🔖 Release version 0.91.0

Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>

.github/DISCUSSION_TEMPLATE/questions.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-name: Question or Problem
-description: Ask a question or ask about a problem
 labels: [question]
 body:
   - type: markdown
@@ -9,9 +7,9 @@ body:
 
         Please follow these instructions, fill every question, and do every step. 🙏
 
-        I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub issues is what consumes most of the time.
+        I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub is what consumes most of the time.
 
-        I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling issues.
+        I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling questions.
 
         All that, on top of all the incredible help provided by a bunch of community members, the [FastAPI Experts](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#experts), that give a lot of their time to come here and help others.
 
@@ -21,16 +19,16 @@ body:
 
         And there's a high chance that you will find the solution along the way and you won't even have to submit it and wait for an answer. 😎
 
-        As there are too many issues with questions, I'll have to close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
+        As there are too many questions, I'll have to discard and close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
   - type: checkboxes
     id: checks
     attributes:
       label: First Check
       description: Please confirm and check all the following options.
       options:
-        - label: I added a very descriptive title to this issue.
+        - label: I added a very descriptive title here.
           required: true
-        - label: I used the GitHub search to find a similar issue and didn't find it.
+        - label: I used the GitHub search to find a similar question and didn't find it.
           required: true
         - label: I searched the FastAPI documentation, with the integrated search.
           required: true
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ body:
           required: true
         - label: I already read and followed all the tutorial in the docs and didn't find an answer.
           required: true
-        - label: I already checked if it is not related to FastAPI but to [Pydantic](https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic).
+        - label: I already checked if it is not related to FastAPI but to [Pydantic](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic).
           required: true
         - label: I already checked if it is not related to FastAPI but to [Swagger UI](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui).
           required: true
@@ -51,9 +49,9 @@ body:
       description: |
         After submitting this, I commit to one of:
 
-          * Read open issues with questions until I find 2 issues where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
+          * Read open questions until I find 2 where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
           * I already hit the "watch" button in this repository to receive notifications and I commit to help at least 2 people that ask questions in the future.
-          * Implement a Pull Request for a confirmed bug.
+          * Review one Pull Request by downloading the code and following [all the review process](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/help-fastapi/#review-pull-requests).
 
       options:
         - label: I commit to help with one of those options 👆

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -2,3 +2,15 @@ blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
   - name: Security Contact
     about: Please report security vulnerabilities to security@tiangolo.com
+  - name: Question or Problem
+    about: Ask a question or ask about a problem in GitHub Discussions.
+    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions
+  - name: Feature Request
+    about: To suggest an idea or ask about a feature, please start with a question saying what you would like to achieve. There might be a way to do it already.
+    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions
+  - name: Show and tell
+    about: Show what you built with FastAPI or to be used with FastAPI.
+    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/show-and-tell
+  - name: Translations
+    about: Coordinate translations in GitHub Discussions.
+    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/translations

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml

@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-name: Feature Request
-description: Suggest an idea or ask for a feature that you would like to have in FastAPI
-labels: [enhancement]
-body:
-  - type: markdown
-    attributes:
-      value: |
-        Thanks for your interest in FastAPI! 🚀
-
-        Please follow these instructions, fill every question, and do every step. 🙏
-
-        I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub issues is what consumes most of the time.
-
-        I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling issues.
-
-        All that, on top of all the incredible help provided by a bunch of community members, the [FastAPI Experts](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#experts), that give a lot of their time to come here and help others.
-
-        That's a lot of work they are doing, but if more FastAPI users came to help others like them just a little bit more, it would be much less effort for them (and you and me 😅).
-
-        By asking questions in a structured way (following this) it will be much easier to help you.
-
-        And there's a high chance that you will find the solution along the way and you won't even have to submit it and wait for an answer. 😎
-
-        As there are too many issues with questions, I'll have to close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
-  - type: checkboxes
-    id: checks
-    attributes:
-      label: First Check
-      description: Please confirm and check all the following options.
-      options:
-        - label: I added a very descriptive title to this issue.
-          required: true
-        - label: I used the GitHub search to find a similar issue and didn't find it.
-          required: true
-        - label: I searched the FastAPI documentation, with the integrated search.
-          required: true
-        - label: I already searched in Google "How to X in FastAPI" and didn't find any information.
-          required: true
-        - label: I already read and followed all the tutorial in the docs and didn't find an answer.
-          required: true
-        - label: I already checked if it is not related to FastAPI but to [Pydantic](https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic).
-          required: true
-        - label: I already checked if it is not related to FastAPI but to [Swagger UI](https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui).
-          required: true
-        - label: I already checked if it is not related to FastAPI but to [ReDoc](https://github.com/Redocly/redoc).
-          required: true
-  - type: checkboxes
-    id: help
-    attributes:
-      label: Commit to Help
-      description: |
-        After submitting this, I commit to one of:
-
-          * Read open issues with questions until I find 2 issues where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
-          * I already hit the "watch" button in this repository to receive notifications and I commit to help at least 2 people that ask questions in the future.
-          * Implement a Pull Request for a confirmed bug.
-
-      options:
-        - label: I commit to help with one of those options 👆
-          required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: example
-    attributes:
-      label: Example Code
-      description: |
-        Please add a self-contained, [minimal, reproducible, example](https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example) with your use case.
-
-        If I (or someone) can copy it, run it, and see it right away, there's a much higher chance I (or someone) will be able to help you.
-
-      placeholder: |
-        from fastapi import FastAPI
-
-        app = FastAPI()
-
-
-        @app.get("/")
-        def read_root():
-            return {"Hello": "World"}
-      render: python
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: description
-    attributes:
-      label: Description
-      description: |
-        What is your feature request?
-
-        Write a short description telling me what you are trying to solve and what you are currently doing.
-      placeholder: |
-        * Open the browser and call the endpoint `/`.
-        * It returns a JSON with `{"Hello": "World"}`.
-        * I would like it to have an extra parameter to teleport me to the moon and back.
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: wanted-solution
-    attributes:
-      label: Wanted Solution
-      description: |
-        Tell me what's the solution you would like.
-      placeholder: |
-        I would like it to have a `teleport_to_moon` parameter that defaults to `False`, and can be set to `True` to teleport me.
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: wanted-code
-    attributes:
-      label: Wanted Code
-      description: Show me an example of how you would want the code to look like.
-      placeholder: |
-        from fastapi import FastAPI
-
-        app = FastAPI()
-
-
-        @app.get("/", teleport_to_moon=True)
-        def read_root():
-            return {"Hello": "World"}
-      render: python
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: alternatives
-    attributes:
-      label: Alternatives
-      description: |
-        Tell me about alternatives you've considered.
-      placeholder: |
-        To wait for Space X moon travel plans to drop down long after they release them. But I would rather teleport.
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: os
-    attributes:
-      label: Operating System
-      description: What operating system are you on?
-      multiple: true
-      options:
-        - Linux
-        - Windows
-        - macOS
-        - Other
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: os-details
-    attributes:
-      label: Operating System Details
-      description: You can add more details about your operating system here, in particular if you chose "Other".
-  - type: input
-    id: fastapi-version
-    attributes:
-      label: FastAPI Version
-      description: |
-        What FastAPI version are you using?
-
-        You can find the FastAPI version with:
-
-        ```bash
-        python -c "import fastapi; print(fastapi.__version__)"
-        ```
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: input
-    id: python-version
-    attributes:
-      label: Python Version
-      description: |
-        What Python version are you using?
-
-        You can find the Python version with:
-
-        ```bash
-        python --version
-        ```
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: textarea
-    id: context
-    attributes:
-      label: Additional Context
-      description: Add any additional context information or screenshots you think are useful.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/privileged.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: Privileged
+description: You are @tiangolo or he asked you directly to create an issue here. If not, check the other options. 👇
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for your interest in FastAPI! 🚀
+
+        If you are not @tiangolo or he didn't ask you directly to create an issue here, please start the conversation in a [Question in GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions) instead.
+  - type: checkboxes
+    id: privileged
+    attributes:
+      label: Privileged issue
+      description: Confirm that you are allowed to create an issue here.
+      options:
+        - label: I'm @tiangolo or he asked me directly to create an issue here.
+          required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: content
+    attributes:
+      label: Issue Content
+      description: Add the content of the issue here.

.github/actions/people/app/main.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import sys
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Container, DefaultDict, Dict, List, Set, Union
+from typing import Any, Container, DefaultDict, Dict, List, Set, Union
 
 import httpx
 import yaml
@@ -12,6 +12,50 @@ from github import Github
 from pydantic import BaseModel, BaseSettings, SecretStr
 
 github_graphql_url = "https://api.github.com/graphql"
+questions_category_id = "MDE4OkRpc2N1c3Npb25DYXRlZ29yeTMyMDAxNDM0"
+
+discussions_query = """
+query Q($after: String, $category_id: ID) {
+  repository(name: "fastapi", owner: "tiangolo") {
+    discussions(first: 100, after: $after, categoryId: $category_id) {
+      edges {
+        cursor
+        node {
+          number
+          author {
+            login
+            avatarUrl
+            url
+          }
+          title
+          createdAt
+          comments(first: 100) {
+            nodes {
+              createdAt
+              author {
+                login
+                avatarUrl
+                url
+              }
+              isAnswer
+              replies(first: 10) {
+                nodes {
+                  createdAt
+                  author {
+                    login
+                    avatarUrl
+                    url
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+"""
 
 issues_query = """
 query Q($after: String) {
@@ -131,15 +175,30 @@ class Author(BaseModel):
     url: str
 
 
+# Issues and Discussions
+
+
 class CommentsNode(BaseModel):
     createdAt: datetime
     author: Union[Author, None] = None
 
 
+class Replies(BaseModel):
+    nodes: List[CommentsNode]
+
+
+class DiscussionsCommentsNode(CommentsNode):
+    replies: Replies
+
+
 class Comments(BaseModel):
     nodes: List[CommentsNode]
 
 
+class DiscussionsComments(BaseModel):
+    nodes: List[DiscussionsCommentsNode]
+
+
 class IssuesNode(BaseModel):
     number: int
     author: Union[Author, None] = None
@@ -149,27 +208,59 @@ class IssuesNode(BaseModel):
     comments: Comments
 
 
+class DiscussionsNode(BaseModel):
+    number: int
+    author: Union[Author, None] = None
+    title: str
+    createdAt: datetime
+    comments: DiscussionsComments
+
+
 class IssuesEdge(BaseModel):
     cursor: str
     node: IssuesNode
 
 
+class DiscussionsEdge(BaseModel):
+    cursor: str
+    node: DiscussionsNode
+
+
 class Issues(BaseModel):
     edges: List[IssuesEdge]
 
 
+class Discussions(BaseModel):
+    edges: List[DiscussionsEdge]
+
+
 class IssuesRepository(BaseModel):
     issues: Issues
 
 
+class DiscussionsRepository(BaseModel):
+    discussions: Discussions
+
+
 class IssuesResponseData(BaseModel):
     repository: IssuesRepository
 
 
+class DiscussionsResponseData(BaseModel):
+    repository: DiscussionsRepository
+
+
 class IssuesResponse(BaseModel):
     data: IssuesResponseData
 
 
+class DiscussionsResponse(BaseModel):
+    data: DiscussionsResponseData
+
+
+# PRs
+
+
 class LabelNode(BaseModel):
     name: str
 
@@ -219,6 +310,9 @@ class PRsResponse(BaseModel):
     data: PRsResponseData
 
 
+# Sponsors
+
+
 class SponsorEntity(BaseModel):
     login: str
     avatarUrl: str
@@ -264,10 +358,16 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
 
 
 def get_graphql_response(
-    *, settings: Settings, query: str, after: Union[str, None] = None
-):
+    *,
+    settings: Settings,
+    query: str,
+    after: Union[str, None] = None,
+    category_id: Union[str, None] = None,
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     headers = {"Authorization": f"token {settings.input_token.get_secret_value()}"}
-    variables = {"after": after}
+    # category_id is only used by one query, but GraphQL allows unused variables, so
+    # keep it here for simplicity
+    variables = {"after": after, "category_id": category_id}
     response = httpx.post(
         github_graphql_url,
         headers=headers,
@@ -275,7 +375,9 @@ def get_graphql_response(
         json={"query": query, "variables": variables, "operationName": "Q"},
     )
     if response.status_code != 200:
-        logging.error(f"Response was not 200, after: {after}")
+        logging.error(
+            f"Response was not 200, after: {after}, category_id: {category_id}"
+        )
         logging.error(response.text)
         raise RuntimeError(response.text)
     data = response.json()
@@ -288,6 +390,21 @@ def get_graphql_issue_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Union[str, None] = Non
     return graphql_response.data.repository.issues.edges
 
 
+def get_graphql_question_discussion_edges(
+    *,
+    settings: Settings,
+    after: Union[str, None] = None,
+):
+    data = get_graphql_response(
+        settings=settings,
+        query=discussions_query,
+        after=after,
+        category_id=questions_category_id,
+    )
+    graphql_response = DiscussionsResponse.parse_obj(data)
+    return graphql_response.data.repository.discussions.edges
+
+
 def get_graphql_pr_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Union[str, None] = None):
     data = get_graphql_response(settings=settings, query=prs_query, after=after)
     graphql_response = PRsResponse.parse_obj(data)
@@ -300,7 +417,7 @@ def get_graphql_sponsor_edges(*, settings: Settings, after: Union[str, None] = N
     return graphql_response.data.user.sponsorshipsAsMaintainer.edges
 
 
-def get_experts(settings: Settings):
+def get_issues_experts(settings: Settings):
     issue_nodes: List[IssuesNode] = []
     issue_edges = get_graphql_issue_edges(settings=settings)
 
@@ -326,13 +443,74 @@ def get_experts(settings: Settings):
         for comment in issue.comments.nodes:
             if comment.author:
                 authors[comment.author.login] = comment.author
-                if comment.author.login == issue_author_name:
-                    continue
-                issue_commentors.add(comment.author.login)
+                if comment.author.login != issue_author_name:
+                    issue_commentors.add(comment.author.login)
         for author_name in issue_commentors:
             commentors[author_name] += 1
             if issue.createdAt > one_month_ago:
                 last_month_commentors[author_name] += 1
+
+    return commentors, last_month_commentors, authors
+
+
+def get_discussions_experts(settings: Settings):
+    discussion_nodes: List[DiscussionsNode] = []
+    discussion_edges = get_graphql_question_discussion_edges(settings=settings)
+
+    while discussion_edges:
+        for discussion_edge in discussion_edges:
+            discussion_nodes.append(discussion_edge.node)
+        last_edge = discussion_edges[-1]
+        discussion_edges = get_graphql_question_discussion_edges(
+            settings=settings, after=last_edge.cursor
+        )
+
+    commentors = Counter()
+    last_month_commentors = Counter()
+    authors: Dict[str, Author] = {}
+
+    now = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
+    one_month_ago = now - timedelta(days=30)
+
+    for discussion in discussion_nodes:
+        discussion_author_name = None
+        if discussion.author:
+            authors[discussion.author.login] = discussion.author
+            discussion_author_name = discussion.author.login
+        discussion_commentors = set()
+        for comment in discussion.comments.nodes:
+            if comment.author:
+                authors[comment.author.login] = comment.author
+                if comment.author.login != discussion_author_name:
+                    discussion_commentors.add(comment.author.login)
+            for reply in comment.replies.nodes:
+                if reply.author:
+                    authors[reply.author.login] = reply.author
+                    if reply.author.login != discussion_author_name:
+                        discussion_commentors.add(reply.author.login)
+        for author_name in discussion_commentors:
+            commentors[author_name] += 1
+            if discussion.createdAt > one_month_ago:
+                last_month_commentors[author_name] += 1
+    return commentors, last_month_commentors, authors
+
+
+def get_experts(settings: Settings):
+    (
+        issues_commentors,
+        issues_last_month_commentors,
+        issues_authors,
+    ) = get_issues_experts(settings=settings)
+    (
+        discussions_commentors,
+        discussions_last_month_commentors,
+        discussions_authors,
+    ) = get_discussions_experts(settings=settings)
+    commentors = issues_commentors + discussions_commentors
+    last_month_commentors = (
+        issues_last_month_commentors + discussions_last_month_commentors
+    )
+    authors = {**issues_authors, **discussions_authors}
     return commentors, last_month_commentors, authors
 
 
@@ -425,13 +603,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     logging.info(f"Using config: {settings.json()}")
     g = Github(settings.input_standard_token.get_secret_value())
     repo = g.get_repo(settings.github_repository)
-    issue_commentors, issue_last_month_commentors, issue_authors = get_experts(
+    question_commentors, question_last_month_commentors, question_authors = get_experts(
         settings=settings
     )
     contributors, pr_commentors, reviewers, pr_authors = get_contributors(
         settings=settings
     )
-    authors = {**issue_authors, **pr_authors}
+    authors = {**question_authors, **pr_authors}
     maintainers_logins = {"tiangolo"}
     bot_names = {"codecov", "github-actions", "pre-commit-ci", "dependabot"}
     maintainers = []
@@ -440,7 +618,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         maintainers.append(
             {
                 "login": login,
-                "answers": issue_commentors[login],
+                "answers": question_commentors[login],
                 "prs": contributors[login],
                 "avatarUrl": user.avatarUrl,
                 "url": user.url,
@@ -453,13 +631,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     min_count_reviewer = 4
     skip_users = maintainers_logins | bot_names
     experts = get_top_users(
-        counter=issue_commentors,
+        counter=question_commentors,
         min_count=min_count_expert,
         authors=authors,
         skip_users=skip_users,
     )
     last_month_active = get_top_users(
-        counter=issue_last_month_commentors,
+        counter=question_last_month_commentors,
         min_count=min_count_last_month,
         authors=authors,
         skip_users=skip_users,

.github/workflows/build-docs.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ on:
     types: [opened, synchronize]
 jobs:
   build-docs:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-18.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Dump GitHub context
         env:
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
-          python-version: "3.7"
+          python-version: "3.11"
       - uses: actions/cache@v3
         id: cache
         with:
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:
           name: docs-zip
-          path: ./docs.zip
+          path: ./site/docs.zip
       - name: Deploy to Netlify
-        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.2.4
+        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v2.0.0
         with:
           publish-dir: './site'
           production-branch: master

.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml

@@ -11,21 +11,26 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: Clean site
+        run: |
+          rm -rf ./site
+          mkdir ./site
       - name: Download Artifact Docs
-        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.24.2
+        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.24.3
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           workflow: build-docs.yml
           run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
           name: docs-zip
+          path: ./site/
       - name: Unzip docs
         run: |
-          rm -rf ./site
+          cd ./site
           unzip docs.zip
           rm -f docs.zip
       - name: Deploy to Netlify
         id: netlify
-        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v1.2.4
+        uses: nwtgck/actions-netlify@v2.0.0
         with:
           publish-dir: './site'
           production-deploy: false

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
           python-version: "3.7"
+          cache: "pip"
+          cache-dependency-path: pyproject.toml
       - uses: actions/cache@v3
         id: cache
         with:
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Build distribution
         run: python -m build
       - name: Publish
-        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.5.1
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.6.4
         with:
           password: ${{ secrets.PYPI_API_TOKEN }}
       - name: Dump GitHub context

.github/workflows/smokeshow.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - run: pip install smokeshow
 
-      - uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.24.2
+      - uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.24.3
         with:
           workflow: test.yml
           commit: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          cache: "pip"
+          cache-dependency-path: pyproject.toml
       - uses: actions/cache@v3
         id: cache
         with:
           path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-test-v02
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-test-v03
       - name: Install Dependencies
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: pip install -e .[all,dev,doc,test]
@@ -52,6 +54,8 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
           python-version: '3.8'
+          cache: "pip"
+          cache-dependency-path: pyproject.toml
 
       - name: Get coverage files
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
@@ -71,3 +75,19 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: coverage-html
           path: htmlcov
+
+  # https://github.com/marketplace/actions/alls-green#why
+  check:  # This job does nothing and is only used for the branch protection
+
+    if: always()
+
+    needs:
+      - coverage-combine
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
+        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
+        with:
+          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # See https://pre-commit.com for more information
 # See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+default_language_version:
+    python: python3.10
 repos:
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
     rev: v4.3.0
@@ -12,20 +14,20 @@ repos:
     -   id: end-of-file-fixer
     -   id: trailing-whitespace
 -   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v3.1.0
+    rev: v3.2.2
     hooks:
     -   id: pyupgrade
         args:
         - --py3-plus
         - --keep-runtime-typing
 -   repo: https://github.com/charliermarsh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.0.114
+    rev: v0.0.138
     hooks:
     -   id: ruff
         args:
         - --fix
 -   repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
-    rev: 5.10.1
+    rev: 5.12.0
     hooks:
     -   id: isort
         name: isort (python)

README.md

@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ The key features are:
 <a href="https://bit.ly/3dmXC5S" target="_blank" title="The data structure for unstructured multimodal data"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/docarray.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://bit.ly/3JJ7y5C" target="_blank" title="Build cross-modal and multimodal applications on the cloud"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina2.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://cryptapi.io/" target="_blank" title="CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python" target="_blank" title="Help us migrate doist to FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/doist.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi" target="_blank" title="The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/deta.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.investsuite.com/jobs" target="_blank" title="Wealthtech jobs with FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/investsuite.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/fastapi-courses" target="_blank" title="FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png"></a>
 <a href="https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/" target="_blank" title="Learn to build high-quality web apps with best practices"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/testdriven.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/" target="_blank" title="Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/" target="_blank" title="Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg"></a>
-<a href="https://careers.budget-insight.com/" target="_blank" title="Budget Insight is hiring!"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://careers.powens.com/" target="_blank" title="Powens is hiring!"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/powens.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.svix.com/" target="_blank" title="Svix - Webhooks as a service"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/svix.svg"></a>
 
 <!-- /sponsors -->
 
@@ -102,6 +102,12 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"_If anyone is looking to build a production Python API, I would highly recommend **FastAPI**. It is **beautifully designed**, **simple to use** and **highly scalable**, it has become a **key component** in our API first development strategy and is driving many automations and services such as our Virtual TAC Engineer._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Deon Pillsbury - <strong>Cisco</strong> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/deonpillsbury_cisco-cx-python-activity-6963242628536487936-trAp/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
 ## **Typer**, the FastAPI of CLIs
 
