners*.
 
-So, `mr_furry.owner.name` could be the name (from the `name` column in the `owners` table) of this pet's owner.
+So, `orion_cat.owner.name` could be the name (from the `name` column in the `owners` table) of this pet's owner.
 
-It could have a value like `"Alice"`.
+It could have a value like `"Arquilian"`.
 
 And the ORM will do all the work to get the information from the corresponding table *owners* when you try to access it from your pet object.
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ The same way, you could use Peewee or any other.
 
 ## File structure
 
-For these examples, let's say you have a directory `sql_app` with a structure like this:
+For these examples, let's say you have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app` with a structure like this:
 
 ```
 ├── sql_app
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Now let's see what each file/module does.
 
 ## Create the SQLAlchemy parts
 
-Let's see the file `sql_app/database.py`.
+Let's refer to the file `sql_app/database.py`.
 
 ### Import the SQLAlchemy parts
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ That's why the last part is `./test.db`.
 If you were using a **PostgreSQL** database instead, you would just have to uncomment the line:
 
 ```Python
-SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
+SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = "postgresql://user:password@postgresserver/db"
 ```
 
 ...and adapt it with your database data and credentials (equivalently for MySQL, MariaDB or any other).
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ connect_args={"check_same_thread": False}
 
 ### Create a `SessionLocal` class
 
-Each instance of the `SessionLocal` class will have a session/connection to the database.
+Each instance of the `SessionLocal` class will be a database session. The class itself is not a database session yet. 
 
-This object (class) is not a session/connection to the database yet, but once we create an instance of this class, that instance will have the actual connection to the database.
+But once we create an instance of the `SessionLocal` class, this instance will be the actual database session.
 
 We name it `SessionLocal` to distinguish it from the `Session` we are importing from SQLAlchemy.
 
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ To create the `SessionLocal` class, use the function `sessionmaker`:
 
 ### Create a `Base` class
 
-Now use the function `declarative_base()` that returns a class.
+Now we will use the function `declarative_base()` that returns a class.
 
 Later we will inherit from this class to create each of the database models or classes (the ORM models):
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ In the `Config` class, set the attribute `orm_mode = True`.
 
 Pydantic's `orm_mode` will tell the Pydantic *model* to read the data even if it is not a `dict`, but an ORM model (or any other arbitrary object with attributes).
 
-This way, Instead of only trying to get the `id` value from a `dict`, as in:
+This way, instead of only trying to get the `id` value from a `dict`, as in:
 
 ```Python
 id = data["id"]
@@ -427,21 +427,30 @@ And you would also use Alembic for "migrations" (that's its main job).
 
 A "migration" is the set of steps needed whenever you change the structure of your SQLAlchemy models, add a new attribute, etc. to replicate those changes in the database, add a new column, a new table, etc.
 
-### Create a middleware to handle sessions
+### Create a dependency
 
-Now use the `SessionLocal` class we created in the `sql_app/databases.py` file.
+!!! info
+    For this to work, you need to use **Python 3.7** or above, or in **Python 3.6**, install the "backports":
+
+    ```bash
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+    ```
+
+    This installs <a href="https://github.com/sorcio/async_exit_stack" target="_blank">async-exit-stack</a> and <a href="https://github.com/python-trio/async_generator" target="_blank">async-generator</a>.
+
+    You can also use the alternative method with a "middleware" explained at the end.
+
+Now use the `SessionLocal` class we created in the `sql_app/databases.py` file to create a dependency.
 
 We need to have an independent database session/connection (`SessionLocal`) per request, use the same session through all the request and then close it after the request is finished.
 
 And then a new session will be created for the next request.
 
-For that, we will create a new middleware.
+For that, we will create a new dependency with `yield`, as explained before in the section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/" target="_blank">Dependencies with `yield`</a>.
 
-A "middleware" is a function that is always executed for each request, and have code before and after the request.
+Our dependency will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` that will be used in a single request, and then close it once the request is finished.
 
-This middleware (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.
-
-```Python hl_lines="16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
+```Python hl_lines="15 16 17 18 19 20"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -452,21 +461,11 @@ This middleware (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` fo
     
     This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.
 
-#### About `request.state`
+And then, when using the dependency in a *path operation function*, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.
 
-<a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/#other-state" target="_blank">`request.state` is a property of each Starlette `Request` object</a>, it is there to store arbitrary objects attached to the request itself, like the database session in this case.
+This will then give us better editor support inside the *path operation function*, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`:
 
-For us in this case, it helps us ensuring a single session/database-connection is used through all the request, and then closed afterwards (in the middleware).
-
-### Create a dependency
-
-To simplify the code, reduce repetition and get better editor support, we will create a dependency that returns this same database session from the request.
-
-And when using the dependency in a path operation function, we declare it with the type `Session` we imported directly from SQLAlchemy.
-
-This will then give us better editor support inside the path operation function, because the editor will know that the `db` parameter is of type `Session`.
-
-```Python hl_lines="28 29"
+```Python hl_lines="24  32  38  47  53"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -479,22 +478,16 @@ This will then give us better editor support inside the path operation function,
 
 Now, finally, here's the standard **FastAPI** *path operations* code.
 
-```Python hl_lines="32 33 34 35 36 37 40 41 42 43 46 47 48 49 50 51 54 55 56 57 58 61 62 63 64 65"
+```Python hl_lines="23 24 25 26 27 28  31 32 33 34  37 38 39 40 41 42  45 46 47 48 49  52 53 54 55"
 {!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/main.py!}
 ```
 
-We are creating the database session before each request, attaching it to the request, and then closing it afterwards.
+We are creating the database session before each request in the dependency with `yield`, and then closing it afterwards.
 
-All of this is done in the middleware explained above.
-
-Then, in the dependency `get_db()` we are extracting the database session from the request.
-
-And then we can create the dependency in the path operation function, to get that session directly.
+And then we can create the required dependency in the path operation function, to get that session directly.
 
 With that, we can just call `crud.get_user` directly from inside of the path operation function and use that session.
 
-Having this 3-step process (middleware, dependency, path operation) you get better support/checks/completion in all the path operation functions while reducing code repetition.
-
 !!! tip
     Notice that the values you return are SQLAlchemy models, or lists of SQLAlchemy models.
 
@@ -507,7 +500,7 @@ Having this 3-step process (middleware, dependency, path operation) you get bett
 
 ### About `def` vs `async def`
 
-Here we are using SQLAlchemy code inside of the path operation function, and, in turn, it will go and communicate with an external database.
+Here we are using SQLAlchemy code inside of the path operation function and in the dependency, and, in turn, it will go and communicate with an external database.
 
 That could potentially require some "waiting".
 
@@ -523,7 +516,7 @@ user = await db.query(User).first()
 user = db.query(User).first()
 ```
 
-Then we should declare the path operation without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:
+Then we should declare the *path operation functions* and the dependency without `async def`, just with a normal `def`, as:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2"
 @app.get("/users/{user_id}", response_model=schemas.User)
@@ -547,6 +540,10 @@ For example, in a background task worker with <a href="http://www.celeryproject.
 
 ## Review all the files
 
+ Remember you should have a directory named `my_super_project` that contains a sub-directory called `sql_app`.
+
+`sql_app` should have the following files:
+
 * `sql_app/__init__.py`: is an empty file.
 
 * `sql_app/database.py`:
@@ -587,9 +584,6 @@ You can copy this code and use it as is.
 
     In fact, the code shown here is part of the tests. As most of the code in these docs.
 
-
-You can copy it as is.
-
 Then you can run it with Uvicorn:
 
 ```bash
@@ -609,3 +603,53 @@ If you want to explore the SQLite database (file) directly, independently of Fas
 It will look like this:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/sql-databases/image02.png">
+
+You can also use an online SQLite browser like <a href="https://inloop.github.io/sqlite-viewer/" target="_blank">SQLite Viewer</a> or <a href="https://extendsclass.com/sqlite-browser.html" target="_blank">ExtendsClass</a>.
+
+## Alternative DB session with middleware
+
+If you can't use dependencies with `yield` -- for example, if you are not using **Python 3.7** and can't install the "backports" mentioned above for **Python 3.6** -- you can set up the session in a "middleware" in a similar way.
+
+A "middleware" is basically a function that is always executed for each request, with some code executed before, and some code executed after the endpoint function.
+
+### Create a middleware
+
+The middleware we'll add (just a function) will create a new SQLAlchemy `SessionLocal` for each request, add it to the request and then close it once the request is finished.
+
+```Python hl_lines="16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24"
+{!./src/sql_databases/sql_app/alt_main.py!}
+```
+
+!!! info
+    We put the creation of the `SessionLocal()` and handling of the requests in a `try` block.
+
+    And then we close it in the `finally` block.
+    
+    This way we make sure the database session is always closed after the request. Even if there was an exception while processing the request.
+
+### About `request.state`
+
+<a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/#other-state" target="_blank">`request.state` is a property of each Starlette `Request` object</a>. It is there to store arbitrary objects attached to the request itself, like the database session in this case.
+
+For us in this case, it helps us ensure a single database session is used through all the request, and then closed afterwards (in the middleware).
+
+### Dependencies with `yield` or middleware
+
+Adding a **middleware** here is similar to what a dependency with `yield` does, with some differences:
+
+* It requires more code and is a bit more complex.
+* The middleware has to be an `async` function.
+    * If there is code in it that has to "wait" for the network, it could "block" your application there and degrade performance a bit.
+    * Although it's probably not very problematic here with the way `SQLAlchemy` works.
+    * But if you added more code to the middleware that had a lot of <abbr title="input and output">I/O</abbr> waiting, it could then be problematic.
+* A middleware is run for *every* request.
+    * So, a connection will be created for every request.
+    * Even when the *path operation* that handles that request didn't need the DB.
+
+!!! tip
+    It's probably better to use dependencies with `yield` when they are enough for the use case.
+
+!!! info
+    Dependencies with `yield` were added recently to **FastAPI**.
+
+    A previous version of this tutorial only had the examples with a middleware and there are probably several applications using the middleware for database session management.

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.30.0"
+__version__ = "0.44.0"
 
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 

fastapi/applications.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Type, Union
 
 from fastapi import routing
+from fastapi.concurrency import AsyncExitStack
+from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr
 from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
     http_exception_handler,
     request_validation_exception_handler,
@@ -13,12 +15,15 @@ from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
 )
 from fastapi.openapi.utils import get_openapi
 from fastapi.params import Depends
+from fastapi.utils import warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated
 from starlette.applications import Starlette
+from starlette.datastructures import State
 from starlette.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware, HTTPException
 from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.requests import Request
 from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, Response
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send
 
 
 class FastAPI(Starlette):
@@ -32,12 +37,16 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         version: str = "0.1.0",
         openapi_url: Optional[str] = "/openapi.json",
         openapi_prefix: str = "",
+        default_response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
         docs_url: Optional[str] = "/docs",
         redoc_url: Optional[str] = "/redoc",
         swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = "/docs/oauth2-redirect",
+        swagger_ui_init_oauth: Optional[dict] = None,
         **extra: Dict[str, Any],
     ) -> None:
+        self.default_response_class = default_response_class
         self._debug = debug
+        self.state = State()
         self.router: routing.APIRouter = routing.APIRouter(
             routes, dependency_overrides_provider=self
         )
@@ -54,6 +63,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self.docs_url = docs_url
         self.redoc_url = redoc_url
         self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url = swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url
+        self.swagger_ui_init_oauth = swagger_ui_init_oauth
         self.extra = extra
         self.dependency_overrides: Dict[Callable, Callable] = {}
 
@@ -95,6 +105,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                     openapi_url=openapi_url,
                     title=self.title + " - Swagger UI",
                     oauth2_redirect_url=self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+                    init_oauth=self.swagger_ui_init_oauth,
                 )
 
             self.add_route(self.docs_url, swagger_ui_html, include_in_schema=False)
@@ -122,6 +133,14 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             RequestValidationError, request_validation_exception_handler
         )
 
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if AsyncExitStack:
+            async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
+                scope["fastapi_astack"] = stack
+                await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)  # pragma: no cover
+
     def add_api_route(
         self,
         path: str,
@@ -130,7 +149,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -138,21 +157,24 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: List[str] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> None:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         self.router.add_api_route(
             path,
             endpoint=endpoint,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -163,9 +185,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -176,7 +200,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -184,14 +208,18 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: List[str] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
+
         def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
             self.router.add_api_route(
                 path,
@@ -199,7 +227,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                 response_model=response_model,
                 status_code=status_code,
                 tags=tags or [],
-                dependencies=dependencies or [],
+                dependencies=dependencies,
                 summary=summary,
                 description=description,
                 response_description=response_description,
@@ -210,9 +238,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
                 response_model_include=response_model_include,
                 response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
                 response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-                response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+                response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                    response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+                ),
                 include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-                response_class=response_class,
+                response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
                 name=name,
             )
             return func
@@ -237,8 +267,9 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         *,
         prefix: str = "",
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.router.include_router(
             router,
@@ -246,6 +277,8 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             tags=tags,
             dependencies=dependencies,
             responses=responses or {},
+            default_response_class=default_response_class
+            or self.default_response_class,
         )
 
     def get(
@@ -255,27 +288,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.get(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -285,9 +321,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -298,27 +336,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.put(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -328,9 +369,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -341,27 +384,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.post(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -371,9 +417,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -384,27 +432,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.delete(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -414,9 +465,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
             operation_id=operation_id,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -427,27 +480,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.options(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -457,9 +513,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -470,27 +528,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.head(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -500,9 +561,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -513,27 +576,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.patch(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -543,9 +609,11 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )
 
