🔖 Release version 0.78.0

* 📝 Add docs recommending Union over Optional

* 📝 Update docs recommending Union over Optional

* 📝 Update source examples for docs, recommend Union over Optional

* 📝 Update highlighted lines with updated source examples

* 📝 Update highlighted lines in Markdown with recent code changes

* 📝 Update docs, use Union instead of Optional

* ♻️ Update source examples to recommend Union over Optional

* 🎨 Update highlighted code in Markdown after moving from Optional to Union

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ body:
         Thanks for your interest in FastAPI! 🚀
 
         Please follow these instructions, fill every question, and do every step. 🙏
-        
+
         I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub issues is what consumes most of the time.
-        
+
         I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling issues.
 
         All that, on top of all the incredible help provided by a bunch of community members, the [FastAPI Experts](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#experts), that give a lot of their time to come here and help others.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ body:
         That's a lot of work they are doing, but if more FastAPI users came to help others like them just a little bit more, it would be much less effort for them (and you and me 😅).
 
         By asking questions in a structured way (following this) it will be much easier to help you.
-        
+
         And there's a high chance that you will find the solution along the way and you won't even have to submit it and wait for an answer. 😎
 
         As there are too many issues with questions, I'll have to close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ body:
       label: Commit to Help
       description: |
         After submitting this, I commit to one of:
-          
+
           * Read open issues with questions until I find 2 issues where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
           * I already hit the "watch" button in this repository to receive notifications and I commit to help at least 2 people that ask questions in the future.
           * Implement a Pull Request for a confirmed bug.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.yml

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ body:
         Thanks for your interest in FastAPI! 🚀
 
         Please follow these instructions, fill every question, and do every step. 🙏
-        
+
         I'm asking this because answering questions and solving problems in GitHub issues is what consumes most of the time.
-        
+
         I end up not being able to add new features, fix bugs, review pull requests, etc. as fast as I wish because I have to spend too much time handling issues.
 
         All that, on top of all the incredible help provided by a bunch of community members, the [FastAPI Experts](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#experts), that give a lot of their time to come here and help others.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ body:
         That's a lot of work they are doing, but if more FastAPI users came to help others like them just a little bit more, it would be much less effort for them (and you and me 😅).
 
         By asking questions in a structured way (following this) it will be much easier to help you.
-        
+
         And there's a high chance that you will find the solution along the way and you won't even have to submit it and wait for an answer. 😎
 
         As there are too many issues with questions, I'll have to close the incomplete ones. That will allow me (and others) to focus on helping people like you that follow the whole process and help us help you. 🤓
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ body:
       label: Commit to Help
       description: |
         After submitting this, I commit to one of:
-          
+
           * Read open issues with questions until I find 2 issues where I can help someone and add a comment to help there.
           * I already hit the "watch" button in this repository to receive notifications and I commit to help at least 2 people that ask questions in the future.
           * Implement a Pull Request for a confirmed bug.

.github/actions/comment-docs-preview-in-pr/app/main.py

@@ -48,9 +48,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
             use_pr = pr
             break
     if not use_pr:
-        logging.error(
-            f"No PR found for hash: {event.workflow_run.head_commit.id}"
-        )
+        logging.error(f"No PR found for hash: {event.workflow_run.head_commit.id}")
         sys.exit(0)
     github_headers = {
         "Authorization": f"token {settings.input_token.get_secret_value()}"

.github/actions/notify-translations/app/main.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import logging
+import random
 import time
 from pathlib import Path
-import random
 from typing import Dict, Optional
 
 import yaml
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     )
     if pr.state == "open":
         logging.debug(f"PR is open: {pr.number}")
-        label_strs = set([label.name for label in pr.get_labels()])
+        label_strs = {label.name for label in pr.get_labels()}
         if lang_all_label in label_strs and awaiting_label in label_strs:
             logging.info(
                 f"This PR seems to be a language translation and awaiting reviews: {pr.number}"

.github/actions/notify-translations/app/translations.yml

@@ -13,3 +13,5 @@ pl: 3169
 de: 3716
 id: 3717
 az: 3994
+nl: 4701
+uz: 4883

.github/actions/people/app/main.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, BaseSettings, SecretStr
 github_graphql_url = "https://api.github.com/graphql"
 
 issues_query = """
-query Q($after: String) { 
+query Q($after: String) {
   repository(name: "fastapi", owner: "tiangolo") {
     issues(first: 100, after: $after) {
       edges {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ query Q($after: String) {
 """
 
 prs_query = """
-query Q($after: String) { 
+query Q($after: String) {
   repository(name: "fastapi", owner: "tiangolo") {
     pullRequests(first: 100, after: $after) {
       edges {
@@ -501,9 +501,16 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     github_sponsors_path = Path("./docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml")
     people_old_content = people_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     github_sponsors_old_content = github_sponsors_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    new_people_content = yaml.dump(people, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True)
-    new_github_sponsors_content = yaml.dump(github_sponsors, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True)
-    if people_old_content == new_people_content and github_sponsors_old_content == new_github_sponsors_content:
+    new_people_content = yaml.dump(
+        people, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True
+    )
+    new_github_sponsors_content = yaml.dump(
+        github_sponsors, sort_keys=False, width=200, allow_unicode=True
+    )
+    if (
+        people_old_content == new_people_content
+        and github_sponsors_old_content == new_github_sponsors_content
+    ):
         logging.info("The FastAPI People data hasn't changed, finishing.")
         sys.exit(0)
     people_path.write_text(new_people_content, encoding="utf-8")
@@ -517,7 +524,9 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     logging.info(f"Creating a new branch {branch_name}")
     subprocess.run(["git", "checkout", "-b", branch_name], check=True)
     logging.info("Adding updated file")
-    subprocess.run(["git", "add", str(people_path)], check=True)
+    subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "add", str(people_path), str(github_sponsors_path)], check=True
+    )
     logging.info("Committing updated file")
     message = "👥 Update FastAPI People"
     result = subprocess.run(["git", "commit", "-m", message], check=True)

.github/workflows/build-docs.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 name: Build Docs
 on:
   push:
+    branches:
+      - master
   pull_request:
     types: [opened, synchronize]
 jobs:
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
         id: cache
         with:
           path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-docs
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-docs-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-v03
       - name: Install Flit
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: python3.7 -m pip install flit
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: python3.7 -m flit install --deps production --extras doc
       - name: Install Material for MkDocs Insiders
-        if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork == false && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        if: ( github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.pull_request.head.repo.fork == false ) && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: pip install git+https://${{ secrets.ACTIONS_TOKEN }}@github.com/squidfunk/mkdocs-material-insiders.git
       - name: Build Docs
         run: python3.7 ./scripts/docs.py build-all

.github/workflows/latest-changes.yml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ on:
         description: PR number
         required: true
       debug_enabled:
-        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'     
+        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'
         required: false
         default: false
 

.github/workflows/people.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       debug_enabled:
-        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'     
+        description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'
         required: false
         default: false
 

.github/workflows/preview-docs.yml

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ on:
   workflow_run:
     workflows:
       - Build Docs
-    types: 
+    types:
       - completed
 
 jobs:

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
         id: cache
         with:
           path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-test
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-test-v02
       - name: Install Flit
         if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
         run: pip install flit
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ jobs:
       - name: Test
         run: bash scripts/test.sh
       - name: Upload coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v1
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# See https://pre-commit.com for more information
+# See https://pre-commit.com/hooks.html for more hooks
+repos:
+-   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v4.2.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: check-added-large-files
+    -   id: check-toml
+    -   id: check-yaml
+        args:
+        -   --unsafe
+    -   id: end-of-file-fixer
+    -   id: trailing-whitespace
+-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+    rev: v2.32.1
+    hooks:
+    -   id: pyupgrade
+        args:
+        - --py3-plus
+        - --keep-runtime-typing
+-   repo: https://github.com/myint/autoflake
+    rev: v1.4
+    hooks:
+    -   id: autoflake
+        args:
+        - --recursive
+        - --in-place
+        - --remove-all-unused-imports
+        - --remove-unused-variables
+        - --expand-star-imports
+        - --exclude
+        - __init__.py
+        - --remove-duplicate-keys
+-   repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
+    rev: 5.10.1
+    hooks:
+    -   id: isort
+        name: isort (python)
+    -   id: isort
+        name: isort (cython)
+        types: [cython]
+    -   id: isort
+        name: isort (pyi)
+        types: [pyi]
+-   repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+    rev: 22.3.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: black
+ci:
+    autofix_commit_msg: 🎨 [pre-commit.ci] Auto format from pre-commit.com hooks
+    autoupdate_commit_msg: ⬆ [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

README.md

@@ -49,12 +49,15 @@ The key features are:
 
 <a href="https://bit.ly/2QSouzH" target="_blank" title="Jina: build neural search-as-a-service for any kind of data in just minutes."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/jina.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://cryptapi.io/" target="_blank" title="CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://classiq.link/n4s" target="_blank" title="Join the team building a new SaaS platform that will change the computing world"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/classiq.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.dropbase.io/careers" target="_blank" title="Dropbase - seamlessly collect, clean, and centralize data."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/dropbase.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi" target="_blank" title="The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/deta.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://www.investsuite.com/jobs" target="_blank" title="Wealthtech jobs with FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/investsuite.svg"></a>
-<a href="https://www.vim.so/?utm_source=FastAPI" target="_blank" title="We help you master vim with interactive exercises"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/vimso.png"></a>
-<a href="https://talkpython.fm/fastapi-sponsor" target="_blank" title="FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png"></a>
+<a href="https://training.talkpython.fm/fastapi-courses" target="_blank" title="FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png"></a>
 <a href="https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/" target="_blank" title="Learn to build high-quality web apps with best practices"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/testdriven.svg"></a>
 <a href="https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/" target="_blank" title="Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/" target="_blank" title="Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg"></a>
+<a href="https://careers.budget-insight.com/" target="_blank" title="Budget Insight is hiring!"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg"></a>
 
 <!-- /sponsors -->
 
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ $ pip install "uvicorn[standard]"
 * Create a file `main.py` with:
 
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -161,7 +164,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="9  14"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ async def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -274,7 +277,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
     price: float
-    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/")
@@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 
 

docs/az/mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ theme:
   name: material
   custom_dir: overrides
   palette:
-  - scheme: default
+  - media: "(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
+    scheme: default
     primary: teal
     accent: amber
     toggle:
       icon: material/lightbulb
       name: Switch to light mode
-  - scheme: slate
+  - media: "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"
+    scheme: slate
     primary: teal
     accent: amber
     toggle:
@@ -40,11 +42,13 @@ nav:
   - az: /az/
   - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
+  - fa: /fa/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
   - it: /it/
   - ja: /ja/
   - ko: /ko/
+  - nl: /nl/
   - pl: /pl/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
@@ -97,6 +101,8 @@ extra:
     name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
+  - link: /fa/
+    name: fa
   - link: /fr/
     name: fr - français
   - link: /id/
@@ -107,6 +113,8 @@ extra:
     name: ja - 日本語
   - link: /ko/
     name: ko - 한국어
+  - link: /nl/
+    name: nl
   - link: /pl/
     name: pl
   - link: /pt/

docs/de/docs/features.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 ### Automatische Dokumentation
 
-Mit einer interaktiven API-Dokumentation und explorativen webbasierten Benutzerschnittstellen. Da FastAPI auf OpenAPI basiert, gibt es hierzu mehrere Optionen, wobei zwei standartmäßig vorhanden sind.
+Mit einer interaktiven API-Dokumentation und explorativen webbasierten Benutzerschnittstellen. Da FastAPI auf OpenAPI basiert, gibt es hierzu mehrere Optionen, wobei zwei standardmäßig vorhanden sind.
 
 * <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Swagger UI</strong></a>, bietet interaktive Exploration: testen und rufen Sie ihre API direkt vom Webbrowser auf.
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Mit einer interaktiven API-Dokumentation und explorativen webbasierten Benutzers
 
 Alles basiert auf **Python 3.6 Typ**-Deklarationen (dank Pydantic). Es muss keine neue Syntax gelernt werden, nur standardisiertes modernes Python.
 
- 
+
 
 Wenn Sie eine kurze, zweiminütige, Auffrischung in der Benutzung von Python Typ-Deklarationen benötigen (auch wenn Sie FastAPI nicht nutzen), schauen Sie sich diese kurze Einführung an (Englisch): Python Types{.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ Hierdurch werden Sie nie wieder einen falschen Schlüsselnamen benutzen und spar
 
 ### Kompakt
 
-FastAPI nutzt für alles sensible **Standard-Einstellungen**, welche optional überall konfiguriert werden können. Alle Parameter können ganz genau an Ihre Bedürfnisse angepasst werden, sodass sie genau die API definieren können, die sie brachen.
+FastAPI nutzt für alles sinnvolle **Standard-Einstellungen**, welche optional überall konfiguriert werden können. Alle Parameter können ganz genau an Ihre Bedürfnisse angepasst werden, sodass sie genau die API definieren können, die sie brauchen.
 