 <a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://typer.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-margin-vector.svg" style="width: 20%;"></a>

docs/en/data/external_links.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 articles:
   english:
+  - author: Raf Rasenberg
+    author_link: https://rafrasenberg.com/about/
+    link: https://rafrasenberg.com/fastapi-lambda/
+    title: 'FastAPI lambda container: serverless simplified'
+  - author: Teresa N. Fontanella De Santis
+    author_link: https://dev.to/
+    link: https://dev.to/teresafds/authorization-on-fastapi-with-casbin-41og
+    title: Authorization on FastAPI with Casbin
   - author: WayScript
     author_link: https://www.wayscript.com
     link: https://blog.wayscript.com/fast-api-quickstart/
@@ -300,6 +308,11 @@ articles:
     author_link: https://fullstackstation.com/author/figonking/
     link: https://fullstackstation.com/fastapi-trien-khai-bang-docker/
     title: 'FASTAPI: TRIỂN KHAI BẰNG DOCKER'
+  taiwanese:
+  - author: Leon
+    author_link: http://editor.leonh.space/
+    link: https://editor.leonh.space/2022/tortoise/
+    title: 'Tortoise ORM / FastAPI 整合快速筆記'
 podcasts:
   english:
   - author: Podcast.`__init__`

docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml

@@ -2,18 +2,15 @@ sponsors:
 - - login: jina-ai
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/60539444?v=4
     url: https://github.com/jina-ai
-- - login: Doist
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2565372?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/Doist
-  - login: cryptapi
+- - login: cryptapi
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44925437?u=61369138589bc7fee6c417f3fbd50fbd38286cc4&v=4
     url: https://github.com/cryptapi
-- - login: ObliviousAI
+- - login: nihpo
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1841030?u=0264956d7580f7e46687a762a7baa629f84cf97c&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/nihpo
+  - login: ObliviousAI
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/65656077?v=4
     url: https://github.com/ObliviousAI
-  - login: Lovage-Labs
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/71685552?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/Lovage-Labs
   - login: chaserowbotham
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/97751084?v=4
     url: https://github.com/chaserowbotham
@@ -29,18 +26,21 @@ sponsors:
   - login: investsuite
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/73833632?v=4
     url: https://github.com/investsuite
+  - login: svix
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/80175132?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/svix
   - login: VincentParedes
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/103889729?v=4
     url: https://github.com/VincentParedes
 - - login: getsentry
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1396951?v=4
     url: https://github.com/getsentry
-- - login: InesIvanova
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22920417?u=409882ec1df6dbd77455788bb383a8de223dbf6f&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/InesIvanova
-- - login: SendCloud
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7831959?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/SendCloud
+- - login: vyos
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5647000?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/vyos
+  - login: takashi-yoneya
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33813153?u=2d0522bceba0b8b69adf1f2db866503bd96f944e&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/takashi-yoneya
   - login: mercedes-benz
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34240465?v=4
     url: https://github.com/mercedes-benz
@@ -62,9 +62,15 @@ sponsors:
   - login: Trivie
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8161763?v=4
     url: https://github.com/Trivie
+  - login: Lovage-Labs
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/71685552?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/Lovage-Labs
 - - login: moellenbeck
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/169372?v=4
     url: https://github.com/moellenbeck
+  - login: birkjernstrom
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/281715?u=4be14b43f76b4bd497b1941309bb390250b405e6&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/birkjernstrom
   - login: AccentDesign
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2429332?v=4
     url: https://github.com/AccentDesign
@@ -80,30 +86,18 @@ sponsors:
   - login: jmaralc
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21101214?u=b15a9f07b7cbf6c9dcdbcb6550bbd2c52f55aa50&v=4
     url: https://github.com/jmaralc
-  - login: takashi-yoneya
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33813153?u=2d0522bceba0b8b69adf1f2db866503bd96f944e&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/takashi-yoneya
   - login: mainframeindustries
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/55092103?v=4
     url: https://github.com/mainframeindustries
-  - login: DelfinaCare
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/83734439?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/DelfinaCare
-- - login: karelhusa
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11407706?u=4f787cffc30ea198b15935c751940f0b48a26a17&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/karelhusa
 - - login: povilasb
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1213442?u=b11f58ed6ceea6e8297c9b310030478ebdac894d&v=4
     url: https://github.com/povilasb
   - login: primer-io
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62146168?v=4
     url: https://github.com/primer-io
-- - login: DucNgn
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/43587865?u=a9f9f61569aebdc0ce74df85b8cc1a219a7ab570&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/DucNgn
-  - login: A-Edge
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/59514131?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/A-Edge
+- - login: indeedeng
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2905043?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/indeedeng
 - - login: Kludex
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7353520?u=62adc405ef418f4b6c8caa93d3eb8ab107bc4927&v=4
     url: https://github.com/Kludex
@@ -119,9 +113,6 @@ sponsors:
   - login: kamalgill
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/133923?u=0df9181d97436ce330e9acf90ab8a54b7022efe7&v=4
     url: https://github.com/kamalgill
-  - login: gazpachoking
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/187133?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/gazpachoking
   - login: dekoza
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/210980?u=c03c78a8ae1039b500dfe343665536ebc51979b2&v=4
     url: https://github.com/dekoza
@@ -146,53 +137,56 @@ sponsors:
   - login: jqueguiner
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/690878?u=bd65cc1f228ce6455e56dfaca3ef47c33bc7c3b0&v=4
     url: https://github.com/jqueguiner
-  - login: alexsantos
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/932219?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/alexsantos
   - login: tcsmith
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/989034?u=7d8d741552b3279e8f4d3878679823a705a46f8f&v=4
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   - login: ltieman
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1084689?u=e69b17de17cb3ca141a17daa7ccbe173ceb1eb17&v=4
     url: https://github.com/ltieman
+  - login: mrkmcknz
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1089376?u=2b9b8a8c25c33a4f6c220095638bd821cdfd13a3&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/mrkmcknz
+  - login: theonlynexus
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1515004?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/theonlynexus
+  - login: coffeewasmyidea
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1636488?u=8e32a4f200eff54dd79cd79d55d254bfce5e946d&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/coffeewasmyidea
+  - login: jonakoudijs
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1906344?u=5ca0c9a1a89b6a2ba31abe35c66bdc07af60a632&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/jonakoudijs
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-    url: https://github.com/grillazz
+  - login: ColliotL
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3412402?u=ca64b07ecbef2f9da1cc2cac3f37522aa4814902&v=4
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-  - login: MarekBleschke
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3616870?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/MarekBleschke
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     url: https://github.com/aacayaco
+  - login: anomaly
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3654837?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/anomaly
   - login: peterHoburg
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3860655?u=f55f47eb2d6a9b495e806ac5a044e3ae01ccc1fa&v=4
     url: https://github.com/peterHoburg
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-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4136890?u=b579fd97033269a5e703ab509c7d5478b146cc2d&v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4136890?u=c66ae617d614f6c886f1f1c1799d22100b3c848d&v=4
     url: https://github.com/jgreys
   - login: gorhack
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4141690?u=ec119ebc4bdf00a7bc84657a71aa17834f4f27f3&v=4
@@ -203,9 +197,6 @@ sponsors:
   - login: oliverxchen
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4471774?u=534191f25e32eeaadda22dfab4b0a428733d5489&v=4
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-  - login: ScrimForever
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5040124?u=091ec38bfe16d6e762099e91309b59f248616a65&v=4
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@@ -230,6 +221,9 @@ sponsors:
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     url: https://github.com/Rehket
+  - login: ValentinCalomme
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7288672?u=e09758c7a36c49f0fb3574abe919cbd344fdc2d6&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/ValentinCalomme
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-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21352040?u=75e02d102d2ee3e3d793e555fa5c63045913ccb0&v=4
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     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33707203?v=4
     url: https://github.com/ProteinQure
+  - login: AbdulwahabDev
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34792253?u=9d27cbb6e196c95d747abf002df7fe0539764265&v=4
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docs/en/data/people.yml

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+  url: https://github.com/axel584
 - login: blt232018
   count: 8
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/43393471?u=172b0e0391db1aa6c1706498d6dfcb003c8a4857&v=4
@@ -500,23 +536,3 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 8
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79563565?u=1741703bd6c8f491503354b363a86e879b4c1cab&v=4
   url: https://github.com/NinaHwang
-- login: dimaqq
-  count: 8
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/662249?v=4
-  url: https://github.com/dimaqq
-- login: Serrones
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22691749?u=4795b880e13ca33a73e52fc0ef7dc9c60c8fce47&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/Serrones
-- login: jovicon
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21287303?u=b049eac3e51a4c0473c2efe66b4d28a7d8f2b572&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/jovicon
-- login: ryuckel
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/36391432?u=094eec0cfddd5013f76f31e55e56147d78b19553&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/ryuckel
-- login: NastasiaSaby
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8245071?u=b3afd005f9e4bf080c219ef61a592b3a8004b764&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/NastasiaSaby

docs/en/data/sponsors.yml

@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ gold:
   - url: https://cryptapi.io/
     title: "CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."
     img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg
-  - url: https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python
-    title: Help us migrate doist to FastAPI
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/doist.svg
 silver:
   - url: https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi
     title: The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas
@@ -30,9 +27,12 @@ silver:
   - url: https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/
     title: Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails.
     img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg
-  - url: https://careers.budget-insight.com/
-    title: Budget Insight is hiring!
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg
+  - url: https://careers.powens.com/
+    title: Powens is hiring!
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/powens.png
+  - url: https://www.svix.com/
+    title: Svix - Webhooks as a service
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/svix.svg
 bronze:
   - url: https://www.exoflare.com/open-source/?utm_source=FastAPI&utm_campaign=open_source
     title: Biosecurity risk assessments made easy.

docs/en/data/sponsors_badge.yml

@@ -13,3 +13,5 @@ logins:
   - BLUE-DEVIL1134
   - ObliviousAI
   - Doist
+  - nihpo
+  - svix

docs/en/docs/advanced/middleware.md

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Enforces that all incoming requests have a correctly set `Host` header, in order
 
 The following arguments are supported:
 
-* `allowed_hosts` - A list of domain names that should be allowed as hostnames. Wildcard domains such as `*.example.com` are supported for matching subdomains to allow any hostname either use `allowed_hosts=["*"]` or omit the middleware.
+* `allowed_hosts` - A list of domain names that should be allowed as hostnames. Wildcard domains such as `*.example.com` are supported for matching subdomains. To allow any hostname either use `allowed_hosts=["*"]` or omit the middleware.
 
 If an incoming request does not validate correctly then a `400` response will be sent.
 

docs/en/docs/async.md

@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ For example:
 
 ### Concurrency + Parallelism: Web + Machine Learning
 
-With **FastAPI** you can take the advantage of concurrency that is very common for web development (the same main attractive of NodeJS).
+With **FastAPI** you can take the advantage of concurrency that is very common for web development (the same main attraction of NodeJS).
 
 But you can also exploit the benefits of parallelism and multiprocessing (having multiple processes running in parallel) for **CPU bound** workloads like those in Machine Learning systems.
 

docs/en/docs/deployment/concepts.md

@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Here are some possible combinations and strategies:
     * One Uvicorn **process manager** would listen on the **IP** and **port**, and it would start **multiple Uvicorn worker processes**
 * **Kubernetes** and other distributed **container systems**
     * Something in the **Kubernetes** layer would listen on the **IP** and **port**. The replication would be by having **multiple containers**, each with **one Uvicorn process** running
-* **Cloud services** that handle this for your
+* **Cloud services** that handle this for you
     * The cloud service will probably **handle replication for you**. It would possibly let you define **a process to run**, or a **container image** to use, in any case, it would most probably be **a single Uvicorn process**, and the cloud service would be in charge of replicating it.
 
 !!! tip

docs/en/docs/external-links.md

@@ -56,6 +56,15 @@ Here's an incomplete list of some of them.
 {% endfor %}
 {% endif %}
 
+### Taiwanese
+
+{% if external_links %}
+{% for article in external_links.articles.taiwanese %}
+
+* <a href="{{ article.link }}" class="external-link" target="_blank">{{ article.title }}</a> by <a href="{{ article.author_link }}" class="external-link" target="_blank">{{ article.author }}</a>.
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
 ## Podcasts
 
 {% if external_links %}

docs/en/docs/fastapi-people.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ I'm the creator and maintainer of **FastAPI**. You can read more about that in [
 
 These are the people that:
 
-* [Help others with issues (questions) in GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+* [Help others with questions in GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-questions-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 * [Create Pull Requests](help-fastapi.md#create-a-pull-request){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 * Review Pull Requests, [especially important for translations](contributing.md#translations){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ A round of applause to them. 👏 🙇
 
 ## Most active users last month
 
-These are the users that have been [helping others the most with issues (questions) in GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} during the last month. ☕
+These are the users that have been [helping others the most with questions in GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-questions-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} during the last month. ☕
 
 {% if people %}
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.last_month_active %}
 
-<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Issues replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Questions replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 
 </div>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ These are the users that have been [helping others the most with issues (questio
 
 Here are the **FastAPI Experts**. 🤓
 
-These are the users that have [helped others the most with issues (questions) in GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} through *all time*.
+These are the users that have [helped others the most with questions in GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-questions-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} through *all time*.
 
 They have proven to be experts by helping many others. ✨
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ They have proven to be experts by helping many others. ✨
 <div class="user-list user-list-center">
 {% for user in people.experts %}
 
-<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Issues replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Questions replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
 {% endfor %}
 
 </div>
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ They are supporting my work with **FastAPI** (and others), mainly through <a hre
 
 The main intention of this page is to highlight the effort of the community to help others.
 
-Especially including efforts that are normally less visible, and in many cases more arduous, like helping others with issues and reviewing Pull Requests with translations.
+Especially including efforts that are normally less visible, and in many cases more arduous, like helping others with questions and reviewing Pull Requests with translations.
 
 The data is calculated each month, you can read the <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/master/.github/actions/people/app/main.py" class="external-link" target="_blank">source code here</a>.
 

docs/en/docs/help-fastapi.md

@@ -69,11 +69,16 @@ I love to hear about how **FastAPI** is being used, what you have liked in it, i
 * <a href="https://alternativeto.net/software/fastapi/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vote for **FastAPI** in AlternativeTo</a>.
 * <a href="https://stackshare.io/pypi-fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">Say you use **FastAPI** on StackShare</a>.
 
-## Help others with issues in GitHub
+## Help others with questions in GitHub
 
-You can see <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues" class="external-link" target="_blank">existing issues</a> and try and help others, most of the times those issues are questions that you might already know the answer for. 🤓
+You can try and help others with their questions in:
 
-If you are helping a lot of people with issues, you might become an official [FastAPI Expert](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}. 🎉
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions?discussions_q=category%3AQuestions+is%3Aunanswered" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Discussions</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Aupdated-desc+label%3Aquestion+-label%3Aanswered+" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Issues</a>
+
+In many cases you might already know the answer for those questions. 🤓
+
+If you are helping a lot of people with their questions, you will become an official [FastAPI Expert](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}. 🎉
 
 Just remember, the most important point is: try to be kind. People come with their frustrations and in many cases don't ask in the best way, but try as best as you can to be kind. 🤗
 
@@ -81,7 +86,7 @@ The idea is for the **FastAPI** community to be kind and welcoming. At the same
 
 ---
 
-Here's how to help others with issues:
+Here's how to help others with questions (in discussions or issues):
 
 ### Understand the question
 
@@ -113,24 +118,27 @@ In many cases they will only copy a fragment of the code, but that's not enough
 
 If they reply, there's a high chance you would have solved their problem, congrats, **you're a hero**! 🦸
 
-* Now you can ask them, if that solved their problem, to **close the issue**.
+* Now, if that solved their problem, you can ask them to:
+
+    * In GitHub Discussions: mark the comment as the **answer**.
+    * In GitHub Issues: **close** the issue**.
 
 ## Watch the GitHub repository
 
 You can "watch" FastAPI in GitHub (clicking the "watch" button at the top right): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>. 👀
 
-If you select "Watching" instead of "Releases only" you will receive notifications when someone creates a new issue.
+If you select "Watching" instead of "Releases only" you will receive notifications when someone creates a new issue or question. You can also specify that you only want to be notified about new issues, or discussions, or PRs, etc.
 
-Then you can try and help them solve those issues.
+Then you can try and help them solve those questions.
 
-## Create issues
+## Ask Questions
 
-You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" class="external-link" target="_blank">create a new issue</a> in the GitHub repository, for example to:
+You can <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/new?category=questions" class="external-link" target="_blank">create a new question</a> in the GitHub repository, for example to:
 
 * Ask a **question** or ask about a **problem**.
 * Suggest a new **feature**.
 
-**Note**: if you create an issue, then I'm going to ask you to also help others. 😉
+**Note**: if you do it, then I'm going to ask you to also help others. 😉
 
 ## Review Pull Requests
 
@@ -144,7 +152,7 @@ Here's what to have in mind and how to review a pull request:
 
 ### Understand the problem
 
-* First, make sure you **understand the problem** that the pull request is trying to solve. It might have a longer discussion in an issue.
+* First, make sure you **understand the problem** that the pull request is trying to solve. It might have a longer discussion in a GitHub Discussion or issue.
 
 * There's also a good chance that the pull request is not actually needed because the problem can be solved in a **different way**. Then you can suggest or ask about that.
 
@@ -207,7 +215,7 @@ There's a lot of work to do, and for most of it, **YOU** can do it.
 
 The main tasks that you can do right now are:
 
-* [Help others with issues in GitHub](#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} (see the section above).
+* [Help others with questions in GitHub](#help-others-with-questions-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} (see the section above).
 * [Review Pull Requests](#review-pull-requests){.internal-link target=_blank} (see the section above).
 
 Those two tasks are what **consume time the most**. That's the main work of maintaining FastAPI.
@@ -219,7 +227,7 @@ If you can help me with that, **you are helping me maintain FastAPI** and making
 Join the 👥 <a href="https://discord.gg/VQjSZaeJmf" class="external-link" target="_blank">Discord chat server</a> 👥 and hang out with others in the FastAPI community.
 
 !!! tip
-    For questions, ask them in <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub issues</a>, there's a much better chance you will receive help by the [FastAPI Experts](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+    For questions, ask them in <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/new?category=questions" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Discussions</a>, there's a much better chance you will receive help by the [FastAPI Experts](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
     Use the chat only for other general conversations.
 
@@ -229,9 +237,9 @@ There is also the previous <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" class="e
 
 Have in mind that as chats allow more "free conversation", it's easy to ask questions that are too general and more difficult to answer, so, you might not receive answers.
 
-In GitHub issues the template will guide you to write the right question so that you can more easily get a good answer, or even solve the problem yourself even before asking. And in GitHub I can make sure I always answer everything, even if it takes some time. I can't personally do that with the chat systems. 😅
+In GitHub, the template will guide you to write the right question so that you can more easily get a good answer, or even solve the problem yourself even before asking. And in GitHub I can make sure I always answer everything, even if it takes some time. I can't personally do that with the chat systems. 😅
 
-Conversations in the chat systems are also not as easily searchable as in GitHub, so questions and answers might get lost in the conversation. And only the ones in GitHub issues count to become a [FastAPI Expert](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}, so you will most probably receive more attention in GitHub issues.
+Conversations in the chat systems are also not as easily searchable as in GitHub, so questions and answers might get lost in the conversation. And only the ones in GitHub count to become a [FastAPI Expert](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}, so you will most probably receive more attention in GitHub.
 
 On the other side, there are thousands of users in the chat systems, so there's a high chance you'll find someone to talk to there, almost all the time. 😄
 

docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/svix.svg

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+         d="m 204.56015,87.000351 q -1.90625,0 -2.92969,-1.125 -1.02343,-1.132813 -1.02343,-3.296875 0,-2.09375 1.03906,-3.21875 1.03906,-1.125 2.94531,-1.125 1.82031,0 2.78125,1.210937 0.96094,1.203125 0.96094,3.53125 v 0.0625 h -5.42188 q 0,1.234375 0.45313,1.867188 0.46094,0.625 1.30469,0.625 1.16406,0 1.46875,-1.007813 l 2.07031,0.179688 q -0.89844,2.296875 -3.64844,2.296875 z m 0,-7.382813 q -0.77344,0 -1.19531,0.539063 -0.41406,0.539062 -0.4375,1.507812 h 3.28125 q -0.0625,-1.023437 -0.49219,-1.53125 -0.42969,-0.515625 -1.15625,-0.515625 z"
+         style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:bold;font-stretch:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:'Nimbus Sans';-inkscape-font-specification:'Nimbus Sans Bold'"
+         id="path874" />
+    </g>
+  </g>
+</svg>

docs/en/docs/index.md

@@ -99,6 +99,12 @@ The key features are:
 
 ---
 
+"_If anyone is looking to build a production Python API, I would highly recommend **FastAPI**. It is **beautifully designed**, **simple to use** and **highly scalable**, it has become a **key component** in our API first development strategy and is driving many automations and services such as our Virtual TAC Engineer._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Deon Pillsbury - <strong>Cisco</strong> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/deonpillsbury_cisco-cx-python-activity-6963242628536487936-trAp/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
 ## **Typer**, the FastAPI of CLIs
 
 <a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://typer.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-margin-vector.svg" style="width: 20%;"></a>

docs/en/docs/project-generation.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Project Generation - Template
 
-You can use a project generator to get started, as it includes a lot of the initial set up, security, database and first API endpoints already done for you.
+You can use a project generator to get started, as it includes a lot of the initial set up, security, database and some API endpoints already done for you.
 