@@ -556,27 +624,30 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.router.trace(
             path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -586,8 +657,10 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
-            response_class=response_class,
+            response_class=response_class or self.default_response_class,
             name=name,
         )

fastapi/concurrency.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from starlette.concurrency import iterate_in_threadpool  # noqa
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+
+asynccontextmanager_error_message = """
+FastAPI's contextmanager_in_threadpool require Python 3.7 or above,
+or the backport for Python 3.6, installed with:
+    pip install async-generator
+"""
+
+
+def _fake_asynccontextmanager(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    def raiser(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        raise RuntimeError(asynccontextmanager_error_message)
+
+    return raiser
+
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import asynccontextmanager  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from async_generator import asynccontextmanager  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        asynccontextmanager = _fake_asynccontextmanager
+
+try:
+    from contextlib import AsyncExitStack  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from async_exit_stack import AsyncExitStack  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        AsyncExitStack = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def contextmanager_in_threadpool(cm: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        yield await run_in_threadpool(cm.__enter__)
+    except Exception as e:
+        ok = await run_in_threadpool(cm.__exit__, type(e), e, None)
+        if not ok:
+            raise e
+    else:
+        await run_in_threadpool(cm.__exit__, None, None, None)

fastapi/dependencies/models.py

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 from typing import Callable, List, Sequence
 
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
-from pydantic.fields import Field
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import ModelField
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
 
 param_supported_types = (str, int, float, bool)
 
@@ -16,11 +21,11 @@ class Dependant:
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
-        path_params: List[Field] = None,
-        query_params: List[Field] = None,
-        header_params: List[Field] = None,
-        cookie_params: List[Field] = None,
-        body_params: List[Field] = None,
+        path_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        query_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        header_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        cookie_params: List[ModelField] = None,
+        body_params: List[ModelField] = None,
         dependencies: List["Dependant"] = None,
         security_schemes: List[SecurityRequirement] = None,
         name: str = None,

fastapi/dependencies/utils.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 from copy import deepcopy
 from typing import (
     Any,
@@ -16,16 +17,20 @@ from typing import (
 )
 
 from fastapi import params
+from fastapi.concurrency import (
+    AsyncExitStack,
+    _fake_asynccontextmanager,
+    asynccontextmanager,
+    contextmanager_in_threadpool,
+)
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant, SecurityRequirement
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 from fastapi.security.oauth2 import OAuth2, SecurityScopes
 from fastapi.security.open_id_connect_url import OpenIdConnect
-from fastapi.utils import get_path_param_names
-from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Schema, create_model
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1, get_field_info, get_path_param_names
+from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, create_model
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper
 from pydantic.errors import MissingError
-from pydantic.fields import Field, Required, Shape
-from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_schema
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
@@ -34,20 +39,55 @@ from starlette.requests import Request
 from starlette.responses import Response
 from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
 
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import (
+        SHAPE_LIST,
+        SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+        SHAPE_SET,
+        SHAPE_SINGLETON,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
+        FieldInfo,
+        ModelField,
+        Required,
+    )
+    from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_field_info
+    from pydantic.typing import ForwardRef, evaluate_forwardref
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.fields import Required, Shape  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.schema import get_annotation_from_schema  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.utils import ForwardRef, evaluate_forwardref  # type: ignore
+
+    SHAPE_LIST = Shape.LIST
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE = Shape.SEQUENCE
+    SHAPE_SET = Shape.SET
+    SHAPE_SINGLETON = Shape.SINGLETON
+    SHAPE_TUPLE = Shape.TUPLE
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS = Shape.TUPLE_ELLIPS
+
+    def get_annotation_from_field_info(
+        annotation: Any, field_info: FieldInfo, field_name: str
+    ) -> Type[Any]:
+        return get_annotation_from_schema(annotation, field_info)
+
+
 sequence_shapes = {
-    Shape.LIST,
-    Shape.SET,
-    Shape.TUPLE,
-    Shape.SEQUENCE,
-    Shape.TUPLE_ELLIPS,
+    SHAPE_LIST,
+    SHAPE_SET,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE,
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
 }
 sequence_types = (list, set, tuple)
 sequence_shape_to_type = {
-    Shape.LIST: list,
-    Shape.SET: set,
-    Shape.TUPLE: tuple,
-    Shape.SEQUENCE: list,
-    Shape.TUPLE_ELLIPS: list,
+    SHAPE_LIST: list,
+    SHAPE_SET: set,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE: tuple,
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE: list,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS: list,
 }
 
 
@@ -108,7 +148,16 @@ def get_sub_dependant(
     return sub_dependant
 
 
-def get_flat_dependant(dependant: Dependant) -> Dependant:
+CacheKey = Tuple[Optional[Callable], Tuple[str, ...]]
+
+
+def get_flat_dependant(
+    dependant: Dependant, *, skip_repeats: bool = False, visited: List[CacheKey] = None
+) -> Dependant:
+    if visited is None:
+        visited = []
+    visited.append(dependant.cache_key)
+
     flat_dependant = Dependant(
         path_params=dependant.path_params.copy(),
         query_params=dependant.query_params.copy(),
@@ -120,7 +169,11 @@ def get_flat_dependant(dependant: Dependant) -> Dependant:
         path=dependant.path,
     )
     for sub_dependant in dependant.dependencies:
-        flat_sub = get_flat_dependant(sub_dependant)
+        if skip_repeats and sub_dependant.cache_key in visited:
+            continue
+        flat_sub = get_flat_dependant(
+            sub_dependant, skip_repeats=skip_repeats, visited=visited
+        )
         flat_dependant.path_params.extend(flat_sub.path_params)
         flat_dependant.query_params.extend(flat_sub.query_params)
         flat_dependant.header_params.extend(flat_sub.header_params)
@@ -130,16 +183,22 @@ def get_flat_dependant(dependant: Dependant) -> Dependant:
     return flat_dependant
 
 
-def is_scalar_field(field: Field) -> bool:
-    return (
-        field.shape == Shape.SINGLETON
+def is_scalar_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+    field_info = get_field_info(field)
+    if not (
+        field.shape == SHAPE_SINGLETON
         and not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, BaseModel)
         and not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, sequence_types + (dict,))
-        and not isinstance(field.schema, params.Body)
-    )
+        and not isinstance(field_info, params.Body)
+    ):
+        return False
+    if field.sub_fields:
+        if not all(is_scalar_field(f) for f in field.sub_fields):
+            return False
+    return True
 
 
-def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: Field) -> bool:
+def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
     if (field.shape in sequence_shapes) and not lenient_issubclass(
         field.type_, BaseModel
     ):
@@ -153,6 +212,42 @@ def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: Field) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
+def get_typed_signature(call: Callable) -> inspect.Signature:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
+    typed_params = [
+        inspect.Parameter(
+            name=param.name,
+            kind=param.kind,
+            default=param.default,
+            annotation=get_typed_annotation(param, globalns),
+        )
+        for param in signature.parameters.values()
+    ]
+    typed_signature = inspect.Signature(typed_params)
+    return typed_signature
+
+
+def get_typed_annotation(param: inspect.Parameter, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    annotation = param.annotation
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
+        annotation = evaluate_forwardref(annotation, globalns, globalns)
+    return annotation
+
+
+async_contextmanager_dependencies_error = """
+FastAPI dependencies with yield require Python 3.7 or above,
+or the backports for Python 3.6, installed with:
+    pip install async-exit-stack async-generator
+"""
+
+
+def check_dependency_contextmanagers() -> None:
+    if AsyncExitStack is None or asynccontextmanager == _fake_asynccontextmanager:
+        raise RuntimeError(async_contextmanager_dependencies_error)  # pragma: no cover
+
+
 def get_dependant(
     *,
     path: str,
@@ -162,8 +257,10 @@ def get_dependant(
     use_cache: bool = True,
 ) -> Dependant:
     path_param_names = get_path_param_names(path)
-    endpoint_signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    endpoint_signature = get_typed_signature(call)
     signature_params = endpoint_signature.parameters
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        check_dependency_contextmanagers()
     dependant = Dependant(call=call, name=name, path=path, use_cache=use_cache)
     for param_name, param in signature_params.items():
         if isinstance(param.default, params.Depends):
@@ -176,18 +273,23 @@ def get_dependant(
             continue
         if add_non_field_param_to_dependency(param=param, dependant=dependant):
             continue
-        param_field = get_param_field(param=param, default_schema=params.Query)
+        param_field = get_param_field(
+            param=param, default_field_info=params.Query, param_name=param_name
+        )
         if param_name in path_param_names:
-            assert param.default == param.empty or isinstance(
-                param.default, params.Path
-            ), "Path params must have no defaults or use Path(...)"
             assert is_scalar_field(
                 field=param_field
             ), f"Path params must be of one of the supported types"
+            if isinstance(param.default, params.Path):
+                ignore_default = False
+            else:
+                ignore_default = True
             param_field = get_param_field(
                 param=param,
-                default_schema=params.Path,
+                param_name=param_name,
+                default_field_info=params.Path,
                 force_type=params.ParamTypes.path,
+                ignore_default=ignore_default,
             )
             add_param_to_fields(field=param_field, dependant=dependant)
         elif is_scalar_field(field=param_field):
@@ -197,8 +299,9 @@ def get_dependant(
         ) and is_scalar_sequence_field(param_field):
             add_param_to_fields(field=param_field, dependant=dependant)
         else:
+            field_info = get_field_info(param_field)
             assert isinstance(
-                param_field.schema, params.Body
+                field_info, params.Body
             ), f"Param: {param_field.name} can only be a request body, using Body(...)"
             dependant.body_params.append(param_field)
     return dependant
@@ -228,64 +331,88 @@ def add_non_field_param_to_dependency(
 def get_param_field(
     *,
     param: inspect.Parameter,
-    default_schema: Type[params.Param] = params.Param,
+    param_name: str,
+    default_field_info: Type[params.Param] = params.Param,
     force_type: params.ParamTypes = None,
-) -> Field:
+    ignore_default: bool = False,
+) -> ModelField:
     default_value = Required
     had_schema = False
-    if not param.default == param.empty:
+    if not param.default == param.empty and ignore_default is False:
         default_value = param.default
-    if isinstance(default_value, Schema):
+    if isinstance(default_value, FieldInfo):
         had_schema = True
-        schema = default_value
-        default_value = schema.default
-        if isinstance(schema, params.Param) and getattr(schema, "in_", None) is None:
-            schema.in_ = default_schema.in_
+        field_info = default_value
+        default_value = field_info.default
+        if (
+            isinstance(field_info, params.Param)
+            and getattr(field_info, "in_", None) is None
+        ):
+            field_info.in_ = default_field_info.in_
         if force_type:
-            schema.in_ = force_type
+            field_info.in_ = force_type  # type: ignore
     else:
-        schema = default_schema(default_value)
+        field_info = default_field_info(default_value)
     required = default_value == Required
     annotation: Any = Any
     if not param.annotation == param.empty:
         annotation = param.annotation
-    annotation = get_annotation_from_schema(annotation, schema)
-    if not schema.alias and getattr(schema, "convert_underscores", None):
+    annotation = get_annotation_from_field_info(annotation, field_info, param_name)
+    if not field_info.alias and getattr(field_info, "convert_underscores", None):
         alias = param.name.replace("_", "-")
     else:
-        alias = schema.alias or param.name
-    field = Field(
-        name=param.name,
-        type_=annotation,
-        default=None if required else default_value,
-        alias=alias,
-        required=required,
-        model_config=BaseConfig,
-        class_validators={},
-        schema=schema,
-    )
+        alias = field_info.alias or param.name
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        field = ModelField(
+            name=param.name,
+            type_=annotation,
+            default=None if required else default_value,
+            alias=alias,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            field_info=field_info,
+        )
+        # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.2.0
+        field.required = required
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+            name=param.name,
+            type_=annotation,
+            default=None if required else default_value,
+            alias=alias,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            schema=field_info,
+        )
+        field.required = required
     if not had_schema and not is_scalar_field(field=field):
-        field.schema = params.Body(schema.default)
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            field.field_info = params.Body(field_info.default)
+        else:
+            field.schema = params.Body(field_info.default)  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
+
     return field
 