-Aber standartmäßig, **"funktioniert einfach"** alles.
+Aber standardmäßig, **"funktioniert einfach"** alles.
 
 ### Validierung
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Aber standartmäßig, **"funktioniert einfach"** alles.
     * Zeichenketten (`str`), mit definierter minimaler und maximaler Länge.
     * Zahlen (`int`, `float`) mit minimaler und maximaler Größe, usw.
 
-* Validierung für ungewögnliche Typen, wie:
+* Validierung für ungewöhnliche Typen, wie:
     * URL.
     * Email.
     * UUID.
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ FastAPI enthält ein extrem einfaches, aber extrem mächtiges <abbr title='oft v
 * **Automatische Umsetzung** durch FastAPI.
 * Alle abhängigen Komponenten könnten Daten von Anfragen, **Erweiterungen der Pfadoperations-**Einschränkungen und der automatisierten Dokumentation benötigen.
 * **Automatische Validierung** selbst für *Pfadoperationen*-Parameter, die in den Abhängigkeiten definiert wurden.
-* Unterstütz komplexe Benutzerauthentifizierungssysteme, mit **Datenbankverbindungen**, usw.
-* **Keine Kompromisse** bei Datenbanken, Eingabemasken, usw. Sondern einfache Integration von allen.
+* Unterstützt komplexe Benutzerauthentifizierungssysteme, mit **Datenbankverbindungen**, usw.
+* **Keine Kompromisse** bei Datenbanken, Eingabemasken, usw., sondern einfache Integration von allen.
 
 ### Unbegrenzte Erweiterungen
 
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ Jede Integration wurde so entworfen, dass sie einfach zu nutzen ist (mit Abhäng
 
 ## Starlette's Merkmale
 
-**FastAPI** ist vollkommen kompatibel (und basiert auf) <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Starlette</strong></a>. Das bedeutet, auch ihr eigner Starlett Quellcode funktioniert.
+**FastAPI** ist vollkommen kompatibel (und basiert auf) <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>Starlette</strong></a>. Das bedeutet, auch ihr eigener Starlette Quellcode funktioniert.
 
-`FastAPI` ist eigentlich eine Unterklasse von `Starlette`. Wenn sie also bereits Starlette kennen oder benutzen, können Sie das meiste Ihres Wissen direkt anwenden.
+`FastAPI` ist eigentlich eine Unterklasse von `Starlette`. Wenn Sie also bereits Starlette kennen oder benutzen, können Sie das meiste Ihres Wissens direkt anwenden.
 
 Mit **FastAPI** bekommen Sie viele von **Starlette**'s Funktionen (da FastAPI nur Starlette auf Steroiden ist):
 
@@ -193,11 +193,11 @@ Mit **FastAPI** bekommen Sie alle Funktionen von **Pydantic** (da FastAPI für d
 * Gutes Zusammenspiel mit Ihrer/Ihrem **<abbr title="Integrierten Entwicklungsumgebung, ähnlich zu (Quellcode-)Editor">IDE</abbr>/<abbr title="Ein Programm, was Fehler im Quellcode sucht">linter</abbr>/Gehirn**:
     * Weil Datenstrukturen von Pydantic einfach nur Instanzen ihrer definierten Klassen sind, sollten Autovervollständigung, Linting, mypy und ihre Intuition einwandfrei funktionieren.
 * **Schnell**:
-    * In <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#benchmarks-tag" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vergleichen</a> ist Pydantic schneller als jede andere getestete Bibliothek.
+    * In <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/benchmarks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Vergleichen</a> ist Pydantic schneller als jede andere getestete Bibliothek.
 * Validierung von **komplexen Strukturen**:
     * Benutzung von hierachischen Pydantic Schemata, Python `typing`’s `List` und `Dict`, etc.
     * Validierungen erlauben klare und einfache Datenschemadefinition, überprüft und dokumentiert als JSON Schema.
     * Sie können stark **verschachtelte JSON** Objekte haben und diese sind trotzdem validiert und annotiert.
 * **Erweiterbar**:
-    * Pydantic erlaubt die Definition von eigenen Datentypen oder sie können die Validierung mit einer `validator` dekorierten Methode erweitern..
+    * Pydantic erlaubt die Definition von eigenen Datentypen oder Sie können die Validierung mit einer `validator` dekorierten Methode erweitern..
 * 100% Testabdeckung.

docs/de/docs/index.md

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ $ pip install uvicorn[standard]
 * Create a file `main.py` with:
 
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="9  14"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ async def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
     price: float
-    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/")
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" targe
 
 ### Recap
 
-In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters. 
+In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters.
 
 You do that with standard modern Python types.
 
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
     * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
     * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
 * For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, Read the body as JSON:
-    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`. 
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`.
     * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
     * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
     * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
@@ -446,7 +446,6 @@ Used by Pydantic:
 Used by Starlette:
 
 * <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io" target="_blank"><code>requests</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
-* <a href="https://github.com/Tinche/aiofiles" target="_blank"><code>aiofiles</code></a> - Required if you want to use `FileResponse` or `StaticFiles`.
 * <a href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
 * <a href="https://andrew-d.github.io/python-multipart/" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
 * <a href="https://pythonhosted.org/itsdangerous/" target="_blank"><code>itsdangerous</code></a> - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.

docs/de/mkdocs.yml

@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ theme:
   name: material
   custom_dir: overrides
   palette:
-  - scheme: default
+  - media: "(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
+    scheme: default
     primary: teal
     accent: amber
     toggle:
       icon: material/lightbulb
       name: Switch to light mode
-  - scheme: slate
+  - media: "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"
+    scheme: slate
     primary: teal
     accent: amber
     toggle:
@@ -40,11 +42,13 @@ nav:
   - az: /az/
   - de: /de/
   - es: /es/
+  - fa: /fa/
   - fr: /fr/
   - id: /id/
   - it: /it/
   - ja: /ja/
   - ko: /ko/
+  - nl: /nl/
   - pl: /pl/
   - pt: /pt/
   - ru: /ru/
@@ -98,6 +102,8 @@ extra:
     name: de
   - link: /es/
     name: es - español
+  - link: /fa/
+    name: fa
   - link: /fr/
     name: fr - français
   - link: /id/
@@ -108,6 +114,8 @@ extra:
     name: ja - 日本語
   - link: /ko/
     name: ko - 한국어
+  - link: /nl/
+    name: nl
   - link: /pl/
     name: pl
   - link: /pt/

docs/en/data/external_links.yml

@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 articles:
   english:
+  - author: Jean-Baptiste Rocher
+    author_link: https://hashnode.com/@jibrocher
+    link: https://dev.indooroutdoor.io/series/fastapi-react-poll-app
+    title: Building the Poll App From Django Tutorial With FastAPI And React
+  - author: Silvan Melchior
+    author_link: https://github.com/silvanmelchior
+    link: https://blog.devgenius.io/seamless-fastapi-configuration-with-confz-90949c14ea12
+    title: Seamless FastAPI Configuration with ConfZ
+  - author: Kaustubh Gupta
+    author_link: https://medium.com/@kaustubhgupta1828/
+    link: https://levelup.gitconnected.com/5-advance-features-of-fastapi-you-should-try-7c0ac7eebb3e
+    title: 5 Advanced Features of FastAPI You Should Try
   - author: Kaustubh Gupta
     author_link: https://medium.com/@kaustubhgupta1828/
     link: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/deploying-ml-models-as-api-using-fastapi-and-heroku/
@@ -12,6 +24,10 @@ articles:
     author_link: https://pystar.substack.com/
     link: https://pystar.substack.com/p/how-to-create-a-fake-certificate
     title: How to Create A Fake Certificate Authority And Generate TLS Certs for FastAPI
+  - author: Ben Gamble
+    author_link: https://uk.linkedin.com/in/bengamble7
+    link: https://ably.com/blog/realtime-ticket-booking-solution-kafka-fastapi-ably
+    title: Building a realtime ticket booking solution with Kafka, FastAPI, and Ably
   - author: Shahriyar(Shako) Rzayev
     author_link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/shahriyar-rzayev/
     link: https://www.azepug.az/posts/fastapi/#building-simple-e-commerce-with-nuxtjs-and-fastapi-series
@@ -20,6 +36,10 @@ articles:
     author_link: https://rodrigo-arenas.medium.com/
     link: https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/serve-a-machine-learning-model-using-sklearn-fastapi-and-docker-85aabf96729b
     title: "Serve a machine learning model using Sklearn, FastAPI and Docker"
+  - author: Yashasvi Singh
+    author_link: https://hashnode.com/@aUnicornDev
+    link: https://aunicorndev.hashnode.dev/series/supafast-api
+    title: "Building an API with FastAPI and Supabase and Deploying on Deta"
   - author: Navule Pavan Kumar Rao
     author_link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/navule/
     link: https://www.tutlinks.com/deploy-fastapi-on-ubuntu-gunicorn-caddy-2/
@@ -27,7 +47,7 @@ articles:
   - author: Patrick Ladon
     author_link: https://dev.to/factorlive
     link: https://dev.to/factorlive/python-facebook-messenger-webhook-with-fastapi-on-glitch-4n90
-    title: Python Facebook messenger webhook with FastAPI on Glitch  
+    title: Python Facebook messenger webhook with FastAPI on Glitch
   - author: Dom Patmore
     author_link: https://twitter.com/dompatmore
     link: https://dompatmore.com/blog/authenticate-your-fastapi-app-with-auth0
@@ -188,11 +208,19 @@ articles:
     author_link: https://medium.com/@williamhayes
     link: https://medium.com/@williamhayes/fastapi-starlette-debug-vs-prod-5f7561db3a59
     title: FastAPI/Starlette debug vs prod
+  - author: Mukul Mantosh
+    author_link: https://twitter.com/MantoshMukul
+    link: https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/guide/tutorials/fastapi-aws-kubernetes/
+    title: Developing FastAPI Application using K8s & AWS
   german:
   - author: Nico Axtmann
     author_link: https://twitter.com/_nicoax
     link: https://blog.codecentric.de/2019/08/inbetriebnahme-eines-scikit-learn-modells-mit-onnx-und-fastapi/
     title: Inbetriebnahme eines scikit-learn-Modells mit ONNX und FastAPI
+  - author: Felix Schürmeyer
+    author_link: https://hellocoding.de/autor/felix-schuermeyer/
+    link: https://hellocoding.de/blog/coding-language/python/fastapi
+    title: REST-API Programmieren mittels Python und dem FastAPI Modul
   japanese:
   - author: '@bee2'
     author_link: https://qiita.com/bee2