 A project generator will always have a very opinionated setup that you should update and adapt for your own needs, but it might be a good starting point for your project.
 

docs/en/docs/release-notes.md

@@ -3,6 +3,176 @@
 ## Latest Changes
 
 
+## 0.91.0
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆️ Upgrade Starlette version to `0.24.0` and refactor internals for compatibility. PR [#5985](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5985) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+    * This can solve nuanced errors when using middlewares. Before Starlette `0.24.0`, a new instance of each middleware class would be created when a new middleware was added. That normally was not a problem, unless the middleware class expected to be created only once, with only one instance, that happened in some cases. This upgrade would solve those cases (thanks [@adriangb](https://github.com/adriangb)! Starlette PR [#2017](https://github.com/encode/starlette/pull/2017)). Now the middleware class instances are created once, right before the first request (the first time the app is called).
+    * If you depended on that previous behavior, you might need to update your code. As always, make sure your tests pass before merging the upgrade.
+
+## 0.90.1
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆️ Upgrade Starlette range to allow 0.23.1. PR [#5980](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5980) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+### Docs
+
+* ✏ Tweak wording to clarify `docs/en/docs/project-generation.md`. PR [#5930](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5930) by [@chandra-deb](https://github.com/chandra-deb).
+* ✏ Update Pydantic GitHub URLs. PR [#5952](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5952) by [@yezz123](https://github.com/yezz123).
+* 📝 Add opinion from Cisco. PR [#5981](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5981) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/ru/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md`. PR [#5890](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5890) by [@bnzone](https://github.com/bnzone).
+
+### Internal
+
+* ✏ Update `zip-docs.sh` internal script, remove extra space. PR [#5931](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5931) by [@JuanPerdomo00](https://github.com/JuanPerdomo00).
+
+## 0.90.0
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆️ Bump Starlette from 0.22.0 to 0.23.0. Initial PR [#5739](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5739) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Add article "Tortoise ORM / FastAPI 整合快速筆記" to External Links. PR [#5496](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5496) by [@Leon0824](https://github.com/Leon0824).
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#5954](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5954) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+* 📝 Micro-tweak help docs. PR [#5960](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5960) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Update new issue chooser to direct to GitHub Discussions. PR [#5948](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5948) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 📝 Recommend GitHub Discussions for questions. PR [#5944](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5944) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/ru/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md`. PR [#5898](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5898) by [@simatheone](https://github.com/simatheone).
+* 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/ru/docs/help-fastapi.md`. PR [#5970](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5970) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/static-files.md`. PR [#5858](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5858) by [@batlopes](https://github.com/batlopes).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/encoder.md`. PR [#5525](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5525) by [@felipebpl](https://github.com/felipebpl).
+* 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/ru/docs/contributing.md`. PR [#5870](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5870) by [@Xewus](https://github.com/Xewus).
+
+### Internal
+
+* ⬆️ Upgrade Ubuntu version for docs workflow. PR [#5971](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5971) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Update sponsors badges. PR [#5943](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5943) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ✨ Compute FastAPI Experts including GitHub Discussions. PR [#5941](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5941) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆️ Upgrade isort and update pre-commit. PR [#5940](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5940) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Add template for questions in Discussions. PR [#5920](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5920) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Update Sponsor Budget Insight to Powens. PR [#5916](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5916) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Update GitHub Sponsors badge data. PR [#5915](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5915) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.89.1
+
+### Fixes
+
+* 🐛 Ignore Response classes on return annotation. PR [#5855](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5855) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex). See the new docs in the PR below.
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Update docs and examples for Response Model with Return Type Annotations, and update runtime error. PR [#5873](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5873) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo). New docs at [Response Model - Return Type: Other Return Type Annotations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#other-return-type-annotations).
+* 📝 Add External Link: FastAPI lambda container: serverless simplified. PR [#5784](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5784) by [@rafrasenberg](https://github.com/rafrasenberg).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add Turkish translation for `docs/tr/docs/tutorial/first_steps.md`. PR [#5691](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5691) by [@Kadermiyanyedi](https://github.com/Kadermiyanyedi).
+
+## 0.89.0
+
+### Features
+
+* ✨ Add support for function return type annotations to declare the `response_model`. Initial PR [#1436](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1436) by [@uriyyo](https://github.com/uriyyo).
+
+Now you can declare the return type / `response_model` in the function return type annotation:
+
+```python
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    price: float
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items() -> list[Item]:
+    return [
+        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
+        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
+    ]
+```
+
+FastAPI will use the return type annotation to perform:
+
+* Data validation
+* Automatic documentation
+    * It could power automatic client generators
+* **Data filtering**
+
+Before this version it was only supported via the `response_model` parameter.
+
+Read more about it in the new docs: [Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Add External Link: Authorization on FastAPI with Casbin. PR [#5712](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5712) by [@Xhy-5000](https://github.com/Xhy-5000).
+* ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/async.md`. PR [#5785](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5785) by [@Kingdageek](https://github.com/Kingdageek).
+* ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/deployment/concepts.md`. PR [#5824](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5824) by [@kelbyfaessler](https://github.com/kelbyfaessler).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/ru/docs/fastapi-people.md`. PR [#5577](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5577) by [@Xewus](https://github.com/Xewus).
+* 🌐 Fix typo in Chinese translation for `docs/zh/docs/benchmarks.md`. PR [#4269](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4269) by [@15027668g](https://github.com/15027668g).
+* 🌐 Add Korean translation for `docs/tutorial/cors.md`. PR [#3764](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3764) by [@NinaHwang](https://github.com/NinaHwang).
+
+### Internal
+
+* ⬆ Update coverage[toml] requirement from <7.0,>=6.5.0 to >=6.5.0,<8.0. PR [#5801](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5801) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* ⬆ Update uvicorn[standard] requirement from <0.19.0,>=0.12.0 to >=0.12.0,<0.21.0 for development. PR [#5795](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5795) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* ⬆ Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 2.24.2 to 2.24.3. PR [#5842](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5842) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#5825](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5825) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+* ⬆ Bump types-ujson from 5.5.0 to 5.6.0.0. PR [#5735](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5735) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* ⬆ Bump pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish from 1.5.2 to 1.6.4. PR [#5750](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5750) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* 👷 Add GitHub Action gate/check. PR [#5492](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5492) by [@webknjaz](https://github.com/webknjaz).
+* 🔧 Update sponsors, add Svix. PR [#5848](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5848) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Remove Doist sponsor. PR [#5847](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5847) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆ Update sqlalchemy requirement from <=1.4.41,>=1.3.18 to >=1.3.18,<1.4.43. PR [#5540](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5540) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* ⬆ Bump nwtgck/actions-netlify from 1.2.4 to 2.0.0. PR [#5757](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5757) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* 👷 Refactor CI artifact upload/download for docs previews. PR [#5793](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5793) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆ Bump pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish from 1.5.1 to 1.5.2. PR [#5714](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5714) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#5722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5722) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+* 🔧 Update sponsors, disable course bundle. PR [#5713](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5713) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆ Update typer[all] requirement from <0.7.0,>=0.6.1 to >=0.6.1,<0.8.0. PR [#5639](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5639) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+
+## 0.88.0
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆ Bump Starlette to version `0.22.0` to fix bad encoding for query parameters in new `TestClient`. PR [#5659](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5659) by [@azogue](https://github.com/azogue).
+
+### Docs
+
+* ✏️ Fix typo in docs for `docs/en/docs/advanced/middleware.md`. PR [#5376](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5376) by [@rifatrakib](https://github.com/rifatrakib).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/deployment/docker.md`. PR [#5663](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5663) by [@ayr-ton](https://github.com/ayr-ton).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 👷 Tweak build-docs to improve CI performance. PR [#5699](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5699) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆ [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. PR [#5566](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5566) by [@pre-commit-ci[bot]](https://github.com/apps/pre-commit-ci).
+* ⬆️ Upgrade Ruff. PR [#5698](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5698) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Remove pip cache for Smokeshow as it depends on a requirements.txt. PR [#5700](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5700) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 💚 Fix pip cache for Smokeshow. PR [#5697](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5697) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Fix and tweak CI cache handling. PR [#5696](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5696) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Update `setup-python` action in tests to use new caching feature. PR [#5680](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5680) by [@madkinsz](https://github.com/madkinsz).
+* ⬆ Bump black from 22.8.0 to 22.10.0. PR [#5569](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/5569) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
+
 ## 0.87.0
 
 Highlights of this release:
@@ -1099,7 +1269,7 @@ Thanks to [Dima Boger](https://twitter.com/b0g3r) for the security report! 🙇
 
 ### Security fixes
 
-* 📌 Upgrade pydantic pin, to handle security vulnerability [CVE-2021-29510](https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic/security/advisories/GHSA-5jqp-qgf6-3pvh). PR [#3213](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3213) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 📌 Upgrade pydantic pin, to handle security vulnerability [CVE-2021-29510](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/security/advisories/GHSA-5jqp-qgf6-3pvh). PR [#3213](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3213) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
 
 ## 0.65.0
 
@@ -1654,11 +1824,11 @@ Note: all the previous parameters are still there, so it's still possible to dec
 
 ## 0.55.1
 
-* Fix handling of enums with their own schema in path parameters. To support [samuelcolvin/pydantic#1432](https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic/pull/1432) in FastAPI. PR [#1463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1463).
+* Fix handling of enums with their own schema in path parameters. To support [pydantic/pydantic#1432](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/1432) in FastAPI. PR [#1463](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1463).
 
 ## 0.55.0
 
-* Allow enums to allow them to have their own schemas in OpenAPI. To support [samuelcolvin/pydantic#1432](https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic/pull/1432) in FastAPI. PR [#1461](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1461).
+* Allow enums to allow them to have their own schemas in OpenAPI. To support [pydantic/pydantic#1432](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/1432) in FastAPI. PR [#1461](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1461).
 * Add links for funding through [GitHub sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/tiangolo). PR [#1425](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1425).
 * Update issue template for for questions. PR [#1344](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1344) by [@retnikt](https://github.com/retnikt).
 * Update warning about storing passwords in docs. PR [#1336](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1336) by [@skorokithakis](https://github.com/skorokithakis).

docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-model.md

@@ -1,6 +1,51 @@
-# Response Model
+# Response Model - Return Type
 
-You can declare the model used for the response with the parameter `response_model` in any of the *path operations*:
+You can declare the type used for the response by annotating the *path operation function* **return type**.
+
+You can use **type annotations** the same way you would for input data in function **parameters**, you can use Pydantic models, lists, dictionaries, scalar values like integers, booleans, etc.
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="18  23"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.9 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="18  23"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py39.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="16  21"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+FastAPI will use this return type to:
+
+* **Validate** the returned data.
+    * If the data is invalid (e.g. you are missing a field), it means that *your* app code is broken, not returning what it should, and it will return a server error instead of returning incorrect data. This way you and your clients can be certain that they will receive the data and the data shape expected.
+* Add a **JSON Schema** for the response, in the OpenAPI *path operation*.
+    * This will be used by the **automatic docs**.
+    * It will also be used by automatic client code generation tools.
+
+But most importantly:
+
+* It will **limit and filter** the output data to what is defined in the return type.
+    * This is particularly important for **security**, we'll see more of that below.
+
+## `response_model` Parameter
+
+There are some cases where you need or want to return some data that is not exactly what the type declares.
+
+For example, you could want to **return a dictionary** or a database object, but **declare it as a Pydantic model**. This way the Pydantic model would do all the data documentation, validation, etc. for the object that you returned (e.g. a dictionary or database object).
+
+If you added the return type annotation, tools and editors would complain with a (correct) error telling you that your function is returning a type (e.g. a dict) that is different from what you declared (e.g. a Pydantic model).
+
+In those cases, you can use the *path operation decorator* parameter `response_model` instead of the return type.
+
+You can use the `response_model` parameter in any of the *path operations*:
 
 * `@app.get()`
 * `@app.post()`
@@ -10,40 +55,41 @@ You can declare the model used for the response with the parameter `response_mod
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="17"
+    ```Python hl_lines="17  22  24-27"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="17"
+    ```Python hl_lines="17  22  24-27"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="15"
+    ```Python hl_lines="17  22  24-27"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py!}
     ```
 
 !!! note
     Notice that `response_model` is a parameter of the "decorator" method (`get`, `post`, etc). Not of your *path operation function*, like all the parameters and body.
 
-It receives the same type you would declare for a Pydantic model attribute, so, it can be a Pydantic model, but it can also be, e.g. a `list` of Pydantic models, like `List[Item]`.
+`response_model` receives the same type you would declare for a Pydantic model field, so, it can be a Pydantic model, but it can also be, e.g. a `list` of Pydantic models, like `List[Item]`.
 
-FastAPI will use this `response_model` to:
+FastAPI will use this `response_model` to do all the data documentation, validation, etc. and also to **convert and filter the output data** to its type declaration.
 
-* Convert the output data to its type declaration.
-* Validate the data.
-* Add a JSON Schema for the response, in the OpenAPI *path operation*.
-* Will be used by the automatic documentation systems.
+!!! tip
+    If you have strict type checks in your editor, mypy, etc, you can declare the function return type as `Any`.
 
-But most importantly:
+    That way you tell the editor that you are intentionally returning anything. But FastAPI will still do the data documentation, validation, filtering, etc. with the `response_model`.
 
-* Will limit the output data to that of the model. We'll see how that's important below.
+### `response_model` Priority
 
-!!! note "Technical Details"
-    The response model is declared in this parameter instead of as a function return type annotation, because the path function may not actually return that response model but rather return a `dict`, database object or some other model, and then use the `response_model` to perform the field limiting and serialization.
+If you declare both a return type and a `response_model`, the `response_model` will take priority and be used by FastAPI.
+
+This way you can add correct type annotations to your functions even when you are returning a type different than the response model, to be used by the editor and tools like mypy. And still you can have FastAPI do the data validation, documentation, etc. using the `response_model`.
+
+You can also use `response_model=None` to disable creating a response model for that *path operation*, you might need to do it if you are adding type annotations for things that are not valid Pydantic fields, you will see an example of that in one of the sections below.
 
 ## Return the same input data
 
@@ -71,24 +117,24 @@ And we are using this model to declare our input and the same model to declare o
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="17-18"
+    ```Python hl_lines="18"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial002.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="15-16"
+    ```Python hl_lines="16"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial002_py310.py!}
     ```
 
 Now, whenever a browser is creating a user with a password, the API will return the same password in the response.
 
-In this case, it might not be a problem, because the user themself is sending the password.
+In this case, it might not be a problem, because it's the same user sending the password.
 
 But if we use the same model for another *path operation*, we could be sending our user's passwords to every client.
 
 !!! danger
-    Never store the plain password of a user or send it in a response.
+    Never store the plain password of a user or send it in a response like this, unless you know all the caveats and you know what you are doing.
 
 ## Add an output model
 
@@ -102,7 +148,7 @@ We can instead create an input model with the plaintext password and an output m
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="7  9  14"
+    ```Python hl_lines="9  11  16"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -116,7 +162,7 @@ Here, even though our *path operation function* is returning the same input user
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="22"
+    ```Python hl_lines="24"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -130,12 +176,66 @@ Here, even though our *path operation function* is returning the same input user
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="20"
+    ```Python hl_lines="22"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py!}
     ```
 
 So, **FastAPI** will take care of filtering out all the data that is not declared in the output model (using Pydantic).
 
+### `response_model` or Return Type
+
+In this case, because the two models are different, if we annotated the function return type as `UserOut`, the editor and tools would complain that we are returning an invalid type, as those are different classes.
+
+That's why in this example we have to declare it in the `response_model` parameter.
+
+...but continue reading below to see how to overcome that.
+
+## Return Type and Data Filtering
+
+Let's continue from the previous example. We wanted to **annotate the function with one type** but return something that includes **more data**.
+
+We want FastAPI to keep **filtering** the data using the response model.
+
+In the previous example, because the classes were different, we had to use the `response_model` parameter. But that also means that we don't get the support from the editor and tools checking the function return type.
+
+But in most of the cases where we need to do something like this, we want the model just to **filter/remove** some of the data as in this example.
+
+And in those cases, we can use classes and inheritance to take advantage of function **type annotations** to get better support in the editor and tools, and still get the FastAPI **data filtering**.
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="9-13  15-16  20"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="7-10  13-14  18"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+With this, we get tooling support, from editors and mypy as this code is correct in terms of types, but we also get the data filtering from FastAPI.
+
+How does this work? Let's check that out. 🤓
+
+### Type Annotations and Tooling
+
+First let's see how editors, mypy and other tools would see this.
+
+`BaseUser` has the base fields. Then `UserIn` inherits from `BaseUser` and adds the `password` field, so, it will include all the fields from both models.
+
+We annotate the function return type as `BaseUser`, but we are actually returning a `UserIn` instance.
+
+The editor, mypy, and other tools won't complain about this because, in typing terms, `UserIn` is a subclass of `BaseUser`, which means it's a *valid* type when what is expected is anything that is a `BaseUser`.
+
+### FastAPI Data Filtering
+
+Now, for FastAPI, it will see the return type and make sure that what you return includes **only** the fields that are declared in the type.
+
+FastAPI does several things internally with Pydantic to make sure that those same rules of class inheritance are not used for the returned data filtering, otherwise you could end up returning much more data than what you expected.
+
+This way, you can get the best of both worlds: type annotations with **tooling support** and **data filtering**.
+
 ## See it in the docs
 
 When you see the automatic docs, you can check that the input model and output model will both have their own JSON Schema:
@@ -146,6 +246,74 @@ And both models will be used for the interactive API documentation:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/response-model/image02.png">
 
+## Other Return Type Annotations
+
+There might be cases where you return something that is not a valid Pydantic field and you annotate it in the function, only to get the support provided by tooling (the editor, mypy, etc).
+
+### Return a Response Directly
+
+The most common case would be [returning a Response directly as explained later in the advanced docs](../advanced/response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+```Python hl_lines="8  10-11"
+{!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_02.py!}
+```
+
+This simple case is handled automatically by FastAPI because the return type annotation is the class (or a subclass) of `Response`.
+
+And tools will also be happy because both `RedirectResponse` and `JSONResponse` are subclasses of `Response`, so the type annotation is correct.
+
+### Annotate a Response Subclass
+
+You can also use a subclass of `Response` in the type annotation:
+
+```Python hl_lines="8-9"
+{!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_03.py!}
+```
+
+This will also work because `RedirectResponse` is a subclass of `Response`, and FastAPI will automatically handle this simple case.
+
+### Invalid Return Type Annotations
+
+But when you return some other arbitrary object that is not a valid Pydantic type (e.g. a database object) and you annotate it like that in the function, FastAPI will try to create a Pydantic response model from that type annotation, and will fail.
+
+The same would happen if you had something like a <abbr title='A union between multiple types means "any of these types".'>union</abbr> between different types where one or more of them are not valid Pydantic types, for example this would fail 💥:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="10"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="8"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+...this fails because the type annotation is not a Pydantic type and is not just a single `Response` class or subclass, it's a union (any of the two) between a `Response` and a `dict`.
+
+### Disable Response Model
+
+Continuing from the example above, you might not want to have the default data validation, documentation, filtering, etc. that is performed by FastAPI.
+
+But you might want to still keep the return type annotation in the function to get the support from tools like editors and type checkers (e.g. mypy).
+
+In this case, you can disable the response model generation by setting `response_model=None`:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="9"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_05.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="7"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_05_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+This will make FastAPI skip the response model generation and that way you can have any return type annotations you need without it affecting your FastAPI application. 🤓
+
 ## Response Model encoding parameters
 
 Your response model could have default values, like:

docs/en/overrides/main.html

@@ -22,12 +22,6 @@
     </div>
   </div>
   <div id="announce-right" style="position: relative;">
-    <div class="item">
-      <a title="Get three courses at 10% off their current prices! Plus, we'll be donating 10% of all profits from sales of this bundle to the FastAPI team." style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://testdriven.io/talkpython/" target="_blank">
-        <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>
-        <img class="sponsor-image" src="/img/sponsors/fastapi-course-bundle-banner.png" />
-      </a>
-    </div>
     <div class="item">
       <a title="The data structure for unstructured multimodal data" style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://bit.ly/3AcNTYL" target="_blank">
         <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>
@@ -40,18 +34,6 @@
         <img class="sponsor-image" src="/img/sponsors/cryptapi-banner.svg" />
       </a>
     </div>
-    <!-- <div class="item">
-      <a title="The ultimate solution to unlimited and forever cloud storage." style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://app.imgwhale.xyz/" target="_blank">
-        <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>
-        <img class="sponsor-image" src="/img/sponsors/imgwhale-banner.svg" />
-      </a>
-    </div> -->
-    <div class="item">
-      <a title="Help us migrate doist to FastAPI" style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://doist.com/careers/9B437B1615-wa-senior-backend-engineer-python" target="_blank">
-        <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>
-        <img class="sponsor-image" src="/img/sponsors/doist-banner.svg" />
-      </a>
-    </div>
     <div class="item">
       <a title="Build cross-modal and multimodal applications on the cloud" style="display: block; position: relative;" href="https://bit.ly/3dphxRq" target="_blank">
         <span class="sponsor-badge">sponsor</span>

docs/ko/docs/tutorial/cors.md

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# 교차 출처 리소스 공유
+
+<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS" class="external-link" target="_blank">CORS 또는 "교차-출처 리소스 공유"</a>란, 브라우저에서 동작하는 프론트엔드가 자바스크립트로 코드로 백엔드와 통신하고, 백엔드는 해당 프론트엔드와 다른 "출처"에 존재하는 상황을 의미합니다.
+
+## 출처
+
+출처란 프로토콜(`http` , `https`), 도메인(`myapp.com`, `localhost`, `localhost.tiangolo.com` ), 그리고 포트(`80`, `443`, `8080` )의 조합을 의미합니다.
+
+따라서, 아래는 모두 상이한 출처입니다:
+
+* `http://localhost`
+* `https://localhost`
+* `http://localhost:8080`
+
+모두 `localhost` 에 있지만, 서로 다른 프로토콜과 포트를 사용하고 있으므로 다른 "출처"입니다.
+
+## 단계
+
+브라우저 내 `http://localhost:8080`에서 동작하는 프론트엔드가 있고, 자바스크립트는 `http://localhost`를 통해 백엔드와 통신한다고 가정해봅시다(포트를 명시하지 않는 경우, 브라우저는 `80` 을 기본 포트로 간주합니다).
+
+그러면 브라우저는 백엔드에 HTTP `OPTIONS` 요청을 보내고, 백엔드에서 이 다른 출처(`http://localhost:8080`)와의 통신을 허가하는 적절한 헤더를 보내면, 브라우저는 프론트엔드의 자바스크립트가 백엔드에 요청을 보낼 수 있도록 합니다.
+
+이를 위해, 백엔드는 "허용된 출처(allowed origins)" 목록을 가지고 있어야만 합니다.
+
+이 경우, 프론트엔드가 제대로 동작하기 위해 `http://localhost:8080`을 목록에 포함해야 합니다.
+
+## 와일드카드
+
+모든 출처를 허용하기 위해 목록을 `"*"` ("와일드카드")로 선언하는 것도 가능합니다.
+
+하지만 이것은 특정한 유형의 통신만을 허용하며, 쿠키 및 액세스 토큰과 사용되는 인증 헤더(Authoriztion header) 등이 포함된 경우와 같이 자격 증명(credentials)이 포함된 통신은 허용되지 않습니다.
+
+따라서 모든 작업을 의도한대로 실행하기 위해, 허용되는 출처를 명시적으로 지정하는 것이 좋습니다.
+
+## `CORSMiddleware` 사용
+
+`CORSMiddleware` 을 사용하여 **FastAPI** 응용 프로그램의 교차 출처 리소스 공유 환경을 설정할 수 있습니다.
+
+* `CORSMiddleware` 임포트.
+* 허용되는 출처(문자열 형식)의 리스트 생성.
+* FastAPI 응용 프로그램에 "미들웨어(middleware)"로 추가.
+
+백엔드에서 다음의 사항을 허용할지에 대해 설정할 수도 있습니다:
+
+* 자격증명 (인증 헤더, 쿠키 등).
+* 특정한 HTTP 메소드(`POST`, `PUT`) 또는 와일드카드 `"*"` 를 사용한 모든 HTTP 메소드.
+* 특정한 HTTP 헤더 또는 와일드카드 `"*"` 를 사용한 모든 HTTP 헤더.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2  6-11  13-19"
+{!../../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`CORSMiddleware` 에서 사용하는 기본 매개변수는 제한적이므로, 브라우저가 교차-도메인 상황에서 특정한 출처, 메소드, 헤더 등을 사용할 수 있도록 하려면 이들을 명시적으로 허용해야 합니다.
+
+다음의 인자들이 지원됩니다:
+
+* `allow_origins` - 교차-출처 요청을 보낼 수 있는 출처의 리스트입니다. 예) `['https://example.org', 'https://www.example.org']`. 모든 출처를 허용하기 위해 `['*']` 를 사용할 수 있습니다.
+* `allow_origin_regex` - 교차-출처 요청을 보낼 수 있는 출처를 정규표현식 문자열로 나타냅니다.  `'https://.*\.example\.org'`.
+* `allow_methods` - 교차-출처 요청을 허용하는 HTTP 메소드의 리스트입니다. 기본값은 `['GET']` 입니다. `['*']` 을 사용하여 모든 표준 메소드들을 허용할 수 있습니다.
+* `allow_headers` - 교차-출처를 지원하는 HTTP 요청 헤더의 리스트입니다. 기본값은 `[]` 입니다. 모든 헤더들을 허용하기 위해 `['*']` 를 사용할 수 있습니다. `Accept`, `Accept-Language`, `Content-Language` 그리고 `Content-Type` 헤더는 CORS 요청시 언제나 허용됩니다.
+* `allow_credentials` - 교차-출처 요청시 쿠키 지원 여부를 설정합니다. 기본값은 `False` 입니다. 또한 해당 항목을 허용할 경우 `allow_origins` 는 `['*']` 로 설정할 수 없으며, 출처를 반드시 특정해야 합니다.
+* `expose_headers` - 브라우저에 접근할 수 있어야 하는 모든 응답 헤더를 가리킵니다. 기본값은 `[]` 입니다.
+* `max_age` - 브라우저가 CORS 응답을 캐시에 저장하는 최대 시간을 초 단위로 설정합니다. 기본값은 `600` 입니다.
+
+미들웨어는 두가지 특정한 종류의 HTTP 요청에 응답합니다...
+
+### CORS 사전 요청
+
+`Origin` 및 `Access-Control-Request-Method` 헤더와 함께 전송하는 모든 `OPTIONS` 요청입니다.
+
+이 경우 미들웨어는 들어오는 요청을 가로채 적절한 CORS 헤더와, 정보 제공을 위한 `200` 또는 `400` 응답으로 응답합니다.
+
+### 단순한 요청
+
+`Origin` 헤더를 가진 모든 요청. 이 경우 미들웨어는 요청을 정상적으로 전달하지만, 적절한 CORS 헤더를 응답에 포함시킵니다.
+
+## 더 많은 정보
+
+<abbr title="교차-출처 리소스 공유">CORS</abbr>에 대한 더 많은 정보를 알고싶다면, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ko/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS" class="external-link" target="_blank">Mozilla CORS 문서</a>를 참고하기 바랍니다.
+
+!!! note "기술적 세부 사항"
+    `from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware` 역시 사용할 수 있습니다.
+
+    **FastAPI**는 개발자인 당신의 편의를 위해 `fastapi.middleware` 에서 몇가지의 미들웨어를 제공합니다. 하지만 대부분의 미들웨어가 Stralette으로부터 직접 제공됩니다.