 
-def add_param_to_fields(*, field: Field, dependant: Dependant) -> None:
-    field.schema = cast(params.Param, field.schema)
-    if field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.path:
+def add_param_to_fields(*, field: ModelField, dependant: Dependant) -> None:
+    field_info = cast(params.Param, get_field_info(field))
+    if field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.path:
         dependant.path_params.append(field)
-    elif field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.query:
+    elif field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.query:
         dependant.query_params.append(field)
-    elif field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.header:
+    elif field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.header:
         dependant.header_params.append(field)
     else:
         assert (
-            field.schema.in_ == params.ParamTypes.cookie
+            field_info.in_ == params.ParamTypes.cookie
         ), f"non-body parameters must be in path, query, header or cookie: {field.name}"
         dependant.cookie_params.append(field)
 
 
 def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable) -> bool:
-    if inspect.isfunction(call):
+    if inspect.isroutine(call):
         return asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(call)
     if inspect.isclass(call):
         return False
@@ -293,6 +420,16 @@ def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable) -> bool:
     return asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(call)
 
 
+async def solve_generator(
+    *, call: Callable, stack: AsyncExitStack, sub_values: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> Any:
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call):
+        cm = contextmanager_in_threadpool(contextmanager(call)(**sub_values))
+    elif inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        cm = asynccontextmanager(call)(**sub_values)
+    return await stack.enter_async_context(cm)
+
+
 async def solve_dependencies(
     *,
     request: Union[Request, WebSocket],
@@ -311,8 +448,12 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
 ]:
     values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     errors: List[ErrorWrapper] = []
-    response = response or Response(  # type: ignore
-        content=None, status_code=None, headers=None, media_type=None, background=None
+    response = response or Response(
+        content=None,
+        status_code=None,  # type: ignore
+        headers=None,
+        media_type=None,
+        background=None,
     )
     dependency_cache = dependency_cache or {}
     sub_dependant: Dependant
@@ -348,9 +489,13 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
             dependency_overrides_provider=dependency_overrides_provider,
             dependency_cache=dependency_cache,
         )
-        sub_values, sub_errors, background_tasks, sub_response, sub_dependency_cache = (
-            solved_result
-        )
+        (
+            sub_values,
+            sub_errors,
+            background_tasks,
+            sub_response,
+            sub_dependency_cache,
+        ) = solved_result
         sub_response = cast(Response, sub_response)
         response.headers.raw.extend(sub_response.headers.raw)
         if sub_response.status_code:
@@ -361,6 +506,15 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
             continue
         if sub_dependant.use_cache and sub_dependant.cache_key in dependency_cache:
             solved = dependency_cache[sub_dependant.cache_key]
+        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call) or inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+            stack = request.scope.get("fastapi_astack")
+            if stack is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    async_contextmanager_dependencies_error
+                )  # pragma: no cover
+            solved = await solve_generator(
+                call=call, stack=stack, sub_values=sub_values
+            )
         elif is_coroutine_callable(call):
             solved = await call(**sub_values)
         else:
@@ -387,7 +541,10 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
     values.update(cookie_values)
     errors += path_errors + query_errors + header_errors + cookie_errors
     if dependant.body_params:
-        body_values, body_errors = await request_body_to_args(  # type: ignore # body_params checked above
+        (
+            body_values,
+            body_errors,
+        ) = await request_body_to_args(  # body_params checked above
             required_params=dependant.body_params, received_body=body
         )
         values.update(body_values)
@@ -410,7 +567,7 @@ async def solve_dependencies(
 
 
 def request_params_to_args(
-    required_params: Sequence[Field],
+    required_params: Sequence[ModelField],
     received_params: Union[Mapping[str, Any], QueryParams, Headers],
 ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[ErrorWrapper]]:
     values = {}
@@ -422,21 +579,32 @@ def request_params_to_args(
             value = received_params.getlist(field.alias) or field.default
         else:
             value = received_params.get(field.alias)
-        schema: params.Param = field.schema
-        assert isinstance(schema, params.Param), "Params must be subclasses of Param"
+        field_info = get_field_info(field)
+        assert isinstance(
+            field_info, params.Param
+        ), "Params must be subclasses of Param"
         if value is None:
             if field.required:
-                errors.append(
-                    ErrorWrapper(
-                        MissingError(),
-                        loc=(schema.in_.value, field.alias),
-                        config=BaseConfig,
+                if PYDANTIC_1:
+                    errors.append(
+                        ErrorWrapper(
+                            MissingError(), loc=(field_info.in_.value, field.alias)
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:  # pragma: nocover
+                    errors.append(
+                        ErrorWrapper(  # type: ignore
+                            MissingError(),
+                            loc=(field_info.in_.value, field.alias),
+                            config=BaseConfig,
+                        )
                     )
-                )
             else:
                 values[field.name] = deepcopy(field.default)
             continue
-        v_, errors_ = field.validate(value, values, loc=(schema.in_.value, field.alias))
+        v_, errors_ = field.validate(
+            value, values, loc=(field_info.in_.value, field.alias)
+        )
         if isinstance(errors_, ErrorWrapper):
             errors.append(errors_)
         elif isinstance(errors_, list):
@@ -447,18 +615,19 @@ def request_params_to_args(
 
 
 async def request_body_to_args(
-    required_params: List[Field],
+    required_params: List[ModelField],
     received_body: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], FormData]],
 ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[ErrorWrapper]]:
     values = {}
     errors = []
     if required_params:
         field = required_params[0]
-        embed = getattr(field.schema, "embed", None)
+        field_info = get_field_info(field)
+        embed = getattr(field_info, "embed", None)
         if len(required_params) == 1 and not embed:
             received_body = {field.alias: received_body}
         for field in required_params:
-            value = None
+            value: Any = None
             if received_body is not None:
                 if field.shape in sequence_shapes and isinstance(
                     received_body, FormData
@@ -468,31 +637,38 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
                     value = received_body.get(field.alias)
             if (
                 value is None
-                or (isinstance(field.schema, params.Form) and value == "")
+                or (isinstance(field_info, params.Form) and value == "")
                 or (
-                    isinstance(field.schema, params.Form)
+                    isinstance(field_info, params.Form)
                     and field.shape in sequence_shapes
                     and len(value) == 0
                 )
             ):
                 if field.required:
-                    errors.append(
-                        ErrorWrapper(
-                            MissingError(), loc=("body", field.alias), config=BaseConfig
+                    if PYDANTIC_1:
+                        errors.append(
+                            ErrorWrapper(MissingError(), loc=("body", field.alias))
+                        )
+                    else:  # pragma: nocover
+                        errors.append(
+                            ErrorWrapper(  # type: ignore
+                                MissingError(),
+                                loc=("body", field.alias),
+                                config=BaseConfig,
+                            )
                         )
-                    )
                 else:
                     values[field.name] = deepcopy(field.default)
                 continue
             if (
-                isinstance(field.schema, params.File)
+                isinstance(field_info, params.File)
                 and lenient_issubclass(field.type_, bytes)
                 and isinstance(value, UploadFile)
             ):
                 value = await value.read()
             elif (
                 field.shape in sequence_shapes
-                and isinstance(field.schema, params.File)
+                and isinstance(field_info, params.File)
                 and lenient_issubclass(field.type_, bytes)
                 and isinstance(value, sequence_types)
             ):
@@ -509,31 +685,45 @@ async def request_body_to_args(
     return values, errors
 
 
-def get_schema_compatible_field(*, field: Field) -> Field:
+def get_schema_compatible_field(*, field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
     out_field = field
     if lenient_issubclass(field.type_, UploadFile):
         use_type: type = bytes
         if field.shape in sequence_shapes:
             use_type = List[bytes]
-        out_field = Field(
-            name=field.name,
-            type_=use_type,
-            class_validators=field.class_validators,
-            model_config=field.model_config,
-            default=field.default,
-            required=field.required,
-            alias=field.alias,
-            schema=field.schema,
-        )
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            out_field = ModelField(
+                name=field.name,
+                type_=use_type,
+                class_validators=field.class_validators,
+                model_config=field.model_config,
+                default=field.default,
+                required=field.required,
+                alias=field.alias,
+                field_info=field.field_info,
+            )
+        else:  # pragma: nocover
+            out_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+                name=field.name,
+                type_=use_type,
+                class_validators=field.class_validators,
+                model_config=field.model_config,
+                default=field.default,
+                required=field.required,
+                alias=field.alias,
+                schema=field.schema,  # type: ignore
+            )
+
     return out_field
 
 
-def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[Field]:
+def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[ModelField]:
     flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(dependant)
     if not flat_dependant.body_params:
         return None
     first_param = flat_dependant.body_params[0]
-    embed = getattr(first_param.schema, "embed", None)
+    field_info = get_field_info(first_param)
+    embed = getattr(field_info, "embed", None)
     if len(flat_dependant.body_params) == 1 and not embed:
         return get_schema_compatible_field(field=first_param)
     model_name = "Body_" + name
@@ -541,21 +731,46 @@ def get_body_field(*, dependant: Dependant, name: str) -> Optional[Field]:
     for f in flat_dependant.body_params:
         BodyModel.__fields__[f.name] = get_schema_compatible_field(field=f)
     required = any(True for f in flat_dependant.body_params if f.required)
-    if any(isinstance(f.schema, params.File) for f in flat_dependant.body_params):
-        BodySchema: Type[params.Body] = params.File
-    elif any(isinstance(f.schema, params.Form) for f in flat_dependant.body_params):
-        BodySchema = params.Form
-    else:
-        BodySchema = params.Body
 
-    field = Field(
-        name="body",
-        type_=BodyModel,
-        default=None,
-        required=required,
-        model_config=BaseConfig,
-        class_validators={},
-        alias="body",
-        schema=BodySchema(None),
-    )
+    BodyFieldInfo_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = dict(default=None)
+    if any(
+        isinstance(get_field_info(f), params.File) for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+    ):
+        BodyFieldInfo: Type[params.Body] = params.File
+    elif any(
+        isinstance(get_field_info(f), params.Form) for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+    ):
+        BodyFieldInfo = params.Form
+    else:
+        BodyFieldInfo = params.Body
+
+        body_param_media_types = [
+            getattr(get_field_info(f), "media_type")
+            for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+            if isinstance(get_field_info(f), params.Body)
+        ]
+        if len(set(body_param_media_types)) == 1:
+            BodyFieldInfo_kwargs["media_type"] = body_param_media_types[0]
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        field = ModelField(
+            name="body",
+            type_=BodyModel,
+            default=None,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            alias="body",
+            field_info=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
+        )
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+            name="body",
+            type_=BodyModel,
+            default=None,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            class_validators={},
+            alias="body",
+            schema=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
+        )
     return field

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -1,34 +1,56 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from types import GeneratorType
-from typing import Any, List, Set
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Union
 
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1, logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.json import ENCODERS_BY_TYPE
 
+SetIntStr = Set[Union[int, str]]
+DictIntStrAny = Dict[Union[int, str], Any]
+
 
 def jsonable_encoder(
     obj: Any,
-    include: Set[str] = None,
-    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
-    skip_defaults: bool = False,
+    skip_defaults: bool = None,
+    exclude_unset: bool = False,
     include_none: bool = True,
     custom_encoder: dict = {},
     sqlalchemy_safe: bool = True,
 ) -> Any:
+    if skip_defaults is not None:
+        logger.warning(  # pragma: nocover
+            "skip_defaults in jsonable_encoder has been deprecated in \
+            favor of exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, support for it \
+                will be removed soon."
+        )
     if include is not None and not isinstance(include, set):
         include = set(include)
     if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, set):
         exclude = set(exclude)
     if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
-        encoder = getattr(obj.Config, "json_encoders", custom_encoder)
-        return jsonable_encoder(
-            obj.dict(
+        encoder = getattr(obj.Config, "json_encoders", {})
+        if custom_encoder:
+            encoder.update(custom_encoder)
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            obj_dict = obj.dict(
                 include=include,
                 exclude=exclude,
                 by_alias=by_alias,
-                skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
-            ),
+                exclude_unset=bool(exclude_unset or skip_defaults),
+            )
+        else:  # pragma: nocover
+            obj_dict = obj.dict(
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                skip_defaults=bool(exclude_unset or skip_defaults),
+            )
+        return jsonable_encoder(
+            obj_dict,
             include_none=include_none,
             custom_encoder=encoder,
             sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -52,7 +74,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                 encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
                     key,
                     by_alias=by_alias,
-                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                     include_none=include_none,
                     custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                     sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -60,7 +82,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                 encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
                     value,
                     by_alias=by_alias,
-                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                     include_none=include_none,
                     custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                     sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -76,7 +98,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
                     include=include,
                     exclude=exclude,
                     by_alias=by_alias,
-                    skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
                     include_none=include_none,
                     custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
                     sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
@@ -104,7 +126,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
     return jsonable_encoder(
         data,
         by_alias=by_alias,
-        skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
         include_none=include_none,
         custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
         sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,

fastapi/exceptions.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-from typing import Any
+from typing import Any, Sequence
 