docs/en/data/github_sponsors.yml

@@ -1,42 +1,75 @@
 sponsors:
-- - login: jina-ai
+- - login: cryptapi
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44925437?u=61369138589bc7fee6c417f3fbd50fbd38286cc4&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/cryptapi
+  - login: jina-ai
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/60539444?v=4
     url: https://github.com/jina-ai
+  - login: DropbaseHQ
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85367855?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/DropbaseHQ
+- - login: sushi2all
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1043732?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/sushi2all
+  - login: chaserowbotham
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/97751084?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/chaserowbotham
 - - login: mikeckennedy
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2035561?v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2035561?u=1bb18268bcd4d9249e1f783a063c27df9a84c05b&v=4
     url: https://github.com/mikeckennedy
-  - login: RodneyU215
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3329665?u=ec6a9adf8e7e8e306eed7d49687c398608d1604f&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/RodneyU215
   - login: Trivie
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8161763?v=4
     url: https://github.com/Trivie
   - login: deta
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47275976?v=4
     url: https://github.com/deta
+  - login: deepset-ai
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51827949?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/deepset-ai
   - login: investsuite
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/73833632?v=4
     url: https://github.com/investsuite
-  - login: vimsoHQ
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/77627231?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/vimsoHQ
-- - login: newrelic
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31739?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/newrelic
+  - login: VincentParedes
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/103889729?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/VincentParedes
+- - login: plocher
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1082871?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/plocher
+- - login: InesIvanova
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22920417?u=409882ec1df6dbd77455788bb383a8de223dbf6f&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/InesIvanova
+- - login: SendCloud
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7831959?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/SendCloud
   - login: qaas
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8503759?u=10a6b4391ad6ab4cf9487ce54e3fcb61322d1efc&v=4
     url: https://github.com/qaas
+  - login: xoflare
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/74335107?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/xoflare
+  - login: Striveworks
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/45523576?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/Striveworks
+  - login: BoostryJP
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/57932412?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/BoostryJP
 - - login: johnadjei
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/767860?v=4
     url: https://github.com/johnadjei
+  - login: HiredScore
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3908850?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/HiredScore
   - login: wdwinslow
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11562137?u=dc01daafb354135603a263729e3d26d939c0c452&v=4
     url: https://github.com/wdwinslow
-- - login: kamalgill
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/133923?u=0df9181d97436ce330e9acf90ab8a54b7022efe7&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/kamalgill
+- - login: moellenbeck
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/169372?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/moellenbeck
+  - login: RodneyU215
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3329665?u=ec6a9adf8e7e8e306eed7d49687c398608d1604f&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/RodneyU215
   - login: grillazz
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3415861?u=16d7d0ffa5dfb99f8834f8f76d90e138ba09b94a&v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3415861?u=0b32b7073ae1ab8b7f6d2db0188c2e1e357ff451&v=4
     url: https://github.com/grillazz
   - login: tizz98
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5739698?u=f095a3659e3a8e7c69ccd822696990b521ea25f9&v=4
@@ -44,45 +77,57 @@ sponsors:
   - login: jmaralc
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21101214?u=b15a9f07b7cbf6c9dcdbcb6550bbd2c52f55aa50&v=4
     url: https://github.com/jmaralc
-  - login: AlexandruSimion
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/71321732?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/AlexandruSimion
-- - login: samuelcolvin
+  - login: marutoraman
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33813153?u=2d0522bceba0b8b69adf1f2db866503bd96f944e&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/marutoraman
+  - login: mainframeindustries
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/55092103?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/mainframeindustries
+  - login: A-Edge
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/59514131?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/A-Edge
+- - login: Kludex
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7353520?u=62adc405ef418f4b6c8caa93d3eb8ab107bc4927&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/Kludex
+  - login: samuelcolvin
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4039449?u=807390ba9cfe23906c3bf8a0d56aaca3cf2bfa0d&v=4
     url: https://github.com/samuelcolvin
   - login: jokull
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/701?u=0532b62166893d5160ef795c4c8b7512d971af05&v=4
     url: https://github.com/jokull
+  - login: jefftriplett
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50527?u=af1ddfd50f6afd6d99f333ba2ac8d0a5b245ea74&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/jefftriplett
+  - login: kamalgill
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/133923?u=0df9181d97436ce330e9acf90ab8a54b7022efe7&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/kamalgill
+  - login: jsutton
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/280777?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/jsutton
+  - login: deserat
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/299332?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/deserat
+  - login: ericof
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/306014?u=cf7c8733620397e6584a451505581c01c5d842d7&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/ericof
   - login: wshayes
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/365303?u=07ca03c5ee811eb0920e633cc3c3db73dbec1aa5&v=4
     url: https://github.com/wshayes
   - login: koxudaxi
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/630670?u=507d8577b4b3670546b449c4c2ccbc5af40d72f7&v=4
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-  - login: falkben
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/653031?u=0c8d8f33d87f1aa1a6488d3f02105e9abc838105&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/falkben
   - login: jqueguiner
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/690878?u=e4835b2a985a0f2d52018e4926cb5a58c26a62e8&v=4
     url: https://github.com/jqueguiner
-  - login: Mazyod
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/860511?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/Mazyod
   - login: ltieman
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1084689?u=e69b17de17cb3ca141a17daa7ccbe173ceb1eb17&v=4
     url: https://github.com/ltieman
-  - login: mrmattwright
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1277725?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/mrmattwright
   - login: westonsteimel
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1593939?u=0f2c0e3647f916fe295d62fa70da7a4c177115e3&v=4
     url: https://github.com/westonsteimel
-  - login: timdrijvers
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1694939?v=4
-    url: https://github.com/timdrijvers
-  - login: mrgnw
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2504532?u=7ec43837a6d0afa80f96f0788744ea6341b89f97&v=4
-    url: https://github.com/mrgnw
+  - login: corleyma
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2080732?u=aed2ff652294a87d666b1c3f6dbe98104db76d26&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/corleyma
   - login: madisonmay
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2645393?u=f22b93c6ea345a4d26a90a3834dfc7f0789fcb63&v=4
     url: https://github.com/madisonmay
@@ -93,149 +138,194 @@ sponsors:
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3148093?v=4
     url: https://github.com/andre1sk
   - login: Shark009
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3163309?v=4
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3163309?u=0c6f4091b0eda05c44c390466199826e6dc6e431&v=4
     url: https://github.com/Shark009
+  - login: dblackrun
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3528486?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/dblackrun
+  - login: zsinx6
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3532625?u=ba75a5dc744d1116ccfeaaf30d41cb2fe81fe8dd&v=4
+    url: https://github.com/zsinx6
+  - login: anomaly
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3654837?v=4
+    url: https://github.com/anomaly
   - login: peterHoburg
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3860655?u=f55f47eb2d6a9b495e806ac5a044e3ae01ccc1fa&v=4
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   - login: jaredtrog
     avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4381365?v=4
     url: https://github.com/jaredtrog
+  - login: oliverxchen
+    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4471774?u=534191f25e32eeaadda22dfab4b0a428733d5489&v=4
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   - login: CINOAdam
-    avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/4728508?u=34c3d58cb900fed475d0172b436c66a94ad739ed&v=4
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     url: https://github.com/CINOAdam
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+    url: https://github.com/danburonline

docs/en/data/people.yml

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 maintainers:
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-  prs: 269
+  answers: 1243
+  prs: 300
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-  url: https://github.com/frankie567
-- login: adriangb
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-  url: https://github.com/adriangb
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23500353?u=e2e1d736f924d9be81e8bfc565b6d8836ba99773&v=4
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@@ -117,6 +121,10 @@ experts:
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24581770?v=4
   url: https://github.com/retnikt
+- login: acidjunk
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   url: https://github.com/nkhitrov
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+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51059348?u=be9f06b8ced2d2b677297decc781fa8ce4f7ddbd&v=4
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+  url: https://github.com/jonatasoli
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21188280?v=4
@@ -161,51 +189,35 @@ experts:
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8134632?v=4
   url: https://github.com/juntatalor
-- login: valentin994
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/78442260?v=4
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-  url: https://github.com/hellocoldworld
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 last_month_active:
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-  url: https://github.com/raphaelauv
 - login: jgould22
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-- login: harunyasar
+- login: accelleon
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-- login: panla
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+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/37829370?v=4
+  url: https://github.com/yinziyan1206
 top_contributors:
 - login: waynerv
   count: 25
@@ -219,14 +231,14 @@ top_contributors:
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/35119617?u=58ed2a45798a4339700e2f62b2e12e6e54bf0396&v=4
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+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11191137?u=299205a95e9b6817a43144a48b643346a5aac5cc&v=4
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   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31848542?u=706e1ee3f248245f2d68b976d149d06fd5a2010d&v=4
   url: https://github.com/RunningIkkyu
-- login: Kludex
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7353520?u=3682d9b9b93bef272f379ab623dc031c8d71432e&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/Kludex
 - login: hard-coders
   count: 7
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9651103?u=95db33927bbff1ed1c07efddeb97ac2ff33068ed&v=4
@@ -285,8 +297,8 @@ top_contributors:
   url: https://github.com/NinaHwang
 top_reviewers:
 - login: Kludex
-  count: 91
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7353520?u=3682d9b9b93bef272f379ab623dc031c8d71432e&v=4
+  count: 93
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7353520?u=62adc405ef418f4b6c8caa93d3eb8ab107bc4927&v=4
   url: https://github.com/Kludex
 - login: waynerv
   count: 47
@@ -301,29 +313,41 @@ top_reviewers:
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/41147016?u=55010621aece725aa702270b54fed829b6a1fe60&v=4
   url: https://github.com/tokusumi
 - login: ycd
-  count: 44
+  count: 45
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/62724709?u=826f228edf0bab0d19ad1d5c4ba4df1047ccffef&v=4
   url: https://github.com/ycd
+- login: cikay
+  count: 41
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/24587499?u=e772190a051ab0eaa9c8542fcff1892471638f2b&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/cikay
+- login: BilalAlpaslan
+  count: 40
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47563997?u=63ed66e304fe8d765762c70587d61d9196e5c82d&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/BilalAlpaslan
 - login: AdrianDeAnda
   count: 33
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1024932?u=bb7f8a0d6c9de4e9d0320a9f271210206e202250&v=4
   url: https://github.com/AdrianDeAnda
 - login: ArcLightSlavik
   count: 31
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31127044?u=81a84af39c89b898b0fbc5a04e8834f60f23e55a&v=4
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31127044?u=b0f2c37142f4b762e41ad65dc49581813422bd71&v=4
   url: https://github.com/ArcLightSlavik
+- login: cassiobotaro
+  count: 25
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3127847?u=b0a652331da17efeb85cd6e3a4969182e5004804&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/cassiobotaro
 - login: dmontagu
   count: 23
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/35119617?u=58ed2a45798a4339700e2f62b2e12e6e54bf0396&v=4
   url: https://github.com/dmontagu
-- login: cassiobotaro
-  count: 22
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3127847?u=b0a652331da17efeb85cd6e3a4969182e5004804&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/cassiobotaro
 - login: komtaki
   count: 21
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/39375566?u=260ad6b1a4b34c07dbfa728da5e586f16f6d1824&v=4
   url: https://github.com/komtaki
+- login: yezz123
+  count: 19
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/52716203?u=636b4f79645176df4527dd45c12d5dbb5a4193cf&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/yezz123
 - login: hard-coders
   count: 19
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/9651103?u=95db33927bbff1ed1c07efddeb97ac2ff33068ed&v=4
@@ -332,10 +356,18 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 19
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/63915557?u=47debaa860fd52c9b98c97ef357ddcec3b3fb399&v=4
   url: https://github.com/0417taehyun
+- login: zy7y
+  count: 17
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/67154681?u=5d634834cc514028ea3f9115f7030b99a1f4d5a4&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/zy7y
 - login: yanever
   count: 16
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21978760?v=4
   url: https://github.com/yanever
+- login: lsglucas
+  count: 16
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/61513630?u=320e43fe4dc7bc6efc64e9b8f325f8075634fd20&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/lsglucas
 - login: SwftAlpc
   count: 16
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/52768429?u=6a3aa15277406520ad37f6236e89466ed44bc5b8&v=4
@@ -356,12 +388,8 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 15
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/63476957?u=6c86e59b48e0394d4db230f37fc9ad4d7e2c27c7&v=4
   url: https://github.com/delhi09
-- login: lsglucas
-  count: 14
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/61513630?u=320e43fe4dc7bc6efc64e9b8f325f8075634fd20&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/lsglucas
 - login: rjNemo
-  count: 13
+  count: 14
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/56785022?u=d5c3a02567c8649e146fcfc51b6060ccaf8adef8&v=4
   url: https://github.com/rjNemo
 - login: RunningIkkyu
@@ -372,10 +400,6 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 12
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6478810?u=af15d724875cec682ed8088a86d36b2798f981c0&v=4
   url: https://github.com/sh0nk
-- login: yezz123
-  count: 11
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/52716203?u=636b4f79645176df4527dd45c12d5dbb5a4193cf&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/yezz123
 - login: mariacamilagl
   count: 10
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/11489395?u=4adb6986bf3debfc2b8216ae701f2bd47d73da7d&v=4
@@ -388,6 +412,10 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 10
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/7887703?v=4
   url: https://github.com/maoyibo
+- login: solomein-sv
+  count: 10
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/46193920?u=46acfb4aeefb1d7b9fdc5a8cbd9eb8744683c47a&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/solomein-sv
 - login: graingert
   count: 9
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/413772?v=4
@@ -404,18 +432,26 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 9
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/69092910?u=4ac58eab99bd37d663f3d23551df96d4fbdbf760&v=4
   url: https://github.com/bezaca
-- login: solomein-sv
-  count: 9
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/46193920?u=46acfb4aeefb1d7b9fdc5a8cbd9eb8744683c47a&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/solomein-sv
 - login: blt232018
   count: 8
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/43393471?u=172b0e0391db1aa6c1706498d6dfcb003c8a4857&v=4
   url: https://github.com/blt232018
+- login: rogerbrinkmann
+  count: 8
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/5690226?v=4
+  url: https://github.com/rogerbrinkmann
 - login: ComicShrimp
   count: 8
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/43503750?u=b3e4d9a14d9a65d429ce62c566aef73178b7111d&v=4
   url: https://github.com/ComicShrimp
+- login: NinaHwang
+  count: 8
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/79563565?u=1741703bd6c8f491503354b363a86e879b4c1cab&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/NinaHwang
+- login: dimaqq
+  count: 8
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/662249?v=4
+  url: https://github.com/dimaqq
 - login: Serrones
   count: 7
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/22691749?u=4795b880e13ca33a73e52fc0ef7dc9c60c8fce47&v=4
@@ -428,10 +464,6 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 7
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10202690?u=e6f86f5c0c3026a15d6b51792fa3e532b12f1371&v=4
   url: https://github.com/raphaelauv
-- login: BilalAlpaslan
-  count: 7
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47563997?u=63ed66e304fe8d765762c70587d61d9196e5c82d&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/BilalAlpaslan
 - login: NastasiaSaby
   count: 7
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8245071?u=b3afd005f9e4bf080c219ef61a592b3a8004b764&v=4
@@ -440,6 +472,10 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 7
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1405026?v=4
   url: https://github.com/Mause
+- login: AlexandreBiguet
+  count: 7
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1483079?u=ff926455cd4cab03c6c49441aa5dc2b21df3e266&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/AlexandreBiguet
 - login: krocdort
   count: 7
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/34248814?v=4
@@ -448,35 +484,11 @@ top_reviewers:
   count: 6
   avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/21287303?u=b049eac3e51a4c0473c2efe66b4d28a7d8f2b572&v=4
   url: https://github.com/jovicon
-- login: diogoduartec
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/31852339?u=b50fc11c531e9b77922e19edfc9e7233d4d7b92e&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/diogoduartec
-- login: nimctl
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/49960770?u=e39b11d47188744ee07b2a1c7ce1a1bdf3c80760&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/nimctl
-- login: israteneda
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/20668624?u=d7b2961d330aca65fbce5bdb26a0800a3d23ed2d&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/israteneda
-- login: juntatalor
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/8134632?v=4
-  url: https://github.com/juntatalor
-- login: SnkSynthesis
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/63564282?u=0078826509dbecb2fdb543f4e881c9cd06157893&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/SnkSynthesis
-- login: anthonycepeda
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/72019805?u=892f700c79f9732211bd5221bf16eec32356a732&v=4
-  url: https://github.com/anthonycepeda
-- login: oandersonmagalhaes
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/83456692?v=4
-  url: https://github.com/oandersonmagalhaes
-- login: qysfblog
-  count: 5
-  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/52229895?v=4
-  url: https://github.com/qysfblog
+- login: LorhanSohaky
+  count: 6
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/16273730?u=095b66f243a2cd6a0aadba9a095009f8aaf18393&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/LorhanSohaky
+- login: peidrao
+  count: 6
+  avatarUrl: https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/32584628?u=88c2cb42a99e0f50cdeae3606992568184783ee5&v=4
+  url: https://github.com/peidrao