docs/ko/mkdocs.yml

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ nav:
   - tutorial/request-files.md
   - tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
   - tutorial/encoder.md
+  - tutorial/cors.md
 markdown_extensions:
 - toc:
     permalink: true

docs/pt/docs/deployment/docker.md

@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+# FastAPI em contêineres - Docker
+
+Ao fazer o deploy de aplicações FastAPI uma abordagem comum é construir uma **imagem de contêiner Linux**. Isso normalmente é feito usando o <a href="https://www.docker.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Docker**</a>. Você pode a partir disso fazer o deploy dessa imagem de algumas maneiras.
+
+Usando contêineres Linux você tem diversas vantagens incluindo **segurança**, **replicabilidade**, **simplicidade**, entre outras.
+
+!!! Dica
+    Está com pressa e já sabe dessas coisas? Pode ir direto para [`Dockerfile` abaixo 👇](#build-a-docker-image-for-fastapi).
+
+
+<details>
+<summary>Visualização do Dockerfile 👀</summary>
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM python:3.9
+
+WORKDIR /code
+
+COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
+
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
+
+COPY ./app /code/app
+
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+
+# If running behind a proxy like Nginx or Traefik add --proxy-headers
+# CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80", "--proxy-headers"]
+```
+
+</details>
+
+## O que é um Contêiner
+
+Contêineres (especificamente contêineres Linux) são um jeito muito **leve** de empacotar aplicações contendo todas as dependências e arquivos necessários enquanto os mantém isolados de outros contêineres (outras aplicações ou componentes) no mesmo sistema.
+
+Contêineres Linux rodam usando o mesmo kernel Linux do hospedeiro (máquina, máquina virtual, servidor na nuvem, etc). Isso simplesmente significa que eles são muito leves (comparados com máquinas virtuais emulando um sistema operacional completo).
+
+Dessa forma, contêineres consomem **poucos recursos**, uma quantidade comparável com rodar os processos diretamente (uma máquina virtual consumiria muito mais).
+
+Contêineres também possuem seus próprios processos (comumente um único processo), sistema de arquivos e rede **isolados** simplificando deploy, segurança, desenvolvimento, etc.
+
+## O que é uma Imagem de Contêiner
+
+Um **contêiner** roda a partir de uma **imagem de contêiner**.
+
+Uma imagem de contêiner é uma versão **estática** de todos os arquivos, variáveis de ambiente e do comando/programa padrão que deve estar presente num contêiner. **Estática** aqui significa que a **imagem** de contêiner não está rodando, não está sendo executada, somente contém os arquivos e metadados empacotados.
+
+Em contraste com a "**imagem de contêiner**" que contém os conteúdos estáticos armazenados, um "**contêiner**" normalmente se refere à instância rodando, a coisa que está sendo **executada**.
+
+Quando o **contêiner** é iniciado e está rodando (iniciado a partir de uma **imagem de contêiner**), ele pode criar ou modificar arquivos, variáveis de ambiente, etc. Essas mudanças vão existir somente nesse contêiner, mas não persistirão na imagem subjacente do container (não serão salvas no disco).
+
+Uma imagem de contêiner é comparável ao arquivo de **programa** e seus conteúdos, ex.: `python` e algum arquivo `main.py`.
+
+E o **contêiner** em si (em contraste à **imagem de contêiner**) é a própria instância da imagem rodando, comparável a um **processo**. Na verdade, um contêiner está rodando somente quando há um **processo rodando** (e normalmente é somente um processo). O contêiner finaliza quando não há um processo rodando nele.
+
+## Imagens de contêiner
+
+Docker tem sido uma das principais ferramentas para criar e gerenciar **imagens de contêiner** e **contêineres**.
+
+E existe um <a href="https://hub.docker.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Docker Hub</a> público com **imagens de contêiner oficiais** pré-prontas para diversas ferramentas, ambientes, bancos de dados e aplicações.
+
+Por exemplo, há uma <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/python" class="external-link" target="_blank">Imagem Python</a> oficial.
+
+E existe muitas outras imagens para diferentes coisas, como bancos de dados, por exemplo:
+
+* <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres" class="external-link" target="_blank">PostgreSQL</a>
+* <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql" class="external-link" target="_blank">MySQL</a>
+* <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/mongo" class="external-link" target="_blank">MongoDB</a>
+* <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/redis" class="external-link" target="_blank">Redis</a>, etc.
+
+Usando imagens de contêiner pré-prontas é muito fácil **combinar** e usar diferentes ferramentas. Por exemplo, para testar um novo banco de dados. Em muitos casos, você pode usar as **imagens oficiais** precisando somente de variáveis de ambiente para configurá-las.
+
+Dessa forma, em muitos casos você pode aprender sobre contêineres e Docker e re-usar essa experiência com diversos componentes e ferramentas.
+
+Então, você rodaria **vários contêineres** com coisas diferentes, como um banco de dados, uma aplicação Python, um servidor web com uma aplicação frontend React, e conectá-los juntos via sua rede interna.
+
+Todos os sistemas de gerenciamento de contêineres (como Docker ou Kubernetes) possuem essas funcionalidades de rede integradas a eles.
+
+## Contêineres e Processos
+
+Uma **imagem de contêiner** normalmente inclui em seus metadados o programa padrão ou comando que deve ser executado quando o **contêiner** é iniciado e os parâmetros a serem passados para esse programa. Muito similar ao que seria se estivesse na linha de comando.
+
+Quando um **contêiner** é iniciado, ele irá rodar esse comando/programa (embora você possa sobrescrevê-lo e fazer com que ele rode um comando/programa diferente).
+
+Um contêiner está rodando enquanto o **processo principal** (comando ou programa) estiver rodando.
+
+Um contêiner normalmente tem um **único processo**, mas também é possível iniciar sub-processos a partir do processo principal, e dessa forma você terá **vários processos** no mesmo contêiner.
+
+Mas não é possível ter um contêiner rodando sem **pelo menos um processo rodando**. Se o processo principal parar, o contêiner também para.
+
+## Construindo uma Imagem Docker para FastAPI
+
+Okay, vamos construir algo agora! 🚀
+
+Eu vou mostrar como construir uma **imagem Docker** para FastAPI **do zero**, baseado na **imagem oficial do Python**.
+
+Isso é o que você quer fazer na **maioria dos casos**, por exemplo:
+
+* Usando **Kubernetes** ou ferramentas similares
+* Quando rodando em uma **Raspberry Pi**
+* Usando um serviço em nuvem que irá rodar uma imagem de contêiner para você, etc.
+
+### O Pacote Requirements
+
+Você normalmente teria os **requisitos do pacote** para sua aplicação em algum arquivo.
+
+Isso pode depender principalmente da ferramenta que você usa para **instalar** esses requisitos.
+
+O caminho mais comum de fazer isso é ter um arquivo `requirements.txt` com os nomes dos pacotes e suas versões, um por linha.
+
+Você, naturalmente, usaria as mesmas ideias que você leu em [Sobre Versões do FastAPI](./versions.md){.internal-link target=_blank} para definir os intervalos de versões.
+
+Por exemplo, seu `requirements.txt` poderia parecer com:
+
+```
+fastapi>=0.68.0,<0.69.0
+pydantic>=1.8.0,<2.0.0
+uvicorn>=0.15.0,<0.16.0
+```
+
+E você normalmente instalaria essas dependências de pacote com `pip`, por exemplo:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install -r requirements.txt
+---> 100%
+Successfully installed fastapi pydantic uvicorn
+```
+
+</div>
+
+!!! info
+    Há outros formatos e ferramentas para definir e instalar dependências de pacote.
+
+    Eu vou mostrar um exemplo depois usando Poetry em uma seção abaixo. 👇
+
+### Criando o Código do **FastAPI**
+
+* Crie um diretório `app` e entre nele.
+* Crie um arquivo vazio `__init__.py`.
+* Crie um arquivo `main.py` com:
+
+```Python
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+### Dockerfile
+
+Agora, no mesmo diretório do projeto, crie um arquivo `Dockerfile` com:
+
+```{ .dockerfile .annotate }
+# (1)
+FROM python:3.9
+
+# (2)
+WORKDIR /code
+
+# (3)
+COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
+
+# (4)
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
+
+# (5)
+COPY ./app /code/app
+
+# (6)
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+```
+
+1. Inicie a partir da imagem base oficial do Python.
+
+2. Defina o diretório de trabalho atual para `/code`.
+
+    Esse é o diretório onde colocaremos o arquivo `requirements.txt` e o diretório `app`.
+
+3. Copie o arquivo com os requisitos para o diretório `/code`.
+
+    Copie **somente** o arquivo com os requisitos primeiro, não o resto do código.
+
+    Como esse arquivo **não muda com frequência**, o Docker irá detectá-lo e usar o **cache** para esse passo, habilitando o cache para o próximo passo também.
+
+4. Instale as dependências de pacote vindas do arquivo de requisitos.
+
+    A opção `--no-cache-dir` diz ao `pip` para não salvar os pacotes baixados localmente, pois isso só aconteceria se `pip` fosse executado novamente para instalar os mesmos pacotes, mas esse não é o caso quando trabalhamos com contêineres.
+
+    !!! note
+        `--no-cache-dir` é apenas relacionado ao `pip`, não tem nada a ver com Docker ou contêineres.
+
+    A opção `--upgrade` diz ao `pip` para atualizar os pacotes se eles já estiverem instalados.
+
+    Por causa do passo anterior de copiar o arquivo, ele pode ser detectado pelo **cache do Docker**, esse passo também **usará o cache do Docker** quando disponível.
+
+    Usando o cache nesse passo irá **salvar** muito **tempo** quando você for construir a imagem repetidas vezes durante o desenvolvimento, ao invés de **baixar e instalar** todas as dependências **toda vez**.
+
+5. Copie o diretório `./app` dentro do diretório `/code`.
+
+    Como isso tem todo o código contendo o que **muda com mais frequência**, o **cache do Docker** não será usado para esse passo ou para **qualquer passo seguinte** facilmente.
+
+    Então, é importante colocar isso **perto do final** do `Dockerfile`, para otimizar o tempo de construção da imagem do contêiner.
+
+6. Defina o **comando** para rodar o servidor `uvicorn`.
+
+    `CMD` recebe uma lista de strings, cada uma dessas strings é o que você digitaria na linha de comando separado por espaços.
+
+    Esse comando será executado a partir do **diretório de trabalho atual**, o mesmo diretório `/code` que você definiu acima com `WORKDIR /code`.
+
+    Porque o programa será iniciado em `/code` e dentro dele está o diretório `./app` com seu código, o **Uvicorn** será capaz de ver e **importar** `app` de `app.main`.
+
+!!! tip
+    Revise o que cada linha faz clicando em cada bolha com o número no código. 👆
+
+Agora você deve ter uma estrutura de diretório como:
+
+```
+.
+├── app
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   └── main.py
+├── Dockerfile
+└── requirements.txt
+```
+
+#### Por Trás de um Proxy de Terminação TLS
+
+Se você está executando seu contêiner atrás de um Proxy de Terminação TLS (load balancer) como Nginx ou Traefik, adicione a opção `--proxy-headers`, isso fará com que o Uvicorn confie nos cabeçalhos enviados por esse proxy, informando que o aplicativo está sendo executado atrás do HTTPS, etc.
+
+```Dockerfile
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--proxy-headers", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+```
+
+#### Cache Docker
+
+Existe um truque importante nesse `Dockerfile`, primeiro copiamos o **arquivo com as dependências sozinho**, não o resto do código. Deixe-me te contar o porquê disso.
+
+```Dockerfile
+COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
+```
+
+Docker e outras ferramentas **constróem** essas imagens de contêiner **incrementalmente**, adicionando **uma camada em cima da outra**, começando do topo do `Dockerfile` e adicionando qualquer arquivo criado por cada uma das instruções do `Dockerfile`.
+
+Docker e ferramentas similares também usam um **cache interno** ao construir a imagem, se um arquivo não mudou desde a última vez que a imagem do contêiner foi construída, então ele irá **reutilizar a mesma camada** criada na última vez, ao invés de copiar o arquivo novamente e criar uma nova camada do zero.
+
+Somente evitar a cópia de arquivos não melhora muito as coisas, mas porque ele usou o cache para esse passo, ele pode **usar o cache para o próximo passo**. Por exemplo, ele pode usar o cache para a instrução que instala as dependências com:
+
+```Dockerfile
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
+```
+
+O arquivo com os requisitos de pacote **não muda com frequência**. Então, ao copiar apenas esse arquivo, o Docker será capaz de **usar o cache** para esse passo.
+
+E então, o Docker será capaz de **usar o cache para o próximo passo** que baixa e instala essas dependências. E é aqui que **salvamos muito tempo**. ✨ ...e evitamos tédio esperando. 😪😆
+
+Baixar e instalar as dependências do pacote **pode levar minutos**, mas usando o **cache** leva **segundos** no máximo.
+
+E como você estaria construindo a imagem do contêiner novamente e novamente durante o desenvolvimento para verificar se suas alterações de código estão funcionando, há muito tempo acumulado que isso economizaria.
+
+A partir daí, perto do final do `Dockerfile`, copiamos todo o código. Como isso é o que **muda com mais frequência**, colocamos perto do final, porque quase sempre, qualquer coisa depois desse passo não será capaz de usar o cache.
+
+```Dockerfile
+COPY ./app /code/app
+```
+
+### Construindo a Imagem Docker
+
+Agora que todos os arquivos estão no lugar, vamos construir a imagem do contêiner.
+
+* Vá para o diretório do projeto (onde está o seu `Dockerfile`, contendo o diretório `app`).
+* Construa sua imagem FastAPI:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ docker build -t myimage .
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+!!! tip
+    Note o `.` no final, é equivalente a `./`, ele diz ao Docker o diretório a ser usado para construir a imagem do contêiner.
+
+    Nesse caso, é o mesmo diretório atual (`.`).
+
+### Inicie o contêiner Docker
+
+* Execute um contêiner baseado na sua imagem:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ docker run -d --name mycontêiner -p 80:80 myimage
+```
+
+</div>
+
+## Verifique
+
+Você deve ser capaz de verificar isso no URL do seu contêiner Docker, por exemplo: <a href="http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/items/5?q=somequery</a> ou <a href="http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/items/5?q=somequery</a> (ou equivalente, usando seu host Docker).
+
+Você verá algo como:
+
+```JSON
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
+```
+
+## Documentação interativa da API
+
+Agora você pode ir para <a href="http://192.168.99.100/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/docs</a> ou <a href="http://127.0.0.1/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/docs</a> (ou equivalente, usando seu host Docker).
+
+Você verá a documentação interativa automática da API (fornecida pelo <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
+
+## Documentação alternativa da API
+
+E você também pode ir para <a href="http://192.168.99.100/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://192.168.99.100/redoc</a> ou <a href="http://127.0.0.1/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1/redoc</a> (ou equivalente, usando seu host Docker).
+
+Você verá a documentação alternativa automática (fornecida pela <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
+
+## Construindo uma Imagem Docker com um Arquivo Único FastAPI
+
+Se seu FastAPI for um único arquivo, por exemplo, `main.py` sem um diretório `./app`, sua estrutura de arquivos poderia ser assim:
+
+```
+.
+├── Dockerfile
+├── main.py
+└── requirements.txt
+```
+
+Então você só teria que alterar os caminhos correspondentes para copiar o arquivo dentro do `Dockerfile`:
+
+```{ .dockerfile .annotate hl_lines="10  13" }
+FROM python:3.9
+
+WORKDIR /code
+
+COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
+
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
+
+# (1)
+COPY ./main.py /code/
+
+# (2)
+CMD ["uvicorn", "main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+```
+
+1. Copie o arquivo `main.py` para o diretório `/code` diretamente (sem nenhum diretório `./app`).
+
+2. Execute o Uvicorn e diga a ele para importar o objeto `app` de `main` (em vez de importar de `app.main`).
+
+Então ajuste o comando Uvicorn para usar o novo módulo `main` em vez de `app.main` para importar o objeto FastAPI `app`.
+
+## Conceitos de Implantação
+
+Vamos falar novamente sobre alguns dos mesmos [Conceitos de Implantação](./concepts.md){.internal-link target=_blank} em termos de contêineres.
+
+Contêineres são principalmente uma ferramenta para simplificar o processo de **construção e implantação** de um aplicativo, mas eles não impõem uma abordagem particular para lidar com esses **conceitos de implantação** e existem várias estratégias possíveis.
+
+A **boa notícia** é que com cada estratégia diferente há uma maneira de cobrir todos os conceitos de implantação. 🎉
+
+Vamos revisar esses **conceitos de implantação** em termos de contêineres:
+
+* HTTPS
+* Executando na inicialização
+* Reinicializações
+* Replicação (número de processos rodando)
+* Memória
+* Passos anteriores antes de começar
+
+## HTTPS
+
+Se nos concentrarmos apenas na **imagem do contêiner** para um aplicativo FastAPI (e posteriormente no **contêiner** em execução), o HTTPS normalmente seria tratado **externamente** por outra ferramenta.
+
+Isso poderia ser outro contêiner, por exemplo, com <a href="https://traefik.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Traefik</a>, lidando com **HTTPS** e aquisição **automática** de **certificados**.
+
+!!! tip
+    Traefik tem integrações com Docker, Kubernetes e outros, portanto, é muito fácil configurar e configurar o HTTPS para seus contêineres com ele.
+
+Alternativamente, o HTTPS poderia ser tratado por um provedor de nuvem como um de seus serviços (enquanto ainda executasse o aplicativo em um contêiner).
+
+## Executando na inicialização e reinicializações
+
+Normalmente, outra ferramenta é responsável por **iniciar e executar** seu contêiner.
+
+Ela poderia ser o **Docker** diretamente, **Docker Compose**, **Kubernetes**, um **serviço de nuvem**, etc.
+
+Na maioria (ou em todos) os casos, há uma opção simples para habilitar a execução do contêiner na inicialização e habilitar reinicializações em falhas. Por exemplo, no Docker, é a opção de linha de comando `--restart`.
+
+Sem usar contêineres, fazer aplicativos executarem na inicialização e com reinicializações pode ser trabalhoso e difícil. Mas quando **trabalhando com contêineres** em muitos casos essa funcionalidade é incluída por padrão. ✨
+
+## Replicação - Número de Processos
+
+Se você tiver um <abbr title="Um grupo de máquinas que são configuradas para estarem conectadas e trabalharem juntas de alguma forma">cluster</abbr> de máquinas com **Kubernetes**, Docker Swarm Mode, Nomad ou outro sistema complexo semelhante para gerenciar contêineres distribuídos em várias máquinas, então provavelmente desejará **lidar com a replicação** no **nível do cluster** em vez de usar um **gerenciador de processos** (como o Gunicorn com workers) em cada contêiner.
+
+Um desses sistemas de gerenciamento de contêineres distribuídos como o Kubernetes normalmente tem alguma maneira integrada de lidar com a **replicação de contêineres** enquanto ainda oferece **balanceamento de carga** para as solicitações recebidas. Tudo no **nível do cluster**.
+
+Nesses casos, você provavelmente desejará criar uma **imagem do contêiner do zero** como [explicado acima](#dockerfile), instalando suas dependências e executando **um único processo Uvicorn** em vez de executar algo como Gunicorn com trabalhadores Uvicorn.
+
+### Balanceamento de Carga
+
+Quando usando contêineres, normalmente você terá algum componente **escutando na porta principal**. Poderia ser outro contêiner que também é um **Proxy de Terminação TLS** para lidar com **HTTPS** ou alguma ferramenta semelhante.
+
+Como esse componente assumiria a **carga** de solicitações e distribuiria isso entre os trabalhadores de uma maneira (esperançosamente) **balanceada**, ele também é comumente chamado de **Balanceador de Carga**.
+
+!!! tip
+    O mesmo componente **Proxy de Terminação TLS** usado para HTTPS provavelmente também seria um **Balanceador de Carga**.
+
+E quando trabalhar com contêineres, o mesmo sistema que você usa para iniciar e gerenciá-los já terá ferramentas internas para transmitir a **comunicação de rede** (por exemplo, solicitações HTTP) do **balanceador de carga** (que também pode ser um **Proxy de Terminação TLS**) para o(s) contêiner(es) com seu aplicativo.
+
+### Um Balanceador de Carga - Múltiplos Contêineres de Workers
+
+Quando trabalhando com **Kubernetes** ou sistemas similares de gerenciamento de contêiner distribuído, usando seus mecanismos de rede internos permitiria que o único **balanceador de carga** que estivesse escutando na **porta principal** transmitisse comunicação (solicitações) para possivelmente **múltiplos contêineres** executando seu aplicativo.
+
+Cada um desses contêineres executando seu aplicativo normalmente teria **apenas um processo** (ex.: um processo Uvicorn executando seu aplicativo FastAPI). Todos seriam **contêineres idênticos**, executando a mesma coisa, mas cada um com seu próprio processo, memória, etc. Dessa forma, você aproveitaria a **paralelização** em **núcleos diferentes** da CPU, ou até mesmo em **máquinas diferentes**.
+
+E o sistema de contêiner com o **balanceador de carga** iria **distribuir as solicitações** para cada um dos contêineres com seu aplicativo **em turnos**. Portanto, cada solicitação poderia ser tratada por um dos múltiplos **contêineres replicados** executando seu aplicativo.
+
+E normalmente esse **balanceador de carga** seria capaz de lidar com solicitações que vão para *outros* aplicativos em seu cluster (por exemplo, para um domínio diferente, ou sob um prefixo de URL diferente), e transmitiria essa comunicação para os contêineres certos para *esse outro* aplicativo em execução em seu cluster.
+
+### Um Processo por Contêiner
+
+Nesse tipo de cenário, provavelmente você desejará ter **um único processo (Uvicorn) por contêiner**, pois já estaria lidando com a replicação no nível do cluster.
+
+Então, nesse caso, você **não** desejará ter um gerenciador de processos como o Gunicorn com trabalhadores Uvicorn, ou o Uvicorn usando seus próprios trabalhadores Uvicorn. Você desejará ter apenas um **único processo Uvicorn** por contêiner (mas provavelmente vários contêineres).
+
+Tendo outro gerenciador de processos dentro do contêiner (como seria com o Gunicorn ou o Uvicorn gerenciando trabalhadores Uvicorn) só adicionaria **complexidade desnecessária** que você provavelmente já está cuidando com seu sistema de cluster.
+
+### Contêineres com Múltiplos Processos e Casos Especiais
+
+Claro, existem **casos especiais** em que você pode querer ter um **contêiner** com um **gerenciador de processos Gunicorn** iniciando vários **processos trabalhadores Uvicorn** dentro.
+
+Nesses casos, você pode usar a **imagem oficial do Docker** que inclui o **Gunicorn** como um gerenciador de processos executando vários **processos trabalhadores Uvicorn**, e algumas configurações padrão para ajustar o número de trabalhadores com base nos atuais núcleos da CPU automaticamente. Eu vou te contar mais sobre isso abaixo em [Imagem Oficial do Docker com Gunicorn - Uvicorn](#imagem-oficial-do-docker-com-gunicorn-uvicorn).
+
+Aqui estão alguns exemplos de quando isso pode fazer sentido:
+
+#### Um Aplicativo Simples
+
+Você pode querer um gerenciador de processos no contêiner se seu aplicativo for **simples o suficiente** para que você não precise (pelo menos não agora) ajustar muito o número de processos, e você pode simplesmente usar um padrão automatizado (com a imagem oficial do Docker), e você está executando em um **único servidor**, não em um cluster.
+
+#### Docker Compose
+
+Você pode estar implantando em um **único servidor** (não em um cluster) com o **Docker Compose**, então você não teria uma maneira fácil de gerenciar a replicação de contêineres (com o Docker Compose) enquanto preserva a rede compartilhada e o **balanceamento de carga**.
+
+Então você pode querer ter **um único contêiner** com um **gerenciador de processos** iniciando **vários processos trabalhadores** dentro.
+
+#### Prometheus and Outros Motivos
+
+Você também pode ter **outros motivos** que tornariam mais fácil ter um **único contêiner** com **múltiplos processos** em vez de ter **múltiplos contêineres** com **um único processo** em cada um deles.
+
+Por exemplo (dependendo de sua configuração), você poderia ter alguma ferramenta como um exportador do Prometheus no mesmo contêiner que deve ter acesso a **cada uma das solicitações** que chegam.
+
+Nesse caso, se você tivesse **múltiplos contêineres**, por padrão, quando o Prometheus fosse **ler as métricas**, ele receberia as métricas de **um único contêiner cada vez** (para o contêiner que tratou essa solicitação específica), em vez de receber as **métricas acumuladas** de todos os contêineres replicados.
+
+Então, nesse caso, poderia ser mais simples ter **um único contêiner** com **múltiplos processos**, e uma ferramenta local (por exemplo, um exportador do Prometheus) no mesmo contêiner coletando métricas do Prometheus para todos os processos internos e expor essas métricas no único contêiner.
+
+---
+
+O ponto principal é que **nenhum** desses são **regras escritas em pedra** que você deve seguir cegamente. Você pode usar essas idéias para **avaliar seu próprio caso de uso** e decidir qual é a melhor abordagem para seu sistema, verificando como gerenciar os conceitos de:
+
+* Segurança - HTTPS
+* Executando na inicialização
+* Reinicializações
+* Replicação (o número de processos em execução)
+* Memória
+* Passos anteriores antes de inicializar
+
+## Memória
+
+Se você executar **um único processo por contêiner**, terá uma quantidade mais ou menos bem definida, estável e limitada de memória consumida por cada um desses contêineres (mais de um se eles forem replicados).
+
+E então você pode definir esses mesmos limites e requisitos de memória em suas configurações para seu sistema de gerenciamento de contêineres (por exemplo, no **Kubernetes**). Dessa forma, ele poderá **replicar os contêineres** nas **máquinas disponíveis** levando em consideração a quantidade de memória necessária por eles e a quantidade disponível nas máquinas no cluster.
+
+Se sua aplicação for **simples**, isso provavelmente **não será um problema**, e você pode não precisar especificar limites de memória rígidos. Mas se você estiver **usando muita memória** (por exemplo, com **modelos de aprendizado de máquina**), deve verificar quanta memória está consumindo e ajustar o **número de contêineres** que executa em **cada máquina** (e talvez adicionar mais máquinas ao seu cluster).
+
+Se você executar **múltiplos processos por contêiner** (por exemplo, com a imagem oficial do Docker), deve garantir que o número de processos iniciados não **consuma mais memória** do que o disponível.
+
+## Passos anteriores antes de inicializar e contêineres
+
+Se você estiver usando contêineres (por exemplo, Docker, Kubernetes), existem duas abordagens principais que você pode usar.
+
+### Contêineres Múltiplos
+
+Se você tiver **múltiplos contêineres**, provavelmente cada um executando um **único processo** (por exemplo, em um cluster do **Kubernetes**), então provavelmente você gostaria de ter um **contêiner separado** fazendo o trabalho dos **passos anteriores** em um único contêiner, executando um único processo, **antes** de executar os contêineres trabalhadores replicados.
+
+!!! info
+    Se você estiver usando o Kubernetes, provavelmente será um <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Init Container</a>.
+
+Se no seu caso de uso não houver problema em executar esses passos anteriores **em paralelo várias vezes** (por exemplo, se você não estiver executando migrações de banco de dados, mas apenas verificando se o banco de dados está pronto), então você também pode colocá-los em cada contêiner logo antes de iniciar o processo principal.
+
+### Contêiner Único
+
+Se você tiver uma configuração simples, com um **único contêiner** que então inicia vários **processos trabalhadores** (ou também apenas um processo), então poderia executar esses passos anteriores no mesmo contêiner, logo antes de iniciar o processo com o aplicativo. A imagem oficial do Docker suporta isso internamente.
+
+## Imagem Oficial do Docker com Gunicorn - Uvicorn
+
+Há uma imagem oficial do Docker que inclui o Gunicorn executando com trabalhadores Uvicorn, conforme detalhado em um capítulo anterior: [Server Workers - Gunicorn com Uvicorn](./server-workers.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+Essa imagem seria útil principalmente nas situações descritas acima em: [Contêineres com Múltiplos Processos e Casos Especiais](#contêineres-com-múltiplos-processos-e-casos-Especiais).
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" class="external-link" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>.
+
+!!! warning
+    Existe uma grande chance de que você **não** precise dessa imagem base ou de qualquer outra semelhante, e seria melhor construir a imagem do zero, como [descrito acima em: Construa uma Imagem Docker para o FastAPI](#construa-uma-imagem-docker-para-o-fastapi).
+
+Essa imagem tem um mecanismo de **auto-ajuste** incluído para definir o **número de processos trabalhadores** com base nos núcleos de CPU disponíveis.
+
+Isso tem **padrões sensíveis**, mas você ainda pode alterar e atualizar todas as configurações com **variáveis de ambiente** ou arquivos de configuração.
+
+Há também suporte para executar <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker#pre_start_path" class="external-link" target="_blank">**passos anteriores antes de iniciar**</a> com um script.
+
+!!! tip
+    Para ver todas as configurações e opções, vá para a página da imagem Docker:  <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi-docker" class="external-link" target="_blank">tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi</a>.
+
+### Número de Processos na Imagem Oficial do Docker
+
+O **número de processos** nesta imagem é **calculado automaticamente** a partir dos **núcleos de CPU** disponíveis.
+
+Isso significa que ele tentará **aproveitar** o máximo de **desempenho** da CPU possível.
+
+Você também pode ajustá-lo com as configurações usando **variáveis de ambiente**, etc.
+
+Mas isso também significa que, como o número de processos depende da CPU do contêiner em execução, a **quantidade de memória consumida** também dependerá disso.
+
+Então, se seu aplicativo consumir muito memória (por exemplo, com modelos de aprendizado de máquina), e seu servidor tiver muitos núcleos de CPU **mas pouca memória**, então seu contêiner pode acabar tentando usar mais memória do que está disponível e degradar o desempenho muito (ou até mesmo travar). 🚨
+
+### Criando um `Dockerfile`
+
+Aqui está como você criaria um `Dockerfile` baseado nessa imagem:
+
+```Dockerfile
+FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.9
+
+COPY ./requirements.txt /app/requirements.txt
+
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /app/requirements.txt
+
+COPY ./app /app
+```
+
+### Aplicações Maiores
+
+Se você seguiu a seção sobre a criação de [Aplicações Maiores com Múltiplos Arquivos](../tutorial/bigger-applications.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, seu `Dockerfile` pode parecer com isso:
+
+```Dockerfile
+
+```Dockerfile hl_lines="7"
+FROM tiangolo/uvicorn-gunicorn-fastapi:python3.9
+
+COPY ./requirements.txt /app/requirements.txt
+
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /app/requirements.txt
+
+COPY ./app /app/app
+```
+
+### Quando Usar
+
+Você provavelmente **não** deve usar essa imagem base oficial (ou qualquer outra semelhante) se estiver usando **Kubernetes** (ou outros) e já estiver definindo **replicação** no nível do cluster, com vários **contêineres**. Nesses casos, é melhor **construir uma imagem do zero** conforme descrito acima: [Construindo uma Imagem Docker para FastAPI](#construindo-uma-imagem-docker-para-fastapi).
+
+Essa imagem seria útil principalmente nos casos especiais descritos acima em [Contêineres com Múltiplos Processos e Casos Especiais](#contêineres-com-múltiplos-processos-e-casos-Especiais). Por exemplo, se sua aplicação for **simples o suficiente** para que a configuração padrão de número de processos com base na CPU funcione bem, você não quer se preocupar com a configuração manual da replicação no nível do cluster e não está executando mais de um contêiner com seu aplicativo. Ou se você estiver implantando com **Docker Compose**, executando em um único servidor, etc.
+
+## Deploy da Imagem do Contêiner
+
+Depois de ter uma imagem de contêiner (Docker), existem várias maneiras de implantá-la.
+
+Por exemplo:
+
+* Com **Docker Compose** em um único servidor
+* Com um cluster **Kubernetes**
+* Com um cluster Docker Swarm Mode
+* Com outra ferramenta como o Nomad
+* Com um serviço de nuvem que pega sua imagem de contêiner e a implanta
+
+## Imagem Docker com Poetry
+
+Se você usa <a href="https://python-poetry.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Poetry</a> para gerenciar as dependências do seu projeto, pode usar a construção multi-estágio do Docker:
+
+```{ .dockerfile .annotate }
+# (1)
+FROM python:3.9 as requirements-stage
+
+# (2)
+WORKDIR /tmp
+
+# (3)
+RUN pip install poetry
+
+# (4)
+COPY ./pyproject.toml ./poetry.lock* /tmp/
+
+# (5)
+RUN poetry export -f requirements.txt --output requirements.txt --without-hashes
+
+# (6)
+FROM python:3.9
+
+# (7)
+WORKDIR /code
+
+# (8)
+COPY --from=requirements-stage /tmp/requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
+
+# (9)
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
+
+# (10)
+COPY ./app /code/app
+
+# (11)
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+```
+
+1. Esse é o primeiro estágio, ele é chamado `requirements-stage`.
+
+2. Defina `/tmp` como o diretório de trabalho atual.
+
+    Aqui é onde geraremos o arquivo `requirements.txt`
+
+3. Instale o Poetry nesse estágio do Docker.
+
+4. Copie os arquivos `pyproject.toml` e `poetry.lock` para o diretório `/tmp`.
+
+    Porque está usando `./poetry.lock*` (terminando com um `*`), não irá falhar se esse arquivo ainda não estiver disponível.
+
+5. Gere o arquivo `requirements.txt`.
+
+6. Este é o estágio final, tudo aqui será preservado na imagem final do contêiner.
+
+7. Defina o diretório de trabalho atual como `/code`.
+
+8. Copie o arquivo `requirements.txt` para o diretório `/code`.
+
+    Essse arquivo só existe no estágio anterior do Docker, é por isso que usamos `--from-requirements-stage` para copiá-lo.
+
+9. Instale as dependências de pacote do arquivo `requirements.txt` gerado.
+
+10. Copie o diretório `app` para o diretório `/code`.
+
+11. Execute o comando `uvicorn`, informando-o para usar o objeto `app` importado de `app.main`.
+
+!!! tip
+    Clique nos números das bolhas para ver o que cada linha faz.
+
+Um **estágio do Docker** é uma parte de um `Dockerfile` que funciona como uma **imagem temporária do contêiner** que só é usada para gerar alguns arquivos para serem usados posteriormente.
+
+O primeiro estágio será usado apenas para **instalar Poetry** e para **gerar o `requirements.txt`** com as dependências do seu projeto a partir do arquivo `pyproject.toml` do Poetry.
+
+Esse arquivo `requirements.txt` será usado com `pip` mais tarde no **próximo estágio**.
+
+Na imagem final do contêiner, **somente o estágio final** é preservado. Os estágios anteriores serão descartados.
+
+Quando usar Poetry, faz sentido usar **construções multi-estágio do Docker** porque você realmente não precisa ter o Poetry e suas dependências instaladas na imagem final do contêiner, você **apenas precisa** ter o arquivo `requirements.txt` gerado para instalar as dependências do seu projeto.
+
+Então, no próximo (e último) estágio, você construiria a imagem mais ou menos da mesma maneira descrita anteriormente.
+
+### Por trás de um proxy de terminação TLS - Poetry
+
+Novamente, se você estiver executando seu contêiner atrás de um proxy de terminação TLS (balanceador de carga) como Nginx ou Traefik, adicione a opção `--proxy-headers` ao comando:
+
+```Dockerfile
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--proxy-headers", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]
+```
+
+## Recapitulando
+
+Usando sistemas de contêiner (por exemplo, com **Docker** e **Kubernetes**), torna-se bastante simples lidar com todos os **conceitos de implantação**:
+
+* HTTPS
+* Executando na inicialização
+* Reinícios
+* Replicação (o número de processos rodando)
+* Memória
+* Passos anteriores antes de inicializar
+
+Na maioria dos casos, você provavelmente não desejará usar nenhuma imagem base e, em vez disso, **construir uma imagem de contêiner do zero** baseada na imagem oficial do Docker Python.
+
+Tendo cuidado com a **ordem** das instruções no `Dockerfile` e o **cache do Docker**, você pode **minimizar os tempos de construção**, para maximizar sua produtividade (e evitar a tédio). 😎
+
+Em alguns casos especiais, você pode querer usar a imagem oficial do Docker para o FastAPI. 🤓