-from pydantic import ValidationError
+from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_1
+from pydantic import ValidationError, create_model
+from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorList
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
 
 
 class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
@@ -12,9 +16,21 @@ class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
         self.headers = headers
 
 
+RequestErrorModel = create_model("Request")
+WebSocketErrorModel = create_model("WebSocket")
+
+
 class RequestValidationError(ValidationError):
-    pass
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList]) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            super().__init__(errors, RequestErrorModel)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(errors, Request)  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
 
 
 class WebSocketRequestValidationError(ValidationError):
-    pass
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList]) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_1:
+            super().__init__(errors, WebSocketErrorModel)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(errors, WebSocket)  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover

fastapi/openapi/constants.py

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 METHODS_WITH_BODY = set(("POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "PATCH"))
+STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY = set((100, 101, 102, 103, 204, 304))
 REF_PREFIX = "#/components/schemas/"

fastapi/openapi/docs.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import json
 from typing import Optional
 
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
 from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
 
 
@@ -11,10 +13,11 @@ def get_swagger_ui_html(
     swagger_css_url: str = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css",
     swagger_favicon_url: str = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
     oauth2_redirect_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    init_oauth: Optional[dict] = None,
 ) -> HTMLResponse:
 
     html = f"""
-    <! doctype html>
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
     <html>
     <head>
     <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{swagger_css_url}">
@@ -40,8 +43,16 @@ def get_swagger_ui_html(
         SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
         SwaggerUIBundle.SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
         ],
-        layout: "BaseLayout"
-    })
+        layout: "BaseLayout",
+        deepLinking: true
+    })"""
+
+    if init_oauth:
+        html += f"""
+        ui.initOAuth({json.dumps(jsonable_encoder(init_oauth))})
+        """
+
+    html += """
     </script>
     </body>
     </html>
@@ -55,6 +66,7 @@ def get_redoc_html(
     title: str,
     redoc_js_url: str = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js",
     redoc_favicon_url: str = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
+    with_google_fonts: bool = True,
 ) -> HTMLResponse:
     html = f"""
     <!DOCTYPE html>
@@ -64,7 +76,12 @@ def get_redoc_html(
     <!-- needed for adaptive design -->
     <meta charset="utf-8"/>
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+    """
+    if with_google_fonts:
+        html += """
     <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,700|Roboto:300,400,700" rel="stylesheet">
+    """
+    html += f"""
     <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{redoc_favicon_url}">
     <!--
     ReDoc doesn't change outer page styles
@@ -87,7 +104,7 @@ def get_redoc_html(
 
 def get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html() -> HTMLResponse:
     html = """
-    <!doctype html>
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
     <html lang="en-US">
     <body onload="run()">
     </body>

fastapi/openapi/models.py

@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
-import logging
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Schema as PSchema
-from pydantic.types import UrlStr
+from fastapi.utils import logger
+from pydantic import BaseModel
 
-logger = logging.getLogger("fastapi")
+try:
+    from pydantic import AnyUrl, Field
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic import Schema as Field  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic import UrlStr as AnyUrl  # type: ignore
 
 try:
     import email_validator
 
     assert email_validator  # make autoflake ignore the unused import
-    from pydantic.types import EmailStr  # type: ignore
+    try:
+        from pydantic import EmailStr
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+        # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+        from pydantic.types import EmailStr  # type: ignore
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
     logger.warning(
         "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
@@ -24,13 +32,13 @@ except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
 
 class Contact(BaseModel):
     name: Optional[str] = None
-    url: Optional[UrlStr] = None
+    url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None
     email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
 
 
 class License(BaseModel):
     name: str
-    url: Optional[UrlStr] = None
+    url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None
 
 
 class Info(BaseModel):
@@ -49,13 +57,13 @@ class ServerVariable(BaseModel):
 
 
 class Server(BaseModel):
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: AnyUrl
     description: Optional[str] = None
     variables: Optional[Dict[str, ServerVariable]] = None
 
 
 class Reference(BaseModel):
-    ref: str = PSchema(..., alias="$ref")  # type: ignore
+    ref: str = Field(..., alias="$ref")
 
 
 class Discriminator(BaseModel):
@@ -73,32 +81,32 @@ class XML(BaseModel):
 
 class ExternalDocumentation(BaseModel):
     description: Optional[str] = None
-    url: UrlStr
+    url: AnyUrl
 
 
 class SchemaBase(BaseModel):
-    ref: Optional[str] = PSchema(None, alias="$ref")  # type: ignore
+    ref: Optional[str] = Field(None, alias="$ref")
     title: Optional[str] = None
     multipleOf: Optional[float] = None
     maximum: Optional[float] = None
     exclusiveMaximum: Optional[float] = None
     minimum: Optional[float] = None
     exclusiveMinimum: Optional[float] = None
-    maxLength: Optional[int] = PSchema(None, gte=0)  # type: ignore
-    minLength: Optional[int] = PSchema(None, gte=0)  # type: ignore
+    maxLength: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
+    minLength: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
     pattern: Optional[str] = None
-    maxItems: Optional[int] = PSchema(None, gte=0)  # type: ignore
-    minItems: Optional[int] = PSchema(None, gte=0)  # type: ignore
+    maxItems: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
+    minItems: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
     uniqueItems: Optional[bool] = None
-    maxProperties: Optional[int] = PSchema(None, gte=0)  # type: ignore
-    minProperties: Optional[int] = PSchema(None, gte=0)  # type: ignore
+    maxProperties: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
+    minProperties: Optional[int] = Field(None, gte=0)
     required: Optional[List[str]] = None
     enum: Optional[List[str]] = None
     type: Optional[str] = None
     allOf: Optional[List[Any]] = None
     oneOf: Optional[List[Any]] = None
     anyOf: Optional[List[Any]] = None
-    not_: Optional[List[Any]] = PSchema(None, alias="not")  # type: ignore
+    not_: Optional[List[Any]] = Field(None, alias="not")
     items: Optional[Any] = None
     properties: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
     additionalProperties: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], bool]] = None
@@ -119,17 +127,17 @@ class Schema(SchemaBase):
     allOf: Optional[List[SchemaBase]] = None
     oneOf: Optional[List[SchemaBase]] = None
     anyOf: Optional[List[SchemaBase]] = None
-    not_: Optional[List[SchemaBase]] = PSchema(None, alias="not")  # type: ignore
+    not_: Optional[List[SchemaBase]] = Field(None, alias="not")
     items: Optional[SchemaBase] = None
     properties: Optional[Dict[str, SchemaBase]] = None
-    additionalProperties: Optional[Union[SchemaBase, bool]] = None
+    additionalProperties: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], bool]] = None
 
 
 class Example(BaseModel):
     summary: Optional[str] = None
     description: Optional[str] = None
     value: Optional[Any] = None
-    externalValue: Optional[UrlStr] = None
+    externalValue: Optional[AnyUrl] = None
 
 
 class ParameterInType(Enum):
@@ -149,9 +157,7 @@ class Encoding(BaseModel):
 
 
 class MediaType(BaseModel):
-    schema_: Optional[Union[Schema, Reference]] = PSchema(
-        None, alias="schema"
-    )  # type: ignore
+    schema_: Optional[Union[Schema, Reference]] = Field(None, alias="schema")
     example: Optional[Any] = None
     examples: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Example, Reference]]] = None
     encoding: Optional[Dict[str, Encoding]] = None
@@ -165,9 +171,7 @@ class ParameterBase(BaseModel):
     style: Optional[str] = None
     explode: Optional[bool] = None
     allowReserved: Optional[bool] = None
-    schema_: Optional[Union[Schema, Reference]] = PSchema(
-        None, alias="schema"
-    )  # type: ignore
+    schema_: Optional[Union[Schema, Reference]] = Field(None, alias="schema")
     example: Optional[Any] = None
     examples: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Example, Reference]]] = None
     # Serialization rules for more complex scenarios
@@ -176,7 +180,7 @@ class ParameterBase(BaseModel):
 
 class Parameter(ParameterBase):
     name: str
-    in_: ParameterInType = PSchema(..., alias="in")  # type: ignore
+    in_: ParameterInType = Field(..., alias="in")
 
 
 class Header(ParameterBase):
@@ -210,10 +214,6 @@ class Response(BaseModel):
     links: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Link, Reference]]] = None
 
 
-class Responses(BaseModel):
-    default: Response
-
-
 class Operation(BaseModel):
     tags: Optional[List[str]] = None
     summary: Optional[str] = None
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class Operation(BaseModel):
     operationId: Optional[str] = None
     parameters: Optional[List[Union[Parameter, Reference]]] = None
     requestBody: Optional[Union[RequestBody, Reference]] = None
-    responses: Union[Responses, Dict[str, Response]]
+    responses: Dict[str, Response]
     # Workaround OpenAPI recursive reference
     callbacks: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Dict[str, Any], Reference]]] = None
     deprecated: Optional[bool] = None
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Operation(BaseModel):
 
 
 class PathItem(BaseModel):
-    ref: Optional[str] = PSchema(None, alias="$ref")  # type: ignore
+    ref: Optional[str] = Field(None, alias="$ref")
     summary: Optional[str] = None
     description: Optional[str] = None
     get: Optional[Operation] = None
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class SecuritySchemeType(Enum):
 
 
 class SecurityBase(BaseModel):
-    type_: SecuritySchemeType = PSchema(..., alias="type")  # type: ignore
+    type_: SecuritySchemeType = Field(..., alias="type")
     description: Optional[str] = None
 
 
@@ -270,13 +270,13 @@ class APIKeyIn(Enum):
 
 
 class APIKey(SecurityBase):
-    type_ = PSchema(SecuritySchemeType.apiKey, alias="type")  # type: ignore
-    in_: APIKeyIn = PSchema(..., alias="in")  # type: ignore
+    type_ = Field(SecuritySchemeType.apiKey, alias="type")
+    in_: APIKeyIn = Field(..., alias="in")
     name: str
 
 
 class HTTPBase(SecurityBase):
-    type_ = PSchema(SecuritySchemeType.http, alias="type")  # type: ignore
+    type_ = Field(SecuritySchemeType.http, alias="type")
     scheme: str
 
 
@@ -315,12 +315,12 @@ class OAuthFlows(BaseModel):
 
 
 class OAuth2(SecurityBase):
-    type_ = PSchema(SecuritySchemeType.oauth2, alias="type")  # type: ignore
+    type_ = Field(SecuritySchemeType.oauth2, alias="type")
     flows: OAuthFlows
 
 
 class OpenIdConnect(SecurityBase):
-    type_ = PSchema(SecuritySchemeType.openIdConnect, alias="type")  # type: ignore
+    type_ = Field(SecuritySchemeType.openIdConnect, alias="type")
     openIdConnectUrl: str
 
 

fastapi/openapi/utils.py

@@ -5,17 +5,32 @@ from fastapi import routing
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant
 from fastapi.dependencies.utils import get_flat_dependant
 from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
-from fastapi.openapi.constants import METHODS_WITH_BODY, REF_PREFIX
+from fastapi.openapi.constants import (
+    METHODS_WITH_BODY,
+    REF_PREFIX,
+    STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY,
+)
 from fastapi.openapi.models import OpenAPI
 from fastapi.params import Body, Param
-from fastapi.utils import get_flat_models_from_routes, get_model_definitions
-from pydantic.fields import Field
+from fastapi.utils import (
+    generate_operation_id_for_path,
+    get_field_info,
+    get_flat_models_from_routes,
+    get_model_definitions,
+)
+from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.schema import field_schema, get_model_name_map
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
 from starlette.status import HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
 
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import ModelField
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
+
 validation_error_definition = {
     "title": "ValidationError",
     "type": "object",
@@ -39,9 +54,18 @@ validation_error_response_definition = {
     },
 }
 
+status_code_ranges: Dict[str, str] = {
+    "1XX": "Information",
+    "2XX": "Success",
+    "3XX": "Redirection",
+    "4XX": "Client Error",
+    "5XX": "Server Error",
+    "DEFAULT": "Default Response",
+}
 