docs/en/data/sponsors.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ gold:
   - url: https://cryptapi.io/
     title: "CryptAPI: Your easy to use, secure and privacy oriented payment gateway."
     img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/cryptapi.svg
+  - url: https://classiq.link/n4s
+    title: Join the team building a new SaaS platform that will change the computing world
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/classiq.png
+  - url: https://www.dropbase.io/careers
+    title: Dropbase - seamlessly collect, clean, and centralize data.
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/dropbase.svg
 silver:
   - url: https://www.deta.sh/?ref=fastapi
     title: The launchpad for all your (team's) ideas
@@ -12,10 +18,7 @@ silver:
   - url: https://www.investsuite.com/jobs
     title: Wealthtech jobs with FastAPI
     img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/investsuite.svg
-  - url: https://www.vim.so/?utm_source=FastAPI
-    title: We help you master vim with interactive exercises
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/vimso.png
-  - url: https://talkpython.fm/fastapi-sponsor
+  - url: https://training.talkpython.fm/fastapi-courses
     title: FastAPI video courses on demand from people you trust
     img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/talkpython.png
   - url: https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/
@@ -24,7 +27,16 @@ silver:
   - url: https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/
     title: Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks
     img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg
+  - url: https://www.udemy.com/course/fastapi-rest/
+    title: Learn FastAPI by building a complete project. Extend your knowledge on advanced web development-AWS, Payments, Emails.
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/ines-course.jpg
+  - url: https://careers.budget-insight.com/
+    title: Budget Insight is hiring!
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/budget-insight.svg
 bronze:
-  - url: https://calmcode.io
-    title: Code. Simply. Clearly. Calmly.
-    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/calmcode.jpg
+  - url: https://www.exoflare.com/open-source/?utm_source=FastAPI&utm_campaign=open_source
+    title: Biosecurity risk assessments made easy.
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/exoflare.png
+  - url: https://striveworks.us/careers?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=sponsor_banner&utm_campaign=feb_march#openings
+    title: https://striveworks.us/careers
+    img: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/striveworks.png

docs/en/data/sponsors_badge.yml

@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ logins:
   - jina-ai
   - deta
   - investsuite
-  - vimsoHQ
   - mikeckennedy
-  - koaning
   - deepset-ai
   - cryptapi
+  - Striveworks
+  - xoflare
+  - InesIvanova
+  - DropbaseHQ
+  - VincentParedes

docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-responses.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ For example, to declare another response with a status code `404` and a Pydantic
     **FastAPI** will take the Pydantic model from there, generate the `JSON Schema`, and put it in the correct place.
 
     The correct place is:
-    
+
     * In the key `content`, that has as value another JSON object (`dict`) that contains:
         * A key with the media type, e.g. `application/json`, that contains as value another JSON object, that contains:
             * A key `schema`, that has as the value the JSON Schema from the model, here's the correct place.

docs/en/docs/advanced/additional-status-codes.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ But you also want it to accept new items. And when the items didn't exist before
 
 To achieve that, import `JSONResponse`, and return your content there directly, setting the `status_code` that you want:
 
-```Python hl_lines="4  23"
+```Python hl_lines="4  25"
 {!../../../docs_src/additional_status_codes/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ To achieve that, import `JSONResponse`, and return your content there directly,
     When you return a `Response` directly, like in the example above, it will be returned directly.
 
     It won't be serialized with a model, etc.
-    
+
     Make sure it has the data you want it to have, and that the values are valid JSON (if you are using `JSONResponse`).
 
 !!! note "Technical Details"

docs/en/docs/advanced/extending-openapi.md

@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ You can probably right-click each link and select an option similar to `Save lin
 
 **Swagger UI** uses the files:
 
-* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui-bundle.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
-* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@3/swagger-ui.css" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@4/swagger-ui-bundle.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui-bundle.js`</a>
+* <a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@4/swagger-ui.css" class="external-link" target="_blank">`swagger-ui.css`</a>
 
 And **ReDoc** uses the file:
 

docs/en/docs/advanced/generate-clients.md

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# Generate Clients
+
+As **FastAPI** is based on the OpenAPI specification, you get automatic compatibility with many tools, including the automatic API docs (provided by Swagger UI).
+
+One particular advantage that is not necessarily obvious is that you can **generate clients** (sometimes called <abbr title="Software Development Kits">**SDKs**</abbr> ) for your API, for many different **programming languages**.
+
+## OpenAPI Client Generators
+
+There are many tools to generate clients from **OpenAPI**.
+
+A common tool is <a href="https://openapi-generator.tech/" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI Generator</a>.
+
+If you are building a **frontend**, a very interesting alternative is <a href="https://github.com/ferdikoomen/openapi-typescript-codegen" class="external-link" target="_blank">openapi-typescript-codegen</a>.
+
+## Generate a TypeScript Frontend Client
+
+Let's start with a simple FastAPI application:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="9-11  14-15  18  19  23"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial001.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.9 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="7-9  12-13  16-17  21"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial001_py39.py!}
+    ```
+
+Notice that the *path operations* define the models they use for request payload and response payload, using the models `Item` and `ResponseMessage`.
+
+### API Docs
+
+If you go to the API docs, you will see that it has the **schemas** for the data to be sent in requests and received in responses:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image01.png">
+
+You can see those schemas because they were declared with the models in the app.
+
+That information is available in the app's **OpenAPI schema**, and then shown in the API docs (by Swagger UI).
+
+And that same information from the models that is included in OpenAPI is what can be used to **generate the client code**.
+
+### Generate a TypeScript Client
+
+Now that we have the app with the models, we can generate the client code for the frontend.
+
+#### Install `openapi-typescript-codegen`
+
+You can install `openapi-typescript-codegen` in your frontend code with:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ npm install openapi-typescript-codegen --save-dev
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+#### Generate Client Code
+
+To generate the client code you can use the command line application `openapi` that would now be installed.
+
+Because it is installed in the local project, you probably wouldn't be able to call that command directly, but you would put it on your `package.json` file.
+
+It could look like this:
+
+```JSON  hl_lines="7"
+{
+  "name": "frontend-app",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "scripts": {
+    "generate-client": "openapi --input http://localhost:8000/openapi.json --output ./src/client --client axios"
+  },
+  "author": "",
+  "license": "",
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "openapi-typescript-codegen": "^0.20.1",
+    "typescript": "^4.6.2"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+After having that NPM `generate-client` script there, you can run it with:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ npm run generate-client
+
+frontend-app@1.0.0 generate-client /home/user/code/frontend-app
+> openapi --input http://localhost:8000/openapi.json --output ./src/client --client axios
+```
+
+</div>
+
+That command will generate code in `./src/client` and will use `axios` (the frontend HTTP library) internally.
+
+### Try Out the Client Code
+
+Now you can import and use the client code, it could look like this, notice that you get autocompletion for the methods:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image02.png">
+
+You will also get autocompletion for the payload to send:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image03.png">
+
+!!! tip
+    Notice the autocompletion for `name` and `price`, that was defined in the FastAPI application, in the `Item` model.
+
+You will have inline errors for the data that you send:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image04.png">
+
+The response object will also have autocompletion:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image05.png">
+
+## FastAPI App with Tags
+
+In many cases your FastAPI app will be bigger, and you will probably use tags to separate different groups of *path operations*.
+
+For example, you could have a section for **items** and another section for **users**, and they could be separated by tags:
+
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="23  28  36"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.9 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="21  26  34"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial002_py39.py!}
+    ```
+
+### Generate a TypeScript Client with Tags
+
+If you generate a client for a FastAPI app using tags, it will normally also separate the client code based on the tags.
+
+This way you will be able to have things ordered and grouped correctly for the client code:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image06.png">
+
+In this case you have:
+
+* `ItemsService`
+* `UsersService`
+
+### Client Method Names
+
+Right now the generated method names like `createItemItemsPost` don't look very clean:
+
+```TypeScript
+ItemsService.createItemItemsPost({name: "Plumbus", price: 5})
+```
+
+...that's because the client generator uses the OpenAPI internal **operation ID** for each *path operation*.
+
+OpenAPI requires that each operation ID is unique across all the *path operations*, so FastAPI uses the **function name**, the **path**, and the **HTTP method/operation** to generate that operation ID, because that way it can make sure that the operation IDs are unique.
+
+But I'll show you how to improve that next. 🤓
+
+## Custom Operation IDs and Better Method Names
+
+You can **modify** the way these operation IDs are **generated** to make them simpler and have **simpler method names** in the clients.
+
+In this case you will have to ensure that each operation ID is **unique** in some other way.
+
+For example, you could make sure that each *path operation* has a tag, and then generate the operation ID based on the **tag** and the *path operation* **name** (the function name).
+
+### Custom Generate Unique ID Function
+
+FastAPI uses a **unique ID** for each *path operation*, it is used for the **operation ID** and also for the names of any needed custom models, for requests or responses.
+
+You can customize that function. It takes an `APIRoute` and outputs a string.
+
+For example, here it is using the first tag (you will probably have only one tag) and the *path operation* name (the function name).
+
+You can then pass that custom function to **FastAPI** as the `generate_unique_id_function` parameter:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="8-9  12"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial003.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.9 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="6-7  10"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial003_py39.py!}
+    ```
+
+### Generate a TypeScript Client with Custom Operation IDs
+
+Now if you generate the client again, you will see that it has the improved method names:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image07.png">
+
+As you see, the method names now have the tag and then the function name, now they don't include information from the URL path and the HTTP operation.
+
+### Preprocess the OpenAPI Specification for the Client Generator
+
+The generated code still has some **duplicated information**.
+
+We already know that this method is related to the **items** because that word is in the `ItemsService` (taken from the tag), but we still have the tag name prefixed in the method name too. 😕
+
+We will probably still want to keep it for OpenAPI in general, as that will ensure that the operation IDs are **unique**.
+
+But for the generated client we could **modify** the OpenAPI operation IDs right before generating the clients, just to make those method names nicer and **cleaner**.
+
+We could download the OpenAPI JSON to a file `openapi.json` and then we could **remove that prefixed tag** with a script like this:
+
+```Python
+{!../../../docs_src/generate_clients/tutorial004.py!}
+```
+
+With that, the operation IDs would be renamed from things like `items-get_items` to just `get_items`, that way the client generator can generate simpler method names.
+
+### Generate a TypeScript Client with the Preprocessed OpenAPI
+
+Now as the end result is in a file `openapi.json`, you would modify the `package.json` to use that local file, for example:
+
+```JSON  hl_lines="7"
+{
+  "name": "frontend-app",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "",
+  "main": "index.js",
+  "scripts": {
+    "generate-client": "openapi --input ./openapi.json --output ./src/client --client axios"
+  },
+  "author": "",
+  "license": "",
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "openapi-typescript-codegen": "^0.20.1",
+    "typescript": "^4.6.2"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+After generating the new client, you would now have **clean method names**, with all the **autocompletion**, **inline errors**, etc:
+
+<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image08.png">
+
+## Benefits
+
+When using the automatically generated clients you would **autocompletion** for:
+
+* Methods.
+* Request payloads in the body, query parameters, etc.
+* Response payloads.
+
+You would also have **inline errors** for everything.
+
+And whenever you update the backend code, and **regenerate** the frontend, it would have any new *path operations* available as methods, the old ones removed, and any other change would be reflected on the generated code. 🤓
+
+This also means that if something changed it will be **reflected** on the client code automatically. And if you **build** the client it will error out if you have any **mismatch** in the data used.
+
+So, you would **detect many errors** very early in the development cycle instead of having to wait for the errors to show up to your final users in production and then trying to debug where the problem is. ✨

docs/en/docs/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ In this section you will see how to manage authentication and authorization with
     You don't necessarily need OAuth2 scopes, and you can handle authentication and authorization however you want.
 
     But OAuth2 with scopes can be nicely integrated into your API (with OpenAPI) and your API docs.
-    
+
     Nevertheless, you still enforce those scopes, or any other security/authorization requirement, however you need, in your code.
 
     In many cases, OAuth2 with scopes can be an overkill.
-    
+
     But if you know you need it, or you are curious, keep reading.
 
 ## OAuth2 scopes and OpenAPI
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ They are normally used to declare specific security permissions, for example:
     In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.
 
     It doesn't matter if it has other characters like `:` or if it is a URL.
-    
+
     Those details are implementation specific.
 
     For OAuth2 they are just strings.
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ In this case, it requires the scope `me` (it could require more than one scope).
 
 !!! note
     You don't necessarily need to add different scopes in different places.
-    
+
     We are doing it here to demonstrate how **FastAPI** handles scopes declared at different levels.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="4  139  166"

docs/en/docs/advanced/sql-databases-peewee.md

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Now let's check the file `sql_app/schemas.py`.
     To avoid confusion between the Peewee *models* and the Pydantic *models*, we will have the file `models.py` with the Peewee models, and the file `schemas.py` with the Pydantic models.
 
     These Pydantic models define more or less a "schema" (a valid data shape).
-    
+
     So this will help us avoiding confusion while using both.
 
 ### Create the Pydantic *models* / schemas

docs/en/docs/advanced/testing-dependencies.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ To override a dependency for testing, you put as a key the original dependency (
 
 And then **FastAPI** will call that override instead of the original dependency.
 
-```Python hl_lines="26-27  30"
+```Python hl_lines="28-29  32"
 {!../../../docs_src/dependency_testing/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 

docs/en/docs/alternatives.md

@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ It was one of the first extremely fast Python frameworks based on `asyncio`. It
 
 !!! check "Inspired **FastAPI** to"
     Find a way to have a crazy performance.
-    
+
     That's why **FastAPI** is based on Starlette, as it is the fastest framework available (tested by third-party benchmarks).
 
 ### <a href="https://falconframework.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Falcon</a>
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ Now APIStar is a set of tools to validate OpenAPI specifications, not a web fram
     Exist.
 
     The idea of declaring multiple things (data validation, serialization and documentation) with the same Python types, that at the same time provided great editor support, was something I considered a brilliant idea.
-    
+
     And after searching for a long time for a similar framework and testing many different alternatives, APIStar was the best option available.
 
     Then APIStar stopped to exist as a server and Starlette was created, and was a new better foundation for such a system. That was the final inspiration to build **FastAPI**.
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ That's one of the main things that **FastAPI** adds on top, all based on Python
     Handle all the core web parts. Adding features on top.
 
     The class `FastAPI` itself inherits directly from the class `Starlette`.
-    
+
     So, anything that you can do with Starlette, you can do it directly with **FastAPI**, as it is basically Starlette on steroids.
 
 ### <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>

docs/en/docs/async.md

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ The cashier 💁 gives you the number of your turn.
 
 While you are waiting, you go with your crush 😍 and pick a table, you sit and talk with your crush 😍 for a long time (as your burgers are very fancy and take some time to prepare ✨🍔✨).
 
-As you are sitting on the table with your crush 😍, while you wait for the burgers 🍔, you can spend that time admiring how awesome, cute and smart your crush is ✨😍✨.
+As you are sitting at the table with your crush 😍, while you wait for the burgers 🍔, you can spend that time admiring how awesome, cute and smart your crush is ✨😍✨.
 
 While waiting and talking to your crush 😍, from time to time, you check the number displayed on the counter to see if it's your turn already.
 
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Then, when it's your turn, you do actual "productive" work 🤓, you process the
 
 But then, even though you still don't have your burgers 🍔, your work with the cashier 💁 is "on pause" ⏸, because you have to wait 🕙 for your burgers to be ready.
 
-But as you go away from the counter and sit on the table with a number for your turn, you can switch 🔀 your attention to your crush 😍, and "work" ⏯ 🤓 on that. Then you are again doing something very "productive" 🤓, as is flirting with your crush 😍.
+But as you go away from the counter and sit at the table with a number for your turn, you can switch 🔀 your attention to your crush 😍, and "work" ⏯ 🤓 on that. Then you are again doing something very "productive" 🤓, as is flirting with your crush 😍.
 
 Then the cashier 💁 says "I'm finished with doing the burgers" 🍔 by putting your number on the counter's display, but you don't jump like crazy immediately when the displayed number changes to your turn number. You know no one will steal your burgers 🍔 because you have the number of your turn, and they have theirs.
 

docs/en/docs/deployment/docker.md

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ Successfully installed fastapi pydantic uvicorn
 * Create a `main.py` file with:
 
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ If your FastAPI is a single file, for example, `main.py` without an `./app` dire
 Then you would just have to change the corresponding paths to copy the file inside the `Dockerfile`:
 