docs/pt/docs/tutorial/encoder.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Codificador Compatível com JSON
+
+Existem alguns casos em que você pode precisar converter um tipo de dados (como um modelo Pydantic) para algo compatível com JSON (como um `dict`, `list`, etc).
+
+Por exemplo, se você precisar armazená-lo em um banco de dados.
+
+Para isso, **FastAPI** fornece uma função `jsonable_encoder()`.
+
+## Usando a função `jsonable_encoder`
+
+Vamos imaginar que você tenha um banco de dados `fake_db` que recebe apenas dados compatíveis com JSON.
+
+Por exemplo, ele não recebe objetos `datetime`, pois estes objetos não são compatíveis com JSON.
+
+Então, um objeto `datetime` teria que ser convertido em um `str` contendo os dados no formato  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" class="external-link" target="_blank">ISO</a>.
+
+Da mesma forma, este banco de dados não receberia um modelo Pydantic (um objeto com atributos), apenas um `dict`.
+
+Você pode usar a função `jsonable_encoder` para resolver isso.
+
+A função recebe um objeto, como um modelo Pydantic e retorna uma versão compatível com JSON:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 e acima"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="5  22"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/encoder/tutorial001.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 e acima"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="4  21"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/encoder/tutorial001_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+Neste exemplo, ele converteria o modelo Pydantic em um `dict`, e o `datetime` em um `str`.
+
+O resultado de chamar a função é algo que pode ser codificado com o padrão do Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.dumps" class="external-link" target="_blank">`json.dumps()`</a>.
+
+A função não retorna um grande `str` contendo os dados no formato JSON (como uma string). Mas sim, retorna uma estrutura de dados padrão do Python (por exemplo, um `dict`) com valores e subvalores compatíveis com JSON.
+
+!!! nota
+    `jsonable_encoder` é realmente usado pelo **FastAPI** internamente para converter dados. Mas também é útil em muitos outros cenários.

docs/pt/docs/tutorial/static-files.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Arquivos Estáticos
+
+Você pode servir arquivos estáticos automaticamente de um diretório usando `StaticFiles`.
+
+## Use `StaticFiles`
+
+* Importe `StaticFiles`.
+* "Monte" uma instância de `StaticFiles()` em um caminho específico.
+
+```Python hl_lines="2  6"
+{!../../../docs_src/static_files/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note "Detalhes técnicos"
+    Você também pode usar `from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles`.
+
+    O **FastAPI** fornece o mesmo que `starlette.staticfiles` como `fastapi.staticfiles` apenas como uma conveniência para você, o desenvolvedor. Mas na verdade vem diretamente da Starlette.
+
+### O que é "Montagem"
+
+"Montagem" significa adicionar um aplicativo completamente "independente" em uma rota específica, que então cuida de todas as subrotas.
+
+Isso é diferente de usar um `APIRouter`, pois um aplicativo montado é completamente independente. A OpenAPI e a documentação do seu aplicativo principal não incluirão nada do aplicativo montado, etc.
+
+Você pode ler mais sobre isso no **Guia Avançado do Usuário**.
+
+## Detalhes
+
+O primeiro `"/static"` refere-se à subrota em que este "subaplicativo" será "montado". Portanto, qualquer caminho que comece com `"/static"` será tratado por ele.
+
+O `directory="static"` refere-se ao nome do diretório que contém seus arquivos estáticos.
+
+O `name="static"` dá a ela um nome que pode ser usado internamente pelo FastAPI.
+
+Todos esses parâmetros podem ser diferentes de "`static`", ajuste-os de acordo com as necessidades e detalhes específicos de sua própria aplicação.
+
+## Mais informações
+
+Para mais detalhes e opções, verifique <a href="https://www.starlette.io/staticfiles/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's docs about Static Files</a>.

docs/pt/mkdocs.yml

@@ -77,9 +77,11 @@ nav:
   - tutorial/request-forms.md
   - tutorial/request-forms-and-files.md
   - tutorial/handling-errors.md
+  - tutorial/encoder.md
   - Segurança:
     - tutorial/security/index.md
   - tutorial/background-tasks.md
+  - tutorial/static-files.md
   - Guia de Usuário Avançado:
     - advanced/index.md
 - Implantação:
@@ -87,6 +89,7 @@ nav:
   - deployment/versions.md
   - deployment/https.md
   - deployment/deta.md
+  - deployment/docker.md
 - alternatives.md
 - history-design-future.md
 - external-links.md