-def get_openapi_params(dependant: Dependant) -> List[Field]:
-    flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(dependant)
+
+def get_openapi_params(dependant: Dependant) -> List[ModelField]:
+    flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(dependant, skip_repeats=True)
     return (
         flat_dependant.path_params
         + flat_dependant.query_params
@@ -66,40 +90,37 @@ def get_openapi_security_definitions(flat_dependant: Dependant) -> Tuple[Dict, L
 
 
 def get_openapi_operation_parameters(
-    all_route_params: Sequence[Field]
-) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Dict], List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
-    definitions: Dict[str, Dict] = {}
+    all_route_params: Sequence[ModelField],
+) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
     parameters = []
     for param in all_route_params:
-        schema: Param = param.schema
-        if "ValidationError" not in definitions:
-            definitions["ValidationError"] = validation_error_definition
-            definitions["HTTPValidationError"] = validation_error_response_definition
+        field_info = get_field_info(param)
+        field_info = cast(Param, field_info)
         parameter = {
             "name": param.alias,
-            "in": schema.in_.value,
+            "in": field_info.in_.value,
             "required": param.required,
             "schema": field_schema(param, model_name_map={})[0],
         }
-        if schema.description:
-            parameter["description"] = schema.description
-        if schema.deprecated:
-            parameter["deprecated"] = schema.deprecated
+        if field_info.description:
+            parameter["description"] = field_info.description
+        if field_info.deprecated:
+            parameter["deprecated"] = field_info.deprecated
         parameters.append(parameter)
-    return definitions, parameters
+    return parameters
 
 
 def get_openapi_operation_request_body(
-    *, body_field: Field, model_name_map: Dict[Type, str]
+    *, body_field: Optional[ModelField], model_name_map: Dict[Type[BaseModel], str]
 ) -> Optional[Dict]:
     if not body_field:
         return None
-    assert isinstance(body_field, Field)
-    body_schema, _ = field_schema(
+    assert isinstance(body_field, ModelField)
+    body_schema, _, _ = field_schema(
         body_field, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX
     )
-    body_field.schema = cast(Body, body_field.schema)
-    request_media_type = body_field.schema.media_type
+    field_info = cast(Body, get_field_info(body_field))
+    request_media_type = field_info.media_type
     required = body_field.required
     request_body_oai: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     if required:
@@ -112,10 +133,7 @@ def generate_operation_id(*, route: routing.APIRoute, method: str) -> str:
     if route.operation_id:
         return route.operation_id
     path: str = route.path_format
-    operation_id = route.name + path
-    operation_id = operation_id.replace("{", "_").replace("}", "_").replace("/", "_")
-    operation_id = operation_id + "_" + method.lower()
-    return operation_id
+    return generate_operation_id_for_path(name=route.name, path=path, method=method)
 
 
 def generate_operation_summary(*, route: routing.APIRoute, method: str) -> str:
@@ -144,11 +162,13 @@ def get_openapi_path(
     security_schemes: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
     assert route.methods is not None, "Methods must be a list"
+    assert route.response_class, "A response class is needed to generate OpenAPI"
+    route_response_media_type: Optional[str] = route.response_class.media_type
     if route.include_in_schema:
         for method in route.methods:
             operation = get_openapi_operation_metadata(route=route, method=method)
             parameters: List[Dict] = []
-            flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(route.dependant)
+            flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(route.dependant, skip_repeats=True)
             security_definitions, operation_security = get_openapi_security_definitions(
                 flat_dependant=flat_dependant
             )
@@ -157,10 +177,7 @@ def get_openapi_path(
             if security_definitions:
                 security_schemes.update(security_definitions)
             all_route_params = get_openapi_params(route.dependant)
-            validation_definitions, operation_parameters = get_openapi_operation_parameters(
-                all_route_params=all_route_params
-            )
-            definitions.update(validation_definitions)
+            operation_parameters = get_openapi_operation_parameters(all_route_params)
             parameters.extend(operation_parameters)
             if parameters:
                 operation["parameters"] = parameters
@@ -170,11 +187,6 @@ def get_openapi_path(
                 )
                 if request_body_oai:
                     operation["requestBody"] = request_body_oai
-                    if "ValidationError" not in definitions:
-                        definitions["ValidationError"] = validation_error_definition
-                        definitions[
-                            "HTTPValidationError"
-                        ] = validation_error_response_definition
             if route.responses:
                 for (additional_status_code, response) in route.responses.items():
                     assert isinstance(
@@ -182,40 +194,54 @@ def get_openapi_path(
                     ), "An additional response must be a dict"
                     field = route.response_fields.get(additional_status_code)
                     if field:
-                        response_schema, _ = field_schema(
+                        response_schema, _, _ = field_schema(
                             field, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX
                         )
                         response.setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(
-                            "application/json", {}
+                            route_response_media_type or "application/json", {}
                         )["schema"] = response_schema
-                    status_text = http.client.responses.get(int(additional_status_code))
+                    status_text: Optional[str] = status_code_ranges.get(
+                        str(additional_status_code).upper()
+                    ) or http.client.responses.get(int(additional_status_code))
                     response.setdefault(
                         "description", status_text or "Additional Response"
                     )
-                    operation.setdefault("responses", {})[
-                        str(additional_status_code)
-                    ] = response
+                    status_code_key = str(additional_status_code).upper()
+                    if status_code_key == "DEFAULT":
+                        status_code_key = "default"
+                    operation.setdefault("responses", {})[status_code_key] = response
             status_code = str(route.status_code)
-            response_schema = {"type": "string"}
-            if lenient_issubclass(route.response_class, JSONResponse):
-                if route.response_field:
-                    response_schema, _ = field_schema(
-                        route.response_field,
-                        model_name_map=model_name_map,
-                        ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    response_schema = {}
             operation.setdefault("responses", {}).setdefault(status_code, {})[
                 "description"
             ] = route.response_description
-            operation.setdefault("responses", {}).setdefault(
-                status_code, {}
-            ).setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(route.response_class.media_type, {})[
-                "schema"
-            ] = response_schema
-            if all_route_params or route.body_field:
-                operation["responses"][str(HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)] = {
+            if (
+                route_response_media_type
+                and route.status_code not in STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
+            ):
+                response_schema = {"type": "string"}
+                if lenient_issubclass(route.response_class, JSONResponse):
+                    if route.response_field:
+                        response_schema, _, _ = field_schema(
+                            route.response_field,
+                            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                            ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        response_schema = {}
+                operation.setdefault("responses", {}).setdefault(
+                    status_code, {}
+                ).setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(route_response_media_type, {})[
+                    "schema"
+                ] = response_schema
+
+            http422 = str(HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
+            if (all_route_params or route.body_field) and not any(
+                [
+                    status in operation["responses"]
+                    for status in [http422, "4XX", "default"]
+                ]
+            ):
+                operation["responses"][http422] = {
                     "description": "Validation Error",
                     "content": {
                         "application/json": {
@@ -223,6 +249,13 @@ def get_openapi_path(
                         }
                     },
                 }
+                if "ValidationError" not in definitions:
+                    definitions.update(
+                        {
+                            "ValidationError": validation_error_definition,
+                            "HTTPValidationError": validation_error_response_definition,
+                        }
+                    )
             path[method.lower()] = operation
     return path, security_schemes, definitions
 
@@ -263,7 +296,7 @@ def get_openapi(
                 if path_definitions:
                     definitions.update(path_definitions)
     if definitions:
-        components.setdefault("schemas", {}).update(definitions)
+        components["schemas"] = {k: definitions[k] for k in sorted(definitions)}
     if components:
         output["components"] = components
     output["paths"] = paths

fastapi/params.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, Callable, Sequence
 
-from pydantic import Schema
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
 
 
 class ParamTypes(Enum):
@@ -11,7 +15,7 @@ class ParamTypes(Enum):
     cookie = "cookie"
 
 
-class Param(Schema):
+class Param(FieldInfo):
     in_: ParamTypes
 
     def __init__(
@@ -199,7 +203,7 @@ class Cookie(Param):
         )
 
 
-class Body(Schema):
+class Body(FieldInfo):
     def __init__(
         self,
         default: Any,

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import asyncio
 import inspect
 import logging
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Type, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Type, Union
 
 from fastapi import params
 from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant
@@ -11,12 +11,18 @@ from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
     get_parameterless_sub_dependant,
     solve_dependencies,
 )
-from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr, jsonable_encoder
 from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError, WebSocketRequestValidationError
-from fastapi.utils import create_cloned_field
-from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Schema
+from fastapi.openapi.constants import STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
+from fastapi.utils import (
+    PYDANTIC_1,
+    create_cloned_field,
+    generate_operation_id_for_path,
+    get_field_info,
+    warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated,
+)
+from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper, ValidationError
-from pydantic.fields import Field
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette import routing
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
@@ -33,51 +39,63 @@ from starlette.status import WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION
 from starlette.types import ASGIApp
 from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
 
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo, ModelField
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
+
 
 def serialize_response(
     *,
-    field: Field = None,
+    field: ModelField = None,
     response: Response,
-    include: Set[str] = None,
-    exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     by_alias: bool = True,
-    skip_defaults: bool = False,
+    exclude_unset: bool = False,
 ) -> Any:
     if field:
         errors = []
+        if exclude_unset and isinstance(response, BaseModel):
+            if PYDANTIC_1:
+                response = response.dict(exclude_unset=exclude_unset)
+            else:
+                response = response.dict(skip_defaults=exclude_unset)  # pragma: nocover
         value, errors_ = field.validate(response, {}, loc=("response",))
         if isinstance(errors_, ErrorWrapper):
             errors.append(errors_)
         elif isinstance(errors_, list):
             errors.extend(errors_)
         if errors:
-            raise ValidationError(errors)
+            raise ValidationError(errors, field.type_)
         return jsonable_encoder(
             value,
             include=include,
             exclude=exclude,
             by_alias=by_alias,
-            skip_defaults=skip_defaults,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
         )
     else:
         return jsonable_encoder(response)
 
 
-def get_app(
+def get_request_handler(
     dependant: Dependant,
-    body_field: Field = None,
+    body_field: ModelField = None,
     status_code: int = 200,
     response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
-    response_field: Field = None,
-    response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-    response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+    response_field: ModelField = None,
+    response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+    response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
     response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-    response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+    response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
     dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
 ) -> Callable:
     assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
     is_coroutine = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(dependant.call)
-    is_body_form = body_field and isinstance(body_field.schema, params.Form)
+    is_body_form = body_field and isinstance(get_field_info(body_field), params.Form)
 
     async def app(request: Request) -> Response:
         try:
@@ -119,7 +137,7 @@ def get_app(
                 include=response_model_include,
                 exclude=response_model_exclude,
                 by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-                skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+                exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
             )
             response = response_class(
                 content=response_data,
@@ -147,7 +165,7 @@ def get_websocket_app(
         if errors:
             await websocket.close(code=WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION)
             raise WebSocketRequestValidationError(errors)
-        assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must me a function"
+        assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
         await dependant.call(**values)
 
     return app
@@ -184,42 +202,59 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         name: str = None,
-        methods: List[str] = None,
+        methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
         dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
     ) -> None:
-        assert path.startswith("/"), "Routed paths must always start with '/'"
         self.path = path
         self.endpoint = endpoint
         self.name = get_name(endpoint) if name is None else name
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
+        if methods is None:
+            methods = ["GET"]
+        self.methods = set([method.upper() for method in methods])
+        self.unique_id = generate_operation_id_for_path(
+            name=self.name, path=self.path_format, method=list(methods)[0]
+        )
         self.response_model = response_model
         if self.response_model:
-            assert lenient_issubclass(
-                response_class, JSONResponse
-            ), "To declare a type the response must be a JSON response"
-            response_name = "Response_" + self.name
-            self.response_field: Optional[Field] = Field(
-                name=response_name,
-                type_=self.response_model,
-                class_validators={},
-                default=None,
-                required=False,
-                model_config=BaseConfig,
-                schema=Schema(None),
-            )
+            assert (
+                status_code not in STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
+            ), f"Status code {status_code} must not have a response body"
+            response_name = "Response_" + self.unique_id
+            if PYDANTIC_1:
+                self.response_field: Optional[ModelField] = ModelField(
+                    name=response_name,
+                    type_=self.response_model,
+                    class_validators={},
+                    default=None,
+                    required=False,
+                    model_config=BaseConfig,
+                    field_info=FieldInfo(None),
+                )
+            else:
+                self.response_field: Optional[ModelField] = ModelField(  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
+                    name=response_name,
+                    type_=self.response_model,
+                    class_validators={},
+                    default=None,
+                    required=False,
+                    model_config=BaseConfig,
+                    schema=FieldInfo(None),
+                )
             # Create a clone of the field, so that a Pydantic submodel is not returned
             # as is just because it's an instance of a subclass of a more limited class
             # e.g. UserInDB (containing hashed_password) could be a subclass of User
@@ -227,15 +262,23 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
             # would pass the validation and be returned as is.
             # By being a new field, no inheritance will be passed as is. A new model
             # will be always created.
-            self.secure_cloned_response_field = create_cloned_field(self.response_field)
+            self.secure_cloned_response_field: Optional[
+                ModelField
+            ] = create_cloned_field(self.response_field)
         else:
             self.response_field = None
             self.secure_cloned_response_field = None
         self.status_code = status_code
         self.tags = tags or []
-        self.dependencies = dependencies or []
+        if dependencies:
+            self.dependencies = list(dependencies)
+        else:
+            self.dependencies = []
         self.summary = summary
         self.description = description or inspect.cleandoc(self.endpoint.__doc__ or "")
+        # if a "form feed" character (page break) is found in the description text,
+        # truncate description text to the content preceding the first "form feed"
+        self.description = self.description.split("\f")[0]
         self.response_description = response_description
         self.responses = responses or {}
         response_fields = {}
@@ -243,37 +286,47 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
             assert isinstance(response, dict), "An additional response must be a dict"
             model = response.get("model")
             if model:
+                assert (
+                    additional_status_code not in STATUS_CODES_WITH_NO_BODY
+                ), f"Status code {additional_status_code} must not have a response body"
                 assert lenient_issubclass(
                     model, BaseModel
                 ), "A response model must be a Pydantic model"
-                response_name = f"Response_{additional_status_code}_{self.name}"
-                response_field = Field(
-                    name=response_name,
-                    type_=model,
-                    class_validators=None,
-                    default=None,
-                    required=False,
-                    model_config=BaseConfig,
-                    schema=Schema(None),
-                )
+                response_name = f"Response_{additional_status_code}_{self.unique_id}"
+                if PYDANTIC_1:
+                    response_field = ModelField(
+                        name=response_name,
+                        type_=model,
+                        class_validators=None,
+                        default=None,
+                        required=False,
+                        model_config=BaseConfig,
+                        field_info=FieldInfo(None),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    response_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
+                        name=response_name,
+                        type_=model,
+                        class_validators=None,
+                        default=None,
+                        required=False,
+                        model_config=BaseConfig,
+                        schema=FieldInfo(None),
+                    )
                 response_fields[additional_status_code] = response_field
         if response_fields:
-            self.response_fields: Dict[Union[int, str], Field] = response_fields
+            self.response_fields: Dict[Union[int, str], ModelField] = response_fields
         else:
             self.response_fields = {}
         self.deprecated = deprecated
-        if methods is None:
-            methods = ["GET"]
-        self.methods = methods
         self.operation_id = operation_id
         self.response_model_include = response_model_include
         self.response_model_exclude = response_model_exclude
         self.response_model_by_alias = response_model_by_alias
-        self.response_model_skip_defaults = response_model_skip_defaults
+        self.response_model_exclude_unset = response_model_exclude_unset
         self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
         self.response_class = response_class
 