 ```{ .dockerfile .annotate hl_lines="10  13" }
-FROM python:3.9  
+FROM python:3.9
 
 WORKDIR /code
 

docs/en/docs/deployment/manually.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ You can install an ASGI compatible server with:
 
     !!! tip
         By adding the `standard`, Uvicorn will install and use some recommended extra dependencies.
-        
+
         That including `uvloop`, the high-performance drop-in replacement for `asyncio`, that provides the big concurrency performance boost.
 
 === "Hypercorn"
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ You can install an ASGI compatible server with:
 
 ## Run the Server Program
 
-You can then your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but without the `--reload` option, e.g.:
+You can then run your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but without the `--reload` option, e.g.:
 
 === "Uvicorn"
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ You can then your application the same way you have done in the tutorials, but w
     Remember to remove the `--reload` option if you were using it.
 
     The `--reload` option consumes much more resources, is more unstable, etc.
-    
+
     It helps a lot during **development**, but you **shouldn't** use it in **production**.
 
 ## Hypercorn with Trio

docs/en/docs/features.md

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ With **FastAPI** you get all of **Pydantic**'s features (as FastAPI is based on
 * Plays nicely with your **<abbr title="Integrated Development Environment, similar to a code editor">IDE</abbr>/<abbr title="A program that checks for code errors">linter</abbr>/brain**:
     * Because pydantic data structures are just instances of classes you define; auto-completion, linting, mypy and your intuition should all work properly with your validated data.
 * **Fast**:
-    * in <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#benchmarks-tag" class="external-link" target="_blank">benchmarks</a> Pydantic is faster than all other tested libraries.
+    * in <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/benchmarks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">benchmarks</a> Pydantic is faster than all other tested libraries.
 * Validate **complex structures**:
     * Use of hierarchical Pydantic models, Python `typing`’s `List` and `Dict`, etc.
     * And validators allow complex data schemas to be clearly and easily defined, checked and documented as JSON Schema.

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/concepts/process-ram.drawio

@@ -103,4 +103,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https.drawio

@@ -274,4 +274,4 @@
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         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https.svg

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docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https01.drawio

@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@
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         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https02.drawio

@@ -107,4 +107,4 @@
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-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https03.drawio

@@ -128,4 +128,4 @@
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         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https03.svg

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 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https04.drawio

@@ -149,4 +149,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https04.svg

@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
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 </text></switch></g><rect x="670" y="1166" width="270" height="70" fill="#f5f5f5" stroke="#666666" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 268px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1201px; margin-left: 671px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #333333; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">onemore.example.org</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="805" y="1205" fill="#333333" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">onemore.example.org
-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https05.drawio

@@ -163,4 +163,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https05.svg

@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
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docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https06.drawio

@@ -180,4 +180,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https06.svg

@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
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-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https07.drawio

@@ -200,4 +200,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https07.svg

@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
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-</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>
+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https08.drawio

@@ -214,4 +214,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/img/deployment/https/https08.svg

@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@
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+</text></switch></g><rect x="430" y="1141" width="220" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="3" pointer-events="none"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 1176px; margin-left: 431px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0; text-align: center; "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: #000000; line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: none; white-space: normal; word-wrap: normal; "><font face="Roboto" data-font-src="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto"><span style="font-size: 24px">IP:</span><br /><span style="font-size: 24px">123.124.125.126</span><br /></font></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="540" y="1180" fill="#000000" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">IP:...</text></switch></g></g><switch><g requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"/><a transform="translate(0,-5)" xlink:href="https://www.diagrams.net/doc/faq/svg-export-text-problems" target="_blank"><text text-anchor="middle" font-size="10px" x="50%" y="100%">Viewer does not support full SVG 1.1</text></a></switch></svg>

docs/en/docs/img/sponsors/dropbase.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
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+<svg
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+   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   width="240.00002"
+   height="100"
+   viewBox="0 0 240.00002 100"
+   fill="none"
+   version="1.1"
+   id="svg35">
+  <metadata
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+    <rdf:RDF>
+      <cc:Work
+         rdf:about="">
+        <dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>
+        <dc:type
+           rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage" />
+        <dc:title></dc:title>
+      </cc:Work>
+    </rdf:RDF>
+  </metadata>
+  <path
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+     fill="#ffffff"
+     id="path2"
+     style="stroke-width:0.0406002" />
+  <g
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docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/bigger-applications/package.drawio

@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@
             </root>
         </mxGraphModel>
     </diagram>
-</mxfile>
+</mxfile>

docs/en/docs/index.md

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ $ pip install "uvicorn[standard]"
 * Create a file `main.py` with:
 
 ```Python
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
 If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="9  14"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ async def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 ```
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
 Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
 
 ```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
 
 from fastapi import FastAPI
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ app = FastAPI()
 class Item(BaseModel):
     name: str
     price: float
-    is_offer: Optional[bool] = None
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
 
 
 @app.get("/")
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def read_root():
 
 
 @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
-def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
     return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
 
 

docs/en/docs/js/termynal.js

@@ -72,14 +72,14 @@ class Termynal {
      * Initialise the widget, get lines, clear container and start animation.
      */
     init() {
-        /** 
+        /**
          * Calculates width and height of Termynal container.
          * If container is empty and lines are dynamically loaded, defaults to browser `auto` or CSS.
-         */ 
+         */
         const containerStyle = getComputedStyle(this.container);
-        this.container.style.width = containerStyle.width !== '0px' ? 
+        this.container.style.width = containerStyle.width !== '0px' ?
             containerStyle.width : undefined;
-        this.container.style.minHeight = containerStyle.height !== '0px' ? 
+        this.container.style.minHeight = containerStyle.height !== '0px' ?
             containerStyle.height : undefined;
 
         this.container.setAttribute('data-termynal', '');
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class Termynal {
         restart.innerHTML = "restart ↻"
         return restart
     }
-    
+
     generateFinish() {
         const finish = document.createElement('a')
         finish.onclick = (e) => {
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class Termynal {
 
     /**
      * Converts line data objects into line elements.
-     * 
+     *
      * @param {Object[]} lineData - Dynamically loaded lines.
      * @param {Object} line - Line data object.
      * @returns {Element[]} - Array of line elements.
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Termynal {
 
     /**
      * Helper function for generating attributes string.
-     * 
+     *
      * @param {Object} line - Line data object.
      * @returns {string} - String of attributes.
      */

docs/en/docs/python-types.md

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Calling this program outputs:
 John Doe
 ```
 
-The function does the following: 
+The function does the following:
 
 * Takes a `first_name` and `last_name`.
 * Converts the first letter of each one to upper case with `title()`.
@@ -317,6 +317,45 @@ This also means that in Python 3.10, you can use `Something | None`:
     {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
     ```
 
+#### Using `Union` or `Optional`
+
+If you are using a Python version below 3.10, here's a tip from my very **subjective** point of view:
+
+* 🚨 Avoid using `Optional[SomeType]`
+* Instead ✨ **use `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.
+
+Both are equivalent and underneath they are the same, but I would recommend `Union` instead of `Optional` because the word "**optional**" would seem to imply that the value is optional, and it actually means "it can be `None`", even if it's not optional and is still required.
+
+I think `Union[str, SomeType]` is more explicit about what it means.
+
+It's just about the words and names. But those words can affect how you and your teammates think about the code.
+
+As an example, let's take this function:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4"
+{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c.py!}
+```
+
+The parameter `name` is defined as `Optional[str]`, but it is **not optional**, you cannot call the function without the parameter:
+
+```Python
+say_hi()  # Oh, no, this throws an error! 😱
+```
+
+The `name` parameter is **still required** (not *optional*) because it doesn't have a default value. Still, `name` accepts `None` as the value:
+
+```Python
+say_hi(name=None)  # This works, None is valid 🎉
+```
+
+The good news is, once you are on Python 3.10 you won't have to worry about that, as you will be able to simply use `|` to define unions of types:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  4"
+{!../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c_py310.py!}
+```
+
+And then you won't have to worry about names like `Optional` and `Union`. 😎
+
 #### Generic types
 
 These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic types** or **Generics**, for example:
@@ -334,14 +373,14 @@ These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic ty
 === "Python 3.9 and above"
 
     You can use the same builtin types as generics (with square brakets and types inside):
-    
+
     * `list`
     * `tuple`
     * `set`
     * `dict`
 
     And the same as with Python 3.6, from the `typing` module:
-    
+
     * `Union`
     * `Optional`
     * ...and others.
@@ -354,7 +393,7 @@ These types that take type parameters in square brackets are called **Generic ty
     * `tuple`
     * `set`
     * `dict`
-    
+
     And the same as with Python 3.6, from the `typing` module:
 
     * `Union`
@@ -422,6 +461,9 @@ An example from the official Pydantic docs:
 
 You will see a lot more of all this in practice in the [Tutorial - User Guide](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
+!!! tip
+    Pydantic has a special behavior when you use `Optional` or `Union[Something, None]` without a default value, you can read more about it in the Pydantic docs about <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/models/#required-optional-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">Required Optional fields</a>.
+
 ## Type hints in **FastAPI**
 
 **FastAPI** takes advantage of these type hints to do several things.

docs/en/docs/release-notes.md

@@ -3,6 +3,326 @@
 ## Latest Changes
 
 
+## 0.78.0
+
+### Features
+
+* ✨ Add support for omitting `...` as default value when declaring required parameters with:
+
+* `Path()`
+* `Query()`
+* `Header()`
+* `Cookie()`
+* `Body()`
+* `Form()`
+* `File()`
+
+New docs at [Tutorial - Query Parameters and String Validations - Make it required](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#make-it-required). PR [#4906](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4906) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+Up to now, declaring a required parameter while adding additional validation or metadata needed using `...` (Ellipsis).
+
+For example:
+
+```Python
+from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI, Header, Path, Query
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def main(
+    item_id: int = Path(default=..., gt=0),
+    query: str = Query(default=..., max_length=10),
+    session: str = Cookie(default=..., min_length=3),
+    x_trace: str = Header(default=..., title="Tracing header"),
+):
+    return {"message": "Hello World"}
+```
+
+...all these parameters are required because the default value is `...` (Ellipsis).
+
+But now it's possible and supported to just omit the default value, as would be done with Pydantic fields, and the parameters would still be required.
+
+✨ For example, this is now supported:
+
+```Python
+from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI, Header, Path, Query
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def main(
+    item_id: int = Path(gt=0),
+    query: str = Query(max_length=10),
+    session: str = Cookie(min_length=3),
+    x_trace: str = Header(title="Tracing header"),
+):
+    return {"message": "Hello World"}
+```
+
+To declare parameters as optional (not required), you can set a default value as always, for example using `None`:
+
+```Python
+from typing import Union
+from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI, Header, Path, Query
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def main(
+    item_id: int = Path(gt=0),
+    query: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None, max_length=10),
+    session: Union[str, None] = Cookie(default=None, min_length=3),
+    x_trace: Union[str, None] = Header(default=None, title="Tracing header"),
+):
+    return {"message": "Hello World"}
+```
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Add docs recommending `Union` over `Optional` and migrate source examples. New docs at [Python Types Intro - Using `Union` or `Optional`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/python-types/#using-union-or-optional). PR [#4908](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4908) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🎨 Fix default value as set in tutorial for Path Operations Advanced Configurations. PR [#4899](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4899) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 📝 Add documentation for redefined path operations. PR [#4864](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4864) by [@madkinsz](https://github.com/madkinsz).
+* 📝 Updates links for Celery documentation. PR [#4736](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4736) by [@sammyzord](https://github.com/sammyzord).
+* ✏ Fix example code with sets in tutorial for body nested models. PR [#3030](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3030) by [@hitrust](https://github.com/hitrust).
+* ✏ Fix links to Pydantic docs. PR [#4670](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4670) by [@kinuax](https://github.com/kinuax).
+* 📝 Update docs about Swagger UI self-hosting with newer source links. PR [#4813](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4813) by [@Kastakin](https://github.com/Kastakin).
+* 📝 Add link to external article: Building the Poll App From Django Tutorial With FastAPI And React. PR [#4778](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4778) by [@jbrocher](https://github.com/jbrocher).
+* 📝 Add OpenAPI warning to "Body - Fields" docs with extra schema extensions. PR [#4846](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4846) by [@ml-evs](https://github.com/ml-evs).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Fix code examples in Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/testing.md`. PR [#4623](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4623) by [@hirotoKirimaru](https://github.com/hirotoKirimaru).
+
+### Internal
+
+* ♻ Refactor dict value extraction to minimize key lookups `fastapi/utils.py`. PR [#3139](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3139) by [@ShahriyarR](https://github.com/ShahriyarR).
+* ✅ Add tests for required nonable parameters and body fields. PR [#4907](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4907) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Fix installing Material for MkDocs Insiders in CI. PR [#4897](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4897) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Add pre-commit CI instead of custom GitHub Action. PR [#4896](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4896) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Add pre-commit GitHub Action workflow. PR [#4895](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4895) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 📝 Add dark mode auto switch to docs based on OS preference. PR [#4869](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4869) by [@ComicShrimp](https://github.com/ComicShrimp).
+* 🔥 Remove un-used old pending tests, already covered in other places. PR [#4891](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4891) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Add Python formatting hooks to pre-commit. PR [#4890](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4890) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Add pre-commit with first config and first formatting pass. PR [#4888](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4888) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👷 Disable CI installing Material for MkDocs in forks. PR [#4410](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4410) by [@dolfinus](https://github.com/dolfinus).
+
+## 0.77.1
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆ Upgrade Starlette from 0.19.0 to 0.19.1. PR [#4819](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4819) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Add link to german article: REST-API Programmieren mittels Python und dem FastAPI Modul. PR [#4624](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4624) by [@fschuermeyer](https://github.com/fschuermeyer).
+* 📝 Add external link: PyCharm Guide to FastAPI. PR [#4512](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4512) by [@mukulmantosh](https://github.com/mukulmantosh).
+* 📝 Add external link to article: Building an API with FastAPI and Supabase and Deploying on Deta. PR [#4440](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4440) by [@aUnicornDev](https://github.com/aUnicornDev).
+* ✏ Fix small typo in `docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md`. PR [#4515](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4515) by [@KikoIlievski](https://github.com/KikoIlievski).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Add Polish translation for `docs/pl/docs/tutorial/index.md`. PR [#4516](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4516) by [@MKaczkow](https://github.com/MKaczkow).
+* ✏ Fix typo in deployment. PR [#4629](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4629) by [@raisulislam541](https://github.com/raisulislam541).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/help-fastapi.md`. PR [#4583](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4583) by [@mateusjs](https://github.com/mateusjs).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 🔧 Add notifications in issue for Uzbek translations. PR [#4884](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4884) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.77.0
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆ Upgrade Starlette from 0.18.0 to 0.19.0. PR [#4488](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4488) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
+    * When creating an explicit `JSONResponse` the `content` argument is now required.
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Add external link to article: Seamless FastAPI Configuration with ConfZ. PR [#4414](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4414) by [@silvanmelchior](https://github.com/silvanmelchior).
+* 📝 Add external link to article: 5 Advanced Features of FastAPI You Should Try. PR [#4436](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4436) by [@kaustubhgupta](https://github.com/kaustubhgupta).
+* ✏ Reword to improve legibility of docs about `TestClient`. PR [#4389](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4389) by [@rgilton](https://github.com/rgilton).
+* 📝 Add external link to blog post about Kafka, FastAPI, and Ably. PR [#4044](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4044) by [@Ugbot](https://github.com/Ugbot).
+* ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/tutorial/sql-databases.md`. PR [#4875](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4875) by [@wpyoga](https://github.com/wpyoga).
+* ✏ Fix typo in `docs/en/docs/async.md`. PR [#4726](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4726) by [@Prezu](https://github.com/Prezu).
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Update source example highlights for `docs/zh/docs/tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md`. PR [#4237](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4237) by [@caimaoy](https://github.com/caimaoy).
+* 🌐 Remove translation docs references to aiofiles as it's no longer needed since AnyIO. PR [#3594](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3594) by [@alonme](https://github.com/alonme).
+* ✏ 🌐 Fix typo in Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/path-params.md`. PR [#4722](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4722) by [@CleoMenezesJr](https://github.com/CleoMenezesJr).
+* 🌐 Fix live docs server for translations for some languages. PR [#4729](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4729) by [@wakabame](https://github.com/wakabame).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/cookie-params.md`. PR [#4112](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4112) by [@lbmendes](https://github.com/lbmendes).
+* 🌐 Fix French translation for `docs/tutorial/body.md`. PR [#4332](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4332) by [@Smlep](https://github.com/Smlep).
+* 🌐 Add Japanese translation for `docs/ja/docs/advanced/conditional-openapi.md`. PR [#2631](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2631) by [@sh0nk](https://github.com/sh0nk).
+* 🌐 Fix Japanese translation of `docs/ja/docs/tutorial/body.md`. PR [#3062](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3062) by [@a-takahashi223](https://github.com/a-takahashi223).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/pt/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md`. PR [#2170](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2170) by [@izaguerreiro](https://github.com/izaguerreiro).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/deployment/deta.md`. PR [#4442](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4442) by [@lsglucas](https://github.com/lsglucas).
+* 🌐 Add Russian translation for `docs/async.md`. PR [#4036](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4036) by [@Winand](https://github.com/Winand).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation for `docs/tutorial/body.md`. PR [#3960](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3960) by [@leandrodesouzadev](https://github.com/leandrodesouzadev).
+* 🌐 Add Portuguese translation of `tutorial/extra-data-types.md`. PR [#4077](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4077) by [@luccasmmg](https://github.com/luccasmmg).
+* 🌐 Update German translation for `docs/features.md`. PR [#3905](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3905) by [@jomue](https://github.com/jomue).
+
+## 0.76.0
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆ Upgrade Starlette from 0.17.1 to 0.18.0. PR [#4483](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4483) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4847](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4847) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+* 🔧 Add Budget Insight sponsor. PR [#4824](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4824) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🍱 Update sponsor, ExoFlare badge. PR [#4822](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4822) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Update sponsors, enable Dropbase again, update TalkPython link. PR [#4821](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4821) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.75.2
+
+This release includes upgrades to third-party packages that handle security issues. Although there's a chance these issues don't affect you in particular, please upgrade as soon as possible.
+
+### Fixes
+
+* ✅ Fix new/recent tests with new fixed `ValidationError` JSON Schema. PR [#4806](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4806) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🐛 Fix JSON Schema for `ValidationError` at field `loc`. PR [#3810](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3810) by [@dconathan](https://github.com/dconathan).
+* 🐛 Fix support for prefix on APIRouter WebSockets. PR [#2640](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2640) by [@Kludex](https://github.com/Kludex).
+
+### Upgrades
+
+* ⬆️ Update ujson ranges for CVE-2021-45958. PR [#4804](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4804) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆️ Upgrade dependencies upper range for extras "all". PR [#4803](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4803) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆ Upgrade Swagger UI - swagger-ui-dist@4. This handles a security issue in Swagger UI itself where it could be possible to inject HTML into Swagger UI. Please upgrade as soon as you can, in particular if you expose your Swagger UI (`/docs`) publicly to non-expert users. PR [#4347](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4347) by [@RAlanWright](https://github.com/RAlanWright).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 🔧 Update sponsors, add: ExoFlare, Ines Course; remove: Dropbase, Vim.so, Calmcode; update: Striveworks, TalkPython and TestDriven.io. PR [#4805](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4805) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* ⬆️ Upgrade Codecov GitHub Action. PR [#4801](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4801) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.75.1
+
+### Translations
+
+* 🌐 Start Dutch translations. PR [#4703](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4703) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🌐 Start Persian/Farsi translations. PR [#4243](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4243) by [@aminalaee](https://github.com/aminalaee).
+* ✏ Reword sentence about handling errors. PR [#1993](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/1993) by [@khuhroproeza](https://github.com/khuhroproeza).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4752](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4752) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+* ➖ Temporarily remove typer-cli from dependencies and upgrade Black to unblock Pydantic CI. PR [#4754](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4754) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Add configuration to notify Dutch translations. PR [#4702](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4702) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4699](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4699) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+* 🐛 Fix FastAPI People generation to include missing file in commit. PR [#4695](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4695) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Update Classiq sponsor links. PR [#4688](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4688) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Add Classiq sponsor. PR [#4671](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4671) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 📝 Add Jina's QA Bot to the docs to help people that want to ask quick questions. PR [#4655](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4655) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo) based on original PR [#4626](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4626) by [@hanxiao](https://github.com/hanxiao).
+
+## 0.75.0
+
+### Features
+
+* ✨ Add support for custom `generate_unique_id_function` and docs for generating clients. New docs: [Advanced - Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/). PR [#4650](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4650) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.74.1
+
+### Features
+
+* ✨ Include route in scope to allow middleware and other tools to extract its information. PR [#4603](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4603) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+## 0.74.0
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* ✨ Update internal `AsyncExitStack` to fix context for dependencies with `yield`. PR [#4575](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4575) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+Dependencies with `yield` can now catch `HTTPException` and custom exceptions. For example:
+
+```Python
+async def get_database():
+    with Session() as session:
+        try:
+            yield session
+        except HTTPException:
+            session.rollback()
+            raise
+        finally:
+            session.close()
+```
+
+After the dependency with `yield` handles the exception (or not) the exception is raised again. So that any exception handlers can catch it, or ultimately the default internal `ServerErrorMiddleware`.
+
+If you depended on exceptions not being received by dependencies with `yield`, and receiving an exception breaks the code after `yield`, you can use a block with `try` and `finally`:
+
+```Python
+async def do_something():
+    try:
+        yield something
+    finally:
+        some_cleanup()
+```
+
+...that way the `finally` block is run regardless of any exception that might happen.
+
+### Features
+
+* The same PR [#4575](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4575) from above also fixes the `contextvars` context for the code before and after `yield`. This was the main objective of that PR.
+
+This means that now, if you set a value in a context variable before `yield`, the value would still be available after `yield` (as you would intuitively expect). And it also means that you can reset the context variable with a token afterwards.
+
+For example, this works correctly now:
+
+```Python
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+
+legacy_request_state_context_var: ContextVar[Optional[Dict[str, Any]]] = ContextVar(
+    "legacy_request_state_context_var", default=None
+)
+
+async def set_up_request_state_dependency():
+    request_state = {"user": "deadpond"}
+    contextvar_token = legacy_request_state_context_var.set(request_state)
+    yield request_state
+    legacy_request_state_context_var.reset(contextvar_token)
+```
+
+...before this change it would raise an error when resetting the context variable, because the `contextvars` context was different, because of the way it was implemented.
+
+**Note**: You probably don't need `contextvars`, and you should probably avoid using them. But they are powerful and useful in some advanced scenarios, for example, migrating from code that used Flask's `g` semi-global variable.
+
+**Technical Details**: If you want to know more of the technical details you can check out the PR description [#4575](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4575).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 🔧 Add Striveworks sponsor. PR [#4596](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4596) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 💚 Only build docs on push when on master to avoid duplicate runs from PRs. PR [#4564](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4564) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 👥 Update FastAPI People. PR [#4502](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4502) by [@github-actions[bot]](https://github.com/apps/github-actions).
+
+## 0.73.0
+
+### Features
+
+* ✨ Add support for declaring `UploadFile` parameters without explicit `File()`. PR [#4469](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4469) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo). New docs: [Request Files - File Parameters with UploadFile](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/#file-parameters-with-uploadfile).
+* ✨ Add support for tags with Enums. PR [#4468](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4468) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo). New docs: [Path Operation Configuration - Tags with Enums](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags-with-enums).
+* ✨ Allow hiding from OpenAPI (and Swagger UI) `Query`, `Cookie`, `Header`, and `Path` parameters. PR [#3144](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3144) by [@astraldawn](https://github.com/astraldawn). New docs: [Query Parameters and String Validations - Exclude from OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+
+### Docs
+
+* 📝 Tweak and improve docs for Request Files. PR [#4470](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4470) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+### Fixes
+
+* 🐛 Fix bug preventing to use OpenAPI when using tuples. PR [#3874](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/3874) by [@victorbenichoux](https://github.com/victorbenichoux).
+* 🐛 Prefer custom encoder over defaults if specified in `jsonable_encoder`. PR [#2061](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/2061) by [@viveksunder](https://github.com/viveksunder).
+    * 💚 Duplicate PR to trigger CI. PR [#4467](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4467) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
+### Internal
+
+* 🐛 Fix docs dependencies cache, to get the latest Material for MkDocs. PR [#4466](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4466) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+* 🔧 Add sponsor Dropbase. PR [#4465](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/4465) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
+
 ## 0.72.0
 
 ### Features

docs/en/docs/tutorial/background-tasks.md

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ You can see more details in <a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" class
 
 ## Caveat
 
-If you need to perform heavy background computation and you don't necessarily need it to be run by the same process (for example, you don't need to share memory, variables, etc), you might benefit from using other bigger tools like <a href="https://docs.celeryproject.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Celery</a>.
+If you need to perform heavy background computation and you don't necessarily need it to be run by the same process (for example, you don't need to share memory, variables, etc), you might benefit from using other bigger tools like <a href="https://docs.celeryq.dev" class="external-link" target="_blank">Celery</a>.
 
 They tend to require more complex configurations, a message/job queue manager, like RabbitMQ or Redis, but they allow you to run background tasks in multiple processes, and especially, in multiple servers.
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/bigger-applications.md

@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ from app.routers import items, users
     ```Python
     from .routers import items, users
     ```
-    
+
     The second version is an "absolute import":
 
     ```Python

docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-fields.md

@@ -57,6 +57,10 @@ You can declare extra information in `Field`, `Query`, `Body`, etc. And it will
 
 You will learn more about adding extra information later in the docs, when learning to declare examples.
 
+!!! warning
+    Extra keys passed to `Field` will also be present in the resulting OpenAPI schema for your application.
+    As these keys may not necessarily be part of the OpenAPI specification, some OpenAPI tools, for example [the OpenAPI validator](https://validator.swagger.io/), may not work with your generated schema.
+
 ## Recap
 
 You can use Pydantic's `Field` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-multiple-params.md

@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ But you can instruct **FastAPI** to treat it as another body key using `Body`:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="23"
+    ```Python hl_lines="22"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial003.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="21"
+    ```Python hl_lines="20"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial003_py310.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Of course, you can also declare additional query parameters whenever you need, a
 As, by default, singular values are interpreted as query parameters, you don't have to explicitly add a `Query`, you can just do:
 
 ```Python
-q: Optional[str] = None
+q: Union[str, None] = None
 ```
 
 Or in Python 3.10 and above:
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ For example:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="28"
+    ```Python hl_lines="27"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial004.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ For example:
 !!! info
     `Body` also has all the same extra validation and metadata parameters as `Query`,`Path` and others you will see later.
 
-
 ## Embed a single body parameter
 
 Let's say you only have a single `item` body parameter from a Pydantic model `Item`.
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ By default, **FastAPI** will then expect its body directly.
 But if you want it to expect a JSON with a key `item` and inside of it the model contents, as it does when you declare extra body parameters, you can use the special `Body` parameter `embed`:
 
 ```Python
-item: Item = Body(..., embed=True)
+item: Item = Body(embed=True)
 ```
 
 as in:

docs/en/docs/tutorial/body-nested-models.md

@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ In this case, you would accept any `dict` as long as it has `int` keys with `flo
     But Pydantic has automatic data conversion.
 
     This means that, even though your API clients can only send strings as keys, as long as those strings contain pure integers, Pydantic will convert them and validate them.
-    
+
     And the `dict` you receive as `weights` will actually have `int` keys and `float` values.
 
 ## Recap

docs/en/docs/tutorial/body.md

@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ But you would get the same editor support with <a href="https://www.jetbrains.co
     If you use <a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/" class="external-link" target="_blank">PyCharm</a> as your editor, you can use the <a href="https://github.com/koxudaxi/pydantic-pycharm-plugin/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic PyCharm Plugin</a>.
 
     It improves editor support for Pydantic models, with:
-    
+
     * auto-completion
     * type checks
     * refactoring
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ The function parameters will be recognized as follows:
 !!! note
     FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.
 
-    The `Optional` in `Optional[str]` is not used by FastAPI, but will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.
+    The `Union` in `Union[str, None]` is not used by FastAPI, but will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.
 
 ## Without Pydantic
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/classes-as-dependencies.md

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Pay attention to the `__init__` method used to create the instance of the class:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="8"
+    ```Python hl_lines="9"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
     ```
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ To do this, use `yield` instead of `return`, and write the extra steps after.
 !!! note "Technical Details"
     Any function that is valid to use with:
 
-    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or
     * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
 
     would be valid to use as a **FastAPI** dependency.
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ You saw that you can use dependencies with `yield` and have `try` blocks that ca
 
 It might be tempting to raise an `HTTPException` or similar in the exit code, after the `yield`. But **it won't work**.
 
-The exit code in dependencies with `yield` is executed *after* [Exception Handlers](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}. There's nothing catching exceptions thrown by your dependencies in the exit code (after the `yield`).
+The exit code in dependencies with `yield` is executed *after* the response is sent, so [Exception Handlers](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank} will have already run. There's nothing catching exceptions thrown by your dependencies in the exit code (after the `yield`).
 
 So, if you raise an `HTTPException` after the `yield`, the default (or any custom) exception handler that catches `HTTPException`s and returns an HTTP 400 response won't be there to catch that exception anymore.
 
@@ -138,9 +138,11 @@ participant tasks as Background tasks
     end
     dep ->> operation: Run dependency, e.g. DB session
     opt raise
-        operation -->> handler: Raise HTTPException
+        operation -->> dep: Raise HTTPException
+        dep -->> handler: Auto forward exception
         handler -->> client: HTTP error response
         operation -->> dep: Raise other exception
+        dep -->> handler: Auto forward exception
     end
     operation ->> client: Return response to client
     Note over client,operation: Response is already sent, can't change it anymore
@@ -162,9 +164,9 @@ participant tasks as Background tasks
     After one of those responses is sent, no other response can be sent.
 
 !!! tip
-    This diagram shows `HTTPException`, but you could also raise any other exception for which you create a [Custom Exception Handler](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}. And that exception would be handled by that custom exception handler instead of the dependency exit code.
+    This diagram shows `HTTPException`, but you could also raise any other exception for which you create a [Custom Exception Handler](../handling-errors.md#install-custom-exception-handlers){.internal-link target=_blank}.
 
-    But if you raise an exception that is not handled by the exception handlers, it will be handled by the exit code of the dependency.
+    If you raise any exception, it will be passed to the dependencies with yield, including `HTTPException`, and then **again** to the exception handlers. If there's no exception handler for that exception, it will then be handled by the default internal `ServerErrorMiddleware`, returning a 500 HTTP status code, to let the client know that there was an error in the server.
 
 ## Context Managers
 
@@ -205,7 +207,7 @@ You can also use them inside of **FastAPI** dependencies with `yield` by using
 !!! tip
     Another way to create a context manager is with:
 
-    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or 
+    * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.contextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.contextmanager`</a> or
     * <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>
 
     using them to decorate a function with a single `yield`.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/index.md

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ It is just a function that can take all the same parameters that a *path operati
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="8-9"
+    ```Python hl_lines="8-11"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ The same way you use `Body`, `Query`, etc. with your *path operation function* p
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="13  18"
+    ```Python hl_lines="15  20"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001.py!}
     ```
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/dependencies/sub-dependencies.md

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Then we can use the dependency with:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="21"
+    ```Python hl_lines="22"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial005.py!}
     ```
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/extra-data-types.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Here are some of the additional data types you can use:
 * `datetime.timedelta`:
     * A Python `datetime.timedelta`.
     * In requests and responses will be represented as a `float` of total seconds.
-    * Pydantic also allows representing it as a "ISO 8601 time diff encoding", <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#json-serialisation" class="external-link" target="_blank">see the docs for more info</a>.
+    * Pydantic also allows representing it as a "ISO 8601 time diff encoding", <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/exporting_models/#json_encoders" class="external-link" target="_blank">see the docs for more info</a>.
 * `frozenset`:
     * In requests and responses, treated the same as a `set`:
         * In requests, a list will be read, eliminating duplicates and converting it to a `set`.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/handling-errors.md

@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ path -> item_id
 !!! warning
     These are technical details that you might skip if it's not important for you now.
 
-`RequestValidationError` is a sub-class of Pydantic's <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/#error-handling" class="external-link" target="_blank">`ValidationError`</a>.
+`RequestValidationError` is a sub-class of Pydantic's <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/models/#error-handling" class="external-link" target="_blank">`ValidationError`</a>.
 
 **FastAPI** uses it so that, if you use a Pydantic model in `response_model`, and your data has an error, you will see the error in your log.
 
@@ -252,9 +252,7 @@ from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
 
 ### Re-use **FastAPI**'s exception handlers
 
-You could also just want to use the exception somehow, but then use the same default exception handlers from **FastAPI**.
-
-You can import and re-use the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:
+If you want to use the exception along with the same default exception handlers from  **FastAPI**, You can import and re-use the default exception handlers from `fastapi.exception_handlers`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="2-5  15  21"
 {!../../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py!}

docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-operation-configuration.md

@@ -64,6 +64,18 @@ They will be added to the OpenAPI schema and used by the automatic documentation
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/image01.png">
 
+### Tags with Enums
+
+If you have a big application, you might end up accumulating **several tags**, and you would want to make sure you always use the **same tag** for related *path operations*.
+
+In these cases, it could make sense to store the tags in an `Enum`.
+
+**FastAPI** supports that the same way as with plain strings:
+
+```Python hl_lines="1  8-10  13  18"
+{!../../../docs_src/path_operation_configuration/tutorial002b.py!}
+```
+
 ## Summary and description
 
 You can add a `summary` and `description`:

docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations.md

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ It doesn't matter for **FastAPI**. It will detect the parameters by their names,
 
 So, you can declare your function as:
 
-```Python hl_lines="8"
+```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!../../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial002.py!}
 ```
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Pass `*`, as the first parameter of the function.
 
 Python won't do anything with that `*`, but it will know that all the following parameters should be called as keyword arguments (key-value pairs), also known as <abbr title="From: K-ey W-ord Arg-uments"><code>kwargs</code></abbr>. Even if they don't have a default value.
 
-```Python hl_lines="8"
+```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!../../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial003.py!}
 ```
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/path-params.md

@@ -115,6 +115,14 @@ Because *path operations* are evaluated in order, you need to make sure that the
 
 Otherwise, the path for `/users/{user_id}` would match also for `/users/me`, "thinking" that it's receiving a parameter `user_id` with a value of `"me"`.
 
+Similarly, you cannot redefine a path operation:
+
+```Python hl_lines="6  11"
+{!../../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial003b.py!}
+```
+
+The first one will always be used since the path matches first.
+
 ## Predefined values
 
 If you have a *path operation* that receives a *path parameter*, but you want the possible valid *path parameter* values to be predefined, you can use a standard Python <abbr title="Enumeration">`Enum`</abbr>.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/query-params-str-validations.md

@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ Let's take this application as example:
     {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial001_py310.py!}
     ```
 
-The query parameter `q` is of type `Optional[str]` (or `str | None` in Python 3.10), that means that it's of type `str` but could also be `None`, and indeed, the default value is `None`, so FastAPI will know it's not required.
+The query parameter `q` is of type `Union[str, None]` (or `str | None` in Python 3.10), that means that it's of type `str` but could also be `None`, and indeed, the default value is `None`, so FastAPI will know it's not required.
 
 !!! note
     FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.
 
-    The `Optional` in `Optional[str]` is not used by FastAPI, but will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.
+    The `Union` in `Union[str, None]` will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.
 
 ## Additional validation
 
@@ -59,24 +59,24 @@ And now use it as the default value of your parameter, setting the parameter `ma
     {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial002_py310.py!}
     ```
 
-As we have to replace the default value `None` with `Query(None)`, the first parameter to `Query` serves the same purpose of defining that default value.
+As we have to replace the default value `None` in the function with `Query()`, we can now set the default value with the parameter `Query(default=None)`, it serves the same purpose of defining that default value.
 
 So:
 
 ```Python
-q: Optional[str] = Query(None)
+q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None)
 ```
 
 ...makes the parameter optional, the same as:
 
 ```Python
-q: Optional[str] = None
+q: Union[str, None] = None
 ```
 
 And in Python 3.10 and above:
 
 ```Python
-q: str | None = Query(None)
+q: str | None = Query(default=None)
 ```
 
 ...makes the parameter optional, the same as:
@@ -97,17 +97,17 @@ But it declares it explicitly as being a query parameter.
     or the:
 
     ```Python
-    = Query(None)
+    = Query(default=None)
     ```
 
     as it will use that `None` as the default value, and that way make the parameter **not required**.
 
-    The `Optional` part allows your editor to provide better support, but it is not what tells FastAPI that this parameter is not required.
+    The `Union[str, None]` part allows your editor to provide better support, but it is not what tells FastAPI that this parameter is not required.
 
 Then, we can pass more parameters to `Query`. In this case, the `max_length` parameter that applies to strings:
 
 ```Python
-q: str = Query(None, max_length=50)
+q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None, max_length=50)
 ```
 
 This will validate the data, show a clear error when the data is not valid, and document the parameter in the OpenAPI schema *path operation*.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ You can also add a parameter `min_length`:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="9"
+    ```Python hl_lines="10"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial003.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -134,13 +134,13 @@ You can define a <abbr title="A regular expression, regex or regexp is a sequenc
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="10"
+    ```Python hl_lines="11"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial004.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="8"
+    ```Python hl_lines="9"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial004_py310.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ But whenever you need them and go and learn them, know that you can already use
 
 ## Default values
 
-The same way that you can pass `None` as the first argument to be used as the default value, you can pass other values.
+The same way that you can pass `None` as the value for the `default` parameter, you can pass other values.
 
 Let's say that you want to declare the `q` query parameter to have a `min_length` of `3`, and to have a default value of `"fixedquery"`:
 
@@ -178,26 +178,68 @@ q: str
 instead of:
 
 ```Python
-q: Optional[str] = None
+q: Union[str, None] = None
 ```
 
 But we are now declaring it with `Query`, for example like:
 
 ```Python
-q: Optional[str] = Query(None, min_length=3)
+q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None, min_length=3)
 ```
 
-So, when you need to declare a value as required while using `Query`, you can use `...` as the first argument:
+So, when you need to declare a value as required while using `Query`, you can simply not declare a default value:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="7"
 {!../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006.py!}
 ```
 
+### Required with Ellipsis (`...`)
+
+There's an alternative way to explicitly declare that a value is required. You can set the `default` parameter to the literal value `...`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="7"
+{!../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006b.py!}
+```
+
 !!! info
     If you hadn't seen that `...` before: it is a special single value, it is <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis" class="external-link" target="_blank">part of Python and is called "Ellipsis"</a>.
 
+    It is used by Pydantic and FastAPI to explicitly declare that a value is required.
+
 This will let **FastAPI** know that this parameter is required.
 
+### Required with `None`
+
+You can declare that a parameter can accept `None`, but that it's still required. This would force clients to send a value, even if the value is `None`.
+
+To do that, you can declare that `None` is a valid type but still use `default=...`:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="8"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006c.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="7"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006c_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+!!! tip
+    Pydantic, which is what powers all the data validation and serialization in FastAPI, has a special behavior when you use `Optional` or `Union[Something, None]` without a default value, you can read more about it in the Pydantic docs about <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/models/#required-optional-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">Required Optional fields</a>.
+
+### Use Pydantic's `Required` instead of Ellipsis (`...`)
+
+If you feel uncomfortable using `...`, you can also import and use `Required` from Pydantic:
+
+```Python hl_lines="2  8"
+{!../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006d.py!}
+```
+
+!!! tip
+    Remember that in most of the cases, when something is required, you can simply omit the `default` parameter, so you normally don't have to use `...` nor `Required`.
+
 ## Query parameter list / multiple values
 
 When you define a query parameter explicitly with `Query` you can also declare it to receive a list of values, or said in other way, to receive multiple values.
@@ -315,7 +357,7 @@ You can add a `title`:
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="7"
+    ```Python hl_lines="8"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial007_py310.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -387,6 +429,22 @@ The docs will show it like this:
 
 <img src="/img/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/image01.png">
 
+## Exclude from OpenAPI
+
+To exclude a query parameter from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from the automatic documentation systems), set the parameter `include_in_schema` of `Query` to `False`:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="10"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial014.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.10 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="8"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial014_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
 ## Recap
 
 You can declare additional validations and metadata for your parameters.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-files.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Import `File` and `UploadFile` from `fastapi`:
 {!../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001.py!}
 ```
 
-## Define `File` parameters
+## Define `File` Parameters
 
 Create file parameters the same way you would for `Body` or `Form`:
 
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ Have in mind that this means that the whole contents will be stored in memory. T
 
 But there are several cases in which you might benefit from using `UploadFile`.
 
-## `File` parameters with `UploadFile`
+## File Parameters with `UploadFile`
 
-Define a `File` parameter with a type of `UploadFile`:
+Define a file parameter with a type of `UploadFile`:
 
 ```Python hl_lines="12"
 {!../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001.py!}
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ Define a `File` parameter with a type of `UploadFile`:
 
 Using `UploadFile` has several advantages over `bytes`:
 
+* You don't have to use `File()` in the default value of the parameter.
 * It uses a "spooled" file:
     * A file stored in memory up to a maximum size limit, and after passing this limit it will be stored in disk.
 * This means that it will work well for large files like images, videos, large binaries, etc. without consuming all the memory.
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ The way HTML forms (`<form></form>`) sends the data to the server normally uses
     Data from forms is normally encoded using the "media type" `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` when it doesn't include files.
 
     But when the form includes files, it is encoded as `multipart/form-data`. If you use `File`, **FastAPI** will know it has to get the files from the correct part of the body.
-    
+
     If you want to read more about these encodings and form fields, head to the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/POST" class="external-link" target="_blank"><abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network">MDN</abbr> web docs for <code>POST</code></a>.
 
 !!! warning
@@ -113,7 +114,31 @@ The way HTML forms (`<form></form>`) sends the data to the server normally uses
 
     This is not a limitation of **FastAPI**, it's part of the HTTP protocol.
 
-## Multiple file uploads
+## Optional File Upload
+
+You can make a file optional by using standard type annotations and setting a default value of `None`:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="9  17"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_02.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.9 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="7  14"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_02_py310.py!}
+    ```
+
+## `UploadFile` with Additional Metadata
+
+You can also use `File()` with `UploadFile`, for example, to set additional metadata:
+
+```Python hl_lines="13"
+{!../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial001_03.py!}
+```
+
+## Multiple File Uploads
 
 It's possible to upload several files at the same time.
 
@@ -140,6 +165,22 @@ You will receive, as declared, a `list` of `bytes` or `UploadFile`s.
 
     **FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette.
 
+### Multiple File Uploads with Additional Metadata
+
+And the same way as before, you can use `File()` to set additional parameters, even for `UploadFile`:
+
+=== "Python 3.6 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="18"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial003.py!}
+    ```
+
+=== "Python 3.9 and above"
+
+    ```Python hl_lines="16"
+    {!> ../../../docs_src/request_files/tutorial003_py39.py!}
+    ```
+
 ## Recap
 
-Use `File` to declare files to be uploaded as input parameters (as form data).
+Use `File`, `bytes`, and `UploadFile` to declare files to be uploaded in the request, sent as form data.

docs/en/docs/tutorial/request-forms.md

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The way HTML forms (`<form></form>`) sends the data to the server normally uses
     Data from forms is normally encoded using the "media type" `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`.
 
     But when the form includes files, it is encoded as `multipart/form-data`. You'll read about handling files in the next chapter.
-    
+
     If you want to read more about these encodings and form fields, head to the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/POST" class="external-link" target="_blank"><abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network">MDN</abbr> web docs for <code>POST</code></a>.
 
 !!! warning

docs/en/docs/tutorial/response-model.md

@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ Your response model could have default values, like:
     {!> ../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial004_py310.py!}
     ```
 
-* `description: Optional[str] = None` has a default of `None`.
+* `description: Union[str, None] = None` has a default of `None`.
 * `tax: float = 10.5` has a default of `10.5`.
 * `tags: List[str] = []` as a default of an empty list: `[]`.
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/schema-extra-example.md

@@ -68,13 +68,13 @@ Here we pass an `example` of the data expected in `Body()`:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="21-26"
+    ```Python hl_lines="20-25"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/schema_extra_example/tutorial003.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="19-24"
+    ```Python hl_lines="18-23"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/schema_extra_example/tutorial003_py310.py!}
     ```
 
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ Each specific example `dict` in the `examples` can contain:
 
 === "Python 3.6 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="22-48"
+    ```Python hl_lines="21-47"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/schema_extra_example/tutorial004.py!}
     ```
 
 === "Python 3.10 and above"
 
-    ```Python hl_lines="20-46"
+    ```Python hl_lines="19-45"
     {!> ../../../docs_src/schema_extra_example/tutorial004_py310.py!}
     ```
 

docs/en/docs/tutorial/security/first-steps.md

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ When we create an instance of the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class we pass in the `t
 ```
 
 !!! tip
-    here `tokenUrl="token"` refers to a relative URL `token` that we haven't created yet. As it's a relative URL, it's equivalent to `./token`.
+    Here `tokenUrl="token"` refers to a relative URL `token` that we haven't created yet. As it's a relative URL, it's equivalent to `./token`.
 
     Because we are using a relative URL, if your API was located at `https://example.com/`, then it would refer to `https://example.com/token`. But if your API was located at `https://example.com/api/v1/`, then it would refer to `https://example.com/api/v1/token`.