docs/ru/docs/contributing.md

@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+# Участие в разработке фреймворка
+
+Возможно, для начала Вам стоит ознакомиться с основными способами [помочь FastAPI или получить помощь](help-fastapi.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+## Разработка
+
+Если Вы уже склонировали репозиторий и знаете, что Вам нужно более глубокое погружение в код фреймворка, то здесь представлены некоторые инструкции по настройке виртуального окружения.
+
+### Виртуальное окружение с помощью `venv`
+
+Находясь в нужной директории, Вы можете создать виртуальное окружение при помощи Python модуля `venv`.
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ python -m venv env
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Эта команда создаст директорию `./env/` с бинарными (двоичными) файлами Python, а затем Вы сможете скачивать и устанавливать необходимые библиотеки в изолированное виртуальное окружение.
+
+### Активация виртуального окружения
+
+Активируйте виртуально окружение командой:
+
+=== "Linux, macOS"
+
+    <div class="termy">
+
+    ```console
+    $ source ./env/bin/activate
+    ```
+
+    </div>
+
+=== "Windows PowerShell"
+
+    <div class="termy">
+
+    ```console
+    $ .\env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
+    ```
+
+    </div>
+
+=== "Windows Bash"
+
+    Если Вы пользуетесь Bash для Windows (например: <a href="https://gitforwindows.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Git Bash</a>):
+
+    <div class="termy">
+
+    ```console
+    $ source ./env/Scripts/activate
+    ```
+
+    </div>
+
+Проверьте, что всё сработало:
+
+=== "Linux, macOS, Windows Bash"
+
+    <div class="termy">
+
+    ```console
+    $ which pip
+
+    some/directory/fastapi/env/bin/pip
+    ```
+
+    </div>
+
+=== "Windows PowerShell"
+
+    <div class="termy">
+
+    ```console
+    $ Get-Command pip
+
+    some/directory/fastapi/env/bin/pip
+    ```
+
+    </div>
+
+Ели в терминале появится ответ, что бинарник `pip` расположен по пути `.../env/bin/pip`, значит всё в порядке. 🎉
+
+Во избежание ошибок в дальнейших шагах, удостоверьтесь, что в Вашем виртуальном окружении установлена последняя версия `pip`:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+    Каждый раз, перед установкой новой библиотеки в виртуальное окружение при помощи `pip`, не забудьте активировать это виртуальное окружение.
+
+    Это гарантирует, что если Вы используете библиотеку, установленную этим пакетом, то Вы используете библиотеку из Вашего локального окружения, а не любую другую, которая может быть установлена глобально.
+
+### pip
+
+После активации виртуального окружения, как было указано ранее, введите следующую команду:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install -e ."[dev,doc,test]"
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Это установит все необходимые зависимости в локальное окружение для Вашего локального FastAPI.
+
+#### Использование локального FastAPI
+
+Если Вы создаёте Python файл, который импортирует и использует FastAPI,а затем запускаете его интерпретатором Python из Вашего локального окружения, то он будет использовать код из локального FastAPI.
+
+И, так как при вводе вышеупомянутой команды был указан флаг `-e`, если Вы измените код локального FastAPI, то при следующем запуске этого файла, он будет использовать свежую версию локального FastAPI, который Вы только что изменили.
+
+Таким образом, Вам не нужно "переустанавливать" Вашу локальную версию, чтобы протестировать каждое изменение.
+
+### Форматировние
+
+Скачанный репозиторий содержит скрипт, который может отформатировать и подчистить Ваш код:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ bash scripts/format.sh
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Заодно он упорядочит Ваши импорты.
+
+Чтобы он сортировал их правильно, необходимо, чтобы FastAPI был установлен локально в Вашей среде, с помощью команды из раздела выше, использующей флаг `-e`.
+
+## Документация
+
+Прежде всего, убедитесь, что Вы настроили своё окружение, как описано выше, для установки всех зависимостей.
+
+Документация использует <a href="https://www.mkdocs.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">MkDocs</a>.
+
+Также существуют дополнительные инструменты/скрипты для работы с переводами в `./scripts/docs.py`.
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+
+    Нет необходимости заглядывать в `./scripts/docs.py`, просто используйте это в командной строке.
+
+Вся документация имеет формат Markdown и расположена в директории `./docs/en/`.
+
+Многие руководства содержат блоки кода.
+
+В большинстве случаев эти блоки кода представляют собой вполне законченные приложения, которые можно запускать как есть.
+
+На самом деле, эти блоки кода не написаны внутри Markdown, это Python файлы в директории `./docs_src/`.
+
+И эти Python файлы включаются/вводятся в документацию при создании сайта.
+
+### Тестирование документации
+
+
+Фактически, большинство тестов запускаются с примерами исходных файлов в документации.
+
+Это помогает убедиться, что:
+
+* Документация находится в актуальном состоянии.
+* Примеры из документации могут быть запущены как есть.
+* Большинство функций описаны в документации и покрыты тестами.
+
+Существует скрипт, который во время локальной разработки создаёт сайт и проверяет наличие любых изменений, перезагружая его в реальном времени:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ python ./scripts/docs.py live
+
+<span style="color: green;">[INFO]</span> Serving on http://127.0.0.1:8008
+<span style="color: green;">[INFO]</span> Start watching changes
+<span style="color: green;">[INFO]</span> Start detecting changes
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Он запустит сайт документации по адресу: `http://127.0.0.1:8008`.
+
+
+Таким образом, Вы сможете редактировать файлы с документацией или кодом и наблюдать изменения вживую.
+
+#### Typer CLI (опционально)
+
+
+Приведенная ранее инструкция показала Вам, как запускать скрипт `./scripts/docs.py` непосредственно через интерпретатор `python` .
+
+Но также можно использовать <a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com/typer-cli/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Typer CLI</a>, что позволит Вам воспользоваться автозаполнением команд в Вашем терминале.
+
+Если Вы установили Typer CLI, то для включения функции автозаполнения, введите эту команду:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ typer --install-completion
+
+zsh completion installed in /home/user/.bashrc.
+Completion will take effect once you restart the terminal.
+```
+
+</div>
+
+### Приложения и документация одновременно
+
+Если Вы запускаете приложение, например так:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ uvicorn tutorial001:app --reload
+
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+```
+
+</div>
+
+По умолчанию Uvicorn будет использовать порт `8000` и не будет конфликтовать с сайтом документации, использующим порт `8008`.
+
+### Переводы на другие языки
+
+Помощь с переводами ценится КРАЙНЕ ВЫСОКО! И переводы не могут быть сделаны без помощи сообщества. 🌎 🚀
+
+Ниже приведены шаги, как помочь с переводами.
+
+#### Подсказки и инструкции
+
+* Проверьте <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pulls" class="external-link" target="_blank">существующие пул-реквесты</a> для Вашего языка. Добавьте отзывы с просьбой внести изменения, если они необходимы, или одобрите их.
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+    Вы можете <a href="https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/commenting-on-a-pull-request" class="external-link" target="_blank">добавлять комментарии с предложениями по изменению</a> в существующие пул-реквесты.
+
+    Ознакомьтесь с документацией о <a href="https://help.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-issues-and-pull-requests/about-pull-request-reviews" class="external-link" target="_blank">добавлении отзыва к пул-реквесту</a>, чтобы утвердить его или запросить изменения.
+
+* Проверьте <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues" class="external-link" target="_blank">проблемы и вопросы</a>, чтобы узнать, есть ли кто-то, координирующий переводы для Вашего языка.
+
+* Добавляйте один пул-реквест для каждой отдельной переведённой страницы. Это значительно облегчит другим его просмотр.
+
+Для языков, которые я не знаю, прежде чем добавить перевод в основную ветку, я подожду пока несколько других участников сообщества проверят его.
+
+* Вы также можете проверить, есть ли переводы для Вашего языка и добавить к ним отзыв, который поможет мне убедиться в правильности перевода. Тогда я смогу объединить его с основной веткой.
+
+* Используйте те же самые примеры кода Python. Переводите только текст документации. Вам не нужно ничего менять, чтобы эти примеры работали.
+
+* Используйте те же самые изображения, имена файлов и ссылки. Вы не должны менять ничего для сохранения работоспособности.
+
+* Чтобы узнать 2-буквенный код языка, на который Вы хотите сделать перевод, Вы можете воспользоваться таблицей <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes" class="external-link" target="_blank">Список кодов языков ISO 639-1</a>.
+
+#### Существующий язык
+
+Допустим, Вы хотите перевести страницу на язык, на котором уже есть какие-то переводы, например, на испанский.
+
+Кодом испанского языка является `es`. А значит директория для переводов на испанский язык: `docs/es/`.
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+    Главный ("официальный") язык - английский, директория для него `docs/en/`.
+
+Вы можете запустить сервер документации на испанском:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+// Используйте команду "live" и передайте код языка в качестве аргумента командной строки
+$ python ./scripts/docs.py live es
+
+<span style="color: green;">[INFO]</span> Serving on http://127.0.0.1:8008
+<span style="color: green;">[INFO]</span> Start watching changes
+<span style="color: green;">[INFO]</span> Start detecting changes
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Теперь Вы можете перейти по адресу: <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8008" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8008</a> и наблюдать вносимые Вами изменения вживую.
+
+
+Если Вы посмотрите на сайт документации FastAPI, то увидите, что все страницы есть на каждом языке. Но некоторые страницы не переведены и имеют уведомление об отсутствующем переводе.
+
+Но когда Вы запускаете сайт локально, Вы видите только те страницы, которые уже переведены.
+
+
+Предположим, что Вы хотите добавить перевод страницы [Основные свойства](features.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+* Скопируйте файл:
+
+```
+docs/en/docs/features.md
+```
+
+* Вставьте его точно в то же место, но в директорию языка, на который Вы хотите сделать перевод, например:
+
+```
+docs/es/docs/features.md
+```
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+    Заметьте, что в пути файла мы изменили только код языка с `en` на `es`.
+
+* Теперь откройте файл конфигурации MkDocs для английского языка, расположенный тут:
+
+```
+docs/en/mkdocs.yml
+```
+
+* Найдите в файле конфигурации место, где расположена строка `docs/features.md`. Похожее на это:
+
+```YAML hl_lines="8"
+site_name: FastAPI
+# More stuff
+nav:
+- FastAPI: index.md
+- Languages:
+  - en: /
+  - es: /es/
+- features.md
+```
+
+* Откройте файл конфигурации MkDocs для языка, на который Вы переводите, например:
+
+```
+docs/es/mkdocs.yml
+```
+
+* Добавьте строку `docs/features.md` точно в то же место, как и в случае для английского, как-то так:
+
+```YAML hl_lines="8"
+site_name: FastAPI
+# More stuff
+nav:
+- FastAPI: index.md
+- Languages:
+  - en: /
+  - es: /es/
+- features.md
+```
+
+Убедитесь, что при наличии других записей, новая запись с Вашим переводом находится точно в том же порядке, что и в английской версии.
+
+Если Вы зайдёте в свой браузер, то увидите, что в документации стал отображаться Ваш новый раздел.🎉
+
+Теперь Вы можете переводить эту страницу и смотреть, как она выглядит при сохранении файла.
+
+#### Новый язык
+
+Допустим, Вы хотите добавить перевод для языка, на который пока что не переведена ни одна страница.
+
+Скажем, Вы решили сделать перевод для креольского языка, но его еще нет в документации.
+
+Перейдите в таблицу кодов языков по ссылке указанной выше, где найдёте, что кодом креольского языка является `ht`.
+
+Затем запустите скрипт, генерирующий директорию для переводов на новые языки:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+// Используйте команду new-lang и передайте код языка в качестве аргумента командной строки
+$ python ./scripts/docs.py new-lang ht
+
+Successfully initialized: docs/ht
+Updating ht
+Updating en
+```
+
+</div>
+
+После чего Вы можете проверить в своем редакторе кода, что появился новый каталог `docs/ht/`.
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+    Создайте первый пул-реквест, который будет содержать только пустую директорию для нового языка, прежде чем добавлять переводы.
+
+    Таким образом, другие участники могут переводить другие страницы, пока Вы работаете над одной. 🚀
+
+Начните перевод с главной страницы `docs/ht/index.md`.
+
+В дальнейшем можно действовать, как указано в предыдущих инструкциях для "существующего языка".
+
+##### Новый язык не поддерживается
+
+Если при запуске скрипта `./scripts/docs.py live` Вы получаете сообщение об ошибке, что язык не поддерживается, что-то вроде:
+
+```
+ raise TemplateNotFound(template)
+jinja2.exceptions.TemplateNotFound: partials/language/xx.html
+```
+
+Сие означает, что тема не поддерживает этот язык (в данном случае с поддельным 2-буквенным кодом `xx`).
+
+Но не стоит переживать. Вы можете установить языком темы английский, а затем перевести текст документации.
+
+Если возникла такая необходимость, отредактируйте `mkdocs.yml` для Вашего нового языка. Это будет выглядеть как-то так:
+
+```YAML hl_lines="5"
+site_name: FastAPI
+# More stuff
+theme:
+  # More stuff
+  language: xx
+```
+
+Измените `xx` (код Вашего языка) на `en` и перезапустите сервер.
+
+#### Предпросмотр результата
+
+Когда Вы запускаете скрипт `./scripts/docs.py` с командой `live`, то будут показаны файлы и переводы для указанного языка.
+
+Но когда Вы закончите, то можете посмотреть, как это будет выглядеть по-настоящему.
+
+Для этого сначала создайте всю документацию:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+// Используйте команду "build-all", это займёт немного времени
+$ python ./scripts/docs.py build-all
+
+Updating es
+Updating en
+Building docs for: en
+Building docs for: es
+Successfully built docs for: es
+Copying en index.md to README.md
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Скрипт сгенерирует `./docs_build/` для каждого языка. Он добавит все файлы с отсутствующими переводами с пометкой о том, что "у этого файла еще нет перевода". Но Вам не нужно ничего делать с этим каталогом.
+
+Затем он создаст независимые сайты MkDocs для каждого языка, объединит их и сгенерирует конечный результат на `./site/`.
+
+После чего Вы сможете запустить сервер со всеми языками командой `serve`:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+// Используйте команду "serve" после того, как отработает команда "build-all"
+$ python ./scripts/docs.py serve
+
+Warning: this is a very simple server. For development, use mkdocs serve instead.
+This is here only to preview a site with translations already built.
+Make sure you run the build-all command first.
+Serving at: http://127.0.0.1:8008
+```
+
+</div>
+
+## Тесты
+
+Также в репозитории есть скрипт, который Вы можете запустить локально, чтобы протестировать весь код и сгенерировать отчеты о покрытии тестами в HTML:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ bash scripts/test-cov-html.sh
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Эта команда создаст директорию `./htmlcov/`, в которой будет файл `./htmlcov/index.html`. Открыв его в Вашем браузере, Вы можете в интерактивном режиме изучить, все ли части кода охвачены тестами.

docs/ru/docs/fastapi-people.md

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+
+# Люди, поддерживающие FastAPI
+
+У FastAPI замечательное сообщество, которое доброжелательно к людям с любым уровнем знаний.
+
+## Создатель и хранитель
+
+Ку! 👋
+
+Это я:
+
+{% if people %}
+<div class="user-list user-list-center">
+{% for user in people.maintainers %}
+
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Answers: {{ user.answers }}</div><div class="count">Pull Requests: {{ user.prs }}</div></div>
+{% endfor %}
+
+</div>
+{% endif %}
+
+Я создал и продолжаю поддерживать **FastAPI**. Узнать обо мне больше можно тут [Помочь FastAPI - Получить помощь - Связаться с автором](help-fastapi.md#connect-with-the-author){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+... но на этой странице я хочу показать вам наше сообщество.
+
+---
+
+**FastAPI** получает огромную поддержку от своего сообщества. И я хочу отметить вклад его участников.
+
+Это люди, которые:
+
+* [Помогают другим с их проблемами (вопросами) на GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+* [Создают пул-реквесты](help-fastapi.md#create-a-pull-request){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+* Делают ревью пул-реквестов, [что особенно важно для переводов на другие языки](contributing.md#translations){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+Поаплодируем им! 👏 🙇
+
+## Самые активные участники за прошедший месяц
+
+Эти участники [оказали наибольшую помощь другим с решением их проблем (вопросов) на GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} в течение последнего месяца. ☕
+
+{% if people %}
+<div class="user-list user-list-center">
+{% for user in people.last_month_active %}
+
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Issues replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
+{% endfor %}
+
+</div>
+{% endif %}
+
+## Эксперты
+
+Здесь представлены **Эксперты FastAPI**. 🤓
+
+Эти участники [оказали наибольшую помощь другим с решением их проблем (вопросов) на GitHub](help-fastapi.md#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} за *всё время*.
+
+Оказывая помощь многим другим, они подтвердили свой уровень знаний. ✨
+
+{% if people %}
+<div class="user-list user-list-center">
+{% for user in people.experts %}
+
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Issues replied: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
+{% endfor %}
+
+</div>
+{% endif %}
+
+## Рейтинг участников, внёсших вклад в код
+
+Здесь представлен **Рейтинг участников, внёсших вклад в код**. 👷
+
+Эти люди [сделали наибольшее количество пул-реквестов](help-fastapi.md#create-a-pull-request){.internal-link target=_blank}, *включённых в основной код*.
+
+Они сделали наибольший вклад в исходный код, документацию, переводы и т.п. 📦
+
+{% if people %}
+<div class="user-list user-list-center">
+{% for user in people.top_contributors %}
+
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Pull Requests: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
+{% endfor %}
+
+</div>
+{% endif %}
+
+На самом деле таких людей довольно много (более сотни), вы можете увидеть всех на этой странице <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/graphs/contributors" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI GitHub Contributors page</a>. 👷
+
+## Рейтинг ревьюеров
+
+Здесь представлен **Рейтинг ревьюеров**. 🕵️
+
+### Проверки переводов на другие языки
+
+Я знаю не очень много языков (и не очень хорошо 😅).
+Итак, ревьюеры - это люди, которые могут [**подтвердить предложенный вами перевод** документации](contributing.md#translations){.internal-link target=_blank}. Без них не было бы документации на многих языках.
+
+---
+
+В **Рейтинге ревьюеров** 🕵️ представлены те, кто проверил наибольшее количество пул-реквестов других участников, обеспечивая качество кода, документации и, особенно, **переводов на другие языки**.
+
+{% if people %}
+<div class="user-list user-list-center">
+{% for user in people.top_reviewers %}
+
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a> <div class="count">Reviews: {{ user.count }}</div></div>
+{% endfor %}
+
+</div>
+{% endif %}
+
+## Спонсоры
+
+Здесь представлены **Спонсоры**. 😎
+
+Спонсоры поддерживают мою работу над **FastAPI** (и другими проектами) главным образом через <a href="https://github.com/sponsors/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Sponsors</a>.
+
+{% if sponsors %}
+
+{% if sponsors.gold %}
+
+### Золотые спонсоры
+
+{% for sponsor in sponsors.gold -%}
+<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+{% if sponsors.silver %}
+
+### Серебрянные спонсоры
+
+{% for sponsor in sponsors.silver -%}
+<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+{% if sponsors.bronze %}
+
+### Бронзовые спонсоры
+
+{% for sponsor in sponsors.bronze -%}
+<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+{% endif %}
+
+### Индивидуальные спонсоры
+
+{% if github_sponsors %}
+{% for group in github_sponsors.sponsors %}
+
+<div class="user-list user-list-center">
+
+{% for user in group %}
+{% if user.login not in sponsors_badge.logins %}
+
+<div class="user"><a href="{{ user.url }}" target="_blank"><div class="avatar-wrapper"><img src="{{ user.avatarUrl }}"/></div><div class="title">@{{ user.login }}</div></a></div>
+
+{% endif %}
+{% endfor %}
+
+</div>
+
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+## О данных - технические детали
+
+Основная цель этой страницы - подчеркнуть усилия сообщества по оказанию помощи другим.
+
+Особенно это касается усилий, которые обычно менее заметны и во многих случаях более трудоемки, таких как помощь другим в решении проблем и проверка пул-реквестов с переводами.
+
+Данные рейтинги подсчитываются каждый месяц, ознакомиться с тем, как это работает можно <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/master/.github/actions/people/app/main.py" class="external-link" target="_blank">тут</a>.
+
+Кроме того, я также подчеркиваю вклад спонсоров.
+
+И я оставляю за собой право обновлять алгоритмы подсчёта, виды рейтингов, пороговые значения и т.д. (так, на всякий случай 🤷).