-        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
         assert inspect.isfunction(endpoint) or inspect.ismethod(
             endpoint
         ), f"An endpoint must be a function or method"
@@ -283,21 +336,22 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
                 0,
                 get_parameterless_sub_dependant(depends=depends, path=self.path_format),
             )
-        self.body_field = get_body_field(dependant=self.dependant, name=self.name)
+        self.body_field = get_body_field(dependant=self.dependant, name=self.unique_id)
         self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
-        self.app = request_response(
-            get_app(
-                dependant=self.dependant,
-                body_field=self.body_field,
-                status_code=self.status_code,
-                response_class=self.response_class,
-                response_field=self.secure_cloned_response_field,
-                response_model_include=self.response_model_include,
-                response_model_exclude=self.response_model_exclude,
-                response_model_by_alias=self.response_model_by_alias,
-                response_model_skip_defaults=self.response_model_skip_defaults,
-                dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
-            )
+        self.app = request_response(self.get_route_handler())
+
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
+        return get_request_handler(
+            dependant=self.dependant,
+            body_field=self.body_field,
+            status_code=self.status_code,
+            response_class=self.response_class or JSONResponse,
+            response_field=self.secure_cloned_response_field,
+            response_model_include=self.response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=self.response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=self.response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=self.response_model_exclude_unset,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
         )
 
 
@@ -308,11 +362,13 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         redirect_slashes: bool = True,
         default: ASGIApp = None,
         dependency_overrides_provider: Any = None,
+        route_class: Type[APIRoute] = APIRoute,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             routes=routes, redirect_slashes=redirect_slashes, default=default
         )
         self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
+        self.route_class = route_class
 
     def add_api_route(
         self,
@@ -322,29 +378,34 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
-        methods: List[str] = None,
+        methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
+        route_class_override: Optional[Type[APIRoute]] = None,
     ) -> None:
-        route = APIRoute(
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
+        route_class = route_class_override or self.route_class
+        route = route_class(
             path,
             endpoint=endpoint,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -355,7 +416,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -370,7 +433,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
@@ -378,14 +441,18 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         deprecated: bool = None,
         methods: List[str] = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
+
         def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
             self.add_api_route(
                 path,
@@ -393,7 +460,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model=response_model,
                 status_code=status_code,
                 tags=tags or [],
-                dependencies=dependencies or [],
+                dependencies=dependencies,
                 summary=summary,
                 description=description,
                 response_description=response_description,
@@ -404,7 +471,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                 response_model_include=response_model_include,
                 response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
                 response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-                response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+                response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                    response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+                ),
                 include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
                 response_class=response_class,
                 name=name,
@@ -432,14 +501,23 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         *,
         prefix: str = "",
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        default_response_class: Optional[Type[Response]] = None,
     ) -> None:
         if prefix:
             assert prefix.startswith("/"), "A path prefix must start with '/'"
             assert not prefix.endswith(
                 "/"
             ), "A path prefix must not end with '/', as the routes will start with '/'"
+        else:
+            for r in router.routes:
+                path = getattr(r, "path")
+                name = getattr(r, "name", "unknown")
+                if path is not None and not path:
+                    raise Exception(
+                        f"Prefix and path cannot be both empty (path operation: {name})"
+                    )
         if responses is None:
             responses = {}
         for route in router.routes:
@@ -451,7 +529,8 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                     response_model=route.response_model,
                     status_code=route.status_code,
                     tags=(route.tags or []) + (tags or []),
-                    dependencies=(dependencies or []) + (route.dependencies or []),
+                    dependencies=list(dependencies or [])
+                    + list(route.dependencies or []),
                     summary=route.summary,
                     description=route.description,
                     response_description=route.response_description,
@@ -462,16 +541,17 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
                     response_model_include=route.response_model_include,
                     response_model_exclude=route.response_model_exclude,
                     response_model_by_alias=route.response_model_by_alias,
-                    response_model_skip_defaults=route.response_model_skip_defaults,
+                    response_model_exclude_unset=route.response_model_exclude_unset,
                     include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema,
-                    response_class=route.response_class,
+                    response_class=route.response_class or default_response_class,
                     name=route.name,
+                    route_class_override=type(route),
                 )
             elif isinstance(route, routing.Route):
                 self.add_route(
                     prefix + route.path,
                     route.endpoint,
-                    methods=route.methods,
+                    methods=list(route.methods or []),
                     include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema,
                     name=route.name,
                 )
@@ -491,28 +571,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
-
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -523,7 +605,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -536,27 +620,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -567,7 +654,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -580,27 +669,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -611,7 +703,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -624,27 +718,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -655,7 +752,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -668,27 +767,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -699,7 +801,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -712,27 +816,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -743,7 +850,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -756,27 +865,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -787,7 +899,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,
@@ -800,27 +914,30 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         response_model: Type[Any] = None,
         status_code: int = 200,
         tags: List[str] = None,
-        dependencies: List[params.Depends] = None,
+        dependencies: Sequence[params.Depends] = None,
         summary: str = None,
         description: str = None,
         response_description: str = "Successful Response",
         responses: Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         deprecated: bool = None,
         operation_id: str = None,
-        response_model_include: Set[str] = None,
-        response_model_exclude: Set[str] = set(),
+        response_model_include: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Union[SetIntStr, DictIntStrAny] = set(),
         response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
-        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_skip_defaults: bool = None,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
         include_in_schema: bool = True,
-        response_class: Type[Response] = JSONResponse,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = None,
         name: str = None,
     ) -> Callable:
+        if response_model_skip_defaults is not None:
+            warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated()  # pragma: nocover
         return self.api_route(
             path=path,
             response_model=response_model,
             status_code=status_code,
             tags=tags or [],
-            dependencies=dependencies or [],
+            dependencies=dependencies,
             summary=summary,
             description=description,
             response_description=response_description,
@@ -831,7 +948,9 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             response_model_include=response_model_include,
             response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
             response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
-            response_model_skip_defaults=response_model_skip_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=bool(
+                response_model_exclude_unset or response_model_skip_defaults
+            ),
             include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
             response_class=response_class,
             name=name,

fastapi/security/api_key.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class APIKeyCookie(APIKeyBase):
         self.auto_error = auto_error
 
     async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
-        api_key: str = request.cookies.get(self.model.name)
+        api_key = request.cookies.get(self.model.name)
         if not api_key:
             if self.auto_error:
                 raise HTTPException(

fastapi/security/http.py

@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ class HTTPBasic(HTTPBase):
         self.realm = realm
         self.auto_error = auto_error
 
-    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[HTTPBasicCredentials]:
+    async def __call__(  # type: ignore
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Optional[HTTPBasicCredentials]:
         authorization: str = request.headers.get("Authorization")
         scheme, param = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
         if self.realm:

fastapi/security/oauth2.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 
 from fastapi.exceptions import HTTPException
 from fastapi.openapi.models import OAuth2 as OAuth2Model, OAuthFlows as OAuthFlowsModel
-from fastapi.params import Form
+from fastapi.param_functions import Form
 from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
 from fastapi.security.utils import get_authorization_scheme_param
 from starlette.requests import Request

fastapi/utils.py

@@ -1,27 +1,60 @@
+import logging
 import re
+from dataclasses import is_dataclass
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Sequence, Set, Type, cast
 
 from fastapi import routing
 from fastapi.openapi.constants import REF_PREFIX
-from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Schema, create_model
-from pydantic.fields import Field
+from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, create_model
 from pydantic.schema import get_flat_models_from_fields, model_process_schema
 from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
 
+logger = logging.getLogger("fastapi")
 
-def get_flat_models_from_routes(
-    routes: Sequence[Type[BaseRoute]]
-) -> Set[Type[BaseModel]]:
-    body_fields_from_routes: List[Field] = []
-    responses_from_routes: List[Field] = []
+try:
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo, ModelField
+
+    PYDANTIC_1 = True
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+    from pydantic.fields import Field as ModelField  # type: ignore
+    from pydantic import Schema as FieldInfo  # type: ignore
+
+    logger.warning(
+        "Pydantic versions < 1.0.0 are deprecated in FastAPI and support will be \
+            removed soon"
+    )
+    PYDANTIC_1 = False
+
+
+# TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+def get_field_info(field: ModelField) -> FieldInfo:
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        return field.field_info  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return field.schema  # type: ignore  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+# TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+def warning_response_model_skip_defaults_deprecated() -> None:
+    logger.warning(  # pragma: nocover
+        "response_model_skip_defaults has been deprecated in favor \
+                of response_model_exclude_unset to keep in line with Pydantic v1, \
+                support for it will be removed soon."
+    )
+
+
+def get_flat_models_from_routes(routes: Sequence[BaseRoute]) -> Set[Type[BaseModel]]:
+    body_fields_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
+    responses_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
     for route in routes:
         if getattr(route, "include_in_schema", None) and isinstance(
             route, routing.APIRoute
         ):
             if route.body_field:
                 assert isinstance(
-                    route.body_field, Field
+                    route.body_field, ModelField
                 ), "A request body must be a Pydantic Field"
                 body_fields_from_routes.append(route.body_field)
             if route.response_field:
@@ -39,7 +72,7 @@ def get_model_definitions(
 ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     definitions: Dict[str, Dict] = {}
     for model in flat_models:
-        m_schema, m_definitions = model_process_schema(
+        m_schema, m_definitions, m_nested_models = model_process_schema(
             model, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX
         )
         definitions.update(m_definitions)
@@ -52,34 +85,49 @@ def get_path_param_names(path: str) -> Set[str]:
     return {item.strip("{}") for item in re.findall("{[^}]*}", path)}
 