docs/ru/docs/help-fastapi.md

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# Помочь FastAPI - Получить помощь
+
+Нравится ли Вам **FastAPI**?
+
+Хотели бы Вы помочь FastAPI, его пользователям и автору?
+
+Может быть у Вас возникли трудности с **FastAPI** и Вам нужна помощь?
+
+Есть несколько очень простых способов оказания помощи (иногда достаточно всего лишь одного или двух кликов).
+
+И также есть несколько способов получить помощь.
+
+## Подписаться на новостную рассылку
+
+Вы можете подписаться на редкую [новостную рассылку **FastAPI и его друзья**](/newsletter/){.internal-link target=_blank} и быть в курсе о:
+
+* Новостях о FastAPI и его друзьях 🚀
+* Руководствах 📝
+* Возможностях ✨
+* Исправлениях 🚨
+* Подсказках и хитростях ✅
+
+## Подписаться на FastAPI в Twitter
+
+<a href="https://twitter.com/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">Подписаться на @fastapi в **Twitter**</a> для получения наисвежайших новостей о **FastAPI**. 🐦
+
+## Добавить **FastAPI** звезду на GitHub
+
+Вы можете добавить FastAPI "звезду" на GitHub (кликнуть на кнопку звезды в верхнем правом углу экрана): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>. ⭐️
+
+Чем больше звёзд, тем легче другим пользователям найти нас и увидеть, что проект уже стал полезным для многих.
+
+## Отслеживать свежие выпуски в репозитории на GitHub
+
+Вы можете "отслеживать" FastAPI на GitHub (кликните по кнопке "watch" наверху справа): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>. 👀
+
+Там же Вы можете указать в настройках - "Releases only".
+
+С такой настройкой Вы будете получать уведомления на вашу электронную почту каждый раз, когда появится новый релиз (новая версия) **FastAPI** с исправлениями ошибок и новыми возможностями.
+
+## Связаться с автором
+
+Можно связаться со <a href="https://tiangolo.com" class="external-link" target="_blank">мной (Себястьян Рамирез / `tiangolo`)</a>, автором FastAPI.
+
+Вы можете:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Подписаться на меня на **GitHub**</a>.
+    * Посмотреть другие мои проекты с открытым кодом, которые могут быть полезны Вам.
+    * Подписавшись на меня Вы сможете получать уведомления, что я создал новый проект с открытым кодом,.
+* <a href="https://twitter.com/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Подписаться на меня в **Twitter**</a> или в <a href="https://fosstodon.org/@tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">Mastodon</a>.
+    * Поделиться со мной, как Вы используете FastAPI (я обожаю читать про это).
+    * Получать уведомления, когда я делаю объявления и представляю новые инструменты.
+    * Вы также можете <a href="https://twitter.com/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">подписаться на @fastapi в Twitter</a> (это отдельный аккаунт).
+* <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiangolo/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Подписаться на меня в **Linkedin**</a>.
+    * Получать уведомления, когда я делаю объявления и представляю новые инструменты (правда чаще всего я использую Twitter 🤷‍♂).
+* Читать, что я пишу (или подписаться на меня) в <a href="https://dev.to/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Dev.to**</a> или в <a href="https://medium.com/@tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Medium**</a>.
+    * Читать другие идеи, статьи и читать об инструментах созданных мной.
+    * Подпишитесь на меня, чтобы прочитать, когда я опубликую что-нибудь новое.
+
+## Оставить сообщение в Twitter о **FastAPI**
+
+<a href="https://twitter.com/compose/tweet?text=I'm loving @fastapi because... https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">Оставьте сообщение в Twitter о **FastAPI**</a> и позвольте мне и другим узнать - почему он Вам нравится. 🎉
+
+Я люблю узнавать о том, как **FastAPI** используется, что Вам понравилось в нём, в каких проектах/компаниях Вы используете его и т.п.
+
+## Оставить голос за FastAPI
+
+* <a href="https://www.slant.co/options/34241/~fastapi-review" class="external-link" target="_blank">Голосуйте за **FastAPI** в Slant</a>.
+* <a href="https://alternativeto.net/software/fastapi/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Голосуйте за **FastAPI** в AlternativeTo</a>.
+* <a href="https://stackshare.io/pypi-fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">Расскажите, как Вы используете **FastAPI** на StackShare</a>.
+
+## Помочь другим с их проблемами на GitHub
+
+Вы можете посмотреть, какие <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues" class="external-link" target="_blank">проблемы</a> испытывают другие люди и попытаться помочь им. Чаще всего это вопросы, на которые, весьма вероятно, Вы уже знаете ответ. 🤓
+
+Если Вы будете много помогать людям с решением их проблем, Вы можете стать официальным [Экспертом FastAPI](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}. 🎉
+
+Только помните, самое важное при этом - доброта. Столкнувшись с проблемой, люди расстраиваются и часто задают вопросы не лучшим образом, но постарайтесь быть максимально доброжелательным. 🤗
+
+Идея сообщества **FastAPI** в том, чтобы быть добродушным и гостеприимными. Не допускайте издевательств или неуважительного поведения по отношению к другим. Мы должны заботиться друг о друге.
+
+---
+
+Как помочь другим с их проблемами:
+
+### Понять вопрос
+
+* Удостоверьтесь, что поняли **цель** и обстоятельства случая вопрошающего.
+
+* Затем проверьте, что вопрос (в подавляющем большинстве - это вопросы) Вам **ясен**.
+
+* Во многих случаях вопрос касается решения, которое пользователь придумал сам, но может быть и решение **получше**. Если Вы поймёте проблему и обстоятельства случая, то сможете предложить **альтернативное решение**.
+
+* Ежели вопрос Вам непонятен, запросите больше **деталей**.
+
+### Воспроизвести проблему
+
+В большинстве случаев есть что-то связанное с **исходным кодом** вопрошающего.
+
+И во многих случаях будет предоставлен только фрагмент этого кода, которого недостаточно для **воспроизведения проблемы**.
+
+* Попросите предоставить <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example" class="external-link" target="_blank">минимальный воспроизводимый пример</a>, который можно **скопировать** и запустить локально дабы увидеть такую же ошибку, или поведение, или лучше понять обстоятельства случая.
+
+* Если на Вас нахлынуло великодушие, то можете попытаться **создать похожий пример** самостоятельно, основываясь только на описании проблемы. Но имейте в виду, что это может занять много времени и, возможно, стоит сначала позадавать вопросы для прояснения проблемы.
+
+### Предложить решение
+
+* После того как Вы поняли вопрос, Вы можете дать **ответ**.
+
+* Следует понять **основную проблему и обстоятельства случая**, потому что может быть решение лучше, чем то, которое пытались реализовать.
+
+### Попросить закрыть проблему
+
+Если Вам ответили, высоки шансы, что Вам удалось решить проблему, поздравляю, **Вы - герой**! 🦸
+
+* В таком случае, если вопрос решён, попросите **закрыть проблему**.
+
+## Отслеживать репозиторий на GitHub
+
+Вы можете "отслеживать" FastAPI на GitHub (кликните по кнопке "watch" наверху справа): <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi</a>. 👀
+
+Если Вы выберете "Watching" вместо "Releases only", то будете получать уведомления когда кто-либо попросит о помощи с решением его проблемы.
+
+Тогда Вы можете попробовать решить эту проблему.
+
+## Запросить помощь с решением проблемы
+
+Вы можете <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" class="external-link" target="_blank">создать новый запрос с просьбой о помощи</a> в репозитории на GitHub, например:
+
+* Задать **вопрос** или попросить помощи в решении **проблемы**.
+* Предложить новое **улучшение**.
+
+**Заметка**: Если Вы создаёте подобные запросы, то я попрошу Вас также оказывать аналогичную помощь другим. 😉
+
+## Проверять пул-реквесты
+
+Вы можете помочь мне проверять пул-реквесты других участников.
+
+И повторюсь, постарайтесь быть доброжелательным. 🤗
+
+---
+
+О том, что нужно иметь в виду при проверке пул-реквестов:
+
+### Понять проблему
+
+* Во-первых, убедитесь, что **поняли проблему**, которую пул-реквест пытается решить. Для этого может потребоваться продолжительное обсуждение.
+
+* Также есть вероятность, что пул-реквест не актуален, так как проблему можно решить **другим путём**. В таком случае Вы можете указать на этот факт.
+
+### Не переживайте о стиле
+
+* Не стоит слишком беспокоиться о таких вещах, как стиль сообщений в коммитах или количество коммитов. При слиянии пул-реквеста с основной веткой, я буду сжимать и настраивать всё вручную.
+
+* Также не беспокойтесь о правилах стиля, для проверки сего есть автоматизированные инструменты.
+
+И если всё же потребуется какой-то другой стиль, я попрошу Вас об этом напрямую или добавлю сам коммиты с необходимыми изменениями.
+
+### Проверить код
+
+* Проверьте и прочитайте код, посмотрите, какой он имеет смысл, **запустите его локально** и посмотрите, действительно ли он решает поставленную задачу.
+
+* Затем, используя **комментарий**, сообщите, что Вы сделали проверку, тогда я буду знать, что Вы действительно проверили код.
+
+!!! Информация
+    К сожалению, я не могу так просто доверять пул-реквестам, у которых уже есть несколько одобрений.
+
+    Бывали случаи, что пул-реквесты имели 3, 5 или больше одобрений, вероятно из-за привлекательного описания, но когда я проверял эти пул-реквесты, они оказывались сломаны, содержали ошибки или вовсе не решали проблему, которую, как они утверждали, должны были решить. 😅
+
+    Потому это действительно важно - проверять и запускать код, и комментарием уведомлять меня, что Вы проделали эти действия. 🤓
+
+* Если Вы считаете, что пул-реквест можно упростить, то можете попросить об этом, но не нужно быть слишком придирчивым, может быть много субъективных точек зрения (и у меня тоже будет своя 🙈), поэтому будет лучше, если Вы сосредоточитесь на фундаментальных вещах.
+
+### Тестировать
+
+* Помогите мне проверить, что у пул-реквеста есть **тесты**.
+
+* Проверьте, что тесты **падали** до пул-реквеста. 🚨
+
+* Затем проверьте, что  тесты **не валятся** после пул-реквеста. ✅
+
+* Многие пул-реквесты не имеют тестов, Вы можете **напомнить** о необходимости добавления тестов или даже **предложить** какие-либо свои тесты. Это одна из тех вещей, которые отнимают много времени и Вы можете помочь с этим.
+
+* Затем добавьте комментарий, что Вы испробовали в ходе проверки. Таким образом я буду знать, как Вы произвели проверку. 🤓
+
+## Создать пул-реквест
+
+Вы можете [сделать вклад](contributing.md){.internal-link target=_blank} в код фреймворка используя пул-реквесты, например:
+
+* Исправить опечатку, которую Вы нашли в документации.
+* Поделиться статьёй, видео или подкастом о FastAPI, которые Вы создали или нашли  <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/edit/master/docs/en/data/external_links.yml" class="external-link" target="_blank">изменив этот файл</a>.
+    * Убедитесь, что Вы добавили свою ссылку в начало соответствующего раздела.
+* Помочь с [переводом документации](contributing.md#translations){.internal-link target=_blank} на Ваш язык.
+    * Вы также можете проверять переводы сделанные другими.
+* Предложить новые разделы документации.
+* Исправить существующуе проблемы/баги.
+    * Убедитесь, что добавили тесты.
+* Добавить новую возможность.
+    * Убедитесь, что добавили тесты.
+    * Убедитесь, что добавили документацию, если она необходима.
+
+## Помочь поддерживать FastAPI
+
+Помогите мне поддерживать **FastAPI**! 🤓
+
+Предстоит ещё много работы и, по большей части, **ВЫ** можете её сделать.
+
+Основные задачи, которые Вы можете выполнить прямо сейчас:
+
+* [Помочь другим с их проблемами на GitHub](#help-others-with-issues-in-github){.internal-link target=_blank} (смотрите вышестоящую секцию).
+* [Проверить пул-реквесты](#review-pull-requests){.internal-link target=_blank} (смотрите вышестоящую секцию).
+
+Эти две задачи **отнимают больше всего времени**. Это основная работа по поддержке FastAPI.
+
+Если Вы можете помочь мне с этим, **Вы помогаете поддерживать FastAPI**  и следить за тем, чтобы он продолжал **развиваться быстрее и лучше**. 🚀
+
+## Подключиться к чату
+
+Подключайтесь к  👥 <a href="https://discord.gg/VQjSZaeJmf" class="external-link" target="_blank"> чату в Discord</a> 👥 и общайтесь с другими участниками сообщества FastAPI.
+
+!!! Подсказка
+    Вопросы по проблемам с фреймворком лучше задавать в <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/issues/new/choose" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub issues</a>, так больше шансов, что Вы получите помощь от [Экспертов FastAPI](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}.
+
+    Используйте этот чат только для бесед на отвлечённые темы.
+
+Существует также <a href="https://gitter.im/tiangolo/fastapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">чат в Gitter</a>, но поскольку в нем нет каналов и расширенных функций, общение в нём сложнее, потому рекомендуемой системой является Discord.
+
+### Не использовать чаты для вопросов
+
+Имейте в виду, что чаты позволяют больше "свободного общения", потому там легко задавать вопросы, которые слишком общие и на которые труднее ответить, так что Вы можете не получить нужные Вам ответы.
+
+В разделе "проблемы" на GitHub, есть шаблон, который поможет Вам написать вопрос правильно, чтобы Вам было легче получить хороший ответ или даже решить проблему самостоятельно, прежде чем Вы зададите вопрос. В GitHub я могу быть уверен, что всегда отвечаю на всё, даже если это займет какое-то время. И я не могу сделать то же самое в чатах. 😅
+
+Кроме того, общение в чатах не так легкодоступно для поиска, как в GitHub, потому вопросы и ответы могут потеряться среди другого общения. И только проблемы решаемые на GitHub учитываются в получении лычки [Эксперт FastAPI](fastapi-people.md#experts){.internal-link target=_blank}, так что весьма вероятно, что Вы получите больше внимания на GitHub.
+
+С другой стороны, в чатах тысячи пользователей, а значит есть большие шансы в любое время найти там кого-то, с кем можно поговорить. 😄
+
+## Спонсировать автора
+
+Вы также можете оказать мне финансовую поддержку посредством <a href="https://github.com/sponsors/tiangolo" class="external-link" target="_blank">спонсорства через GitHub</a>.
+
+Там можно просто купить мне кофе ☕️ в знак благодарности. 😄
+
+А ещё Вы можете стать Серебряным или Золотым спонсором для FastAPI. 🏅🎉
+
+## Спонсировать инструменты, на которых зиждется мощь FastAPI
+
+Как Вы могли заметить в документации, FastAPI опирается на плечи титанов: Starlette и Pydantic.
+
+Им тоже можно оказать спонсорскую поддержку:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/sponsors/samuelcolvin" class="external-link" target="_blank">Samuel Colvin (Pydantic)</a>
+* <a href="https://github.com/sponsors/encode" class="external-link" target="_blank">Encode (Starlette, Uvicorn)</a>
+
+---
+
+Благодарствую! 🚀

docs/ru/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Body - Поля
+
+Таким же способом, как вы объявляете дополнительную валидацию и метаданные в параметрах *функции обработки пути* с помощью функций `Query`, `Path` и `Body`, вы можете объявлять валидацию и метаданные внутри Pydantic моделей, используя функцию `Field` из Pydantic.
+
+## Импорт `Field`
+
+Сначала вы должны импортировать его:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="4"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="2"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_fields/tutorial001_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+!!! warning "Внимание"
+    Обратите внимание, что функция `Field` импортируется непосредственно из `pydantic`, а не из `fastapi`, как все остальные функции (`Query`, `Path`, `Body` и т.д.).
+
+## Объявление атрибутов модели
+
+Вы можете использовать функцию `Field` с атрибутами модели:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="11-14"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_fields/tutorial001.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="9-12"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_fields/tutorial001_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+Функция `Field` работает так же, как `Query`, `Path` и `Body`, у ее такие же параметры и т.д.
+
+!!! note "Технические детали"
+    На самом деле, `Query`, `Path` и другие функции, которые вы увидите в дальнейшем, создают объекты подклассов общего класса `Param`, который сам по себе является подклассом `FieldInfo` из Pydantic.
+
+    И `Field` (из Pydantic), и `Body`, оба возвращают объекты подкласса `FieldInfo`.
+
+    У класса `Body` есть и другие подклассы, с которыми вы ознакомитесь позже.
+
+    Помните, что когда вы импортируете `Query`, `Path` и другое из `fastapi`, это фактически функции, которые возвращают специальные классы.
+
+!!! tip "Подсказка"
+    Обратите внимание, что каждый атрибут модели с типом, значением по умолчанию и `Field` имеет ту же структуру, что и параметр *функции обработки пути* с `Field` вместо `Path`, `Query` и `Body`.
+
+## Добавление дополнительной информации
+
+Вы можете объявлять дополнительную информацию в `Field`, `Query`, `Body` и т.п. Она будет включена в сгенерированную JSON схему.
+
+Вы узнаете больше о добавлении дополнительной информации позже в документации, когда будете изучать, как задавать примеры принимаемых данных.
+
+
+!!! warning "Внимание"
+    Дополнительные ключи, переданные в функцию `Field`, также будут присутствовать в сгенерированной OpenAPI схеме вашего приложения.
+    Поскольку эти ключи не являются обязательной частью спецификации OpenAPI, некоторые инструменты OpenAPI, например, [валидатор OpenAPI](https://validator.swagger.io/), могут не работать с вашей сгенерированной схемой.
+
+## Резюме
+
+Вы можете использовать функцию `Field` из Pydantic, чтобы задавать дополнительную валидацию и метаданные для атрибутов модели.
+
+Вы также можете использовать дополнительные ключевые аргументы, чтобы добавить метаданные JSON схемы.

docs/ru/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Параметры Cookie
+
+Вы можете задать параметры Cookie таким же способом, как `Query` и `Path` параметры.
+
+## Импорт `Cookie`
+
+Сначала импортируйте `Cookie`:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="3"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/cookie_params/tutorial001.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="1"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/cookie_params/tutorial001_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+## Объявление параметров `Cookie`
+
+Затем объявляйте параметры cookie, используя ту же структуру, что и с `Path` и `Query`.
+
+Первое значение - это значение по умолчанию, вы можете передать все дополнительные параметры проверки или аннотации:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="9"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/cookie_params/tutorial001.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 и выше"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="7"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/cookie_params/tutorial001_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+!!! note "Технические детали"
+    `Cookie` - это класс, родственный `Path` и `Query`. Он также наследуется от общего класса `Param`.
+
+    Но помните, что когда вы импортируете `Query`, `Path`, `Cookie` и другое из `fastapi`, это фактически функции, которые возвращают специальные классы.
+
+!!! info "Дополнительная информация"
+    Для объявления cookies, вам нужно использовать `Cookie`, иначе параметры будут интерпретированы как параметры запроса.
+
+## Резюме
+
+Объявляйте cookies с помощью `Cookie`, используя тот же общий шаблон, что и `Query`, и `Path`.

docs/ru/mkdocs.yml

@@ -62,12 +62,15 @@ nav:
 - fastapi-people.md
 - python-types.md
 - Учебник - руководство пользователя:
+  - tutorial/body-fields.md
   - tutorial/background-tasks.md
+  - tutorial/cookie-params.md
 - async.md
 - Развёртывание:
   - deployment/index.md
   - deployment/versions.md
 - external-links.md
+- contributing.md
 markdown_extensions:
 - toc:
     permalink: true

docs/tr/docs/tutorial/first_steps.md

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+# İlk Adımlar
+
+En basit FastAPI dosyası şu şekildedir:
+
+```Python
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+Bunu bir `main.py` dosyasına kopyalayın.
+
+Projeyi çalıştırın:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ uvicorn main:app --reload
+
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Started reloader process [28720]
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Started server process [28722]
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Waiting for application startup.
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Application startup complete.
+```
+
+</div>
+
+!!! note
+    `uvicorn main:app` komutu şunu ifade eder:
+
+    * `main`: `main.py` dosyası (the Python "module").
+    * `app`: `main.py` dosyası içerisinde `app = FastAPI()` satırıyla oluşturulan nesne.
+    * `--reload`: Kod değişikliği sonrasında sunucunun yeniden başlatılmasını sağlar. Yalnızca geliştirme için kullanın.
+
+Çıktıda şu şekilde bir satır vardır:
+
+```hl_lines="4"
+INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+```
+
+Bu satır, yerel makinenizde uygulamanızın sunulduğu URL'yi gösterir.
+
+### Kontrol Et
+
+Tarayıcınızda <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a> adresini açın.
+
+Bir JSON yanıtı göreceksiniz:
+
+```JSON
+{"message": "Hello World"}
+```
+
+### İnteraktif API dokümantasyonu
+
+<a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a> adresine gidin.
+
+Otomatik oluşturulmuş( <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a> tarafından sağlanan) interaktif bir API dokümanı göreceksiniz:
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
+
+### Alternatif API dokümantasyonu
+
+Şimdi, <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a> adresine gidin.
+
+Otomatik oluşturulmuş(<a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a> tarafından sağlanan) bir API dokümanı göreceksiniz:
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
+
+### OpenAPI
+
+**FastAPI**, **OpenAPI** standardını kullanarak tüm API'lerinizi açıklayan bir "şema" oluşturur.
+
+#### "Şema"
+
+Bir "şema", bir şeyin tanımı veya açıklamasıdır. Soyut bir açıklamadır, uygulayan kod değildir.
+
+#### API "şemaları"
+
+Bu durumda, <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a>, API şemasını nasıl tanımlayacağınızı belirten şartnamelerdir.
+
+Bu şema tanımı, API yollarınızı, aldıkları olası parametreleri vb. içerir.
+
+#### Data "şema"
+
+"Şema" terimi, JSON içeriği gibi bazı verilerin şeklini de ifade edebilir.
+
+Bu durumda, JSON öznitelikleri ve sahip oldukları veri türleri vb. anlamına gelir.
+
+#### OpenAPI and JSON Şema
+
+OpenAPI, API'niz için bir API şeması tanımlar. Ve bu şema, JSON veri şemaları standardı olan **JSON Şema** kullanılarak API'niz tarafından gönderilen ve alınan verilerin tanımlarını (veya "şemalarını") içerir.
+
+#### `openapi.json` kontrol et
+
+OpenAPI şemasının nasıl göründüğünü merak ediyorsanız, FastAPI otomatik olarak tüm API'nizin açıklamalarını içeren bir JSON (şema) oluşturur.
+
+Doğrudan şu adreste görebilirsiniz: <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/openapi.json" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/openapi.json</a>.
+
+Aşağıdaki gibi bir şeyle başlayan bir JSON gösterecektir:
+
+```JSON
+{
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {
+        "title": "FastAPI",
+        "version": "0.1.0"
+    },
+    "paths": {
+        "/items/": {
+            "get": {
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+
+
+
+...
+```
+
+#### OpenAPI ne içindir?
+
+OpenAPI şeması, dahili olarak bulunan iki etkileşimli dokümantasyon sistemine güç veren şeydir.
+
+Ve tamamen OpenAPI'ye dayalı düzinelerce alternatif vardır. **FastAPI** ile oluşturulmuş uygulamanıza bu alternatiflerden herhangi birini kolayca ekleyebilirsiniz.
+
+API'nizle iletişim kuran istemciler için otomatik olarak kod oluşturmak için de kullanabilirsiniz. Örneğin, frontend, mobil veya IoT uygulamaları.
+
+## Adım adım özet
+
+### Adım 1: `FastAPI`yi içe aktarın
+
+```Python hl_lines="1"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`FastAPI`, API'niz için tüm fonksiyonları sağlayan bir Python sınıfıdır.
+
+!!! note "Teknik Detaylar"
+    `FastAPI` doğrudan `Starlette` kalıtım alan bir sınıftır.
+
+    Tüm <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> fonksiyonlarını `FastAPI` ile de kullanabilirsiniz.
+
+### Adım 2: Bir `FastAPI` örneği oluşturun
+
+```Python hl_lines="3"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+Burada `app` değişkeni `FastAPI` sınıfının bir örneği olacaktır.
+
+Bu tüm API'yi oluşturmak için ana etkileşim noktası olacaktır.
+
+`uvicorn` komutunda atıfta bulunulan `app` ile aynıdır.
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ uvicorn main:app --reload
+
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+```
+
+</div>
+
+Uygulamanızı aşağıdaki gibi oluşturursanız:
+
+```Python hl_lines="3"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial002.py!}
+```
+
+Ve bunu `main.py` dosyasına koyduktan sonra `uvicorn` komutunu şu şekilde çağırabilirsiniz:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ uvicorn main:my_awesome_api --reload
+
+<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+```
+
+</div>
+
+### Adım 3: *Path işlemleri* oluşturmak
+
+#### Path
+
+Burada "Path" URL'de ilk "\" ile başlayan son bölümü ifade eder.
+
+Yani, şu şekilde bir URL'de:
+
+```
+https://example.com/items/foo
+```
+
+... path şöyle olabilir:
+
+```
+/items/foo
+```
+
+!!! info
+    Genellikle bir "path", "endpoint" veya "route" olarak adlandırılabilir.
+
+Bir API oluştururken, "path", "resource" ile "concern" ayırmanın ana yoludur.
+
+#### İşlemler
+
+Burada "işlem" HTTP methodlarından birini ifade eder.
+
+Onlardan biri:
+
+* `POST`
+* `GET`
+* `PUT`
+* `DELETE`
+
+... ve daha egzotik olanları:
+
+* `OPTIONS`
+* `HEAD`
+* `PATCH`
+* `TRACE`
+
+HTTP protokolünde, bu "methodlardan" birini (veya daha fazlasını) kullanarak her path ile iletişim kurabilirsiniz.
+
+---
+
+API'lerinizi oluştururkan, belirli bir işlemi gerçekleştirirken belirli HTTP methodlarını kullanırsınız.
+
+Normalde kullanılan:
+
+* `POST`: veri oluşturmak.
+* `GET`: veri okumak.
+* `PUT`: veriyi güncellemek.
+* `DELETE`: veriyi silmek.
+
+Bu nedenle, OpenAPI'de HTTP methodlarından her birine "işlem" denir.
+
+Bizde onlara "**işlemler**" diyeceğiz.
+
+#### Bir *Path işlem decoratorleri* tanımlanmak
+
+```Python hl_lines="6"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+`@app.get("/")` **FastAPI'ye** aşağıdaki fonksiyonun adresine giden istekleri işlemekten sorumlu olduğunu söyler:
+
+* path `/`
+* <abbr title="an HTTP GET method"><code>get</code> işlemi</abbr> kullanılarak
+
+
+!!! info "`@decorator` Bilgisi"
+    Python `@something` şeklinde ifadeleri "decorator" olarak adlandırır.
+
+    Decoratoru bir fonksiyonun üzerine koyarsınız. Dekoratif bir şapka gibi (Sanırım terim buradan gelmektedir).
+
+    Bir "decorator" fonksiyonu alır ve bazı işlemler gerçekleştir.
+
+    Bizim durumumzda decarator **FastAPI'ye** fonksiyonun bir `get` işlemi ile `/` pathine geldiğini söyler.
+
+    Bu **path işlem decoratordür**
+
+Ayrıca diğer işlemleri de kullanabilirsiniz:
+
+* `@app.post()`
+* `@app.put()`
+* `@app.delete()`
+
+Ve daha egzotik olanları:
+
+* `@app.options()`
+* `@app.head()`
+* `@app.patch()`
+* `@app.trace()`
+
+!!! tip
+    Her işlemi (HTTP method) istediğiniz gibi kullanmakta özgürsünüz.
+
+    **FastAPI** herhangi bir özel anlamı zorlamaz.
+
+    Buradaki bilgiler bir gereklilik değil, bir kılavuz olarak sunulmaktadır.
+
+    Örneğin, GraphQL kullanırkan normalde tüm işlemleri yalnızca `POST` işlemini kullanarak gerçekleştirirsiniz.
+
+### Adım 4: **path işlem fonksiyonunu** tanımlayın
+
+Aşağıdakiler bizim **path işlem fonksiyonlarımızdır**:
+
+* **path**: `/`
+* **işlem**: `get`
+* **function**: "decorator"ün altındaki fonksiyondur (`@app.get("/")` altında).
+
+```Python hl_lines="7"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+Bu bir Python fonksiyonudur.
+
+Bir `GET` işlemi kullanarak "`/`" URL'sine bir istek geldiğinde **FastAPI** tarafından çağrılır.
+
+Bu durumda bir `async` fonksiyonudur.
+
+---
+
+Bunu `async def` yerine normal bir fonksiyon olarakta tanımlayabilirsiniz.
+
+```Python hl_lines="7"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial003.py!}
+```
+
+!!! note
+
+    Eğer farkı bilmiyorsanız, [Async: *"Acelesi var?"*](../async.md#in-a-hurry){.internal-link target=_blank} kontrol edebilirsiniz.
+
+### Adım 5: İçeriği geri döndürün
+
+
+```Python hl_lines="8"
+{!../../../docs_src/first_steps/tutorial001.py!}
+```
+
+Bir `dict`, `list` döndürebilir veya `str`, `int` gibi tekil değerler döndürebilirsiniz.
+
+Ayrıca, Pydantic modellerini de döndürebilirsiniz. (Bununla ilgili daha sonra ayrıntılı bilgi göreceksiniz.)
+
+Otomatik olarak JSON'a dönüştürülecek(ORM'ler vb. dahil) başka birçok nesne ve model vardır. En beğendiklerinizi kullanmayı deneyin, yüksek ihtimalle destekleniyordur.
+
+## Özet
+
+* `FastAPI`'yi içe aktarın.
+* Bir `app` örneği oluşturun.
+* **path işlem decorator** yazın. (`@app.get("/")` gibi)
+* **path işlem fonksiyonu** yazın. (`def root(): ...` gibi)
+* Development sunucunuzu çalıştırın. (`uvicorn main:app --reload` gibi)

docs/tr/mkdocs.yml

@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ nav:
 - features.md
 - fastapi-people.md
 - python-types.md
+- Tutorial - User Guide:
+  - tutorial/first-steps.md
 markdown_extensions:
 - toc:
     permalink: true

docs/zh/docs/benchmarks.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # 基准测试
 