 
-def create_cloned_field(field: Field) -> Field:
+def create_cloned_field(field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
     original_type = field.type_
+    if is_dataclass(original_type) and hasattr(original_type, "__pydantic_model__"):
+        original_type = original_type.__pydantic_model__  # type: ignore
     use_type = original_type
     if lenient_issubclass(original_type, BaseModel):
         original_type = cast(Type[BaseModel], original_type)
-        use_type = create_model(  # type: ignore
-            original_type.__name__,
-            __config__=original_type.__config__,
-            __validators__=original_type.__validators__,
+        use_type = create_model(
+            original_type.__name__, __config__=original_type.__config__
         )
         for f in original_type.__fields__.values():
             use_type.__fields__[f.name] = f
-    new_field = Field(
-        name=field.name,
-        type_=use_type,
-        class_validators={},
-        default=None,
-        required=False,
-        model_config=BaseConfig,
-        schema=Schema(None),
-    )
+        use_type.__validators__ = original_type.__validators__
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        new_field = ModelField(
+            name=field.name,
+            type_=use_type,
+            class_validators={},
+            default=None,
+            required=False,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            field_info=FieldInfo(None),
+        )
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        new_field = ModelField(  # type: ignore
+            name=field.name,
+            type_=use_type,
+            class_validators={},
+            default=None,
+            required=False,
+            model_config=BaseConfig,
+            schema=FieldInfo(None),
+        )
     new_field.has_alias = field.has_alias
     new_field.alias = field.alias
     new_field.class_validators = field.class_validators
     new_field.default = field.default
     new_field.required = field.required
     new_field.model_config = field.model_config
-    new_field.schema = field.schema
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        new_field.field_info = field.field_info
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        new_field.schema = field.schema  # type: ignore
     new_field.allow_none = field.allow_none
     new_field.validate_always = field.validate_always
     if field.sub_fields:
@@ -89,9 +137,24 @@ def create_cloned_field(field: Field) -> Field:
     if field.key_field:
         new_field.key_field = create_cloned_field(field.key_field)
     new_field.validators = field.validators
-    new_field.whole_pre_validators = field.whole_pre_validators
-    new_field.whole_post_validators = field.whole_post_validators
+    if PYDANTIC_1:
+        new_field.pre_validators = field.pre_validators
+        new_field.post_validators = field.post_validators
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        new_field.whole_pre_validators = field.whole_pre_validators  # type: ignore
+        new_field.whole_post_validators = field.whole_post_validators  # type: ignore
     new_field.parse_json = field.parse_json
     new_field.shape = field.shape
-    new_field._populate_validators()
+    try:
+        new_field.populate_validators()
+    except AttributeError:  # pragma: nocover
+        # TODO: remove when removing support for Pydantic < 1.0.0
+        new_field._populate_validators()  # type: ignore
     return new_field
+
+
+def generate_operation_id_for_path(*, name: str, path: str, method: str) -> str:
+    operation_id = name + path
+    operation_id = operation_id.replace("{", "_").replace("}", "_").replace("/", "_")
+    operation_id = operation_id + "_" + method.lower()
+    return operation_id

mkdocs.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 site_name: FastAPI
 site_description: FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production
+site_url: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
 
 theme:
     name: 'material'
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ nav:
             - Classes as Dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md'
             - Sub-dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md'
             - Dependencies in path operation decorators: 'tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators.md'
+            - Dependencies with yield: 'tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md'
             - Advanced Dependencies: 'tutorial/dependencies/advanced-dependencies.md'
         - Security: 
             - Security Intro: 'tutorial/security/intro.md'
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ nav:
         - GraphQL: 'tutorial/graphql.md'
         - WebSockets: 'tutorial/websockets.md'
         - 'Events: startup - shutdown': 'tutorial/events.md'
+        - Custom Request and APIRoute class: 'tutorial/custom-request-and-route.md'
         - Testing: 'tutorial/testing.md'
         - Testing Dependencies with Overrides: 'tutorial/testing-dependencies.md'
         - Debugging: 'tutorial/debugging.md'
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ nav:
     - Project Generation - Template: 'project-generation.md'
     - Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons: 'alternatives.md'
     - History, Design and Future: 'history-design-future.md'
+    - External Links and Articles: 'external-links.md'
     - Benchmarks: 'benchmarks.md'
     - Help FastAPI - Get Help: 'help-fastapi.md'
     - Development - Contributing: 'contributing.md'

pyproject.toml

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: HTTP Servers",
 ]
 requires = [
-    "starlette >=0.11.1,<=0.12.0",
-    "pydantic >=0.28,<=0.28.0"
+    "starlette >=0.12.9,<=0.12.9",
+    "pydantic >=0.32.2,<2.0.0"
 ]
 description-file = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.6"
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ test = [
     "email_validator",
     "sqlalchemy",
     "databases[sqlite]",
+    "orjson",
+    "async_exit_stack",
+    "async_generator"
 ]
 doc = [
     "mkdocs",
@@ -60,4 +63,6 @@ all = [
     "ujson",
     "email_validator",
     "uvicorn",
+    "async_exit_stack",
+    "async_generator"
 ]

scripts/lint.sh

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 set -e
 set -x
 
-mypy fastapi --disallow-untyped-defs --follow-imports=skip
+mypy fastapi --disallow-untyped-defs
 black fastapi tests --check
 isort --multi-line=3 --trailing-comma --force-grid-wrap=0 --combine-as --line-width 88 --recursive --check-only --thirdparty fastapi fastapi tests

tests/test_additional_responses_bad.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/a", responses={"hello": {"description": "Not a valid additional response"}})
+async def a():
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/a": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    # this is how one would imagine the openapi schema to be
+                    # but since the key is not valid, openapi.utils.get_openapi will raise ValueError
+                    "hello": {"description": "Not a valid additional response"},
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "A",
+                "operationId": "a_a_get",
+            }
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        client.get("/openapi.json")

tests/test_additional_responses_custom_validationerror.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import typing
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class JsonApiResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/vnd.api+json"
+
+
+class Error(BaseModel):
+    status: str
+    title: str
+
+
+class JsonApiError(BaseModel):
+    errors: typing.List[Error]
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/a/{id}",
+    response_class=JsonApiResponse,
+    responses={422: {"description": "Error", "model": JsonApiError}},
+)
+async def a(id):
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/a/{id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/vnd.api+json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/JsonApiError"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/vnd.api+json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "A",
+                "operationId": "a_a__id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Id"},
+                        "name": "id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Error": {
+                "title": "Error",
+                "required": ["status", "title"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "status": {"title": "Status", "type": "string"},
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "JsonApiError": {
+                "title": "JsonApiError",
+                "required": ["errors"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "errors": {
+                        "title": "Errors",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Error"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema

tests/test_additional_responses_default_validationerror.py

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/a/{id}")
+async def a(id):
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/a/{id}": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "A",
+                "operationId": "a_a__id__get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": True,
+                        "schema": {"title": "Id"},
+                        "name": "id",
+                        "in": "path",
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"type": "string"},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema

tests/test_additional_responses_response_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import typing
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class JsonApiResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/vnd.api+json"
+
+
+class Error(BaseModel):
+    status: str
+    title: str
+
+
+class JsonApiError(BaseModel):
+    errors: typing.List[Error]
+
+
+@app.get(
+    "/a",
+    response_class=JsonApiResponse,
+    responses={500: {"description": "Error", "model": JsonApiError}},
+)
+async def a():
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+@app.get("/b", responses={500: {"description": "Error", "model": Error}})
+async def b():
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/a": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "500": {
+                        "description": "Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/vnd.api+json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/JsonApiError"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/vnd.api+json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "A",
+                "operationId": "a_a_get",
+            }
+        },
+        "/b": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "500": {
+                        "description": "Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Error"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                },
+                "summary": "B",
+                "operationId": "b_b_get",
+            }
+        },
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "Error": {
+                "title": "Error",
+                "required": ["status", "title"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "status": {"title": "Status", "type": "string"},
+                    "title": {"title": "Title", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "JsonApiError": {
+                "title": "JsonApiError",
+                "required": ["errors"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "errors": {
+                        "title": "Errors",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Error"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema

tests/test_additional_responses_router.py

@@ -10,12 +10,25 @@ async def a():
     return "a"
 
 
-@router.get("/b", responses={502: {"description": "Error 2"}})
+@router.get(
+    "/b",
+    responses={
+        502: {"description": "Error 2"},
+        "4XX": {"description": "Error with range, upper"},
+    },
+)
 async def b():
     return "b"
 
 
-@router.get("/c", responses={501: {"description": "Error 3"}})
+@router.get(
+    "/c",
+    responses={
+        "400": {"description": "Error with str"},
+        "5xx": {"description": "Error with range, lower"},
+        "default": {"description": "A default response"},
+    },
+)
 async def c():
     return "c"
 
@@ -43,6 +56,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
             "get": {
                 "responses": {
                     "502": {"description": "Error 2"},
+                    "4XX": {"description": "Error with range, upper"},
                     "200": {
                         "description": "Successful Response",
                         "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
@@ -55,11 +69,13 @@ openapi_schema = {
         "/c": {
             "get": {
                 "responses": {
-                    "501": {"description": "Error 3"},
+                    "400": {"description": "Error with str"},
+                    "5XX": {"description": "Error with range, lower"},
                     "200": {
                         "description": "Successful Response",
                         "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
                     },
+                    "default": {"description": "A default response"},
                 },
                 "summary": "C",
                 "operationId": "c_c_get",

tests/test_application.py

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "integer"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "integer"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "number"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "number"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "boolean"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "boolean"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "minLength": 3,
                             "type": "string",
                         },
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "maxLength": 3,
                             "type": "string",
                         },
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "maxLength": 3,
                             "minLength": 2,
                             "type": "string",
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMinimum": 3.0,
                             "type": "number",
                         },
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMinimum": 0.0,
                             "type": "number",
                         },
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "minimum": 3.0,
                             "type": "number",
                         },
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMaximum": 3.0,
                             "type": "number",
                         },
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMaximum": 0.0,
                             "type": "number",
                         },
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "maximum": 3.0,
                             "type": "number",
                         },
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMaximum": 3.0,
                             "exclusiveMinimum": 1.0,
                             "type": "number",
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "maximum": 3.0,
                             "minimum": 1.0,
                             "type": "number",
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMaximum": 3.0,
                             "type": "integer",
                         },
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMinimum": 3.0,
                             "type": "integer",
                         },
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "maximum": 3.0,
                             "type": "integer",
                         },
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "minimum": 3.0,
                             "type": "integer",
                         },
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "exclusiveMaximum": 3.0,
                             "exclusiveMinimum": 1.0,
                             "type": "integer",
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                     {
                         "required": True,
                         "schema": {
-                            "title": "Item_Id",
+                            "title": "Item Id",
                             "maximum": 3.0,
                             "minimum": 1.0,
                             "type": "integer",

tests/test_custom_route_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class APIRouteA(APIRoute):
+    x_type = "A"
+
+
+class APIRouteB(APIRoute):
+    x_type = "B"
+
+
+class APIRouteC(APIRoute):
+    x_type = "C"
+
+
+router_a = APIRouter(route_class=APIRouteA)
+router_b = APIRouter(route_class=APIRouteB)
+router_c = APIRouter(route_class=APIRouteC)
+
+
+@router_a.get("/")
+def get_a():
+    return {"msg": "A"}
+
+
+@router_b.get("/")
+def get_b():
+    return {"msg": "B"}
+
+
+@router_c.get("/")
+def get_c():
+    return {"msg": "C"}
+
+
+router_b.include_router(router=router_c, prefix="/c")
+router_a.include_router(router=router_b, prefix="/b")
+app.include_router(router=router_a, prefix="/a")
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "Fast API", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/a/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Get A",
+                "operationId": "get_a_a__get",
+            }
+        },
+        "/a/b/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Get B",
+                "operationId": "get_b_a_b__get",
+            }
+        },
+        "/a/b/c/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+                "summary": "Get C",
+                "operationId": "get_c_a_b_c__get",
+            }
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "path,expected_status,expected_response",
+    [
+        ("/a", 200, {"msg": "A"}),
+        ("/a/b", 200, {"msg": "B"}),
+        ("/a/b/c", 200, {"msg": "C"}),
+        ("/openapi.json", 200, openapi_schema),
+    ],
+)
+def test_get_path(path, expected_status, expected_response):
+    response = client.get(path)
+    assert response.status_code == expected_status
+    assert response.json() == expected_response
+
+
+def test_route_classes():
+    routes = {}
+    r: APIRoute
+    for r in app.router.routes:
+        routes[r.path] = r
+    assert routes["/a/"].x_type == "A"
+    assert routes["/a/b/"].x_type == "B"
+    assert routes["/a/b/c/"].x_type == "C"

tests/test_default_response_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+import orjson
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, PlainTextResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+
+class ORJSONResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/x-orjson"
+
+    def render(self, content: Any) -> bytes:
+        return orjson.dumps(content)
+
+
+class OverrideResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+app = FastAPI(default_response_class=ORJSONResponse)
+router_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_a = APIRouter()
+router_b_a_c_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class again
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def get_root():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_path_override():
+    return "Hello World"
+
+
+@router_a.get("/")
+def get_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A"}
+
+
+@router_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A"
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/")
+def get_a_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A A"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/")
+def get_a_b():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_a_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/")
+def get_b():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/")
+def get_b_a():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/")
+def get_b_a_c():
+    return "Hello B A C"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/override", response_class=OverrideResponse)
+def get_b_a_c_path_override():
+    return {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+
+
+router_b_a.include_router(
+    router_b_a_c_override, prefix="/c", default_response_class=HTMLResponse
+)
+router_b_override.include_router(router_b_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(router_a_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(
+    router_a_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+app.include_router(router_a, prefix="/a")
+app.include_router(
+    router_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+orjson_type = "application/x-orjson"
+text_type = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+html_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+override_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+def test_app():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type
+
+
+def test_app_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello World"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A C"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c/override")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == override_type

tests/test_default_response_class_router.py

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, PlainTextResponse
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+
+class OverrideResponse(JSONResponse):
+    media_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+router_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_a = APIRouter()
+router_a_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class
+router_b_a = APIRouter()
+router_b_a_c_override = APIRouter()  # Overrides default class again
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def get_root():
+    return {"msg": "Hello World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_path_override():
+    return "Hello World"
+
+
+@router_a.get("/")
+def get_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A"}
+
+
+@router_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A"
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/")
+def get_a_a():
+    return {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+
+
+@router_a_a.get("/override", response_class=PlainTextResponse)
+def get_a_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello A A"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/")
+def get_a_b():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_a_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_a_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello A B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/")
+def get_b():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_override.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_path_override():
+    return "Hello B"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/")
+def get_b_a():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a.get("/override", response_class=HTMLResponse)
+def get_b_a_path_override():
+    return "Hello B A"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/")
+def get_b_a_c():
+    return "Hello B A C"
+
+
+@router_b_a_c_override.get("/override", response_class=OverrideResponse)
+def get_b_a_c_path_override():
+    return {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+
+
+router_b_a.include_router(
+    router_b_a_c_override, prefix="/c", default_response_class=HTMLResponse
+)
+router_b_override.include_router(router_b_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(router_a_a, prefix="/a")
+router_a.include_router(
+    router_a_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+app.include_router(router_a, prefix="/a")
+app.include_router(
+    router_b_override, prefix="/b", default_response_class=PlainTextResponse
+)
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+json_type = "application/json"
+text_type = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+html_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+override_type = "application/x-override"
+
+
+def test_app():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello World"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == json_type
+
+
+def test_app_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello World"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == json_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A A"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == json_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_a_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/a/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello A B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/override")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c")
+    assert response.content == b"Hello B A C"
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == html_type
+
+
+def test_router_b_a_c_override():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/b/a/c/override")
+    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello B A C"}
+    assert response.headers["content-type"] == override_type

tests/test_dependency_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class CallableDependency:
+    def __call__(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return value
+
+
+class AsyncCallableDependency:
+    async def __call__(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return value
+
+
+class MethodsDependency:
+    def synchronous(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return value
+
+    async def asynchronous(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return value
+
+
+callable_dependency = CallableDependency()
+async_callable_dependency = AsyncCallableDependency()
+methods_dependency = MethodsDependency()
+
+
+@app.get("/callable-dependency")
+async def get_callable_dependency(value: str = Depends(callable_dependency)):
+    return value
+
+
+@app.get("/async-callable-dependency")
+async def get_callable_dependency(value: str = Depends(async_callable_dependency)):
+    return value
+
+
+@app.get("/synchronous-method-dependency")
+async def get_synchronous_method_dependency(
+    value: str = Depends(methods_dependency.synchronous),
+):
+    return value
+
+
+@app.get("/asynchronous-method-dependency")
+async def get_asynchronous_method_dependency(
+    value: str = Depends(methods_dependency.asynchronous),
+):
+    return value
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "route,value",
+    [
+        ("/callable-dependency", "callable-dependency"),
+        ("/async-callable-dependency", "async-callable-dependency"),
+        ("/synchronous-method-dependency", "synchronous-method-dependency"),
+        ("/asynchronous-method-dependency", "asynchronous-method-dependency"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_class_dependency(route, value):
+    response = client.get(route, params={"value": value})
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == value

tests/test_dependency_contextmanager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import BackgroundTasks, Depends, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+state = {
+    "/async": "asyncgen not started",
+    "/sync": "generator not started",
+    "/async_raise": "asyncgen raise not started",
+    "/sync_raise": "generator raise not started",
+    "context_a": "not started a",
+    "context_b": "not started b",
+    "bg": "not set",
+    "sync_bg": "not set",
+}
+
+errors = []
+
+
+async def get_state():
+    return state
+
+
+class AsyncDependencyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class SyncDependencyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class OtherDependencyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+async def asyncgen_state(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/async"] = "asyncgen started"
+    yield state["/async"]
+    state["/async"] = "asyncgen completed"
+
+
+def generator_state(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/sync"] = "generator started"
+    yield state["/sync"]
+    state["/sync"] = "generator completed"
+
+
+async def asyncgen_state_try(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/async_raise"] = "asyncgen raise started"
+    try:
+        yield state["/async_raise"]
+    except AsyncDependencyError:
+        errors.append("/async_raise")
+    finally:
+        state["/async_raise"] = "asyncgen raise finalized"
+
+
+def generator_state_try(state: Dict[str, str] = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["/sync_raise"] = "generator raise started"
+    try:
+        yield state["/sync_raise"]
+    except SyncDependencyError:
+        errors.append("/sync_raise")
+    finally:
+        state["/sync_raise"] = "generator raise finalized"
+
+
+async def context_a(state: dict = Depends(get_state)):
+    state["context_a"] = "started a"
+    try:
+        yield state
+    finally:
+        state["context_a"] = "finished a"
+
+
+async def context_b(state: dict = Depends(context_a)):
+    state["context_b"] = "started b"
+    try:
+        yield state
+    finally:
+        state["context_b"] = f"finished b with a: {state['context_a']}"
+
+
+@app.get("/async")
+async def get_async(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync")
+async def get_sync(state: str = Depends(generator_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/async_raise")
+async def get_async_raise(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise AsyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_raise")
+async def get_sync_raise(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise SyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/async_raise_other")
+async def get_async_raise_other(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_raise_other")
+async def get_sync_raise_other(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/context_b")
+async def get_context_b(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/context_b_raise")
+async def get_context_b_raise(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    assert state["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "started a"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/context_b_bg")
+async def get_context_b_bg(tasks: BackgroundTasks, state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    async def bg(state: dict):
+        state["bg"] = f"bg set - b: {state['context_b']} - a: {state['context_a']}"
+
+    tasks.add_task(bg, state)
+    return state
+
+
+# Sync versions
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_async")
+def get_sync_async(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_sync")
+def get_sync_sync(state: str = Depends(generator_state)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_async_raise")
+def get_sync_async_raise(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise AsyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_sync_raise")
+def get_sync_sync_raise(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise SyncDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_async_raise_other")
+def get_sync_async_raise_other(state: str = Depends(asyncgen_state_try)):
+    assert state == "asyncgen raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_sync_raise_other")
+def get_sync_sync_raise_other(state: str = Depends(generator_state_try)):
+    assert state == "generator raise started"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_context_b")
+def get_sync_context_b(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    return state
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_context_b_raise")
+def get_sync_context_b_raise(state: dict = Depends(context_b)):
+    assert state["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "started a"
+    raise OtherDependencyError()
+
+
+@app.get("/sync_context_b_bg")
+async def get_sync_context_b_bg(
+    tasks: BackgroundTasks, state: dict = Depends(context_b)
+):
+    async def bg(state: dict):
+        state[
+            "sync_bg"
+        ] = f"sync_bg set - b: {state['context_b']} - a: {state['context_a']}"
+
+    tasks.add_task(bg, state)
+    return state
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_async_state():
+    assert state["/async"] == f"asyncgen not started"
+    response = client.get("/async")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"asyncgen started"
+    assert state["/async"] == f"asyncgen completed"
+
+
+def test_sync_state():
+    assert state["/sync"] == f"generator not started"
+    response = client.get("/sync")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"generator started"
+    assert state["/sync"] == f"generator completed"
+
+
+def test_async_raise_other():
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise not started"
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/async_raise_other")
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_sync_raise_other():
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise not started"
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_raise_other")
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_async_raise():
+    response = client.get("/async_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_context_b():
+    response = client.get("/context_b")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_context_b_raise():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/context_b_raise")
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_background_tasks():
+    response = client.get("/context_b_bg")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert data["bg"] == "not set"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+    assert state["bg"] == "bg set - b: started b - a: started a"
+
+
+def test_sync_raise():
+    response = client.get("/sync_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_sync_async_state():
+    response = client.get("/sync_async")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"asyncgen started"
+    assert state["/async"] == f"asyncgen completed"
+
+
+def test_sync_sync_state():
+    response = client.get("/sync_sync")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == f"generator started"
+    assert state["/sync"] == f"generator completed"
+
+
+def test_sync_async_raise_other():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_async_raise_other")
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_sync_sync_raise_other():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_sync_raise_other")
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" not in errors
+
+
+def test_sync_async_raise():
+    response = client.get("/sync_async_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/async_raise"] == "asyncgen raise finalized"
+    assert "/async_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_sync_sync_raise():
+    response = client.get("/sync_sync_raise")
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    assert state["/sync_raise"] == "generator raise finalized"
+    assert "/sync_raise" in errors
+    errors.clear()
+
+
+def test_sync_context_b():
+    response = client.get("/sync_context_b")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_sync_context_b_raise():
+    with pytest.raises(OtherDependencyError):
+        client.get("/sync_context_b_raise")
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+
+
+def test_sync_background_tasks():
+    response = client.get("/sync_context_b_bg")
+    data = response.json()
+    assert data["context_b"] == "started b"
+    assert data["context_a"] == "started a"
+    assert data["sync_bg"] == "not set"
+    assert state["context_b"] == "finished b with a: started a"
+    assert state["context_a"] == "finished a"
+    assert state["sync_bg"] == "sync_bg set - b: started b - a: started a"

tests/test_duplicate_models_openapi.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+def test_get_openapi():
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        pass
+
+    class Model2(BaseModel):
+        a: Model
+
+    class Model3(BaseModel):
+        c: Model
+        d: Model2
+
+    @app.get("/", response_model=Model3)
+    def f():
+        pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+    openapi = app.openapi()
+    assert isinstance(openapi, dict)

tests/test_empty_router.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("")
+def get_empty():
+    return ["OK"]
+
+
+app.include_router(router, prefix="/prefix")
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_use_empty():
+    with client:
+        response = client.get("/prefix")
+        assert response.json() == ["OK"]
+
+        response = client.get("/prefix/")
+        assert response.status_code == 404
+
+
+def test_include_empty():
+    # if both include and router.path are empty - it should raise exception
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        app.include_router(router)

tests/test_extra_routes.py

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ openapi_schema = {
                 "parameters": [
                     {
                         "required": True,
-                        "schema": {"title": "Item_Id", "type": "string"},
+                        "schema": {"title": "Item Id", "type": "string"},
                         "name": "item_id",
                         "in": "path",
                     }

tests/test_fakeasync.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi.concurrency import _fake_asynccontextmanager
+
+
+@_fake_asynccontextmanager
+def never_run():
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def test_fake_async():
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        never_run()

tests/test_infer_param_optionality.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+user_router = APIRouter()
+item_router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@user_router.get("/")
+def get_users():
+    return [{"user_id": "u1"}, {"user_id": "u2"}]
+
+
+@user_router.get("/{user_id}")
+def get_user(user_id: str):
+    return {"user_id": user_id}
+
+
+@item_router.get("/")
+def get_items(user_id: str = None):
+    if user_id is None:
+        return [{"item_id": "i1", "user_id": "u1"}, {"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "u2"}]
+    else:
+        return [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": user_id}]
+
+
+@item_router.get("/{item_id}")
+def get_item(item_id: str, user_id: str = None):
+    if user_id is None:
+        return {"item_id": item_id}
+    else:
+        return {"item_id": item_id, "user_id": user_id}
+
+
+app.include_router(user_router, prefix="/users")
+app.include_router(item_router, prefix="/items")
+
+app.include_router(item_router, prefix="/users/{user_id}/items")
+
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+
+def test_get_users():
+    """Check that /users returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"user_id": "u1"}, {"user_id": "u2"}]
+
+
+def test_get_user():
+    """Check that /users/{user_id} returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users/abc123")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"user_id": "abc123"}
+
+
+def test_get_items_1():
+    """Check that /items returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/items")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [
+        {"item_id": "i1", "user_id": "u1"},
+        {"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "u2"},
+    ]
+
+
+def test_get_items_2():
+    """Check that /items returns expected data with user_id specified"""
+    response = client.get("/items?user_id=abc123")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "abc123"}]
+
+
+def test_get_item_1():
+    """Check that /items/{item_id} returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/items/item01")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "item01"}
+
+
+def test_get_item_2():
+    """Check that /items/{item_id} returns expected data with user_id specified"""
+    response = client.get("/items/item01?user_id=abc123")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "item01", "user_id": "abc123"}
+
+
+def test_get_users_items():
+    """Check that /users/{user_id}/items returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users/abc123/items")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "abc123"}]
+
+
+def test_get_users_item():
+    """Check that /users/{user_id}/items returns expected data"""
+    response = client.get("/users/abc123/items/item01")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json() == {"item_id": "item01", "user_id": "abc123"}
+
+
+def test_schema_1():
+    """Check that the user_id is a required path parameter under /users"""
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    r = response.json()
+
+    d = {
+        "required": True,
+        "schema": {"title": "User Id", "type": "string"},
+        "name": "user_id",
+        "in": "path",
+    }
+
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/users/{user_id}"]["get"]["parameters"]
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/users/{user_id}/items/"]["get"]["parameters"]
+
+
+def test_schema_2():
+    """Check that the user_id is an optional query parameter under /items"""
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    r = response.json()
+
+    d = {
+        "required": False,
+        "schema": {"title": "User Id", "type": "string"},
+        "name": "user_id",
+        "in": "query",
+    }
+
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/items/{item_id}"]["get"]["parameters"]
+    assert d in r["paths"]["/items/"]["get"]["parameters"]