-第三方机构 TechEmpower 的基准测试表明在 Uvicorn 下运行的 **FastAPI** 应用程序是 <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">可用的最快的 Python 框架之一</a>，仅次与 Starlette 和 Uvicorn 本身 (由 FastAPI 内部使用）。(*)
+第三方机构 TechEmpower 的基准测试表明在 Uvicorn 下运行的 **FastAPI** 应用程序是 <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">可用的最快的 Python 框架之一</a>，仅次于 Starlette 和 Uvicorn 本身 (由 FastAPI 内部使用）。(*)
 
 但是在查看基准得分和对比时，请注意以下几点。
 

docs/zh/docs/index.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ FastAPI 是一个用于构建 API 的现代、快速（高性能）的 web 框
 
 关键特性:
 
-* **快速**：可与 **NodeJS** 和 **Go** 比肩的极高性能（归功于 Starlette 和 Pydantic）。[最快的 Python web 框架之一](#_11)。
+* **快速**：可与 **NodeJS** 和 **Go** 并肩的极高性能（归功于 Starlette 和 Pydantic）。[最快的 Python web 框架之一](#_11)。
 
 * **高效编码**：提高功能开发速度约 200％ 至 300％。*
 * **更少 bug**：减少约 40％ 的人为（开发者）导致错误。*

docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ async def read_main():
     return {"msg": "Hello World"}
 
 
-@app.websocket_route("/ws")
+@app.websocket("/ws")
 async def websocket(websocket: WebSocket):
     await websocket.accept()
     await websocket.send_json({"msg": "Hello WebSocket"})

docs_src/response_model/tutorial001.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List, Union
+from typing import Any, List, Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -15,5 +15,13 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
 
 
 @app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
     return item
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=List[Item])
+async def read_items() -> Any:
+    return [
+        {"name": "Portal Gun", "price": 42.0},
+        {"name": "Plumbus", "price": 32.0},
+    ]

docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: Union[str, None] = None
+    price: float
+    tax: Union[float, None] = None
+    tags: List[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/")
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
+    return item
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items() -> List[Item]:
+    return [
+        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
+        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
+    ]

docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: str | None = None
+    price: float
+    tax: float | None = None
+    tags: list[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/")
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
+    return item
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items() -> list[Item]:
+    return [
+        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
+        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
+    ]

docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_01_py39.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    description: Union[str, None] = None
+    price: float
+    tax: Union[float, None] = None
+    tags: list[str] = []
+
+
+@app.post("/items/")
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
+    return item
+
+
+@app.get("/items/")
+async def read_items() -> list[Item]:
+    return [
+        Item(name="Portal Gun", price=42.0),
+        Item(name="Plumbus", price=32.0),
+    ]

docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Any
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -13,5 +15,13 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
 
 
 @app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
     return item
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=list[Item])
+async def read_items() -> Any:
+    return [
+        {"name": "Portal Gun", "price": 42.0},
+        {"name": "Plumbus", "price": 32.0},
+    ]

docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -15,5 +15,13 @@ class Item(BaseModel):
 
 
 @app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
-async def create_item(item: Item):
+async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
     return item
+
+
+@app.get("/items/", response_model=list[Item])
+async def read_items() -> Any:
+    return [
+        {"name": "Portal Gun", "price": 42.0},
+        {"name": "Plumbus", "price": 32.0},
+    ]

docs_src/response_model/tutorial002.py

@@ -14,6 +14,6 @@ class UserIn(BaseModel):
 
 
 # Don't do this in production!
-@app.post("/user/", response_model=UserIn)
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+@app.post("/user/")
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> UserIn:
     return user

docs_src/response_model/tutorial002_py310.py

@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ class UserIn(BaseModel):
 
 
 # Don't do this in production!
-@app.post("/user/", response_model=UserIn)
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+@app.post("/user/")
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> UserIn:
     return user

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Union
+from typing import Any, Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ class UserOut(BaseModel):
 
 
 @app.post("/user/", response_model=UserOut)
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> Any:
     return user

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class BaseUser(BaseModel):
+    username: str
+    email: EmailStr
+    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
+
+
+class UserIn(BaseUser):
+    password: str
+
+
+@app.post("/user/")
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> BaseUser:
+    return user

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_01_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class BaseUser(BaseModel):
+    username: str
+    email: EmailStr
+    full_name: str | None = None
+
+
+class UserIn(BaseUser):
+    password: str
+
+
+@app.post("/user/")
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> BaseUser:
+    return user

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_02.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse, RedirectResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/portal")
+async def get_portal(teleport: bool = False) -> Response:
+    if teleport:
+        return RedirectResponse(url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ")
+    return JSONResponse(content={"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."})

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_03.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/teleport")
+async def get_teleport() -> RedirectResponse:
+    return RedirectResponse(url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ")

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/portal")
+async def get_portal(teleport: bool = False) -> Union[Response, dict]:
+    if teleport:
+        return RedirectResponse(url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ")
+    return {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/portal")
+async def get_portal(teleport: bool = False) -> Response | dict:
+    if teleport:
+        return RedirectResponse(url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ")
+    return {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_05.py

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/portal", response_model=None)
+async def get_portal(teleport: bool = False) -> Union[Response, dict]:
+    if teleport:
+        return RedirectResponse(url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ")
+    return {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_05_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+from fastapi.responses import RedirectResponse
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/portal", response_model=None)
+async def get_portal(teleport: bool = False) -> Response | dict:
+    if teleport:
+        return RedirectResponse(url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ")
+    return {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}

docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_py310.py

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Any
+
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
 
@@ -18,5 +20,5 @@ class UserOut(BaseModel):
 
 
 @app.post("/user/", response_model=UserOut)
-async def create_user(user: UserIn):
+async def create_user(user: UserIn) -> Any:
     return user

fastapi/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
 
-__version__ = "0.87.0"
+__version__ = "0.91.0"
 
 from starlette import status as status
 

fastapi/applications.py

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from starlette.applications import Starlette
 from starlette.datastructures import State
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
 from starlette.middleware import Middleware
+from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
 from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
 from starlette.requests import Request
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         ),
         **extra: Any,
     ) -> None:
-        self._debug: bool = debug
+        self.debug = debug
         self.title = title
         self.description = description
         self.version = version
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self.user_middleware: List[Middleware] = (
             [] if middleware is None else list(middleware)
         )
-        self.middleware_stack: ASGIApp = self.build_middleware_stack()
+        self.middleware_stack: Union[ASGIApp, None] = None
         self.setup()
 
     def build_middleware_stack(self) -> ASGIApp:
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]],
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -490,7 +491,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -545,7 +546,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -600,7 +601,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -655,7 +656,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -710,7 +711,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -765,7 +766,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -820,7 +821,7 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
@@ -870,3 +871,35 @@ class FastAPI(Starlette):
             openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
             generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
         )
+
+    def websocket_route(
+        self, path: str, name: Union[str, None] = None
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.router.add_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def on_event(
+        self, event_type: str
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        return self.router.on_event(event_type)
+
+    def middleware(
+        self, middleware_type: str
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_middleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware, dispatch=func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def exception_handler(
+        self, exc_class_or_status_code: Union[int, Type[Exception]]
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_exception_handler(exc_class_or_status_code, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator

fastapi/dependencies/utils.py

@@ -105,10 +105,10 @@ def check_file_field(field: ModelField) -> None:
                 assert parse_options_header
             except ImportError:
                 logger.error(multipart_incorrect_install_error)
-                raise RuntimeError(multipart_incorrect_install_error)
+                raise RuntimeError(multipart_incorrect_install_error) from None
         except ImportError:
             logger.error(multipart_not_installed_error)
-            raise RuntimeError(multipart_not_installed_error)
+            raise RuntimeError(multipart_not_installed_error) from None
 
 
 def get_param_sub_dependant(
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def get_typed_signature(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> inspect.Signature:
             name=param.name,
             kind=param.kind,
             default=param.default,
-            annotation=get_typed_annotation(param, globalns),
+            annotation=get_typed_annotation(param.annotation, globalns),
         )
         for param in signature.parameters.values()
     ]
@@ -261,14 +261,24 @@ def get_typed_signature(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> inspect.Signature:
     return typed_signature
 
 
-def get_typed_annotation(param: inspect.Parameter, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
-    annotation = param.annotation
+def get_typed_annotation(annotation: Any, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
     if isinstance(annotation, str):
         annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
         annotation = evaluate_forwardref(annotation, globalns, globalns)
     return annotation
 
 
+def get_typed_return_annotation(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> Any:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    annotation = signature.return_annotation
+
+    if annotation is inspect.Signature.empty:
+        return None
+
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
+    return get_typed_annotation(annotation, globalns)
+
+
 def get_dependant(
     *,
     path: str,

fastapi/encoders.py

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def jsonable_encoder(
             data = vars(obj)
         except Exception as e:
             errors.append(e)
-            raise ValueError(errors)
+            raise ValueError(errors) from e
     return jsonable_encoder(
         data,
         include=include,

fastapi/routing.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
     get_body_field,
     get_dependant,
     get_parameterless_sub_dependant,
+    get_typed_return_annotation,
     solve_dependencies,
 )
 from fastapi.encoders import DictIntStrAny, SetIntStr, jsonable_encoder
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ from fastapi.utils import (
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pydantic.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper, ValidationError
 from pydantic.fields import ModelField, Undefined
+from pydantic.utils import lenient_issubclass
 from starlette import routing
 from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
 from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
@@ -323,7 +325,7 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -354,6 +356,12 @@ class APIRoute(routing.Route):
     ) -> None:
         self.path = path
         self.endpoint = endpoint
+        if isinstance(response_model, DefaultPlaceholder):
+            return_annotation = get_typed_return_annotation(endpoint)
+            if lenient_issubclass(return_annotation, Response):
+                response_model = None
+            else:
+                response_model = return_annotation
         self.response_model = response_model
         self.summary = summary
         self.response_description = response_description
@@ -514,12 +522,31 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self.default_response_class = default_response_class
         self.generate_unique_id_function = generate_unique_id_function
 
+    def route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                methods=methods,
+                name=name,
+                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
     def add_api_route(
         self,
         path: str,
         endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -600,7 +627,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -678,6 +705,15 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
 
         return decorator
 
+    def websocket_route(
+        self, path: str, name: Union[str, None] = None
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
     def include_router(
         self,
         router: "APIRouter",
@@ -795,7 +831,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -851,7 +887,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -907,7 +943,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -963,7 +999,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -1019,7 +1055,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -1075,7 +1111,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -1131,7 +1167,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -1187,7 +1223,7 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
         self,
         path: str,
         *,
-        response_model: Any = None,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
         status_code: Optional[int] = None,
         tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
         dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
@@ -1239,3 +1275,12 @@ class APIRouter(routing.Router):
             openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
             generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
         )
+
+    def on_event(
+        self, event_type: str
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_event_handler(event_type, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator

fastapi/utils.py

@@ -88,8 +88,14 @@ def create_response_field(
         return response_field(field_info=field_info)
     except RuntimeError:
         raise fastapi.exceptions.FastAPIError(
-            f"Invalid args for response field! Hint: check that {type_} is a valid pydantic field type"
-        )
+            "Invalid args for response field! Hint: "
+            f"check that {type_} is a valid Pydantic field type. "
+            "If you are using a return type annotation that is not a valid Pydantic "
+            "field (e.g. Union[Response, dict, None]) you can disable generating the "
+            "response model from the type annotation with the path operation decorator "
+            "parameter response_model=None. Read more: "
+            "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/"
+        ) from None
 
 
 def create_cloned_field(

pyproject.toml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ classifiers = [
     "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP",
 ]
 dependencies = [
-    "starlette==0.21.0",
+    "starlette>=0.24.0,<0.25.0",
     "pydantic >=1.6.2,!=1.7,!=1.7.1,!=1.7.2,!=1.7.3,!=1.8,!=1.8.1,<2.0.0",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]
@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ Documentation = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/"
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 test = [
     "pytest >=7.1.3,<8.0.0",
-    "coverage[toml] >= 6.5.0,<7.0",
+    "coverage[toml] >= 6.5.0,< 8.0",
     "mypy ==0.982",
-    "ruff ==0.0.114",
-    "black == 22.8.0",
+    "ruff ==0.0.138",
+    "black == 22.10.0",
     "isort >=5.0.6,<6.0.0",
     "httpx >=0.23.0,<0.24.0",
     "email_validator >=1.1.1,<2.0.0",
     # TODO: once removing databases from tutorial, upgrade SQLAlchemy
     # probably when including SQLModel
-    "sqlalchemy >=1.3.18,<=1.4.41",
+    "sqlalchemy >=1.3.18,<1.4.43",
     "peewee >=3.13.3,<4.0.0",
     "databases[sqlite] >=0.3.2,<0.7.0",
     "orjson >=3.2.1,<4.0.0",
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ test = [
     "passlib[bcrypt] >=1.7.2,<2.0.0",
 
     # types
-    "types-ujson ==5.5.0",
+    "types-ujson ==5.6.0.0",
     "types-orjson ==3.6.2",
 ]
 doc = [
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ doc = [
     "mkdocs-markdownextradata-plugin >=0.1.7,<0.3.0",
     # TODO: upgrade and enable typer-cli once it supports Click 8.x.x
     # "typer-cli >=0.0.12,<0.0.13",
-    "typer[all] >=0.6.1,<0.7.0",
+    "typer[all] >=0.6.1,<0.8.0",
     "pyyaml >=5.3.1,<7.0.0",
 ]
 dev = [
-    "ruff ==0.0.114",
-    "uvicorn[standard] >=0.12.0,<0.19.0",
+    "ruff ==0.0.138",
+    "uvicorn[standard] >=0.12.0,<0.21.0",
     "pre-commit >=2.17.0,<3.0.0",
 ]
 all = [
@@ -155,6 +155,10 @@ source = [
     "fastapi"
 ]
 context = '${CONTEXT}'
+omit = [
+    "docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04.py",
+    "docs_src/response_model/tutorial003_04_py310.py",
+]
 
 [tool.ruff]
 select = [
@@ -168,6 +172,7 @@ select = [
 ignore = [
     "E501",  # line too long, handled by black
     "B008",  # do not perform function calls in argument defaults
+    "C901",  # too complex
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.per-file-ignores]
@@ -178,7 +183,8 @@ ignore = [
 "docs_src/dependencies/tutorial010.py" = ["F821"]
 "docs_src/custom_response/tutorial007.py" = ["B007"]
 "docs_src/dataclasses/tutorial003.py" = ["I001"]
-
+"docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007.py" = ["B904"]
+"docs_src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial002.py" = ["B904"]
 
 [tool.ruff.isort]
 known-third-party = ["fastapi", "pydantic", "starlette"]

scripts/docs.py

@@ -284,7 +284,9 @@ def build_all():
             continue
         langs.append(lang.name)
     cpu_count = os.cpu_count() or 1
-    with Pool(cpu_count * 2) as p:
+    process_pool_size = cpu_count * 4
+    typer.echo(f"Using process pool size: {process_pool_size}")
+    with Pool(process_pool_size) as p:
         p.map(build_lang, langs)
 
 

scripts/zip-docs.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 set -x
 set -e
 
+cd ./site
+
 if [ -f docs.zip ]; then
     rm -rf docs.zip
 fi
-zip -r docs.zip ./site
+zip -r docs.zip ./

tests/test_reponse_set_reponse_code_empty.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 @app.delete(
     "/{id}",
     status_code=204,
+    response_model=None,
 )
 async def delete_deployment(
     id: int,

tests/test_route_scope.py

@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ def test_websocket():
 
 def test_websocket_invalid_path_doesnt_match():
     with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
-        with client.websocket_connect("/itemsx/portal-gun") as websocket:
-            websocket.receive_json()
+        with client.websocket_connect("/itemsx/portal-gun"):
+            pass

tests/test_starlette_urlconvertors.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from fastapi import FastAPI, Path
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Path, Query
 from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
 
 app = FastAPI()
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ def path_convertor(param: str = Path()):
     return {"path": param}
 
 
+@app.get("/query/")
+def query_convertor(param: str = Query()):
+    return {"query": param}
+
+
 client = TestClient(app)
 
 
@@ -45,6 +50,13 @@ def test_route_converters_path():
     assert response.json() == {"path": "some/example"}
 
 
+def test_route_converters_query():
+    # Test query conversion
+    response = client.get("/query", params={"param": "Qué tal!"})
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == {"query": "Qué tal!"}
+
+
 def test_url_path_for_path_convertor():
     assert (
         app.url_path_for("path_convertor", param="some/example") == "/path/some/example"

tests/test_tutorial/test_dataclasses/test_tutorial002.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def test_openapi_schema():
     response = client.get("/openapi.json")
     assert response.status_code == 200
     # TODO: remove this once Pydantic 1.9 is released
-    # Ref: https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic/pull/2557
+    # Ref: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/2557
     data = response.json()
     alternative_data1 = deepcopy(data)
     alternative_data2 = deepcopy(data)

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_01.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_01 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/user/": {
+            "post": {
+                "summary": "Create User",
+                "operationId": "create_user_user__post",
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserIn"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/BaseUser"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "BaseUser": {
+                "title": "BaseUser",
+                "required": ["username", "email"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "username": {"title": "Username", "type": "string"},
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string", "format": "email"},
+                    "full_name": {"title": "Full Name", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "UserIn": {
+                "title": "UserIn",
+                "required": ["username", "email", "password"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "username": {"title": "Username", "type": "string"},
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string", "format": "email"},
+                    "full_name": {"title": "Full Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "password": {"title": "Password", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_post_user():
+    response = client.post(
+        "/user/",
+        json={
+            "username": "foo",
+            "password": "fighter",
+            "email": "foo@example.com",
+            "full_name": "Grave Dohl",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "username": "foo",
+        "email": "foo@example.com",
+        "full_name": "Grave Dohl",
+    }

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_01_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from ...utils import needs_py310
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/user/": {
+            "post": {
+                "summary": "Create User",
+                "operationId": "create_user_user__post",
+                "requestBody": {
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/UserIn"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": True,
+                },
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/BaseUser"}
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "BaseUser": {
+                "title": "BaseUser",
+                "required": ["username", "email"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "username": {"title": "Username", "type": "string"},
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string", "format": "email"},
+                    "full_name": {"title": "Full Name", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "UserIn": {
+                "title": "UserIn",
+                "required": ["username", "email", "password"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "username": {"title": "Username", "type": "string"},
+                    "email": {"title": "Email", "type": "string", "format": "email"},
+                    "full_name": {"title": "Full Name", "type": "string"},
+                    "password": {"title": "Password", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(name="client")
+def get_client():
+    from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_01_py310 import app
+
+    client = TestClient(app)
+    return client
+
+
+@needs_py310
+def test_openapi_schema(client: TestClient):
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+@needs_py310
+def test_post_user(client: TestClient):
+    response = client.post(
+        "/user/",
+        json={
+            "username": "foo",
+            "password": "fighter",
+            "email": "foo@example.com",
+            "full_name": "Grave Dohl",
+        },
+    )
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == {
+        "username": "foo",
+        "email": "foo@example.com",
+        "full_name": "Grave Dohl",
+    }

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_02.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_02 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/portal": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Get Portal",
+                "operationId": "get_portal_portal_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {
+                            "title": "Teleport",
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "default": False,
+                        },
+                        "name": "teleport",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get_portal():
+    response = client.get("/portal")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}
+
+
+def test_get_redirect():
+    response = client.get("/portal", params={"teleport": True}, follow_redirects=False)
+    assert response.status_code == 307, response.text
+    assert response.headers["location"] == "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ"

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_03.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_03 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/teleport": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Get Teleport",
+                "operationId": "get_teleport_teleport_get",
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get_portal():
+    response = client.get("/teleport", follow_redirects=False)
+    assert response.status_code == 307, response.text
+    assert response.headers["location"] == "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ"

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_04.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi.exceptions import FastAPIError
+
+
+def test_invalid_response_model():
+    with pytest.raises(FastAPIError):
+        from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_04 import app
+
+        assert app  # pragma: no cover

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_04_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi.exceptions import FastAPIError
+
+from ...utils import needs_py310
+
+
+@needs_py310
+def test_invalid_response_model():
+    with pytest.raises(FastAPIError):
+        from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_04_py310 import app
+
+        assert app  # pragma: no cover

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_05.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_05 import app
+
+client = TestClient(app)
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/portal": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Get Portal",
+                "operationId": "get_portal_portal_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {
+                            "title": "Teleport",
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "default": False,
+                        },
+                        "name": "teleport",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+def test_openapi_schema():
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+def test_get_portal():
+    response = client.get("/portal")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}
+
+
+def test_get_redirect():
+    response = client.get("/portal", params={"teleport": True}, follow_redirects=False)
+    assert response.status_code == 307, response.text
+    assert response.headers["location"] == "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ"

tests/test_tutorial/test_response_model/test_tutorial003_05_py310.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import pytest
+from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
+
+from ...utils import needs_py310
+
+openapi_schema = {
+    "openapi": "3.0.2",
+    "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
+    "paths": {
+        "/portal": {
+            "get": {
+                "summary": "Get Portal",
+                "operationId": "get_portal_portal_get",
+                "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "required": False,
+                        "schema": {
+                            "title": "Teleport",
+                            "type": "boolean",
+                            "default": False,
+                        },
+                        "name": "teleport",
+                        "in": "query",
+                    }
+                ],
+                "responses": {
+                    "200": {
+                        "description": "Successful Response",
+                        "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
+                    },
+                    "422": {
+                        "description": "Validation Error",
+                        "content": {
+                            "application/json": {
+                                "schema": {
+                                    "$ref": "#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    "components": {
+        "schemas": {
+            "HTTPValidationError": {
+                "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "detail": {
+                        "title": "Detail",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+            "ValidationError": {
+                "title": "ValidationError",
+                "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "loc": {
+                        "title": "Location",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]},
+                    },
+                    "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+                    "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(name="client")
+def get_client():
+    from docs_src.response_model.tutorial003_05_py310 import app
+
+    client = TestClient(app)
+    return client
+
+
+@needs_py310
+def test_openapi_schema(client: TestClient):
+    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == openapi_schema
+
+
+@needs_py310
+def test_get_portal(client: TestClient):
+    response = client.get("/portal")
+    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+    assert response.json() == {"message": "Here's your interdimensional portal."}
+
+
+@needs_py310
+def test_get_redirect(client: TestClient):
+    response = client.get("/portal", params={"teleport": True}, follow_redirects=False)
+    assert response.status_code == 307, response.text
+    assert response.headers["location"] == "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ"