fix: fixes a memory leak in bfloat16 package

This change vendors in the bfloat16 package from
github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16/ and fixes a memory leak which
was being caused by using unsafe pointers instead of the
math package.

CMakePresets.json

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
       "name": "ROCm 6",
       "inherits": [ "ROCm" ],
       "cacheVariables": {
-        "AMDGPU_TARGETS": "gfx900;gfx940;gfx941;gfx942;gfx1010;gfx1012;gfx1030;gfx1100;gfx1101;gfx1102;gfx906:xnack-;gfx908:xnack-;gfx90a:xnack+;gfx90a:xnack-"
+        "AMDGPU_TARGETS": "gfx900;gfx940;gfx941;gfx942;gfx1010;gfx1012;gfx1030;gfx1100;gfx1101;gfx1102;gfx1151;gfx906:xnack-;gfx908:xnack-;gfx90a:xnack+;gfx90a:xnack-"
       }
     }
   ],

Dockerfile

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ FROM --platform=linux/amd64 rocm/dev-almalinux-8:${ROCMVERSION}-complete AS base
 RUN yum install -y yum-utils \
     && yum-config-manager --add-repo https://dl.rockylinux.org/vault/rocky/8.5/AppStream/\$basearch/os/ \
     && rpm --import https://dl.rockylinux.org/pub/rocky/RPM-GPG-KEY-Rocky-8 \
-    && dnf install -y yum-utils ccache gcc-toolset-10-gcc-10.2.1-8.2.el8 gcc-toolset-10-gcc-c++-10.2.1-8.2.el8 \
+    && dnf install -y yum-utils ccache gcc-toolset-10-gcc-10.2.1-8.2.el8 gcc-toolset-10-gcc-c++-10.2.1-8.2.el8 gcc-toolset-10-binutils-2.35-11.el8 \
     && yum-config-manager --add-repo https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/rhel8/x86_64/cuda-rhel8.repo
 ENV PATH=/opt/rh/gcc-toolset-10/root/usr/bin:$PATH
 
@@ -86,10 +86,11 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.ccache \
         && cmake --install build --component CUDA --strip --parallel 8
 
 FROM base AS build
-ARG GOVERSION=1.23.4
-RUN curl -fsSL https://golang.org/dl/go${GOVERSION}.linux-$(case $(uname -m) in x86_64) echo amd64 ;; aarch64) echo arm64 ;; esac).tar.gz | tar xz -C /usr/local
-ENV PATH=/usr/local/go/bin:$PATH
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama
+COPY go.mod go.sum .
+RUN curl -fsSL https://golang.org/dl/go$(awk '/^go/ { print $2 }' go.mod).linux-$(case $(uname -m) in x86_64) echo amd64 ;; aarch64) echo arm64 ;; esac).tar.gz | tar xz -C /usr/local
+ENV PATH=/usr/local/go/bin:$PATH
+RUN go mod download
 COPY . .
 ARG GOFLAGS="'-ldflags=-w -s'"
 ENV CGO_ENABLED=1

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <div align="center">
-  <a href="https://ollama.com" />
+  <a href="https://ollama.com">
     <img alt="ollama" height="200px" src="https://github.com/ollama/ollama/assets/3325447/0d0b44e2-8f4a-4e99-9b52-a5c1c741c8f7">
   </a>
 </div>
@@ -54,6 +54,11 @@ Here are some example models that can be downloaded:
 
 | Model              | Parameters | Size  | Download                         |
 | ------------------ | ---------- | ----- | -------------------------------- |
+| Gemma 3            | 1B         | 815MB | `ollama run gemma3:1b`           |
+| Gemma 3            | 4B         | 3.3GB | `ollama run gemma3`              |
+| Gemma 3            | 12B        | 8.1GB | `ollama run gemma3:12b`          |
+| Gemma 3            | 27B        | 17GB  | `ollama run gemma3:27b`          |
+| QwQ                | 32B        | 20GB  | `ollama run qwq`                 |
 | DeepSeek-R1        | 7B         | 4.7GB | `ollama run deepseek-r1`         |
 | DeepSeek-R1        | 671B       | 404GB | `ollama run deepseek-r1:671b`    |
 | Llama 3.3          | 70B        | 43GB  | `ollama run llama3.3`            |
@@ -64,10 +69,7 @@ Here are some example models that can be downloaded:
 | Llama 3.1          | 8B         | 4.7GB | `ollama run llama3.1`            |
 | Llama 3.1          | 405B       | 231GB | `ollama run llama3.1:405b`       |
 | Phi 4              | 14B        | 9.1GB | `ollama run phi4`                |
-| Phi 3 Mini         | 3.8B       | 2.3GB | `ollama run phi3`                |
-| Gemma 2            | 2B         | 1.6GB | `ollama run gemma2:2b`           |
-| Gemma 2            | 9B         | 5.5GB | `ollama run gemma2`              |
-| Gemma 2            | 27B        | 16GB  | `ollama run gemma2:27b`          |
+| Phi 4 Mini         | 3.8B       | 2.5GB | `ollama run phi4-mini`           |
 | Mistral            | 7B         | 4.1GB | `ollama run mistral`             |
 | Moondream 2        | 1.4B       | 829MB | `ollama run moondream`           |
 | Neural Chat        | 7B         | 4.1GB | `ollama run neural-chat`         |
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ Here are some example models that can be downloaded:
 | Code Llama         | 7B         | 3.8GB | `ollama run codellama`           |
 | Llama 2 Uncensored | 7B         | 3.8GB | `ollama run llama2-uncensored`   |
 | LLaVA              | 7B         | 4.5GB | `ollama run llava`               |
-| Solar              | 10.7B      | 6.1GB | `ollama run solar`               |
+| Granite-3.2         | 8B         | 4.9GB | `ollama run granite3.2`          |
 
 > [!NOTE]
 > You should have at least 8 GB of RAM available to run the 7B models, 16 GB to run the 13B models, and 32 GB to run the 33B models.
@@ -275,6 +277,7 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 ### Web & Desktop
 
 - [Open WebUI](https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui)
+- [SwiftChat (macOS with ReactNative)](https://github.com/aws-samples/swift-chat)
 - [Enchanted (macOS native)](https://github.com/AugustDev/enchanted)
 - [Hollama](https://github.com/fmaclen/hollama)
 - [Lollms-Webui](https://github.com/ParisNeo/lollms-webui)
@@ -388,6 +391,9 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [LangBot](https://github.com/RockChinQ/LangBot) (LLM-based instant messaging bots platform, with Agents, RAG features, supports multiple platforms)
 - [1Panel](https://github.com/1Panel-dev/1Panel/) (Web-based Linux Server Management Tool)
 - [AstrBot](https://github.com/Soulter/AstrBot/) (User-friendly LLM-based multi-platform chatbot with a WebUI, supporting RAG, LLM agents, and plugins integration)
+- [Reins](https://github.com/ibrahimcetin/reins) (Easily tweak parameters, customize system prompts per chat, and enhance your AI experiments with reasoning model support.)
+- [Ellama](https://github.com/zeozeozeo/ellama) (Friendly native app to chat with an Ollama instance)
+- [screenpipe](https://github.com/mediar-ai/screenpipe) Build agents powered by your screen history
 
 ### Cloud
 
@@ -431,6 +437,7 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 
 ### Apple Vision Pro
 
+- [SwiftChat](https://github.com/aws-samples/swift-chat) (Cross-platform AI chat app supporting Apple Vision Pro via "Designed for iPad")
 - [Enchanted](https://github.com/AugustDev/enchanted)
 
 ### Database
@@ -508,10 +515,13 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 
 ### Mobile
 
+- [SwiftChat](https://github.com/aws-samples/swift-chat) (Lightning-fast Cross-platform AI chat app with native UI for Android, iOS and iPad)
 - [Enchanted](https://github.com/AugustDev/enchanted)
 - [Maid](https://github.com/Mobile-Artificial-Intelligence/maid)
 - [Ollama App](https://github.com/JHubi1/ollama-app) (Modern and easy-to-use multi-platform client for Ollama)
 - [ConfiChat](https://github.com/1runeberg/confichat) (Lightweight, standalone, multi-platform, and privacy focused LLM chat interface with optional encryption)
+- [Ollama Android Chat](https://github.com/sunshine0523/OllamaServer) (No need for Termux, start the Ollama service with one click on an Android device)
+- [Reins](https://github.com/ibrahimcetin/reins) (Easily tweak parameters, customize system prompts per chat, and enhance your AI experiments with reasoning model support.)
 
 ### Extensions & Plugins
 
@@ -557,12 +567,14 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [TextLLaMA](https://github.com/adarshM84/TextLLaMA) A Chrome Extension that helps you write emails, correct grammar, and translate into any language
 - [Simple-Discord-AI](https://github.com/zyphixor/simple-discord-ai)
 - [LLM Telegram Bot](https://github.com/innightwolfsleep/llm_telegram_bot) (telegram bot, primary for RP. Oobabooga-like buttons, [A1111](https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui) API integration e.t.c)
+- [mcp-llm](https://github.com/sammcj/mcp-llm) (MCP Server to allow LLMs to call other LLMs)
 
 ### Supported backends
 
 - [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp) project founded by Georgi Gerganov.
 
 ### Observability
+- [Opik](https://www.comet.com/docs/opik/cookbook/ollama) is an open-source platform to debug, evaluate, and monitor your LLM applications, RAG systems, and agentic workflows with comprehensive tracing, automated evaluations, and production-ready dashboards. Opik supports native intergration to Ollama.
 - [Lunary](https://lunary.ai/docs/integrations/ollama) is the leading open-source LLM observability platform. It provides a variety of enterprise-grade features such as real-time analytics, prompt templates management, PII masking, and comprehensive agent tracing.
 - [OpenLIT](https://github.com/openlit/openlit) is an OpenTelemetry-native tool for monitoring Ollama Applications & GPUs using traces and metrics.
 - [HoneyHive](https://docs.honeyhive.ai/integrations/ollama) is an AI observability and evaluation platform for AI agents. Use HoneyHive to evaluate agent performance, interrogate failures, and monitor quality in production.

api/types.go

@@ -349,6 +349,7 @@ type ShowResponse struct {
 	Messages      []Message      `json:"messages,omitempty"`
 	ModelInfo     map[string]any `json:"model_info,omitempty"`
 	ProjectorInfo map[string]any `json:"projector_info,omitempty"`
+	Tensors       []Tensor       `json:"tensors,omitempty"`
 	ModifiedAt    time.Time      `json:"modified_at,omitempty"`
 }
 
@@ -361,9 +362,9 @@ type CopyRequest struct {
 // PullRequest is the request passed to [Client.Pull].
 type PullRequest struct {
 	Model    string `json:"model"`
-	Insecure bool   `json:"insecure,omitempty"`
-	Username string `json:"username"`
-	Password string `json:"password"`
+	Insecure bool   `json:"insecure,omitempty"` // Deprecated: ignored
+	Username string `json:"username"`           // Deprecated: ignored
+	Password string `json:"password"`           // Deprecated: ignored
 	Stream   *bool  `json:"stream,omitempty"`
 
 	// Deprecated: set the model name with Model instead
@@ -467,6 +468,13 @@ type ModelDetails struct {
 	QuantizationLevel string   `json:"quantization_level"`
 }
 
+// Tensor describes the metadata for a given tensor.
+type Tensor struct {
+	Name  string   `json:"name"`
+	Type  string   `json:"type"`
+	Shape []uint64 `json:"shape"`
+}
+
 func (m *Metrics) Summary() {
 	if m.TotalDuration > 0 {
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "total duration:       %v\n", m.TotalDuration)

cmd/cmd.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -34,7 +35,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llama"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/progress"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/runner"
@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ func StopHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
 			return fmt.Errorf("couldn't find model \"%s\" to stop", args[0])
 		}
+		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -338,10 +339,16 @@ func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// TODO(jessegross): We should either find another way to know if this is
-	// a vision model or remove the logic. Also consider that other modalities will
-	// need different behavior anyways.
-	opts.MultiModal = len(info.ProjectorInfo) != 0 || envconfig.NewEngine()
+	if len(info.ProjectorInfo) != 0 {
+		opts.MultiModal = true
+	}
+	for k := range info.ModelInfo {
+		if strings.Contains(k, ".vision.") {
+			opts.MultiModal = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
 	opts.ParentModel = info.Details.ParentModel
 
 	if interactive {
@@ -562,8 +569,9 @@ func ShowHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	parameters, errParams := cmd.Flags().GetBool("parameters")
 	system, errSystem := cmd.Flags().GetBool("system")
 	template, errTemplate := cmd.Flags().GetBool("template")
+	verbose, errVerbose := cmd.Flags().GetBool("verbose")
 
-	for _, boolErr := range []error{errLicense, errModelfile, errParams, errSystem, errTemplate} {
+	for _, boolErr := range []error{errLicense, errModelfile, errParams, errSystem, errTemplate, errVerbose} {
 		if boolErr != nil {
 			return errors.New("error retrieving flags")
 		}
@@ -601,7 +609,7 @@ func ShowHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return errors.New("only one of '--license', '--modelfile', '--parameters', '--system', or '--template' can be specified")
 	}
 
-	req := api.ShowRequest{Name: args[0]}
+	req := api.ShowRequest{Name: args[0], Verbose: verbose}
 	resp, err := client.Show(cmd.Context(), &req)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -624,10 +632,10 @@ func ShowHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	return showInfo(resp, os.Stdout)
+	return showInfo(resp, verbose, os.Stdout)
 }
 
-func showInfo(resp *api.ShowResponse, w io.Writer) error {
+func showInfo(resp *api.ShowResponse, verbose bool, w io.Writer) error {
 	tableRender := func(header string, rows func() [][]string) {
 		fmt.Fprintln(w, " ", header)
 		table := tablewriter.NewWriter(w)
@@ -684,6 +692,45 @@ func showInfo(resp *api.ShowResponse, w io.Writer) error {
 		})
 	}
 
+	if resp.ModelInfo != nil && verbose {
+		tableRender("Metadata", func() (rows [][]string) {
+			keys := make([]string, 0, len(resp.ModelInfo))
+			for k := range resp.ModelInfo {
+				keys = append(keys, k)
+			}
+			sort.Strings(keys)
+
+			for _, k := range keys {
+				var v string
+				switch vData := resp.ModelInfo[k].(type) {
+				case string:
+					v = vData
+				case float64:
+					v = fmt.Sprintf("%g", vData)
+				case []any:
+					n := 3
+					if len(vData) < n {
+						n = len(vData)
+					}
+					v = fmt.Sprintf("%v", vData[:n])
+				default:
+					v = fmt.Sprintf("%T", vData)
+				}
+				rows = append(rows, []string{"", k, v})
+			}
+			return
+		})
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.Tensors) > 0 && verbose {
+		tableRender("Tensors", func() (rows [][]string) {
+			for _, t := range resp.Tensors {
+				rows = append(rows, []string{"", t.Name, t.Type, fmt.Sprint(t.Shape)})
+			}
+			return
+		})
+	}
+
 	head := func(s string, n int) (rows [][]string) {
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(s))
 		for scanner.Scan() && (len(rows) < n || n < 0) {
@@ -1190,6 +1237,7 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 	showCmd.Flags().Bool("parameters", false, "Show parameters of a model")
 	showCmd.Flags().Bool("template", false, "Show template of a model")
 	showCmd.Flags().Bool("system", false, "Show system message of a model")
+	showCmd.Flags().BoolP("verbose", "v", false, "Show detailed model information")
 
 	runCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "run MODEL [PROMPT]",
@@ -1274,7 +1322,6 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 
 	runnerCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:    "runner",
-		Short:  llama.PrintSystemInfo(),
 		Hidden: true,
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			return runner.Execute(os.Args[1:])

cmd/cmd_test.go

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func TestShowInfo(t *testing.T) {
 				ParameterSize:     "7B",
 				QuantizationLevel: "FP16",
 			},
-		}, &b); err != nil {
+		}, false, &b); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func TestShowInfo(t *testing.T) {
 				ParameterSize:     "7B",
 				QuantizationLevel: "FP16",
 			},
-		}, &b); err != nil {
+		}, false, &b); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
@@ -68,6 +68,56 @@ func TestShowInfo(t *testing.T) {
     embedding length    0       
     quantization        FP16    
 
+`
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(expect, b.String()); diff != "" {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected output (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("verbose model", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var b bytes.Buffer
+		if err := showInfo(&api.ShowResponse{
+			Details: api.ModelDetails{
+				Family:            "test",
+				ParameterSize:     "8B",
+				QuantizationLevel: "FP16",
+			},
+			Parameters: `
+			stop up`,
+			ModelInfo: map[string]any{
+				"general.architecture":    "test",
+				"general.parameter_count": float64(8_000_000_000),
+				"test.context_length":     float64(1000),
+				"test.embedding_length":   float64(11434),
+			},
+			Tensors: []api.Tensor{
+				{Name: "blk.0.attn_k.weight", Type: "BF16", Shape: []uint64{42, 3117}},
+				{Name: "blk.0.attn_q.weight", Type: "FP16", Shape: []uint64{3117, 42}},
+			},
+		}, true, &b); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		expect := `  Model
+    architecture        test     
+    parameters          8B       
+    context length      1000     
+    embedding length    11434    
+    quantization        FP16     
+
+  Parameters
+    stop    up    
+
+  Metadata
+    general.architecture       test     
+    general.parameter_count    8e+09    
+    test.context_length        1000     
+    test.embedding_length      11434    
+
+  Tensors
+    blk.0.attn_k.weight    BF16    [42 3117]    
+    blk.0.attn_q.weight    FP16    [3117 42]    
+
 `
 		if diff := cmp.Diff(expect, b.String()); diff != "" {
 			t.Errorf("unexpected output (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
@@ -89,7 +139,7 @@ func TestShowInfo(t *testing.T) {
 			stop you
 			stop up
 			temperature 99`,
-		}, &b); err != nil {
+		}, false, &b); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
@@ -126,7 +176,7 @@ func TestShowInfo(t *testing.T) {
 				"clip.vision.embedding_length": float64(0),
 				"clip.vision.projection_dim":   float64(0),
 			},
-		}, &b); err != nil {
+		}, false, &b); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
@@ -159,7 +209,7 @@ func TestShowInfo(t *testing.T) {
 Ahoy, matey!
 Weigh anchor!
 			`,
-		}, &b); err != nil {
+		}, false, &b); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
@@ -188,7 +238,7 @@ Weigh anchor!
 				QuantizationLevel: "FP16",
 			},
 			License: license,
-		}, &b); err != nil {
+		}, false, &b); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 
@@ -707,3 +757,132 @@ func TestCreateHandler(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestNewCreateRequest(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		from     string
+		opts     runOptions
+		expected *api.CreateRequest
+	}{
+		{
+			"basic test",
+			"newmodel",
+			runOptions{
+				Model:       "mymodel",
+				ParentModel: "",
+				Prompt:      "You are a fun AI agent",
+				Messages:    []api.Message{},
+				WordWrap:    true,
+			},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				From:  "mymodel",
+				Model: "newmodel",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"parent model test",
+			"newmodel",
+			runOptions{
+				Model:       "mymodel",
+				ParentModel: "parentmodel",
+				Messages:    []api.Message{},
+				WordWrap:    true,
+			},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				From:  "parentmodel",
+				Model: "newmodel",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"parent model as filepath test",
+			"newmodel",
+			runOptions{
+				Model:       "mymodel",
+				ParentModel: "/some/file/like/etc/passwd",
+				Messages:    []api.Message{},
+				WordWrap:    true,
+			},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				From:  "mymodel",
+				Model: "newmodel",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"parent model as windows filepath test",
+			"newmodel",
+			runOptions{
+				Model:       "mymodel",
+				ParentModel: "D:\\some\\file\\like\\etc\\passwd",
+				Messages:    []api.Message{},
+				WordWrap:    true,
+			},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				From:  "mymodel",
+				Model: "newmodel",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"options test",
+			"newmodel",
+			runOptions{
+				Model:       "mymodel",
+				ParentModel: "parentmodel",
+				Options: map[string]any{
+					"temperature": 1.0,
+				},
+			},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				From:  "parentmodel",
+				Model: "newmodel",
+				Parameters: map[string]any{
+					"temperature": 1.0,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"messages test",
+			"newmodel",
+			runOptions{
+				Model:       "mymodel",
+				ParentModel: "parentmodel",
+				System:      "You are a fun AI agent",
+				Messages: []api.Message{
+					{
+						Role:    "user",
+						Content: "hello there!",
+					},
+					{
+						Role:    "assistant",
+						Content: "hello to you!",
+					},
+				},
+				WordWrap: true,
+			},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				From:   "parentmodel",
+				Model:  "newmodel",
+				System: "You are a fun AI agent",
+				Messages: []api.Message{
+					{
+						Role:    "user",
+						Content: "hello there!",
+					},
+					{
+						Role:    "assistant",
+						Content: "hello to you!",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actual := NewCreateRequest(tt.from, tt.opts)
+			if !cmp.Equal(actual, tt.expected) {
+				t.Errorf("expected output %#v, got %#v", tt.expected, actual)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/interactive.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/envconfig"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/readline"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/errtypes"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
 )
 
 type MultilineState int
@@ -195,6 +196,10 @@ func generateInteractive(cmd *cobra.Command, opts runOptions) error {
 			opts.Messages = []api.Message{}
 			fmt.Printf("Loading model '%s'\n", opts.Model)
 			if err := loadOrUnloadModel(cmd, &opts); err != nil {
+				if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+					fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+					continue
+				}
 				return err
 			}
 			continue
@@ -343,7 +348,7 @@ func generateInteractive(cmd *cobra.Command, opts runOptions) error {
 
 				switch args[1] {
 				case "info":
-					_ = showInfo(resp, os.Stderr)
+					_ = showInfo(resp, false, os.Stderr)
 				case "license":
 					if resp.License == "" {
 						fmt.Println("No license was specified for this model.")
@@ -455,9 +460,16 @@ func generateInteractive(cmd *cobra.Command, opts runOptions) error {
 }
 
 func NewCreateRequest(name string, opts runOptions) *api.CreateRequest {
+	parentModel := opts.ParentModel
+
+	modelName := model.ParseName(parentModel)
+	if !modelName.IsValid() {
+		parentModel = ""
+	}
+
 	req := &api.CreateRequest{
-		Name: name,
-		From: cmp.Or(opts.ParentModel, opts.Model),
+		Model: name,
+		From:  cmp.Or(parentModel, opts.Model),
 	}
 
 	if opts.System != "" {

convert/convert.go

@@ -13,8 +13,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 type ModelParameters struct {
-	Architectures []string `json:"architectures"`
-	VocabSize     uint32   `json:"vocab_size"`
+	Architectures []string       `json:"architectures"`
+	VocabSize     uint32         `json:"vocab_size"`
+	TextModel     TextParameters `json:"text_config"`
+}
+
+type TextParameters struct {
+	VocabSize uint32 `json:"vocab_size"`
 }
 
 type AdapterParameters struct {
@@ -185,6 +190,8 @@ func ConvertModel(fsys fs.FS, ws io.WriteSeeker) error {
 		conv = &gemmaModel{}
 	case "Gemma2ForCausalLM":
 		conv = &gemma2Model{}
+	case "Gemma3ForCausalLM", "Gemma3ForConditionalGeneration":
+		conv = &gemma3Model{Architecture: p.Architectures[0]}
 	case "Phi3ForCausalLM":
 		conv = &phi3Model{}
 	case "Qwen2ForCausalLM":
@@ -213,7 +220,14 @@ func ConvertModel(fsys fs.FS, ws io.WriteSeeker) error {
 	}
 
 	vocabSize := int(p.VocabSize)
+	if vocabSize == 0 {
+		tVocabSize := int(p.TextModel.VocabSize)
+		vocabSize = tVocabSize
+	}
+
 	switch {
+	case vocabSize == 0:
+		slog.Warn("vocabulary size was not explicitly set by the model", "default size", len(t.Vocabulary.Tokens))
 	case vocabSize > len(t.Vocabulary.Tokens):
 		slog.Warn("vocabulary is smaller than expected, padding with dummy tokens", "expect", vocabSize, "actual", len(t.Vocabulary.Tokens))
 		for i := range vocabSize - len(t.Vocabulary.Tokens) {

convert/convert_gemma.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (p *gemmaModel) KV(t *Tokenizer) ggml.KV {
 func (p *gemmaModel) Tensors(ts []Tensor) []ggml.Tensor {
 	var out []ggml.Tensor
 	for _, t := range ts {
-		if strings.HasSuffix(t.Name(), "_norm.weight") {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(t.Name(), "v.") && strings.HasSuffix(t.Name(), "_norm.weight") {
 			t.SetRepacker(p.addOne)
 		}
 

convert/convert_gemma3.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package convert
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
+)
+
+type gemma3Model struct {
+	gemmaModel
+	Architecture string
+	TextModel    struct {
+		HeadDim          uint32 `json:"head_dim"`
+		HiddenSize       uint32 `json:"hidden_size"`
+		HiddenLayers     uint32 `json:"num_hidden_layers"`
+		IntermediateSize uint32 `json:"intermediate_size"`
+		SlidingWindow    uint32 `json:"sliding_window"`
+	} `json:"text_config"`
+	VisionModel struct {
+		NumAttentionHeads uint32  `json:"num_attention_heads"` // attention.head_count 16
+		LayerNormEpsilon  float32 `json:"layer_norm_eps"`      // attention.layer_norm_epsilon 1e-05
+		NumHiddenLayers   uint32  `json:"num_hidden_layers"`   // block_count 32
+		HiddenSize        uint32  `json:"hidden_size"`         // embedding_length 1280
+		IntermediateSize  uint32  `json:"intermediate_size"`   // feed_forward_length 5120
+		ImageSize         uint32  `json:"image_size"`          // image_size 560
+		NumChannels       uint32  `json:"num_channels"`        // num_channels 3
+		PatchSize         uint32  `json:"patch_size"`          // patch_size 14
+	} `json:"vision_config"`
+	MaxPositionEmbeddings    uint32  `json:"max_position_embeddings"`
+	NumAttentionHeads        uint32  `json:"num_attention_heads"`
+	NumKeyValueHeads         uint32  `json:"num_key_value_heads"`
+	RMSNormEPS               float32 `json:"rms_norm_eps"`
+	HeadDim                  uint32  `json:"head_dim"`
+	FinalLogitSoftcap        float32 `json:"final_logit_softcapping"`
+	RopeLocalTheta           float32 `json:"rope_local_base_freq"`
+	RopeGlobalTheta          float32 `json:"rope_global_base_freq"`
+	SlidingWindow            uint32  `json:"sliding_window"`
+	MultiModalTokensPerImage uint32  `json:"mm_tokens_per_image"`
+}
+
+const (
+	gemma4BLayerCount  = 34
+	gemma12BLayerCount = 48
+	gemma27BLayerCount = 62
+)
+
+func (p *gemma3Model) KV(t *Tokenizer) ggml.KV {
+	kv := p.ModelParameters.KV(t)
+	kv["general.architecture"] = "gemma3"
+
+	numBlocks := cmp.Or(p.HiddenLayers, p.TextModel.HiddenLayers)
+	kv["gemma3.block_count"] = numBlocks
+
+	var (
+		numHeads   uint32
+		numKVHeads uint32
+	)
+
+	switch numBlocks {
+	case gemma4BLayerCount:
+		numHeads = 8
+		numKVHeads = 4
+	case gemma12BLayerCount:
+		numHeads = 16
+		numKVHeads = 8
+	case gemma27BLayerCount:
+		numHeads = 32
+		numKVHeads = 16
+	default:
+		numHeads = p.NumAttentionHeads
+		numKVHeads = p.NumKeyValueHeads
+	}
+
+	kv["gemma3.attention.head_count"] = numHeads
+	kv["gemma3.attention.head_count_kv"] = numKVHeads
+
+	switch p.Architecture {
+	case "Gemma3ForCausalLM":
+		kv["gemma3.context_length"] = p.MaxPositionEmbeddings
+		kv["gemma3.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"] = p.RMSNormEPS
+		kv["gemma3.attention.key_length"] = p.HeadDim
+		kv["gemma3.attention.value_length"] = p.HeadDim
+		kv["gemma3.attention.sliding_window"] = p.SlidingWindow
+		kv["gemma3.final_logit_softcapping"] = cmp.Or(p.FinalLogitSoftcap, 30)
+		kv["gemma3.rope.local.freq_base"] = cmp.Or(p.RopeLocalTheta, 10000.0)
+		kv["gemma3.rope.global.freq_base"] = cmp.Or(p.RopeGlobalTheta, 1000000.0)
+		kv["gemma3.embedding_length"] = p.HiddenSize
+		kv["gemma3.feed_forward_length"] = p.IntermediateSize
+	default:
+		kv["gemma3.context_length"] = cmp.Or(p.MaxPositionEmbeddings, 131072)
+		kv["gemma3.embedding_length"] = p.TextModel.HiddenSize
+		kv["gemma3.feed_forward_length"] = p.TextModel.IntermediateSize
+		kv["gemma3.attention.sliding_window"] = p.TextModel.SlidingWindow
+		kv["gemma3.vision.block_count"] = p.VisionModel.NumHiddenLayers
+		kv["gemma3.vision.embedding_length"] = p.VisionModel.HiddenSize
+		kv["gemma3.vision.feed_forward_length"] = p.VisionModel.IntermediateSize
+		kv["gemma3.vision.image_size"] = p.VisionModel.ImageSize
+		kv["gemma3.vision.patch_size"] = p.VisionModel.PatchSize
+		kv["gemma3.vision.num_channels"] = cmp.Or(p.VisionModel.NumChannels, 3)
+		kv["gemma3.vision.attention.head_count"] = p.VisionModel.NumAttentionHeads
+		kv["gemma3.vision.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"] = cmp.Or(p.VisionModel.LayerNormEpsilon, 1e-6)
+		kv["gemma3.attention.key_length"] = cmp.Or(p.TextModel.HeadDim, 256)
+		kv["gemma3.attention.value_length"] = cmp.Or(p.TextModel.HeadDim, 256)
+	}
+
+	if p.MultiModalTokensPerImage > 0 {
+		kv["gemma3.mm.tokens_per_image"] = p.MultiModalTokensPerImage
+	}
+
+	return kv
+}
+
+func (p *gemma3Model) Replacements() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"lm_head", "output",
+		"model.embed_tokens", "token_embd",
+		"model.norm", "output_norm",
+		"vision_tower.vision_model.embeddings", "v",
+		"vision_tower.vision_model", "v",
+		"vision_model.vision_model.embeddings", "v",
+		"vision_model.vision_model", "v",
+		"language_model.", "",
+		"model.layers", "blk",
+		"encoder.layers", "blk",
+		"input_layernorm", "attn_norm",
+		"self_attn.q_proj", "attn_q",
+		"self_attn.q_norm", "attn_q_norm",
+		"self_attn.k_proj", "attn_k",
+		"self_attn.k_norm", "attn_k_norm",
+		"self_attn.v_proj", "attn_v",
+		"self_attn.o_proj", "attn_output",
+		"self_attn.out_proj", "attn_output",
+		"mlp.gate_proj", "ffn_gate",
+		"mlp.down_proj", "ffn_down",
+		"mlp.up_proj", "ffn_up",
+		"post_attention_layernorm", "post_attention_norm",
+		"pre_feedforward_layernorm", "ffn_norm",
+		"post_feedforward_layernorm", "post_ffw_norm",
+		"input_projection_weight", "input_projection.weight",
+		"multi_modal_projector", "mm",
+	}
+}

convert/reader_safetensors.go

@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16"
 	"github.com/x448/float16"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/bfloat16"
 )
 
 type safetensorMetadata struct {

convert/tokenizer_spm.go

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"slices"
 
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
@@ -15,6 +17,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func parseSentencePiece(fsys fs.FS) (*Vocabulary, error) {
+	slog.Debug("using spm vocabulary")
+
 	ast, err := parseAdditionalSpecialTokens(fsys)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -43,10 +47,19 @@ func parseSentencePiece(fsys fs.FS) (*Vocabulary, error) {
 			v.Types = append(v.Types, int32(t))
 		default:
 			tt := int32(sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_NORMAL)
-			if slices.Contains(ast, piece.GetPiece()) {
+
+			// temporary fix to handle gemma3 broken configs
+			if slices.Contains([]string{"<end_of_turn>", "<start_of_turn>"}, piece.GetPiece()) {
 				tt = int32(sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_CONTROL)
 			}
 
+			for _, t := range ast {
+				if t.Content == piece.GetPiece() {
+					tt = int32(sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_CONTROL)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
 			v.Types = append(v.Types, tt)
 		}
 	}
@@ -78,10 +91,16 @@ func parseSentencePiece(fsys fs.FS) (*Vocabulary, error) {
 		return cmp.Compare(i.id, j.id)
 	})
 
-	n := len(v.Tokens)
-	for i, t := range ts {
-		if t.id != i+n {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid token id: %d", t.id)
+	for _, t := range ts {
+		if t.id < len(v.Tokens) {
+			if v.Tokens[t.id] == t.content {
+				slog.Warn("tokenizer", "duplicate token", t.content, "id", t.id)
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("token mismatch: %s != %s at pos [%d]", t.content, v.Tokens[t.id], t.id)
+		}
+		if t.id != len(v.Tokens) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid token id: [%d] as pos [%d]", t.id, len(v.Tokens))
 		}
 
 		v.Tokens = append(v.Tokens, t.content)
@@ -92,7 +111,15 @@ func parseSentencePiece(fsys fs.FS) (*Vocabulary, error) {
 	return &v, nil
 }
 
-func parseAdditionalSpecialTokens(fsys fs.FS) ([]string, error) {
+type specialToken struct {
+	Content    string `json:"content"`
+	Lstrip     bool   `json:"lstrip"`
+	Normalized bool   `json:"normalized"`
+	Rstrip     bool   `json:"rstrip"`
+	SingleWord bool   `json:"single_word"`
+}
+
+func parseAdditionalSpecialTokens(fsys fs.FS) ([]specialToken, error) {
 	f, err := fsys.Open("special_tokens_map.json")
 	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -102,12 +129,43 @@ func parseAdditionalSpecialTokens(fsys fs.FS) ([]string, error) {
 	defer f.Close()
 
 	var m struct {
-		AdditionalSpecialTokens []string `json:"additional_special_tokens"`
+		AdditionalSpecialTokens any `json:"additional_special_tokens"`
 	}
 
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&m); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return m.AdditionalSpecialTokens, nil
+	var ast []specialToken
+
+	switch st := m.AdditionalSpecialTokens.(type) {
+	case []string:
+		for _, s := range st {
+			ast = append(ast, specialToken{Content: s})
+		}
+	case []any:
+		for _, s := range st {
+			// marshal and unmarshal the object to get the special token
+			tMap := s.(map[string]any)
+			data, err := json.Marshal(tMap)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			var token specialToken
+			err = json.Unmarshal(data, &token)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			ast = append(ast, token)
+		}
+
+	default:
+		slog.Warn("special token", "unknown token", reflect.TypeOf(st))
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("spm tokenizer", "additional tokens", ast)
+
+	return ast, nil
 }

docs/development.md

@@ -118,6 +118,35 @@ To run tests, use `go test`:
 go test ./...
 ```
 
+> NOTE: In rare cirumstances, you may nedd to change a package using the new
+> "synctest" package in go1.24.
+>
+> If you do not have the "synctest" package enabled, you will not see build or
+> test failures resulting from your change(s), if any, locally, but CI will
+> break.
+>
+> If you see failures in CI, you can either keep pushing changes to see if the
+> CI build passes, or you can enable the "synctest" package locally to see the
+> failures before pushing.
+>
+> To enable the "synctest" package for testing, run the following command:
+>
+> ```shell
+> GOEXPERIMENT=synctest go test ./...
+> ```
+>
+> If you wish to enable synctest for all go commands, you can set the
+> `GOEXPERIMENT` environment variable in your shell profile or by using:
+>
+> ```shell
+> go env -w GOEXPERIMENT=synctest
+> ```
+>
+> Which will enable the "synctest" package for all go commands without needing
+> to set it for all shell sessions.
+>
+> The synctest package is not required for production builds.
+
 ## Library detection
 
 Ollama looks for acceleration libraries in the following paths relative to the `ollama` executable:

docs/faq.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Please refer to the [GPU docs](./gpu.md).
 
 ## How can I specify the context window size?
 
-By default, Ollama uses a context window size of 2048 tokens.
+By default, Ollama uses a context window size of 2048 tokens. This can be overridden with the `OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH` environment variable. For example, to set the default context length to 8K, use: `OLLAMA_CONTEXT_LENGTH=8192 ollama serve`.
 
 To change this when using `ollama run`, use `/set parameter`:
 
@@ -187,6 +187,13 @@ cloudflared tunnel --url http://localhost:11434 --http-host-header="localhost:11
 
 Ollama allows cross-origin requests from `127.0.0.1` and `0.0.0.0` by default. Additional origins can be configured with `OLLAMA_ORIGINS`.
 
+For browser extensions, you'll need to explicitly allow the extension's origin pattern. Set `OLLAMA_ORIGINS` to include `chrome-extension://*`, `moz-extension://*`, and `safari-web-extension://*` if you wish to allow all browser extensions access, or specific extensions as needed:
+
+```
+# Allow all Chrome, Firefox, and Safari extensions
+OLLAMA_ORIGINS=chrome-extension://*,moz-extension://*,safari-web-extension://* ollama serve
+```
+
 Refer to the section [above](#how-do-i-configure-ollama-server) for how to set environment variables on your platform.
 
 ## Where are models stored?

docs/linux.md

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ RestartSec=3
 Environment="PATH=$PATH"
 
 [Install]
-WantedBy=default.target
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
 ```
 
 Then start the service:

docs/windows.md

@@ -81,9 +81,11 @@ help you keep up to date.
 
 If you'd like to install or integrate Ollama as a service, a standalone
 `ollama-windows-amd64.zip` zip file is available containing only the Ollama CLI
-and GPU library dependencies for Nvidia and AMD. This allows for embedding
-Ollama in existing applications, or running it as a system service via `ollama
-serve` with tools such as [NSSM](https://nssm.cc/).
+and GPU library dependencies for Nvidia.  If you have an AMD GPU, also download
+and extract the additional ROCm package `ollama-windows-amd64-rocm.zip` into the
+same directory.  This allows for embedding Ollama in existing applications, or
+running it as a system service via `ollama serve` with tools such as
+[NSSM](https://nssm.cc/). 
 
 > [!NOTE]  
 > If you are upgrading from a prior version, you should remove the old directories first.

fs/ggml/ggml.go

@@ -124,6 +124,19 @@ func (kv KV) Uints(key string, defaultValue ...[]uint32) []uint32 {
 	return s
 }
 
+func (kv KV) Floats(key string, defaultValue ...[]float32) []float32 {
+	r := keyValue(kv, key, &array{})
+	s := make([]float32, r.size)
+	for i := range r.size {
+		s[i] = float32(r.values[i].(float32))
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func (kv KV) OllamaEngineRequired() bool {
+	return kv.Architecture() == "gemma3"
+}
+
 func keyValue[T string | uint32 | uint64 | float32 | *array | bool](kv KV, key string, defaultValue ...T) T {
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(key, "tokenizer.") && !strings.HasPrefix(key, "general.") {
 		key = kv.Architecture() + "." + key
@@ -314,6 +327,10 @@ func (t Tensor) Size() uint64 {
 	return t.parameters() * t.typeSize() / t.blockSize()
 }
 
+func (t Tensor) Type() string {
+	return fileType(t.Kind).String()
+}
+
 type container interface {
 	Name() string
 	Decode(io.ReadSeeker) (model, error)
@@ -476,7 +493,7 @@ func (f GGML) GraphSize(context, batch uint64, kvCacheType string) (kv, partialO
 			// vocab graph
 			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
 		)
-	case "gemma", "gemma2":
+	case "gemma", "gemma2", "gemma3":
 		fullOffload = max(
 			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
 			4*batch*(2+context+context*heads+2*embedding+2*embeddingHeadsK*heads),
@@ -565,6 +582,56 @@ func (f GGML) GraphSize(context, batch uint64, kvCacheType string) (kv, partialO
 	return
 }
 
+func (llm GGML) VisionGraphSize() (weights, graphSize uint64) {
+	if llm.KV().Uint("vision.block_count") == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	for name, layer := range llm.Tensors().GroupLayers() {
+		if name == "v" || strings.HasPrefix(name, "v.") {
+			for _, tensor := range layer {
+				weights += tensor.Size()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	imageSize := uint64(llm.KV().Uint("vision.image_size"))
+	patchSize := uint64(llm.KV().Uint("vision.patch_size"))
+	if patchSize == 0 {
+		slog.Warn("unknown patch size for vision model")
+		return
+	}
+
+	numChannels := uint64(llm.KV().Uint("vision.num_channels"))
+
+	numPatches := (imageSize / patchSize) * (imageSize / patchSize)
+	if _, ok := llm.Tensors().GroupLayers()["v"]["class_embd"]; ok {
+		numPatches++
+	}
+
+	headCount := uint64(llm.KV().Uint("vision.attention.head_count"))
+	embeddingLength := uint64(llm.KV().Uint("vision.embedding_length"))
+
+	switch llm.KV().Architecture() {
+	case "mllama":
+		numPaddedPatches := numPatches + 8 - (numPatches%8)%8
+
+		maxNumTiles := uint64(llm.KV().Uint("vision.max_num_tiles"))
+
+		graphSize = 4 * (8 +
+			imageSize*imageSize*numChannels*maxNumTiles +
+			embeddingLength*numPatches*maxNumTiles +
+			9*embeddingLength*numPaddedPatches*maxNumTiles +
+			numPaddedPatches*maxNumTiles*numPaddedPatches*maxNumTiles*headCount)
+	case "gemma3":
+		graphSize = 4 * (imageSize*imageSize*numChannels +
+			embeddingLength*patchSize +
+			numPatches*numPatches*headCount)
+	}
+
+	return weights, graphSize
+}
+
 // SupportsKVCacheType checks if the requested cache type is supported
 func (f GGML) SupportsKVCacheType(cacheType string) bool {
 	return slices.Contains([]string{"f16", "q8_0", "q4_0"}, cacheType)

go.mod

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ require (
 
 require (
 	github.com/agnivade/levenshtein v1.1.1
-	github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16 v0.0.0-20211005043715-690c3bdd05f1
 	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4
 	github.com/emirpasic/gods/v2 v2.0.0-alpha
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle v0.3.0
 	github.com/pdevine/tensor v0.0.0-20240510204454-f88f4562727c
 	golang.org/x/image v0.22.0
-	gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.15.0
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0
 )
 
 require (
@@ -44,6 +43,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/xtgo/set v1.0.0 // indirect
 	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20231121144256-b99613f794b6 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1 // indirect
+	gonum.org/v1/gonum v0.15.0 // indirect
 	gorgonia.org/vecf32 v0.9.0 // indirect
 	gorgonia.org/vecf64 v0.9.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ github.com/containerd/console v1.0.3 h1:lIr7SlA5PxZyMV30bDW0MGbiOPXwc63yRuCP0ARu
 github.com/containerd/console v1.0.3/go.mod h1:7LqA/THxQ86k76b8c/EMSiaJ3h1eZkMkXar0TQ1gf3U=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.2/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
-github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16 v0.0.0-20211005043715-690c3bdd05f1 h1:cBzrdJPAFBsgCrDPnZxlp1dF2+k4r1kVpD7+1S1PVjY=
-github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16 v0.0.0-20211005043715-690c3bdd05f1/go.mod h1:uw2gLcxEuYUlAd/EXyjc/v55nd3+47YAgWbSXVxPrNI=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
@@ -309,6 +307,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200130002326-2f3ba24bd6e7/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapK
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.4/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 h1:BgcpHewrV5AUp2G9MebG4XPFI1E2W41zU1SaqVA9vJY=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0/go.mod h1:c347cR/OJfw5TI+GfX7RUPNMdDRRbjvYTS0jPyvsVtY=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=

integration/llm_image_test.go

@@ -66,6 +66,35 @@ func TestIntegrationMllama(t *testing.T) {
 	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, []string{resp}, 240*time.Second, 30*time.Second)
 }
 
+func TestIntegrationSplitBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	image, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(imageEncoding)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	req := api.GenerateRequest{
+		Model: "gemma3:4b",
+		// Fill up a chunk of the batch so the image will partially spill over into the next one
+		System: "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed aliquet, justo in malesuada lobortis, odio ligula volutpat quam, quis faucibus ipsum magna quis sapien. Aliquam in venenatis diam, eu viverra magna. Phasellus imperdiet hendrerit volutpat. Vivamus sem ex, facilisis placerat felis non, dictum elementum est. Phasellus aliquam imperdiet lacus, eget placerat ligula sodales vel. Pellentesque nec auctor mi. Curabitur arcu nisi, faucibus eget nunc id, viverra interdum mi. Curabitur ornare ipsum ex, ac euismod ex aliquam in. Vestibulum id magna at purus accumsan fermentum. Proin scelerisque posuere nunc quis interdum. Maecenas sed mollis nisl. Etiam vitae ipsum interdum, placerat est quis, tincidunt velit. Nullam tempor nibh non lorem volutpat efficitur. Cras laoreet diam imperdiet ipsum auctor bibendum. Suspendisse ultrices urna sed metus sagittis suscipit. Quisque ullamcorper aliquam nibh ut mollis. Aenean dapibus mauris pharetra, venenatis elit ac, hendrerit odio. Cras vestibulum erat tempor, lobortis justo eu, lobortis ipsum. Nam laoreet dapibus sem. Proin vel diam ultrices, elementum ante et, ornare lectus. Proin eu accumsan nisl. Praesent ac ex vitae ipsum vulputate tristique facilisis sit amet lacus. Nullam faucibus magna a pellentesque pretium. Nunc lacinia ullamcorper sollicitudin. Donec vitae accumsan turpis, sed porttitor est. Donec porttitor mi vitae augue faucibus, vel mollis diam tincidunt.",
+		Prompt: "what does the text in this image say?",
+		Stream: &stream,
+		Options: map[string]interface{}{
+			"seed":        42,
+			"temperature": 0.0,
+		},
+		Images: []api.ImageData{
+			image,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Note: sometimes it returns "the ollamas" sometimes "the ollams"
+	resp := "the ollam"
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 3*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
+	defer cleanup()
+	require.NoError(t, PullIfMissing(ctx, client, req.Model))
+	// llava models on CPU can be quite slow to start,
+	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req, []string{resp}, 120*time.Second, 30*time.Second)
+}
+
 const imageEncoding = `iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAANIAAAB4CAYAAACHHqzKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAIRlWElmTU0AKgAAAAgABQESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEaAAUAAAABAAAASgEb
 AAUAAAABAAAAUgEoAAMAAAABAAIAAIdpAAQAAAABAAAAWgAAAAAAAABIAAAAAQAAAEgAAAABAAOgAQADAAAAAQABAACgAgAEAAAAAQAAANKgAwAEAAAAAQAA
 AHgAAAAAXdsepgAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAVlpVFh0WE1MOmNvbS5hZG9iZS54bXAAAAAAADx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6

kvcache/cache.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ type Cache interface {
 	// StartForward is called before the start of the model's forward pass.
 	// For each token in the coming batch, there must be a corresponding
 	// entry in positions and seqs.
-	StartForward(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) error
+	StartForward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) error
 
 	// CopyPrefix copies tokens in the range [0, len) from srcSeq to dstSeq
 	CopyPrefix(srcSeq, dstSeq int, len int32)

kvcache/causal.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 type shiftFn func(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error)
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ type Causal struct {
 	Capacity   int32
 	windowSize int32
 
+	opts CausalOptions
+
 	// config controls mostly backend-specific optimizations
 	config *ml.CacheConfig
 
@@ -42,6 +45,12 @@ type Causal struct {
 	// locations in the cache that are needed for this batch
 	curCellRange cellRange
 
+	// curSequences is the sequences corresponding to this pass's entries in the cache
+	curSequences []int
+
+	// curPositions is the positions corresponding to this pass's entries in the cache
+	curPositions []int32
+
 	// ** cache metadata **
 
 	// for each possible location in the cache, stores the position and set of sequences
@@ -55,8 +64,8 @@ type Causal struct {
 
 	shiftFn      shiftFn
 	backend      ml.Backend
-	cacheCtx     ml.Context
-	keys, values []ml.Tensor
+	ctxs         map[int]ml.Context
+	keys, values map[int]ml.Tensor
 }
 
 type cacheCell struct {
@@ -70,11 +79,23 @@ type cellRange struct {
 }
 
 func NewCausalCache(shift shiftFn) *Causal {
-	return &Causal{windowSize: math.MaxInt32, shiftFn: shift}
+	return &Causal{
+		windowSize: math.MaxInt32,
+		shiftFn:    shift,
+		ctxs:       make(map[int]ml.Context),
+		keys:       make(map[int]ml.Tensor),
+		values:     make(map[int]ml.Tensor),
+	}
 }
 
 func NewSWACache(windowSize int32, shift shiftFn) *Causal {
-	return &Causal{windowSize: windowSize, shiftFn: shift}
+	return &Causal{
+		windowSize: windowSize,
+		shiftFn:    shift,
+		ctxs:       make(map[int]ml.Context),
+		keys:       make(map[int]ml.Tensor),
+		values:     make(map[int]ml.Tensor),
+	}
 }
 
 func (c *Causal) Init(backend ml.Backend, dtype ml.DType, capacity int32) {
@@ -103,7 +124,6 @@ func (c *Causal) Init(backend ml.Backend, dtype ml.DType, capacity int32) {
 	c.cells = make([]cacheCell, c.Capacity)
 	c.cellRanges = make(map[int]cellRange)
 	c.backend = backend
-	c.cacheCtx = backend.NewContext()
 }
 
 func (c *Causal) SetConfig(config ml.CacheConfig) {
@@ -115,11 +135,16 @@ func (c *Causal) SetConfig(config ml.CacheConfig) {
 }
 
 func (c *Causal) Close() {
-	c.cacheCtx.Close()
+	for _, ctx := range c.ctxs {
+		ctx.Close()
+	}
 }
 
-func (c *Causal) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) error {
-	c.curBatchSize = len(positions)
+func (c *Causal) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) error {
+	c.curBatchSize = len(opts.Positions)
+	c.curSequences = opts.Sequences
+	c.curPositions = opts.Positions
+	c.opts.Except = nil
 
 	var err error
 	c.curLoc, err = c.findStartLoc()
@@ -132,8 +157,8 @@ func (c *Causal) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) err
 	}
 
 	c.curCellRange = newRange()
-	for i, pos := range positions {
-		seq := seqs[i]
+	for i, pos := range opts.Positions {
+		seq := opts.Sequences[i]
 
 		c.cells[c.curLoc+i] = cacheCell{pos: pos, sequences: []int{seq}}
 
@@ -158,7 +183,7 @@ func (c *Causal) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) err
 		c.cellRanges[seq] = seqRange
 	}
 
-	c.curMask, err = c.buildMask(ctx, positions, seqs)
+	c.curMask, err = c.buildMask(ctx)
 
 	return err
 }
@@ -199,7 +224,7 @@ func roundUp(length, pad int) int {
 // Builds a mask of history x batch indicating whether for each token in the batch the
 // token in the history should apply. This is based on both the sequence and causality (the
 // position of the history is not ahead of the token in the batch).
-func (c *Causal) buildMask(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+func (c *Causal) buildMask(ctx ml.Context) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	// Align and pad the two dimensions as required by the backend
 	batchSize := roundUp(c.curBatchSize, c.config.MaskBatchPadding)
 
@@ -210,9 +235,11 @@ func (c *Causal) buildMask(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) (ml.Te
 	mask := make([]float32, batchSize*length)
 
 	for i := range c.curBatchSize {
+		enabled := !slices.Contains(c.opts.Except, i)
 		for j := c.curCellRange.min; j <= c.curCellRange.max; j++ {
-			if !slices.Contains(c.cells[j].sequences, seqs[i]) || c.cells[j].pos > positions[i] ||
-				c.cells[j].pos < positions[i]-c.windowSize {
+			if !slices.Contains(c.cells[j].sequences, c.curSequences[i]) ||
+				(enabled && c.cells[j].pos > c.curPositions[i]) ||
+				c.cells[j].pos < c.curPositions[i]-c.windowSize {
 				mask[i*length+(j-c.curCellRange.min)] = float32(math.Inf(-1))
 			}
 		}
@@ -224,13 +251,13 @@ func (c *Causal) buildMask(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) (ml.Te
 		mask[i] = float32(math.Inf(-1))
 	}
 
-	maskTensor, err := ctx.FromFloatSlice(mask, length, batchSize)
+	maskTensor, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice(mask, length, batchSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
 	if c.config.MaskDType != ml.DTypeF32 {
-		out := ctx.Empty(c.config.MaskDType, maskTensor.Shape()...)
+		out := ctx.Input().Empty(c.config.MaskDType, maskTensor.Shape()...)
 		ctx.Forward(maskTensor.Copy(ctx, out))
 		maskTensor = out
 	}
@@ -239,13 +266,11 @@ func (c *Causal) buildMask(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) (ml.Te
 }
 
 func (c *Causal) moveCells(ctx ml.Context, src, dst, len int) {
-	for i := range c.keys {
-		if c.keys[i] == nil {
+	for i, key := range c.keys {
+		if key == nil {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		key := c.keys[i]
-
 		kHeadDim := key.Dim(0)
 		numKVHeads := key.Dim(1)
 		rowSize := key.Stride(2)
@@ -305,7 +330,7 @@ func (c *Causal) defrag() {
 		layers++
 	}
 
-	maxMoves := ctx.MaxTensors() / (6 * layers)
+	maxMoves := ctx.MaxGraphNodes() / (6 * layers)
 	moves := 0
 
 	var pendingSrc, pendingDst, pendingLen int
@@ -377,14 +402,30 @@ func (c *Causal) defrag() {
 }
 
 func (c *Causal) SetLayer(layer int) {
-	if layer >= len(c.keys) {
-		c.keys = append(c.keys, make([]ml.Tensor, layer-len(c.keys)+1)...)
-		c.values = append(c.values, make([]ml.Tensor, layer-len(c.values)+1)...)
-	}
-
 	c.curLayer = layer
 }
 
+type CausalOptions struct {
+	// Enabled controls whether the causal mask is generated for a particular index in a batch
+	Except []int
+}
+
+// SetCausal disables causal mask generation for a particular range of indicies in
+// the current batch for subsequent calls to Get. The state resets for the next forward pass.
+func (c *Causal) SetCausal(ctx ml.Context, opts CausalOptions) {
+	if !slices.Equal(c.opts.Except, opts.Except) {
+		c.opts = opts
+		if ctx != nil {
+			var err error
+			c.curMask, err = c.buildMask(ctx)
+			if err != nil {
+				// This error should never occur because we have previously built a mask with the same shape
+				panic(fmt.Errorf("SetCausal: %w", err))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (c *Causal) Get(ctx ml.Context) (ml.Tensor, ml.Tensor, ml.Tensor) {
 	key := c.keys[c.curLayer]
 	value := c.values[c.curLayer]
@@ -433,13 +474,19 @@ func (c *Causal) Put(ctx ml.Context, key, value ml.Tensor) {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("inconsistent batch sizes (layer: %v, batch size: %v layer batch size: %v)", c.curLayer, c.curBatchSize, batchSize))
 	}
 
-	if c.keys[c.curLayer] == nil || c.values[c.curLayer] == nil {
-		c.keys[c.curLayer] = c.cacheCtx.Zeros(c.DType, kHeadDim, numKVHeads, int(c.Capacity))
+	if _, ok := c.ctxs[c.curLayer]; !ok {
+		c.ctxs[c.curLayer] = c.backend.NewContextSize(2).Layer(c.curLayer)
+	}
 
+	if _, ok := c.keys[c.curLayer]; !ok {
+		c.keys[c.curLayer] = c.ctxs[c.curLayer].Zeros(c.DType, kHeadDim, numKVHeads, int(c.Capacity))
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := c.values[c.curLayer]; !ok {
 		if c.config.PermutedV {
-			c.values[c.curLayer] = c.cacheCtx.Zeros(c.DType, int(c.Capacity), vHeadDim, numKVHeads)
+			c.values[c.curLayer] = c.ctxs[c.curLayer].Zeros(c.DType, int(c.Capacity), vHeadDim, numKVHeads)
 		} else {
-			c.values[c.curLayer] = c.cacheCtx.Zeros(c.DType, vHeadDim, numKVHeads, int(c.Capacity))
+			c.values[c.curLayer] = c.ctxs[c.curLayer].Zeros(c.DType, vHeadDim, numKVHeads, int(c.Capacity))
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -501,7 +548,7 @@ func (c *Causal) shift(seq int, beginIndex, offset int32) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	kShift, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(offsets, len(offsets))
+	kShift, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(offsets, len(offsets))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

kvcache/causal_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 type testCase struct {
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ func testCache(t *testing.T, backend ml.Backend, cache Cache, tests []testCase)
 			context := backend.NewContext()
 			defer context.Close()
 
-			err := cache.StartForward(context, test.pos, test.seqs)
+			err := cache.StartForward(context, input.Options{Positions: test.pos, Sequences: test.seqs})
 			if err != nil {
 				panic(err)
 			}
@@ -303,6 +304,10 @@ func (b *testBackend) NewContext() ml.Context {
 	return &testContext{}
 }
 
+func (b *testBackend) NewContextSize(int) ml.Context {
+	return &testContext{}
+}
+
 func (b *testBackend) SystemInfo() string {
 	return "not implemented"
 }
@@ -346,11 +351,15 @@ func (c *testContext) FromIntSlice(s []int32, shape ...int) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func (c *testContext) Input() ml.Context    { return c }
+func (c *testContext) Output() ml.Context   { return c }
+func (c *testContext) Layer(int) ml.Context { return c }
+
 func (c *testContext) Forward(...ml.Tensor) ml.Context { return c }
 
 func (c *testContext) Compute(...ml.Tensor) {}
 
-func (c *testContext) MaxTensors() int {
+func (c *testContext) MaxGraphNodes() int {
 	return 10
 }
 
@@ -432,11 +441,19 @@ func (t *testTensor) Scale(ctx ml.Context, s float64) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (t *testTensor) AvgPool1D(ctx ml.Context, k, s, p int) ml.Tensor {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (t *testTensor) AvgPool2D(ctx ml.Context, k, s int, p float32) ml.Tensor {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (t *testTensor) Conv2D(ctx ml.Context, weight ml.Tensor, s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1 int) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
 
-func (t *testTensor) RoPE(ctx ml.Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors ml.Tensor, dim uint32, base, scale float32) ml.Tensor {
+func (t *testTensor) RoPE(ctx ml.Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors ml.Tensor, dim, ropeType uint32, base, scale float32) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
 
@@ -486,6 +503,10 @@ func (t *testTensor) Contiguous(ctx ml.Context) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (t *testTensor) Set(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor, offset int, strides ...int) ml.Tensor {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (t *testTensor) Pad(ctx ml.Context, shape ...int) ml.Tensor {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }

kvcache/encoder.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 // Encoder cache stores K and V tensors that are position independent
@@ -35,13 +36,17 @@ type EncoderCache struct {
 	encoderPos int32
 
 	// ** cache data storage **
-
-	cacheCtx     ml.Context
-	keys, values []ml.Tensor
+	backend      ml.Backend
+	ctxs         map[int]ml.Context
+	keys, values map[int]ml.Tensor
 }
 
 func NewEncoderCache() *EncoderCache {
-	return &EncoderCache{}
+	return &EncoderCache{
+		ctxs:   make(map[int]ml.Context),
+		keys:   make(map[int]ml.Tensor),
+		values: make(map[int]ml.Tensor),
+	}
 }
 
 func (c *EncoderCache) Init(backend ml.Backend, dtype ml.DType, capacity int32) {
@@ -57,7 +62,7 @@ func (c *EncoderCache) Init(backend ml.Backend, dtype ml.DType, capacity int32)
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("encoder cache is unable to enforce requested CachePadding (%v)", c.config.CachePadding))
 	}
 
-	c.cacheCtx = backend.NewContext()
+	c.backend = backend
 }
 
 func (c *EncoderCache) SetConfig(config ml.CacheConfig) {
@@ -69,22 +74,21 @@ func (c *EncoderCache) SetConfig(config ml.CacheConfig) {
 }
 
 func (c *EncoderCache) Close() {
-	c.cacheCtx.Close()
+	for _, ctx := range c.ctxs {
+		ctx.Close()
+	}
 }
 
-func (c *EncoderCache) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) error {
-	// The image is always in the first position
-	c.curPos = positions[0]
+func (c *EncoderCache) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) error {
+	// We work with the most recent image
+	if len(opts.Multimodal) > 0 {
+		c.curPos = opts.Positions[opts.Multimodal[len(opts.Multimodal)-1].Index]
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (c *EncoderCache) SetLayer(layer int) {
-	if layer >= len(c.keys) {
-		c.keys = append(c.keys, make([]ml.Tensor, layer-len(c.keys)+1)...)
-		c.values = append(c.values, make([]ml.Tensor, layer-len(c.values)+1)...)
-	}
-
 	c.curLayer = layer
 }
 
@@ -104,9 +108,16 @@ func (c *EncoderCache) Put(ctx ml.Context, key, value ml.Tensor) {
 		value = value.Permute(ctx, 1, 2, 0, 3)
 	}
 
-	if c.keys[c.curLayer] == nil || c.values[c.curLayer] == nil {
-		c.keys[c.curLayer] = c.cacheCtx.Empty(key.DType(), key.Shape()...)
-		c.values[c.curLayer] = c.cacheCtx.Empty(value.DType(), value.Shape()...)
+	if _, ok := c.ctxs[c.curLayer]; !ok {
+		c.ctxs[c.curLayer] = c.backend.NewContextSize(2).Layer(c.curLayer)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := c.keys[c.curLayer]; !ok {
+		c.keys[c.curLayer] = c.ctxs[c.curLayer].Empty(key.DType(), key.Shape()...)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := c.values[c.curLayer]; !ok {
+		c.values[c.curLayer] = c.ctxs[c.curLayer].Empty(value.DType(), value.Shape()...)
 	}
 
 	ctx.Forward(

kvcache/wrapper.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"math"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 // Wrapper cache is a container for multiple types of caches,
@@ -40,14 +41,14 @@ func (c *WrapperCache) Close() {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *WrapperCache) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, positions []int32, seqs []int) error {
+func (c *WrapperCache) StartForward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) error {
 	for i, cache := range c.caches {
-		err := cache.StartForward(ctx, positions, seqs)
+		err := cache.StartForward(ctx, opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			// unwind on error - Remove with endIndex set to math.MaxInt32 does not fail
 			for j := i - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
-				for k := range positions {
-					_ = c.caches[j].Remove(seqs[k], positions[k], math.MaxInt32)
+				for k := range opts.Positions {
+					_ = c.caches[j].Remove(opts.Sequences[k], opts.Positions[k], math.MaxInt32)
 				}
 			}
 			return err

llama/llama.cpp/src/llama-arch.cpp

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ static const std::map<llm_arch, const char *> LLM_ARCH_NAMES = {
     { LLM_ARCH_MINICPM3,         "minicpm3"         },
     { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA,            "gemma"            },
     { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2,           "gemma2"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3,           "gemma3"           },
     { LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,       "starcoder2"       },
     { LLM_ARCH_MAMBA,            "mamba"            },
     { LLM_ARCH_XVERSE,           "xverse"           },
@@ -804,6 +805,24 @@ static const std::map<llm_arch, std::map<llm_tensor, const char *>> LLM_TENSOR_N
             { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_POST_NORM,   "blk.%d.post_ffw_norm" },
         },
     },
+    {
+        LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3,
+        {
+            { LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD,      "token_embd" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM,     "output_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,       "blk.%d.attn_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q,          "blk.%d.attn_q" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K,          "blk.%d.attn_k" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_V,          "blk.%d.attn_v" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT,        "blk.%d.attn_output" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM,  "blk.%d.post_attention_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_NORM,        "blk.%d.ffn_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE,        "blk.%d.ffn_gate" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN,        "blk.%d.ffn_down" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP,          "blk.%d.ffn_up" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_POST_NORM,   "blk.%d.post_ffw_norm" },
+        },
+    },
     {
         LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,
         {

llama/llama.cpp/src/llama-arch.h

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ enum llm_arch {
     LLM_ARCH_MINICPM3,
     LLM_ARCH_GEMMA,
     LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2,
+    LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3,
     LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,
     LLM_ARCH_MAMBA,
     LLM_ARCH_XVERSE,

llama/llama.cpp/src/llama-model.cpp

@@ -878,6 +878,9 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
                     default: type = LLM_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
                }
             } break;
+        case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
+            {
+            } break;
         case LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2:
             {
                 ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS, hparams.f_norm_eps);
@@ -2537,6 +2540,9 @@ bool llama_model::load_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
                         layer.ffn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_POST_NORM, "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
                     }
                 } break;
+            case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
+                {
+                } break;
             case LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2:
                 {
                     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
@@ -4029,6 +4035,7 @@ enum llama_rope_type llama_model_rope_type(const struct llama_model * model) {
         case LLM_ARCH_PHIMOE:
         case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA:
         case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2:
+        case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
         case LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2:
         case LLM_ARCH_OPENELM:
         case LLM_ARCH_GPTNEOX:

llama/llama.cpp/src/llama-quant.cpp

@@ -737,6 +737,15 @@ static void llama_model_quantize_impl(const std::string & fname_inp, const std::
         // This used to be a regex, but <regex> has an extreme cost to compile times.
         bool quantize = name.rfind("weight") == name.size() - 6; // ends with 'weight'?
 
+        // don't quantize vision stuff
+        quantize &= name.find("v.blk.") == std::string::npos;
+
+        quantize &= name.find("mm.mm_input_projection.weight") == std::string::npos;
+        quantize &= name.find("mm.mm_soft_emb_norm.weight") == std::string::npos;
+        quantize &= name.find("v.patch_embedding.weight") == std::string::npos;
+        quantize &= name.find("v.position_embedding.weight") == std::string::npos;
+        quantize &= name.find("v.post_layernorm.weight") == std::string::npos;
+
         // quantize only 2D and 3D tensors (experts)
         quantize &= (ggml_n_dims(tensor) >= 2);
 

llama/llama.cpp/src/llama-vocab.cpp

@@ -1443,7 +1443,7 @@ void llama_vocab::impl::load(llama_model_loader & ml, const LLM_KV & kv) {
 
             const int precompiled_charsmap_keyidx = gguf_find_key(ctx, kv(LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_PRECOMPILED_CHARSMAP).c_str());
             if (precompiled_charsmap_keyidx != -1) {
-                size_t n_precompiled_charsmap = gguf_get_arr_n(ctx, precompiled_charsmap_keyidx);
+                size_t n_precompiled_charsmap = gguf_get_arr_data_n(ctx, precompiled_charsmap_keyidx);
                 const char * pc = (const char *) gguf_get_arr_data(ctx, precompiled_charsmap_keyidx);
                 precompiled_charsmap.assign(pc, pc + n_precompiled_charsmap);
 #ifdef IS_BIG_ENDIAN

llama/llama.go

@@ -21,18 +21,6 @@ package llama
 
 extern bool llamaProgressCallback(float progress, void *user_data);
 extern void llamaLog(int level, char* text, void* user_data);
-
-typedef enum {COMP_UNKNOWN,COMP_GCC,COMP_CLANG} COMPILER;
-COMPILER inline get_compiler() {
-#if defined(__clang__)
-	return COMP_CLANG;
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-	return COMP_GCC;
-#else
-	return UNKNOWN_COMPILER;
-#endif
-}
-
 */
 import "C"
 
@@ -72,19 +60,6 @@ func BackendInit() {
 	C.llama_backend_init()
 }
 
-func PrintSystemInfo() string {
-	var compiler string
-	switch C.get_compiler() {
-	case C.COMP_UNKNOWN:
-		compiler = "cgo(unknown_compiler)"
-	case C.COMP_GCC:
-		compiler = "cgo(gcc)"
-	case C.COMP_CLANG:
-		compiler = "cgo(clang)"
-	}
-	return C.GoString(C.llama_print_system_info()) + compiler
-}
-
 func GetModelArch(modelPath string) (string, error) {
 	mp := C.CString(modelPath)
 	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(mp))
@@ -270,6 +245,20 @@ func LoadModelFromFile(modelPath string, params ModelParams) (*Model, error) {
 	return &m, nil
 }
 
+func LoadVocabFromFile(path string) (*Vocab, error) {
+	mp := C.CString(path)
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(mp))
+	v := Vocab{c: C.llama_load_vocab_from_file(mp)}
+	if v.c == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to load vocab: %s", path)
+	}
+	return &v, nil
+}
+
+func FreeVocab(vocab *Vocab) {
+	C.llama_free_vocab(vocab.c)
+}
+
 func FreeModel(model *Model) {
 	C.llama_model_free(model.c)
 }
@@ -318,6 +307,10 @@ func (m *Model) ApplyLoraFromFile(context *Context, loraPath string, scale float
 	return nil
 }
 
+type Vocab struct {
+	c *C.struct_llama_vocab
+}
+
 func (m *Model) Vocab() *C.struct_llama_vocab {
 	return C.llama_model_get_vocab(m.c)
 }
@@ -694,3 +687,53 @@ func SchemaToGrammar(schema []byte) []byte {
 	}
 	return buf[:n]
 }
+
+type Sampler struct {
+	c *C.struct_llama_sampler
+}
+
+func NewGrammarSampler(vocab *Vocab, grammar string) *Sampler {
+	cGrammar := C.CString(grammar)
+	cRoot := C.CString("root")
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cGrammar))
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cRoot))
+
+	sampler := &Sampler{c: C.llama_sampler_init_grammar(vocab.c, cGrammar, cRoot)}
+
+	return sampler
+}
+
+func (s *Sampler) Accept(token int32) {
+	C.llama_sampler_accept(s.c, C.llama_token(token))
+}
+
+type TokenData struct {
+	Id    int32
+	Logit float32
+}
+
+func (s *Sampler) Apply(tokens []TokenData) {
+	tds := make([]C.struct_llama_token_data, len(tokens))
+	for i, token := range tokens {
+		tds[i] = C.struct_llama_token_data{
+			id:    C.int32_t(token.Id),
+			logit: C.float(token.Logit),
+			p:     C.float(0.0),
+		}
+	}
+	tda := &C.llama_token_data_array{
+		data:     (*C.struct_llama_token_data)(unsafe.Pointer(&tds[0])),
+		size:     C.size_t(len(tokens)),
+		selected: C.int64_t(-1),
+		sorted:   C.bool(false),
+	}
+
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	pinner.Pin(&tds[0])
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+
+	C.llama_sampler_apply(s.c, tda)
+	for i := range tokens {
+		tokens[i].Logit = float32(tds[i].logit)
+	}
+}

llama/patches/0015-try-catch-backend-load.patch

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
-From: Michael Yang <mxyng@pm.me>
-Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2025 14:06:36 -0800
-Subject: [PATCH] try/catch backend load
-
----
- ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp | 45 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
-
-diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
-index 98d5e14d..1c19129a 100644
---- a/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
-+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
-@@ -512,32 +512,33 @@ static ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load_best(const char * name, bool silent,
-         }
-         fs::directory_iterator dir_it(search_path, fs::directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
-         for (const auto & entry : dir_it) {
--            if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
--                std::wstring filename = entry.path().filename().wstring();
--                std::wstring ext = entry.path().extension().wstring();
--                if (filename.find(file_prefix) == 0 && ext == backend_filename_suffix()) {
--                    dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path().wstring()) };
--                    if (!handle && !silent) {
--                        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
--                    }
--                    if (handle) {
-+            try {
-+                if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
-+                    std::wstring filename = entry.path().filename().wstring();
-+                    std::wstring ext = entry.path().extension().wstring();
-+                    if (filename.find(file_prefix) == 0 && ext == backend_filename_suffix()) {
-+                        dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path().wstring()) };
-+                        if (!handle) {
-+                            GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
-+                            continue;
-+                        }
-+
-                         auto score_fn = (ggml_backend_score_t) dl_get_sym(handle.get(), "ggml_backend_score");
--                        if (score_fn) {
--                            int s = score_fn();
--#ifndef NDEBUG
--                            GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str(), s);
--#endif
--                            if (s > best_score) {
--                                best_score = s;
--                                best_path = entry.path().wstring();
--                            }
--                        } else {
--                            if (!silent) {
--                                GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
--                            }
-+                        if (!score_fn) {
-+                            GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
-+                            continue;
-+                        }
-+
-+                        int s = score_fn();
-+                        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str(), s);
-+                        if (s > best_score) {
-+                            best_score = s;
-+                            best_path = entry.path().wstring();
-                         }
-                     }
-                 }
-+            } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-+                GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s: %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str(), e.what());
-             }
-         }
-     }

llama/patches/0015-use-std-filesystem-path-instead-of-wstring.patch

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ Date: Sun, 16 Feb 2025 20:00:22 -0500
 Subject: [PATCH] use std::filesystem::path instead of wstring
 
 ---
- ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp | 144 ++++++++++++++--------------------
- 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)
+ ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp | 199 +++++++++++++++-------------------
+ 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-)
 
 diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
-index 1c19129a..c854e6bb 100644
+index 98d5e14d..799af5f3 100644
 --- a/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
 +++ b/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp
 @@ -66,26 +66,6 @@
@@ -264,47 +264,55 @@ index 1c19129a..c854e6bb 100644
      for (const auto & search_path : search_paths) {
          if (!fs::exists(search_path)) {
              continue;
-@@ -514,31 +486,31 @@ static ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load_best(const char * name, bool silent,
+@@ -513,29 +485,26 @@ static ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load_best(const char * name, bool silent,
+         fs::directory_iterator dir_it(search_path, fs::directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
          for (const auto & entry : dir_it) {
-             try {
-                 if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
--                    std::wstring filename = entry.path().filename().wstring();
--                    std::wstring ext = entry.path().extension().wstring();
-+                    std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string();
-+                    std::string ext = entry.path().extension().string();
-                     if (filename.find(file_prefix) == 0 && ext == backend_filename_suffix()) {
--                        dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path().wstring()) };
-+                        dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path()) };
-                         if (!handle) {
--                            GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
-+                            GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
-                             continue;
-                         }
- 
-                         auto score_fn = (ggml_backend_score_t) dl_get_sym(handle.get(), "ggml_backend_score");
-                         if (!score_fn) {
--                            GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
-+                            GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
-                             continue;
-                         }
- 
-                         int s = score_fn();
--                        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str(), s);
-+                        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str(), s);
-                         if (s > best_score) {
-                             best_score = s;
--                            best_path = entry.path().wstring();
-+                            best_path = entry.path();
-                         }
+             if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
+-                std::wstring filename = entry.path().filename().wstring();
+-                std::wstring ext = entry.path().extension().wstring();
++                std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string();
++                std::string ext = entry.path().extension().string();
+                 if (filename.find(file_prefix) == 0 && ext == backend_filename_suffix()) {
+-                    dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path().wstring()) };
+-                    if (!handle && !silent) {
+-                        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
++                    dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path()) };
++                    if (!handle) {
++                        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
++                        continue;
+                     }
+-                    if (handle) {
+-                        auto score_fn = (ggml_backend_score_t) dl_get_sym(handle.get(), "ggml_backend_score");
+-                        if (score_fn) {
+-                            int s = score_fn();
+-#ifndef NDEBUG
+-                            GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str(), s);
+-#endif
+-                            if (s > best_score) {
+-                                best_score = s;
+-                                best_path = entry.path().wstring();
+-                            }
+-                        } else {
+-                            if (!silent) {
+-                                GGML_LOG_INFO("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str());
+-                            }
+-                        }
++
++                    auto score_fn = (ggml_backend_score_t) dl_get_sym(handle.get(), "ggml_backend_score");
++                    if (!score_fn) {
++                        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
++                        continue;
++                    }
++
++                    int s = score_fn();
++                    GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str(), s);
++                    if (s > best_score) {
++                        best_score = s;
++                        best_path = entry.path();
                      }
                  }
-             } catch (const std::exception & e) {
--                GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s: %s\n", __func__, utf16_to_utf8(entry.path().wstring()).c_str(), e.what());
-+                GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s: %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str(), e.what());
              }
-         }
-     }
-@@ -546,7 +518,7 @@ static ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load_best(const char * name, bool silent,
+@@ -545,7 +514,7 @@ static ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load_best(const char * name, bool silent,
      if (best_score == 0) {
          // try to load the base backend
          for (const auto & search_path : search_paths) {
@@ -313,3 +321,49 @@ index 1c19129a..c854e6bb 100644
              if (fs::exists(path)) {
                  return get_reg().load_backend(path, silent);
              }
+@@ -560,6 +529,14 @@ void ggml_backend_load_all() {
+     ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(nullptr);
+ }
+ 
++static void ggml_backend_try_load_best(const char * name, bool silent, const char * user_search_path) {
++    try {
++        ggml_backend_load_best(name, silent, user_search_path);
++    } catch (const std::exception & e) {
++        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to load %s: %s\n", __func__, name, e.what());
++    }
++}
++
+ void ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(const char * dir_path) {
+ #ifdef NDEBUG
+     bool silent = true;
+@@ -567,18 +544,18 @@ void ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(const char * dir_path) {
+     bool silent = false;
+ #endif
+ 
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("blas", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("cann", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("cuda", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("hip", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("kompute", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("metal", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("rpc", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("sycl", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("vulkan", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("opencl", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("musa", silent, dir_path);
+-    ggml_backend_load_best("cpu", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("blas", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("cann", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("cuda", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("hip", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("kompute", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("metal", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("rpc", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("sycl", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("vulkan", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("opencl", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("musa", silent, dir_path);
++    ggml_backend_try_load_best("cpu", silent, dir_path);
+     // check the environment variable GGML_BACKEND_PATH to load an out-of-tree backend
+     const char * backend_path = std::getenv("GGML_BACKEND_PATH");
+     if (backend_path) {

llama/patches/0019-fix-string-arr-kv-loading.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: jmorganca <jmorganca@gmail.com>
+Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 17:41:07 -0800
+Subject: [PATCH] fix string arr kv loading
+
+---
+ ggml/include/gguf.h | 1 +
+ ggml/src/gguf.cpp   | 7 +++++--
+ src/llama-vocab.cpp | 2 +-
+ 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/ggml/include/gguf.h b/ggml/include/gguf.h
+index 79ee2020..3efb22f0 100644
+--- a/ggml/include/gguf.h
++++ b/ggml/include/gguf.h
+@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ extern "C" {
+     // get raw pointer to the first element of the array with the given key_id
+     // for bool arrays, note that they are always stored as int8 on all platforms (usually this makes no difference)
+     GGML_API const void * gguf_get_arr_data(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id);
++    GGML_API size_t       gguf_get_arr_data_n(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id);
+ 
+     // get ith C string from array with given key_id
+     GGML_API const char * gguf_get_arr_str (const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id, size_t i);
+diff --git a/ggml/src/gguf.cpp b/ggml/src/gguf.cpp
+index ab13669c..f75b923f 100644
+--- a/ggml/src/gguf.cpp
++++ b/ggml/src/gguf.cpp
+@@ -777,10 +777,14 @@ enum gguf_type gguf_get_arr_type(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id
+ 
+ const void * gguf_get_arr_data(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
+     GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
+-    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_type() != GGUF_TYPE_STRING);
+     return ctx->kv[key_id].data.data();
+ }
+ 
++size_t gguf_get_arr_data_n(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
++    GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
++    return ctx->kv[key_id].data.size();
++}
++
+ const char * gguf_get_arr_str(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id, size_t i) {
+     GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
+     GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_type() == GGUF_TYPE_STRING);
+@@ -874,7 +878,6 @@ const char * gguf_get_val_str(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
+ const void * gguf_get_val_data(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
+     GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
+     GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_ne() == 1);
+-    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_type() != GGUF_TYPE_STRING);
+     return ctx->kv[key_id].data.data();
+ }
+ 
+diff --git a/src/llama-vocab.cpp b/src/llama-vocab.cpp
+index c7ff28be..7a185443 100644
+--- a/src/llama-vocab.cpp
++++ b/src/llama-vocab.cpp
+@@ -1443,7 +1443,7 @@ void llama_vocab::impl::load(llama_model_loader & ml, const LLM_KV & kv) {
+ 
+             const int precompiled_charsmap_keyidx = gguf_find_key(ctx, kv(LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_PRECOMPILED_CHARSMAP).c_str());
+             if (precompiled_charsmap_keyidx != -1) {
+-                size_t n_precompiled_charsmap = gguf_get_arr_n(ctx, precompiled_charsmap_keyidx);
++                size_t n_precompiled_charsmap = gguf_get_arr_data_n(ctx, precompiled_charsmap_keyidx);
+                 const char * pc = (const char *) gguf_get_arr_data(ctx, precompiled_charsmap_keyidx);
+                 precompiled_charsmap.assign(pc, pc + n_precompiled_charsmap);
+ #ifdef IS_BIG_ENDIAN

llama/patches/0020-ollama-debug-tensor.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Michael Yang <mxyng@pm.me>
+Date: Sun, 9 Mar 2025 14:44:16 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] ollama debug tensor
+
+---
+ ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c | 6 ++++++
+ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)
+
+diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c
+index 2f606d82..ec60e8fc 100644
+--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c
++++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c
+@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
+ #include "ggml-threading.h"
+ #include "ggml.h"
+ 
++#include "ollama-debug.h"
++
+ #if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+ #include <malloc.h> // using malloc.h with MSC/MINGW
+ #elif !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__NetBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
+@@ -14103,6 +14105,10 @@ static thread_ret_t ggml_graph_compute_thread(void * data) {
+ 
+         ggml_compute_forward(&params, node);
+ 
++#ifdef OLLAMA_DEBUG
++        ollama_debug(node, true);
++#endif
++
+         if (state->ith == 0 && cplan->abort_callback &&
+                 cplan->abort_callback(cplan->abort_callback_data)) {
+             atomic_store_explicit(&tp->abort, node_n + 1, memory_order_relaxed);

llama/patches/0021-gemma3-quantization.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Patrick Devine <patrick@infrahq.com>
+Date: Fri, 14 Mar 2025 16:33:23 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] gemma3 quantization
+
+---
+ src/llama-arch.cpp  | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
+ src/llama-arch.h    |  1 +
+ src/llama-model.cpp |  7 +++++++
+ src/llama-quant.cpp |  9 +++++++++
+ 4 files changed, 36 insertions(+)
+
+diff --git a/src/llama-arch.cpp b/src/llama-arch.cpp
+index b6f20286..b443fcd3 100644
+--- a/src/llama-arch.cpp
++++ b/src/llama-arch.cpp
+@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ static const std::map<llm_arch, const char *> LLM_ARCH_NAMES = {
+     { LLM_ARCH_MINICPM3,         "minicpm3"         },
+     { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA,            "gemma"            },
+     { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2,           "gemma2"           },
++    { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3,           "gemma3"           },
+     { LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,       "starcoder2"       },
+     { LLM_ARCH_MAMBA,            "mamba"            },
+     { LLM_ARCH_XVERSE,           "xverse"           },
+@@ -804,6 +805,24 @@ static const std::map<llm_arch, std::map<llm_tensor, const char *>> LLM_TENSOR_N
+             { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_POST_NORM,   "blk.%d.post_ffw_norm" },
+         },
+     },
++    {
++        LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3,
++        {
++            { LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD,      "token_embd" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM,     "output_norm" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_NORM,       "blk.%d.attn_norm" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_Q,          "blk.%d.attn_q" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K,          "blk.%d.attn_k" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_V,          "blk.%d.attn_v" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_OUT,        "blk.%d.attn_output" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_POST_NORM,  "blk.%d.post_attention_norm" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_NORM,        "blk.%d.ffn_norm" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_GATE,        "blk.%d.ffn_gate" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_DOWN,        "blk.%d.ffn_down" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP,          "blk.%d.ffn_up" },
++            { LLM_TENSOR_FFN_POST_NORM,   "blk.%d.post_ffw_norm" },
++        },
++    },
+     {
+         LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,
+         {
+diff --git a/src/llama-arch.h b/src/llama-arch.h
+index ec742224..aad92a5d 100644
+--- a/src/llama-arch.h
++++ b/src/llama-arch.h
+@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ enum llm_arch {
+     LLM_ARCH_MINICPM3,
+     LLM_ARCH_GEMMA,
+     LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2,
++    LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3,
+     LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,
+     LLM_ARCH_MAMBA,
+     LLM_ARCH_XVERSE,
+diff --git a/src/llama-model.cpp b/src/llama-model.cpp
+index ab1a07d1..70183041 100644
+--- a/src/llama-model.cpp
++++ b/src/llama-model.cpp
+@@ -878,6 +878,9 @@ void llama_model::load_hparams(llama_model_loader & ml) {
+                     default: type = LLM_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+                }
+             } break;
++        case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
++            {
++            } break;
+         case LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2:
+             {
+                 ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS, hparams.f_norm_eps);
+@@ -2537,6 +2540,9 @@ bool llama_model::load_tensors(llama_model_loader & ml) {
+                         layer.ffn_post_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_POST_NORM, "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
+                     }
+                 } break;
++            case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
++                {
++                } break;
+             case LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2:
+                 {
+                     tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
+@@ -4029,6 +4035,7 @@ enum llama_rope_type llama_model_rope_type(const struct llama_model * model) {
+         case LLM_ARCH_PHIMOE:
+         case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA:
+         case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2:
++        case LLM_ARCH_GEMMA3:
+         case LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2:
+         case LLM_ARCH_OPENELM:
+         case LLM_ARCH_GPTNEOX:
+diff --git a/src/llama-quant.cpp b/src/llama-quant.cpp
+index 6eb1da08..d2f3a510 100644
+--- a/src/llama-quant.cpp
++++ b/src/llama-quant.cpp
+@@ -737,6 +737,15 @@ static void llama_model_quantize_impl(const std::string & fname_inp, const std::
+         // This used to be a regex, but <regex> has an extreme cost to compile times.
+         bool quantize = name.rfind("weight") == name.size() - 6; // ends with 'weight'?
+ 
++        // don't quantize vision stuff
++        quantize &= name.find("v.blk.") == std::string::npos;
++
++        quantize &= name.find("mm.mm_input_projection.weight") == std::string::npos;
++        quantize &= name.find("mm.mm_soft_emb_norm.weight") == std::string::npos;
++        quantize &= name.find("v.patch_embedding.weight") == std::string::npos;
++        quantize &= name.find("v.position_embedding.weight") == std::string::npos;
++        quantize &= name.find("v.post_layernorm.weight") == std::string::npos;
++
+         // quantize only 2D and 3D tensors (experts)
+         quantize &= (ggml_n_dims(tensor) >= 2);
+ 

llama/sampling_ext.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 #include "sampling.h"
 #include "sampling_ext.h"
 #include "json-schema-to-grammar.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+#include "llama-model.h"
+#include "llama-model-loader.h"
 
 struct common_sampler *common_sampler_cinit(const struct llama_model *model, struct common_sampler_cparams *params) {
     try {
@@ -64,3 +67,22 @@ int schema_to_grammar(const char *json_schema, char *grammar, size_t max_len)
         return 0;
     }
 }
+
+struct llama_vocab * llama_load_vocab_from_file(const char * fname) {
+    llama_vocab * vocab = new llama_vocab();
+    try {
+        const auto kv = LLM_KV(LLM_ARCH_UNKNOWN);
+        std::vector<std::string> splits = {};
+        llama_model_loader ml(std::string(fname), splits, false, false, nullptr);
+        vocab->load(ml, kv);
+    } catch (const std::exception & err) {
+        LLAMA_LOG_ERROR("%s: error loading model: %s\n", __func__, err.what());
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return vocab;
+}
+
+void llama_free_vocab(struct llama_vocab * vocab) {
+    delete vocab;
+}

llama/sampling_ext.h

@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@ extern "C"
 
     int schema_to_grammar(const char *json_schema, char *grammar, size_t max_len);
 
+    struct llama_vocab * llama_load_vocab_from_file(const char * fname);
+    void llama_free_vocab(struct llama_vocab * vocab);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

llm/memory.go

@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ func EstimateGPULayers(gpus []discover.GpuInfo, f *ggml.GGML, projectors []strin
 		// multimodal models require at least 2048 context
 		opts.NumCtx = max(opts.NumCtx, 2048)
 	}
+	if projectorWeights == 0 && projectorGraph == 0 {
+		projectorWeights, projectorGraph = f.VisionGraphSize()
+	}
 
 	layers := f.Tensors().GroupLayers()
 	// add one layer worth of memory as a buffer
@@ -215,8 +218,8 @@ func EstimateGPULayers(gpus []discover.GpuInfo, f *ggml.GGML, projectors []strin
 		if blk, ok := layers[fmt.Sprintf("blk.%d", i)]; ok {
 			layerSize = blk.Size()
 			layerSize += kv / f.KV().BlockCount()
+			memoryWeights += blk.Size()
 		}
-		memoryWeights += layerSize
 
 		if opts.NumGPU >= 0 && layerCount >= opts.NumGPU {
 			// Stop allocating on GPU(s) once we hit the users target NumGPU
@@ -373,7 +376,7 @@ func (m MemoryEstimate) LogValue() slog.Value {
 				// memory of the weights
 				"total", format.HumanBytes2(m.memoryWeights),
 				// memory of repeating layers
-				"repeating", format.HumanBytes2(m.memoryWeights-m.memoryLayerOutput),
+				"repeating", format.HumanBytes2(m.memoryWeights),
 				// memory of non-repeating layers
 				"nonrepeating", format.HumanBytes2(m.memoryLayerOutput),
 			),

llm/server.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llama"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
 )
 
 type LlamaServer interface {
@@ -54,8 +55,15 @@ type llmServer struct {
 	options     api.Options
 	numParallel int
 	modelPath   string
-	modelLock   sync.Mutex   // Temporary until we switch fully to Go server
-	model       *llama.Model // If non-nil, the runner is a new Go server
+
+	// llamaModel is an instance of the cgo llama.cpp model definition
+	// nil if this server is running the new engine
+	llamaModel     *llama.Model
+	llamaModelLock sync.Mutex
+
+	// textProcessor handles text encoding/decoding for the model in the Ollama engine
+	// nil if this server is running the llama.cpp based engine
+	textProcessor model.TextProcessor
 
 	estimate    MemoryEstimate
 	totalLayers uint64
@@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ func LoadModel(model string, maxArraySize int) (*ggml.GGML, error) {
 
 // NewLlamaServer will run a server for the given GPUs
 // The gpu list must be a single family.
-func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapters, projectors []string, opts api.Options, numParallel int) (LlamaServer, error) {
+func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, modelPath string, f *ggml.GGML, adapters, projectors []string, opts api.Options, numParallel int) (LlamaServer, error) {
 	systemInfo := discover.GetSystemInfo()
 	systemTotalMemory := systemInfo.System.TotalMemory
 	systemFreeMemory := systemInfo.System.FreeMemory
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 	slog.Info("offload", "", estimate)
 
 	params := []string{
-		"--model", model,
+		"--model", modelPath,
 		"--ctx-size", strconv.Itoa(opts.NumCtx),
 		"--batch-size", strconv.Itoa(opts.NumBatch),
 	}
@@ -153,11 +161,6 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(projectors) > 0 {
-		// TODO: applying multiple projectors is not supported by the llama.cpp server yet
-		params = append(params, "--mmproj", projectors[0])
-	}
-
 	defaultThreads := systemInfo.GetOptimalThreadCount()
 	if opts.NumThread > 0 {
 		params = append(params, "--threads", strconv.Itoa(opts.NumThread))
@@ -257,6 +260,34 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 		}
 	}
 	slog.Debug("compatible gpu libraries", "compatible", compatible)
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to lookup executable path: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if eval, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(exe); err == nil {
+		exe = eval
+	}
+
+	var llamaModel *llama.Model
+	var textProcessor model.TextProcessor
+	if envconfig.NewEngine() || f.KV().OllamaEngineRequired() {
+		textProcessor, err = model.NewTextProcessor(modelPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			// To prepare for opt-out mode, instead of treating this as an error, we fallback to the old runner
+			slog.Debug("model not yet supported by Ollama engine, switching to compatibility mode", "model", modelPath, "error", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if textProcessor == nil {
+		llamaModel, err = llama.LoadModelFromFile(modelPath, llama.ModelParams{VocabOnly: true})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(projectors) > 0 && llamaModel != nil {
+		params = append(params, "--mmproj", projectors[0])
+	}
 
 	// iterate through compatible GPU libraries such as 'cuda_v12', 'cuda_v11', 'rocm', etc.
 	// adding each library's respective path to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH, until finally running
@@ -275,7 +306,9 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 			port = rand.Intn(65535-49152) + 49152 // get a random port in the ephemeral range
 		}
 		finalParams := []string{"runner"}
-		if envconfig.NewEngine() {
+		if textProcessor != nil {
+			// New engine
+			// TODO - if we have failure to load scenarios, add logic to retry with the old runner
 			finalParams = append(finalParams, "--ollama-engine")
 		}
 		finalParams = append(finalParams, params...)
@@ -315,28 +348,20 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 		// finally, add the root library path
 		libraryPaths = append(libraryPaths, discover.LibOllamaPath)
 
-		exe, err := os.Executable()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to lookup executable path: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		if eval, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(exe); err == nil {
-			exe = eval
-		}
-
-		// TODO - once fully switched to the Go runner, load the model here for tokenize/detokenize cgo access
 		s := &llmServer{
-			port:        port,
-			cmd:         exec.Command(exe, finalParams...),
-			status:      NewStatusWriter(os.Stderr),
-			options:     opts,
-			modelPath:   model,
-			estimate:    estimate,
-			numParallel: numParallel,
-			sem:         semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(numParallel)),
-			totalLayers: f.KV().BlockCount() + 1,
-			gpus:        gpus,
-			done:        make(chan error, 1),
+			port:          port,
+			cmd:           exec.Command(exe, finalParams...),
+			status:        NewStatusWriter(os.Stderr),
+			options:       opts,
+			modelPath:     modelPath,
+			llamaModel:    llamaModel,
+			textProcessor: textProcessor,
+			estimate:      estimate,
+			numParallel:   numParallel,
+			sem:           semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(numParallel)),
+			totalLayers:   f.KV().BlockCount() + 1,
+			gpus:          gpus,
+			done:          make(chan error, 1),
 		}
 
 		s.cmd.Env = os.Environ()
@@ -377,7 +402,7 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 			s.cmd.Env = append(s.cmd.Env, visibleDevicesEnv+"="+visibleDevicesEnvVal)
 		}
 
-		slog.Info("starting llama server", "cmd", s.cmd.String())
+		slog.Info("starting llama server", "cmd", s.cmd)
 		if envconfig.Debug() {
 			filteredEnv := []string{}
 			for _, ev := range s.cmd.Env {
@@ -405,6 +430,9 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus discover.GpuInfoList, model string, f *ggml.GGML, adapt
 			}
 			err := fmt.Errorf("error starting runner: %v %s", err, msg)
 			if len(compatible) == 0 {
+				if llamaModel != nil {
+					llama.FreeModel(llamaModel)
+				}
 				return nil, err
 			}
 
@@ -442,7 +470,7 @@ const ( // iota is reset to 0
 	ServerStatusError
 )
 
-func (s ServerStatus) ToString() string {
+func (s ServerStatus) String() string {
 	switch s {
 	case ServerStatusReady:
 		return "llm server ready"
@@ -457,12 +485,9 @@ func (s ServerStatus) ToString() string {
 	}
 }
 
-type ServerStatusResp struct {
-	Status          string  `json:"status"`
-	SlotsIdle       int     `json:"slots_idle"`
-	SlotsProcessing int     `json:"slots_processing"`
-	Error           string  `json:"error"`
-	Progress        float32 `json:"progress"`
+type ServerStatusResponse struct {
+	Status   ServerStatus `json:"status"`
+	Progress float32      `json:"progress"`
 }
 
 func (s *llmServer) getServerStatus(ctx context.Context) (ServerStatus, error) {
@@ -474,7 +499,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) getServerStatus(ctx context.Context) (ServerStatus, error) {
 		}
 		if s.cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode() == -1 {
 			// Most likely a signal killed it, log some more details to try to help troubleshoot
-			slog.Warn("llama runner process no longer running", "sys", s.cmd.ProcessState.Sys(), "string", s.cmd.ProcessState.String())
+			slog.Warn("llama runner process no longer running", "sys", s.cmd.ProcessState.Sys(), "string", s.cmd.ProcessState)
 		}
 		return ServerStatusError, fmt.Errorf("llama runner process no longer running: %d %s", s.cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode(), msg)
 	}
@@ -499,21 +524,19 @@ func (s *llmServer) getServerStatus(ctx context.Context) (ServerStatus, error) {
 		return ServerStatusError, fmt.Errorf("read health request: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	var status ServerStatusResp
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &status); err != nil {
+	var ssr ServerStatusResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &ssr); err != nil {
 		return ServerStatusError, fmt.Errorf("health unmarshal encode response: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	switch status.Status {
-	case "ok":
-		return ServerStatusReady, nil
-	case "no slot available":
-		return ServerStatusNoSlotsAvailable, nil
-	case "loading model":
-		s.loadProgress = status.Progress
-		return ServerStatusLoadingModel, nil
+	switch ssr.Status {
+	case ServerStatusLoadingModel:
+		s.loadProgress = ssr.Progress
+		return ssr.Status, nil
+	case ServerStatusReady, ServerStatusNoSlotsAvailable:
+		return ssr.Status, nil
 	default:
-		return ServerStatusError, fmt.Errorf("server error: %+v", status)
+		return ssr.Status, fmt.Errorf("server error: %+v", ssr)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -588,7 +611,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error {
 		status, _ := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
 		if lastStatus != status && status != ServerStatusReady {
 			// Only log on status changes
-			slog.Info("waiting for server to become available", "status", status.ToString())
+			slog.Info("waiting for server to become available", "status", status)
 		}
 		switch status {
 		case ServerStatusReady:
@@ -602,7 +625,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error {
 				slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("model load progress %0.2f", s.loadProgress))
 				stallTimer = time.Now().Add(stallDuration)
 			} else if !fullyLoaded && int(s.loadProgress*100.0) >= 100 {
-				slog.Debug("model load completed, waiting for server to become available", "status", status.ToString())
+				slog.Debug("model load completed, waiting for server to become available", "status", status)
 				stallTimer = time.Now().Add(stallDuration)
 				fullyLoaded = true
 			}
@@ -643,63 +666,26 @@ type ImageData struct {
 	AspectRatioID int    `json:"aspect_ratio_id"`
 }
 
-type completion struct {
-	Content      string `json:"content"`
-	Model        string `json:"model"`
-	Prompt       string `json:"prompt"`
-	Stop         bool   `json:"stop"`
-	StoppedLimit bool   `json:"stopped_limit"`
-
-	Timings struct {
-		PredictedN  int     `json:"predicted_n"`
-		PredictedMS float64 `json:"predicted_ms"`
-		PromptN     int     `json:"prompt_n"`
-		PromptMS    float64 `json:"prompt_ms"`
-	}
-}
-
 type CompletionRequest struct {
 	Prompt  string
 	Format  json.RawMessage
 	Images  []ImageData
 	Options *api.Options
+
+	Grammar string // set before sending the request to the subprocess
 }
 
 type CompletionResponse struct {
-	Content            string
-	DoneReason         string
-	Done               bool
-	PromptEvalCount    int
-	PromptEvalDuration time.Duration
-	EvalCount          int
-	EvalDuration       time.Duration
+	Content            string        `json:"content"`
+	DoneReason         string        `json:"done_reason"`
+	Done               bool          `json:"done"`
+	PromptEvalCount    int           `json:"prompt_eval_count"`
+	PromptEvalDuration time.Duration `json:"prompt_eval_duration"`
+	EvalCount          int           `json:"eval_count"`
+	EvalDuration       time.Duration `json:"eval_duration"`
 }
 
 func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn func(CompletionResponse)) error {
-	request := map[string]any{
-		"prompt":            req.Prompt,
-		"stream":            true,
-		"n_predict":         req.Options.NumPredict,
-		"n_keep":            req.Options.NumKeep,
-		"main_gpu":          req.Options.MainGPU,
-		"temperature":       req.Options.Temperature,
-		"top_k":             req.Options.TopK,
-		"top_p":             req.Options.TopP,
-		"min_p":             req.Options.MinP,
-		"typical_p":         req.Options.TypicalP,
-		"repeat_last_n":     req.Options.RepeatLastN,
-		"repeat_penalty":    req.Options.RepeatPenalty,
-		"presence_penalty":  req.Options.PresencePenalty,
-		"frequency_penalty": req.Options.FrequencyPenalty,
-		"mirostat":          req.Options.Mirostat,
-		"mirostat_tau":      req.Options.MirostatTau,
-		"mirostat_eta":      req.Options.MirostatEta,
-		"seed":              req.Options.Seed,
-		"stop":              req.Options.Stop,
-		"image_data":        req.Images,
-		"cache_prompt":      true,
-	}
-
 	if len(req.Format) > 0 {
 		switch string(req.Format) {
 		case `null`, `""`:
@@ -707,7 +693,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 			// these as "not set".
 			break
 		case `"json"`:
-			request["grammar"] = grammarJSON
+			req.Grammar = grammarJSON
 		default:
 			if req.Format[0] != '{' {
 				return fmt.Errorf("invalid format: %q; expected \"json\" or a valid JSON Schema object", req.Format)
@@ -718,10 +704,15 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 			if g == nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("invalid JSON schema in format")
 			}
-			request["grammar"] = string(g)
+			req.Grammar = string(g)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if req.Options == nil {
+		opts := api.DefaultOptions()
+		req.Options = &opts
+	}
+
 	if err := s.sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 			slog.Info("aborting completion request due to client closing the connection")
@@ -742,7 +733,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if status != ServerStatusReady {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status)
 	}
 
 	// Handling JSON marshaling with special characters unescaped.
@@ -750,7 +741,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 	enc := json.NewEncoder(buffer)
 	enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)
 
-	if err := enc.Encode(request); err != nil {
+	if err := enc.Encode(req); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal data: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -801,7 +792,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 				evt = line
 			}
 
-			var c completion
+			var c CompletionResponse
 			if err := json.Unmarshal(evt, &c); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error unmarshalling llm prediction response: %v", err)
 			}
@@ -825,20 +816,8 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 				})
 			}
 
-			if c.Stop {
-				doneReason := "stop"
-				if c.StoppedLimit {
-					doneReason = "length"
-				}
-
-				fn(CompletionResponse{
-					Done:               true,
-					DoneReason:         doneReason,
-					PromptEvalCount:    c.Timings.PromptN,
-					PromptEvalDuration: parseDurationMs(c.Timings.PromptMS),
-					EvalCount:          c.Timings.PredictedN,
-					EvalDuration:       parseDurationMs(c.Timings.PredictedMS),
-				})
+			if c.Done {
+				fn(c)
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
@@ -886,7 +865,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Embedding(ctx context.Context, input string) ([]float32, err
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if status != ServerStatusReady {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status)
 	}
 
 	data, err := json.Marshal(EmbeddingRequest{Content: input})
@@ -933,64 +912,25 @@ type TokenizeResponse struct {
 }
 
 func (s *llmServer) Tokenize(ctx context.Context, content string) ([]int, error) {
-	s.modelLock.Lock()
-	defer s.modelLock.Unlock()
-	if s.model != nil {
-		return s.model.Tokenize(content, false, true)
-	}
+	s.llamaModelLock.Lock()
+	defer s.llamaModelLock.Unlock()
 
-	// Make sure the server is ready
-	status, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if status != ServerStatusReady && status != ServerStatusNoSlotsAvailable {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+	if s.llamaModel != nil {
+		return s.llamaModel.Tokenize(content, false, true)
 	}
-
-	data, err := json.Marshal(TokenizeRequest{Content: content})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshaling encode data: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d/tokenize", s.port), bytes.NewBuffer(data))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encode request: %w", err)
-	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-
-	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("do encode request: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
-		if s.model == nil {
-			slog.Debug("new runner detected, loading model for cgo tokenization")
-			m, err := llama.LoadModelFromFile(s.modelPath, llama.ModelParams{VocabOnly: true})
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			s.model = m
+	if s.textProcessor != nil {
+		tokens, err := s.textProcessor.Encode(content, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		return s.model.Tokenize(content, false, true)
+		toks := make([]int, len(tokens))
+		for i, t := range tokens {
+			toks[i] = int(t)
+		}
+		return toks, nil
 	}
-
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read encode request: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-		log.Printf("llm encode error: %s", body)
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s", body)
-	}
-
-	var encoded TokenizeResponse
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &encoded); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unmarshal encode response: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return encoded.Tokens, nil
+	// not reached
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no tokenizer configured")
 }
 
 type DetokenizeRequest struct {
@@ -1002,80 +942,38 @@ type DetokenizeResponse struct {
 }
 
 func (s *llmServer) Detokenize(ctx context.Context, tokens []int) (string, error) {
-	s.modelLock.Lock()
-	defer s.modelLock.Unlock()
-	if s.model != nil {
+	s.llamaModelLock.Lock()
+	defer s.llamaModelLock.Unlock()
+
+	if s.llamaModel != nil {
 		var resp string
 		for _, token := range tokens {
-			resp += s.model.TokenToPiece(token)
+			resp += s.llamaModel.TokenToPiece(token)
 		}
 		return resp, nil
 	}
-	// Make sure the server is ready
-	status, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if status != ServerStatusReady && status != ServerStatusNoSlotsAvailable {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
-	}
-
-	data, err := json.Marshal(DetokenizeRequest{Tokens: tokens})
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("marshaling decode data: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, fmt.Sprintf("http://127.0.0.1:%d/detokenize", s.port), bytes.NewBuffer(data))
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("decode request: %w", err)
-	}
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-
-	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("do decode request: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	if resp.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound {
-		if s.model == nil {
-			slog.Debug("new runner detected, loading model for cgo tokenization")
-			m, err := llama.LoadModelFromFile(s.modelPath, llama.ModelParams{VocabOnly: true})
-			if err != nil {
-				return "", err
-			}
-			s.model = m
+	if s.textProcessor != nil {
+		toks := make([]int32, len(tokens))
+		for i, t := range tokens {
+			toks[i] = int32(t)
 		}
-		var resp string
-		for _, token := range tokens {
-			resp += s.model.TokenToPiece(token)
+		content, err := s.textProcessor.Decode(toks)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
 		}
-		return resp, nil
+		return content, nil
 	}
-
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("read decode request: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if resp.StatusCode >= 400 {
-		log.Printf("llm decode error: %s", body)
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("%s", body)
-	}
-
-	var decoded DetokenizeResponse
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &decoded); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("unmarshal encode response: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return decoded.Content, nil
+	// not reached
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("no tokenizer configured")
 }
 
 func (s *llmServer) Close() error {
-	s.modelLock.Lock()
-	if s.model != nil {
-		llama.FreeModel(s.model)
-		s.model = nil
+	s.llamaModelLock.Lock()
+	if s.llamaModel != nil {
+		llama.FreeModel(s.llamaModel)
+		s.llamaModel = nil
 	}
-	s.modelLock.Unlock()
+	s.llamaModelLock.Unlock()
 
 	if s.cmd != nil {
 		slog.Debug("stopping llama server")
@@ -1112,12 +1010,3 @@ func (s *llmServer) EstimatedVRAMByGPU(gpuID string) uint64 {
 	}
 	return 0
 }
-
-func parseDurationMs(ms float64) time.Duration {
-	dur, err := time.ParseDuration(fmt.Sprintf("%fms", ms))
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return dur
-}

ml/backend.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )
@@ -18,13 +19,14 @@ type Config interface {
 
 	Strings(string, ...[]string) []string
 	Uints(string, ...[]uint32) []uint32
+	Floats(string, ...[]float32) []float32
 }
 
 type Backend interface {
 	Config() Config
 	Get(name string) Tensor
 	NewContext() Context
-	SystemInfo() string
+	NewContextSize(size int) Context
 }
 
 // BackendCacheConfig should be implemented by backends that need special output
@@ -100,8 +102,17 @@ type Context interface {
 
 	Forward(...Tensor) Context
 	Compute(...Tensor)
-	MaxTensors() int
+	MaxGraphNodes() int
 	Close()
+
+	// Input returns a context appropriate for creating input tensors
+	Input() Context
+
+	// Output returns a context appropriate for creating output tensors
+	Output() Context
+
+	// Layer returns a context appropriate for creating intermediate tensors
+	Layer(int) Context
 }
 
 type Tensor interface {
@@ -124,8 +135,10 @@ type Tensor interface {
 	RMSNorm(ctx Context, weight Tensor, eps float32) Tensor
 	Scale(ctx Context, s float64) Tensor
 
+	AvgPool2D(ctx Context, k, s int, p float32) Tensor
 	Conv2D(ctx Context, weight Tensor, s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1 int) Tensor
-	RoPE(ctx Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors Tensor, dim uint32, base, scale float32) Tensor
+
+	RoPE(ctx Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors Tensor, dim, ropeType uint32, base, scale float32) Tensor
 
 	Tanh(ctx Context) Tensor
 	GELU(ctx Context) Tensor
@@ -135,6 +148,7 @@ type Tensor interface {
 	View(ctx Context, offset int, shape ...int) Tensor
 	Permute(ctx Context, shape ...int) Tensor
 	Contiguous(ctx Context) Tensor
+	Set(ctx Context, t2 Tensor, offset int, strides ...int) Tensor
 
 	Pad(ctx Context, shape ...int) Tensor
 	Unpad(ctx Context, shape ...int) Tensor
@@ -206,7 +220,7 @@ func Dump(ctx Context, t Tensor, opts ...DumpOptions) string {
 		return dump[[]float32](ctx, t, opts[0].Items, func(f float32) string {
 			return strconv.FormatFloat(float64(f), 'f', opts[0].Precision, 32)
 		})
-	case DTypeF16:
+	case DTypeF16, DTypeQ80, DTypeQ40:
 		f32 := ctx.Empty(DTypeF32, t.Shape()...)
 		f32 = t.Copy(ctx, f32)
 		return dump[[]float32](ctx, f32, opts[0].Items, func(f float32) string {
@@ -232,16 +246,17 @@ func dump[S ~[]E, E number](ctx Context, t Tensor, items int, fn func(E) string)
 	}
 
 	shape := t.Shape()
+	slices.Reverse(shape)
 
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	var f func([]int, int)
 	f = func(dims []int, stride int) {
 		prefix := strings.Repeat(" ", len(shape)-len(dims)+1)
-		fmt.Fprint(&sb, "[")
-		defer func() { fmt.Fprint(&sb, "]") }()
+		sb.WriteString("[")
+		defer func() { sb.WriteString("]") }()
 		for i := 0; i < dims[0]; i++ {
 			if i >= items && i < dims[0]-items {
-				fmt.Fprint(&sb, "..., ")
+				sb.WriteString("..., ")
 				// skip to next printable element
 				skip := dims[0] - 2*items
 				if len(dims) > 1 {
@@ -256,9 +271,14 @@ func dump[S ~[]E, E number](ctx Context, t Tensor, items int, fn func(E) string)
 					fmt.Fprint(&sb, ",", strings.Repeat("\n", len(dims)-1), prefix)
 				}
 			} else {
-				fmt.Fprint(&sb, fn(s[stride+i]))
+				text := fn(s[stride+i])
+				if len(text) > 0 && text[0] != '-' {
+					sb.WriteString(" ")
+				}
+
+				sb.WriteString(text)
 				if i < dims[0]-1 {
-					fmt.Fprint(&sb, ", ")
+					sb.WriteString(", ")
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -274,5 +294,7 @@ const (
 	DTypeOther DType = iota
 	DTypeF32
 	DTypeF16
+	DTypeQ80
+	DTypeQ40
 	DTypeI32
 )

ml/backend/ggml/ggml.go

@@ -1,91 +1,61 @@
 package ggml
 
-/*
-#cgo CPPFLAGS: -I${SRCDIR}/ggml/include
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include "ggml.h"
-#include "ggml-cpu.h"
-#include "ggml-backend.h"
-static struct ggml_backend_feature * getBackendFeatures(void *fp, ggml_backend_reg_t reg) {return ((ggml_backend_get_features_t)(fp))(reg);}
-static struct ggml_backend_feature * getNextBackendFeatures(struct ggml_backend_feature * feature) { return &feature[1];}
-
-typedef enum {COMP_UNKNOWN,COMP_GCC,COMP_CLANG} COMPILER;
-COMPILER inline get_compiler() {
-#if defined(__clang__)
-	return COMP_CLANG;
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-	return COMP_GCC;
-#else
-	return UNKNOWN_COMPILER;
-#endif
-}
-
-*/
+// #cgo CPPFLAGS: -I${SRCDIR}/ggml/include
+// #include <stdlib.h>
+// #include <stdint.h>
+// #include "ggml.h"
+// #include "ggml-cpu.h"
+// #include "ggml-backend.h"
 import "C"
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
 	"os"
-	"sync"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	fs "github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-
 	ggml "github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
-type device struct {
-	d *C.struct_ggml_backend_device
-}
-
-func (d device) LogValue() slog.Value {
-	var free, total uint64
-	C.ggml_backend_dev_memory(d.d, (*C.size_t)(&free), (*C.size_t)(&total))
-
-	kind := "unknown"
-	switch C.ggml_backend_dev_type(d.d) {
-	case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:
-		kind = "cpu"
-	case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU:
-		kind = "gpu"
-	case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCEL:
-		kind = "accel"
-	}
-
-	return slog.GroupValue(
-		slog.String("name", C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_dev_name(d.d))),
-		slog.String("description", C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_dev_description(d.d))),
-		slog.String("kind", kind),
-		slog.String("free", format.HumanBytes2(free)),
-		slog.String("total", format.HumanBytes2(total)),
-	)
-}
-
-var devices = sync.OnceValue(func() []device {
+func devices() []*C.struct_ggml_backend_device {
 	ggml.OnceLoad()
-
-	s := make([]device, C.ggml_backend_dev_count())
-	for i := range s {
-		s[i] = device{C.ggml_backend_dev_get(C.size_t(i))}
+	ds := make([]*C.struct_ggml_backend_device, C.ggml_backend_dev_count())
+	for i := range ds {
+		ds[i] = C.ggml_backend_dev_get(C.size_t(i))
 	}
 
-	return s
-})
+	return ds
+}
 
 type Backend struct {
+	meta    *fs.GGML
+	sched   *C.struct_ggml_backend_sched
+	tensors map[string]*C.struct_ggml_tensor
+
+	// input is the backend used for inputs
+	input *C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type
+
+	// output is the backend used for outputs
+	output *C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type
+
+	// layers is the backend used for repeating layers
+	layers map[int]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type
+
 	flashAttention bool
 
-	meta       *fs.GGML
-	cpus, gpus []Context
-	tensors    map[string]*Context
-
-	sched *C.struct_ggml_backend_sched
+	// maxGraphNodes is the maximum allowed number of graph nodes in this scheduler
+	maxGraphNodes int
 }
 
 func New(r *os.File, params ml.BackendParams) (ml.Backend, error) {
@@ -104,107 +74,317 @@ func New(r *os.File, params ml.BackendParams) (ml.Backend, error) {
 		"num_key_values", len(meta.KV()),
 	)
 
-	var cpus, gpus []Context
+	type deviceBufferType struct {
+		d   *C.struct_ggml_backend_device
+		bts []*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type
+	}
+
+	var cpus, accels, gpus []*C.struct_ggml_backend_device
 	for _, d := range devices() {
-		switch C.ggml_backend_dev_type(d.d) {
+		switch C.ggml_backend_dev_type(d) {
+		case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:
+			if len(cpus) == 0 {
+				// only the first cpu device should be used
+				cpus = append(cpus, d)
+			}
+		case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCEL:
+			accels = append(accels, d)
+		case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU:
+			gpus = append(gpus, d)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// create list of buffer types for the cpu
+	cpuDeviceBufferType := deviceBufferType{d: C.ggml_backend_dev_by_type(C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU)}
+	for _, d := range append(accels, append(gpus, cpus...)...) {
+		switch C.ggml_backend_dev_type(d) {
 		case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU,
 			C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCEL:
-			slog.Info("cpu", "device", d)
-			cpus = append(cpus, Context{
-				ctx: C.ggml_init(C.struct_ggml_init_params{
-					mem_size: C.size_t(int(C.ggml_tensor_overhead()) * (len(meta.Tensors().Items()) + 1 + int(meta.KV().BlockCount())*2)),
-					no_alloc: true,
-				}),
-				backend: C.ggml_backend_dev_init(d.d, nil),
-			})
-		case C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU:
-			slog.Info("gpu", "device", d)
-			gpus = append(gpus, Context{
-				ctx: C.ggml_init(C.struct_ggml_init_params{
-					mem_size: C.size_t(int(C.ggml_tensor_overhead()) * (len(meta.Tensors().Items()) + 1 + int(meta.KV().BlockCount())*2)),
-					no_alloc: true,
-				}),
-				backend: C.ggml_backend_dev_init(d.d, nil),
-			})
+			cpuDeviceBufferType.bts = append(cpuDeviceBufferType.bts, C.ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(d))
 		}
 	}
 
-	ctxFunc := func(s []Context) (*Context, error) {
-		for _, e := range s {
-			return &e, nil
-		}
-
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no devices available")
-	}
-
-	tensors := make(map[*fs.Tensor]*Context, len(meta.Tensors().Items()))
-	for _, t := range meta.Tensors().Items() {
-		c, err := ctxFunc(append(gpus, cpus...))
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		func() {
-			tt := C.ggml_new_tensor(c.ctx, t.Kind, C.int(len(t.Shape)), (*C.int64_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.Shape[0])))
-
-			cname := C.CString(t.Name)
-			defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cname))
-			C.ggml_set_name(tt, cname)
-
-			tensors[t] = c
-		}()
-	}
-
-	for _, b := range append(gpus, cpus...) {
-		C.ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors(b.ctx, b.backend)
-	}
-
-	sr := io.NewSectionReader(r, int64(meta.Tensors().Offset), n-int64(meta.Tensors().Offset))
-
-	var g errgroup.Group
-	for t, c := range tensors {
-		g.Go(func() error {
-			bts := make([]byte, t.Size())
-			n, err := io.ReadFull(io.NewSectionReader(sr, int64(t.Offset), int64(t.Size())), bts)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			if n != int(t.Size()) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("expected %d bytes, got %d", t.Size(), n)
-			}
-
-			cname := C.CString(t.Name)
-			defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cname))
-
-			C.ggml_backend_tensor_set(C.ggml_get_tensor(c.ctx, cname), unsafe.Pointer(&bts[0]), 0, C.size_t(n))
-			return nil
+	// create list of buffer types for each gpu
+	var gpuDeviceBufferTypes []deviceBufferType
+	for _, d := range gpus {
+		bt := C.ggml_backend_dev_buffer_type(d)
+		gpuDeviceBufferTypes = append(gpuDeviceBufferTypes, deviceBufferType{
+			d:   d,
+			bts: append([]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type{bt}, cpuDeviceBufferType.bts...),
 		})
 	}
 
-	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
+	useDefaultSplit := true
+	for _, s := range params.TensorSplit {
+		if s != 0 {
+			useDefaultSplit = false
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	// calculate splits
+	splits := make([]float32, len(gpus))
+	if useDefaultSplit {
+		// default: split on free memory
+		for i := range splits {
+			var free, total C.size_t
+			C.ggml_backend_dev_memory(gpus[i], &free, &total)
+			splits[i] = float32(free)
+		}
+	} else {
+		splits = params.TensorSplit
+	}
+
+	var sum float32
+	// cumulative sum of all splits
+	for i := range splits {
+		sum += splits[i]
+		splits[i] = sum
+	}
+
+	// normalize splits
+	for i := range splits {
+		splits[i] /= sum
+	}
+
+	// inputs always use cpu
+	input := cpuDeviceBufferType
+
+	blocks := int(meta.KV().BlockCount())
+
+	// define a range of gpu layers. anything outside of this range is assigned to the cpu
+	gpuRangeStart := max(0, blocks-params.NumGPULayers)
+	gpuRangeStop := min(gpuRangeStart+params.NumGPULayers, blocks+1)
+	assignLayer := func(i int) deviceBufferType {
+		if i < gpuRangeStart || i >= gpuRangeStop {
+			return cpuDeviceBufferType
+		}
+
+		index := slices.IndexFunc(splits, func(f float32) bool { return float32(i-gpuRangeStart)/float32(gpuRangeStop-gpuRangeStart) < f })
+		if index < 0 || index >= len(gpuDeviceBufferTypes) {
+			return cpuDeviceBufferType
+		}
+
+		return gpuDeviceBufferTypes[index]
+	}
+
+	// repeating layers are assigned based on their index in reverse order, e.g. i / (block_count + 1)
+	layers := make([]deviceBufferType, blocks)
+	for i := range layers {
+		layers[i] = assignLayer(i)
+	}
+
+	// outputs are assigned iff allowed by splits and configured number of gpu layers
+	output := assignLayer(blocks)
+
+	maxTensors := len(meta.Tensors().Items())
+	maxTensors += 1
+	// each layer has at most 2 extra tensors for rope operations
+	maxTensors += blocks * 2
+
+	type tensor struct {
+		source *fs.Tensor
+		target string
+	}
+
+	// some tensors are mapped to different names so keep a list
+	targets := make(map[string][]string)
+
+	// contexts are shared by tensors of the same buffer type
+	ctxs := make(map[*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type]*C.struct_ggml_context)
+	createTensor := func(t tensor, bts []*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type) *C.struct_ggml_tensor {
+		for _, bt := range bts {
+			if _, ok := ctxs[bt]; !ok {
+				ctxs[bt] = C.ggml_init(C.struct_ggml_init_params{
+					mem_size: C.ggml_tensor_overhead() * C.size_t(maxTensors),
+					no_alloc: true,
+				})
+			}
+
+			targets[t.source.Name] = append(targets[t.source.Name], t.target)
+
+			name := t.source.Name
+			if t.target != "" {
+				name = t.target
+			}
+
+			cname := C.CString(name)
+			defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cname))
+			if tt := C.ggml_get_tensor(ctxs[bt], cname); tt != nil {
+				return tt
+			}
+
+			tt := C.ggml_new_tensor(ctxs[bt], t.source.Kind, C.int(len(t.source.Shape)), (*C.int64_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.source.Shape[0])))
+			C.ggml_set_name(tt, cname)
+
+			slog.Debug("created tensor", "name", name, "shape", t.source.Shape, "dtype", t.source.Kind, "buffer_type", C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_buft_name(bt)))
+			//nolint:staticcheck // TODO: check if buffer type supports this tensor
+			return tt
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	contains := func(s string, parts ...string) bool {
+		split := strings.Split(s, ".")
+		for _, part := range parts {
+			if slices.Contains(split, part) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for _, t := range meta.Tensors().Items() {
+		switch {
+		case contains(t.Name, "position_embd", "token_embd", "token_norm_embd", "token_types"):
+			createTensor(tensor{source: t}, input.bts)
+			if _, ok := meta.Tensors().GroupLayers()["output"]; !ok && t.Name == "token_embd.weight" {
+				createTensor(tensor{source: t, target: "output.weight"}, output.bts)
+			}
+		case contains(t.Name, "cls", "output", "output_norm"):
+			createTensor(tensor{source: t}, output.bts)
+		case strings.HasPrefix(t.Name, "v.") || strings.HasPrefix(t.Name, "mm."):
+			// TODO: assign vision tensors to the gpu if possible
+			createTensor(tensor{source: t}, output.bts)
+		case contains(t.Name, "rope_freqs", "rope_factors_long", "rope_factors_short"):
+			// these tensors should be repeated per layer
+			for i, layer := range layers {
+				createTensor(tensor{
+					source: t,
+					target: "blk." + strconv.Itoa(i) + "." + t.Name,
+				}, layer.bts)
+			}
+		default:
+			layerIndex := -1
+			if fields := strings.FieldsFunc(t.Name, func(r rune) bool { return !unicode.IsNumber(r) }); len(fields) > 0 {
+				if i, err := strconv.Atoi(fields[0]); err == nil {
+					layerIndex = i
+				}
+			}
+
+			if layerIndex >= 0 {
+				createTensor(tensor{source: t}, layers[layerIndex].bts)
+			} else {
+				// load all other tensors on the cpu
+				createTensor(tensor{source: t}, input.bts)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// allocate buffers for each context
+	bbs := make(map[*C.struct_ggml_context]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer, len(ctxs))
+	for bt, c := range ctxs {
+		if C.ggml_get_first_tensor(c) == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		b := C.ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors_from_buft(c, bt)
+		C.ggml_backend_buffer_set_usage(b, C.GGML_BACKEND_BUFFER_USAGE_WEIGHTS)
+		bbs[c] = b
+	}
+
+	for bs := range maps.Values(bbs) {
+		slog.Info("model weights", "buffer", C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_buffer_name(bs)), "size", format.HumanBytes2(uint64(C.ggml_backend_buffer_get_size(bs))))
+	}
+
+	// map tensor names to tensors for easy lookup later
+	tensors := make(map[string]*C.struct_ggml_tensor)
+	for _, c := range ctxs {
+		for t := C.ggml_get_first_tensor(c); t != nil; t = C.ggml_get_next_tensor(c, t) {
+			tensors[C.GoString(C.ggml_get_name(t))] = t
+		}
+	}
+
+	// concurrently read in tensor data. uses a section reader which is safe for concurrent reads
+	sr := io.NewSectionReader(r, int64(meta.Tensors().Offset), n-int64(meta.Tensors().Offset))
+	var g errgroup.Group
+	for _, t := range meta.Tensors().Items() {
+		for _, target := range targets[t.Name] {
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				if target == "" {
+					target = t.Name
+				}
+
+				tt, ok := tensors[target]
+				if !ok {
+					return fmt.Errorf("unassigned tensor: %s", t.Name)
+				}
+
+				bts := C.malloc(C.size_t(t.Size()))
+				if bts == nil {
+					return errors.New("failed to allocate tensor buffer")
+				}
+				defer C.free(bts)
+
+				buf := unsafe.Slice((*byte)(bts), t.Size())
+				n, err := io.ReadFull(io.NewSectionReader(sr, int64(t.Offset), int64(t.Size())), buf)
+				if err != nil || n != len(buf) {
+					return errors.New("read failed")
+				}
+
+				C.ggml_backend_tensor_set(tt, bts, 0, C.size_t(t.Size()))
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	if g.Wait() != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	backends := make([]*C.struct_ggml_backend, len(gpus)+len(cpus))
-	bufts := make([]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type, len(gpus)+len(cpus))
-	for i, c := range append(gpus, cpus...) {
-		backends[i] = c.backend
-		bufts[i] = C.ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(c.backend)
+	// map devices to backend buffer types so new tensors can be assigned to the correct device
+	deviceBufferTypes := make(map[*C.struct_ggml_backend_device]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type)
+
+	// create backends and buffer types used for the compute graph scheduler
+	var schedBackends []*C.struct_ggml_backend
+	var schedBufts []*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type
+	for _, d := range append(gpus, append(accels, cpus...)...) {
+		b := C.ggml_backend_dev_init(d, nil)
+		bt := C.ggml_backend_get_default_buffer_type(b)
+		if d := C.ggml_backend_get_device(b); C.ggml_backend_dev_type(d) == C.GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU && len(gpus) > 0 {
+			// use the first gpu host buffer type for gpu if possible
+			if hbt := C.ggml_backend_dev_host_buffer_type(gpus[0]); hbt != nil {
+				bt = hbt
+			}
+		}
+
+		deviceBufferTypes[d] = bt
+
+		schedBackends = append(schedBackends, b)
+		schedBufts = append(schedBufts, bt)
+
+		slog.Info("compute graph", "backend", C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_name(b)), "buffer_type", C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_buft_name(bt)))
+
+		if C.ggml_backend_is_cpu(b) {
+			// set number of threads for cpu backend
+			C.ggml_backend_cpu_set_n_threads(b, C.int(Threads(params.NumThreads)))
+		}
 	}
 
+	maxGraphNodes := max(8192, len(meta.Tensors().Items())*5)
 	return &Backend{
 		flashAttention: params.FlashAttention,
 		meta:           meta,
-		cpus:           cpus,
-		gpus:           gpus,
+		tensors:        tensors,
 		sched: C.ggml_backend_sched_new(
-			(*C.ggml_backend_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&backends[0])),
-			(*C.ggml_backend_buffer_type_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&bufts[0])),
-			C.int(len(backends)),
-			C.size_t(max(8192, len(meta.Tensors().Items())*5)),
-			true,
+			(*C.ggml_backend_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&schedBackends[0])),
+			(*C.ggml_backend_buffer_type_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&schedBufts[0])),
+			C.int(len(schedBackends)),
+			C.size_t(maxGraphNodes),
+			C._Bool(len(gpus) > 1 && slices.Contains(gpus, output.d)),
 		),
+		input:  deviceBufferTypes[input.d],
+		output: deviceBufferTypes[output.d],
+		layers: func() map[int]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type {
+			m := make(map[int]*C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type)
+			for i, layer := range layers {
+				m[i] = deviceBufferTypes[layer.d]
+			}
+			return m
+		}(),
+		maxGraphNodes: maxGraphNodes,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -217,36 +397,29 @@ func (b *Backend) Config() ml.Config {
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) Get(name string) ml.Tensor {
-	cname := C.CString(name)
-	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cname))
-
-	for _, c := range append(b.gpus, b.cpus...) {
-		if t := C.ggml_get_tensor(c.ctx, cname); t != nil {
-			return &Tensor{b: b, t: t}
-		}
+	if t, ok := b.tensors[name]; ok {
+		return &Tensor{b: b, t: t}
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (b *Backend) NewContext() ml.Context {
-	nodes := max(8192, len(b.meta.Tensors().Items())*5)
-	c := C.ggml_init(C.struct_ggml_init_params{
-		mem_buffer: nil,
-		mem_size:   C.size_t(nodes)*C.ggml_tensor_overhead() + C.ggml_graph_overhead_custom(C.size_t(nodes), false),
-		no_alloc:   true,
-	})
+	return b.NewContextSize(b.maxGraphNodes)
+}
 
-	backends := make([]*C.struct_ggml_backend, len(b.gpus)+len(b.cpus))
-	for i, c := range append(b.gpus, b.cpus...) {
-		backends[i] = c.backend
+func (b *Backend) NewContextSize(n int) ml.Context {
+	if n > b.maxGraphNodes {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("requested number of graph nodes (%v) for new context exceeds maximum (%v)", n, b.maxGraphNodes))
 	}
 
 	return &Context{
-		b:       b,
-		ctx:     c,
-		backend: backends[0],
-		nodes:   nodes,
+		b:             b,
+		maxGraphNodes: n,
+		ctx: C.ggml_init(C.struct_ggml_init_params{
+			mem_size: C.size_t(n)*C.ggml_tensor_overhead() + C.ggml_graph_overhead_custom(C.size_t(n), false),
+			no_alloc: true,
+		}),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -259,17 +432,60 @@ func (b *Backend) CacheConfig() ml.CacheConfig {
 }
 
 type Context struct {
-	b       *Backend
-	ctx     *C.struct_ggml_context
-	backend *C.struct_ggml_backend
+	b *Backend
 
+	ctx   *C.struct_ggml_context
 	graph *C.struct_ggml_cgraph
-	nodes int
+
+	// buft is the buffer type used for new tensors
+	buft *C.struct_ggml_backend_buffer_type
+
+	// maxGraphNodes is the maximum allowed number of graph nodes in this context
+	maxGraphNodes int
+}
+
+func (c Context) Input() ml.Context {
+	if c.b.input != nil {
+		return &Context{
+			b:             c.b,
+			ctx:           c.ctx,
+			buft:          c.b.input,
+			maxGraphNodes: c.maxGraphNodes,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &c
+}
+
+func (c Context) Output() ml.Context {
+	if c.b.output != nil {
+		return &Context{
+			b:             c.b,
+			ctx:           c.ctx,
+			buft:          c.b.output,
+			maxGraphNodes: c.maxGraphNodes,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &c
+}
+
+func (c Context) Layer(i int) ml.Context {
+	if buft, ok := c.b.layers[i]; ok {
+		return &Context{
+			b:             c.b,
+			ctx:           c.ctx,
+			buft:          buft,
+			maxGraphNodes: c.maxGraphNodes,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &c
 }
 
 func (c *Context) Forward(tensors ...ml.Tensor) ml.Context {
 	if c.graph == nil {
-		c.graph = C.ggml_new_graph_custom(c.ctx, C.size_t(c.nodes), false)
+		c.graph = C.ggml_new_graph_custom(c.ctx, C.size_t(c.maxGraphNodes), false)
 	}
 
 	for _, tensor := range tensors {
@@ -279,7 +495,7 @@ func (c *Context) Forward(tensors ...ml.Tensor) ml.Context {
 	return c
 }
 
-func (c *Context) Compute(tensors ...ml.Tensor) {
+func (c Context) Compute(tensors ...ml.Tensor) {
 	C.ggml_backend_sched_graph_compute_async(c.b.sched, c.graph)
 	C.ggml_backend_sched_reset(c.b.sched)
 
@@ -298,21 +514,48 @@ func (c *Context) Compute(tensors ...ml.Tensor) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *Context) MaxTensors() int {
-	return c.nodes
+func (c Context) MaxGraphNodes() int {
+	return c.maxGraphNodes
 }
 
 func shapeToGGML(shape []int) *C.int64_t {
 	sh := make([]C.int64_t, len(shape))
 	for i, s := range shape {
-		sh[i] = (C.int64_t)(s)
+		sh[i] = C.int64_t(s)
 	}
 
 	return &sh[0]
 }
 
-func newTensor(ctx Context, dtype ml.DType, zero bool, shape []int) ml.Tensor {
-	if len(shape) < 1 || len(shape) > 4 {
+func pad(length, pad C.size_t) C.size_t {
+	return ((length + pad - 1) / pad) * pad
+}
+
+func (c Context) newTensor(dtype ml.DType, shape []int) ml.Tensor {
+	if c.buft == nil {
+		panic("set Input, Output, or Layer before creating tensors")
+	}
+
+	var cdtype uint32
+	switch dtype {
+	case ml.DTypeF32:
+		cdtype = C.GGML_TYPE_F32
+	case ml.DTypeF16:
+		cdtype = C.GGML_TYPE_F16
+	case ml.DTypeQ80:
+		cdtype = C.GGML_TYPE_Q8_0
+	case ml.DTypeQ40:
+		cdtype = C.GGML_TYPE_Q4_0
+	case ml.DTypeI32:
+		cdtype = C.GGML_TYPE_I32
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported dtype")
+	}
+
+	if len(shape) < 1 || shape[0] == 0 {
+		var shape C.int64_t = 0
+		return &Tensor{b: c.b, t: C.ggml_new_tensor(c.ctx, cdtype, 1, &shape)}
+	} else if len(shape) > 4 {
 		panic("unsupported number of dimensions")
 	}
 
@@ -322,41 +565,28 @@ func newTensor(ctx Context, dtype ml.DType, zero bool, shape []int) ml.Tensor {
 		}
 	}
 
-	var t *C.struct_ggml_tensor
-	switch dtype {
-	case ml.DTypeF32:
-		t = C.ggml_new_tensor(ctx.ctx, C.GGML_TYPE_F32, C.int(len(shape)), shapeToGGML(shape))
-	case ml.DTypeF16:
-		t = C.ggml_new_tensor(ctx.ctx, C.GGML_TYPE_F16, C.int(len(shape)), shapeToGGML(shape))
-	case ml.DTypeI32:
-		t = C.ggml_new_tensor(ctx.ctx, C.GGML_TYPE_I32, C.int(len(shape)), shapeToGGML(shape))
-	default:
-		panic("unsupported dtype")
-	}
-
-	b := C.ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(ctx.backend, C.ggml_nbytes(t))
+	t := C.ggml_new_tensor(c.ctx, cdtype, C.int(len(shape)), shapeToGGML(shape))
+	size := pad(C.ggml_backend_buft_get_alloc_size(c.buft, t), C.ggml_backend_buft_get_alignment(c.buft))
+	b := C.ggml_backend_buft_alloc_buffer(c.buft, size)
 	C.ggml_backend_tensor_alloc(b, t, C.ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(b))
-	if zero {
-		C.ggml_set_zero(t)
-	}
-	return &Tensor{b: ctx.b, t: t}
+	return &Tensor{b: c.b, t: t}
 }
 
 func (c Context) Empty(dtype ml.DType, shape ...int) ml.Tensor {
-	return newTensor(c, dtype, false, shape)
+	return c.newTensor(dtype, shape)
 }
 
 func (c Context) Zeros(dtype ml.DType, shape ...int) ml.Tensor {
-	return newTensor(c, dtype, true, shape)
+	t := c.newTensor(dtype, shape)
+	C.ggml_set_zero(t.(*Tensor).t)
+	return t
 }
 
-func fromSlice[S ~[]E, E float32 | int32](ctx Context, s S, shape []int, dtype uint32) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+func checkShape[S ~[]E, E any](s S, shape ...int) error {
 	n := len(s)
 
 	if n == 0 {
-		var shape C.int64_t = 0
-		t := C.ggml_new_tensor(ctx.ctx, dtype, 1, &shape)
-		return &Tensor{b: ctx.b, t: t}, nil
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	for _, v := range shape {
@@ -364,22 +594,36 @@ func fromSlice[S ~[]E, E float32 | int32](ctx Context, s S, shape []int, dtype u
 	}
 
 	if n != 1 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shape %v for %d elements", shape, len(s))
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid shape: %v", shape)
 	}
 
-	t := C.ggml_new_tensor(ctx.ctx, dtype, C.int(len(shape)), shapeToGGML(shape))
-	b := C.ggml_backend_alloc_buffer(ctx.backend, C.ggml_nbytes(t))
-	C.ggml_backend_tensor_alloc(b, t, C.ggml_backend_buffer_get_base(b))
-	C.ggml_backend_tensor_set(t, unsafe.Pointer(&s[0]), 0, C.ggml_nbytes(t))
-	return &Tensor{b: ctx.b, t: t}, nil
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (c Context) FromFloatSlice(s []float32, shape ...int) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fromSlice(c, s, shape, C.GGML_TYPE_F32)
+	if err := checkShape(s, shape...); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	t := c.newTensor(ml.DTypeF32, shape)
+	if len(s) > 0 {
+		C.ggml_backend_tensor_set(t.(*Tensor).t, unsafe.Pointer(&s[0]), 0, C.ggml_nbytes(t.(*Tensor).t))
+	}
+
+	return t, nil
 }
 
 func (c Context) FromIntSlice(s []int32, shape ...int) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return fromSlice(c, s, shape, C.GGML_TYPE_I32)
+	if err := checkShape(s, shape...); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	t := c.newTensor(ml.DTypeI32, shape)
+	if len(s) > 0 {
+		C.ggml_backend_tensor_set(t.(*Tensor).t, unsafe.Pointer(&s[0]), 0, C.ggml_nbytes(t.(*Tensor).t))
+	}
+
+	return t, nil
 }
 
 func (c *Context) Close() {
@@ -447,6 +691,10 @@ func (t *Tensor) DType() ml.DType {
 		return ml.DTypeF32
 	case C.GGML_TYPE_F16:
 		return ml.DTypeF16
+	case C.GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
+		return ml.DTypeQ80
+	case C.GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
+		return ml.DTypeQ40
 	case C.GGML_TYPE_I32:
 		return ml.DTypeI32
 	default:
@@ -652,10 +900,13 @@ func (t *Tensor) View(ctx ml.Context, offset int, shape ...int) ml.Tensor {
 }
 
 const (
-	ropeTypeNorm C.int = iota
+	ropeTypeNorm   C.int = 0
+	ropeTypeNeox   C.int = 2
+	ropeTypeMrope  C.int = 8
+	ropeTypeVision C.int = 24
 )
 
-func (t *Tensor) RoPE(ctx ml.Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors ml.Tensor, ropeDim uint32, ropeBase, ropeScale float32) ml.Tensor {
+func (t *Tensor) RoPE(ctx ml.Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors ml.Tensor, ropeDim, ropeType uint32, ropeBase, ropeScale float32) ml.Tensor {
 	if ropeFactors == nil {
 		ropeFactors = &Tensor{b: t.b}
 	}
@@ -670,8 +921,8 @@ func (t *Tensor) RoPE(ctx ml.Context, positionIDs, ropeFactors ml.Tensor, ropeDi
 		t: C.ggml_rope_ext(
 			ctx.(*Context).ctx, dequant, positionIDs.(*Tensor).t, ropeFactors.(*Tensor).t,
 			C.int(ropeDim),
-			131072,       // YaRN n_ctx_train
-			ropeTypeNorm, // ROPE_TYPE_NORM
+			C.int(ropeType),
+			131072, // YaRN n_ctx_train
 			C.float(ropeBase),
 			C.float(ropeScale),
 			0.,  // YaRN ext_factor
@@ -703,6 +954,27 @@ func (t *Tensor) Conv2D(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor, s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1 int
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *Tensor) AvgPool2D(ctx ml.Context, k, s int, p float32) ml.Tensor {
+	return &Tensor{
+		b: t.b,
+		t: C.ggml_pool_2d(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, C.GGML_OP_POOL_AVG, C.int(k), C.int(k), C.int(s), C.int(s), C.float(p), C.float(p)),
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *Tensor) Set(ctx ml.Context, t2 ml.Tensor, offset int, strides ...int) ml.Tensor {
+	var tt *C.struct_ggml_tensor
+	switch len(strides) {
+	case 0:
+		tt = C.ggml_set_1d(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2.(*Tensor).t, C.size_t(offset))
+	case 1:
+		tt = C.ggml_set_2d(ctx.(*Context).ctx, t.t, t2.(*Tensor).t, C.size_t(offset), C.size_t(strides[0]))
+	default:
+		panic("unsupported number of dimensions")
+	}
+
+	return &Tensor{b: t.b, t: tt}
+}
+
 func (t *Tensor) ScaledDotProductAttention(ctx ml.Context, key, value, mask ml.Tensor, scale float64) ml.Tensor {
 	var kqMask *C.struct_ggml_tensor
 	if mask != nil {
@@ -729,34 +1001,3 @@ func (t *Tensor) ScaledDotProductAttention(ctx ml.Context, key, value, mask ml.T
 		return kqv.Permute(ctx, 0, 2, 1, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
 	}
 }
-
-func (b *Backend) SystemInfo() string {
-	var compiler string
-	switch C.get_compiler() {
-	case C.COMP_UNKNOWN:
-		compiler = "cgo(unknown_compiler)"
-	case C.COMP_GCC:
-		compiler = "cgo(gcc)"
-	case C.COMP_CLANG:
-		compiler = "cgo(clang)"
-	}
-
-	var s string
-	for i := range C.ggml_backend_reg_count() {
-		reg := C.ggml_backend_reg_get(i)
-		fName := C.CString("ggml_backend_get_features")
-		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(fName))
-		get_features_fn := C.ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(reg, fName)
-		if get_features_fn != nil {
-			s += C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_reg_name(reg))
-			s += " : "
-			for features := C.getBackendFeatures(get_features_fn, reg); features.name != nil; features = C.getNextBackendFeatures(features) {
-				s += C.GoString(features.name)
-				s += " = "
-				s += C.GoString(features.value)
-				s += " | "
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return s + compiler
-}

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/include/gguf.h

@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ extern "C" {
     // get raw pointer to the first element of the array with the given key_id
     // for bool arrays, note that they are always stored as int8 on all platforms (usually this makes no difference)
     GGML_API const void * gguf_get_arr_data(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id);
+    GGML_API size_t       gguf_get_arr_data_n(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id);
 
     // get ith C string from array with given key_id
     GGML_API const char * gguf_get_arr_str (const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id, size_t i);

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/include/ollama-debug.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "ggml.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+void ollama_debug(const struct ggml_tensor *tensor, bool verbose);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/ggml-backend-reg.cpp

@@ -484,33 +484,29 @@ static ggml_backend_reg_t ggml_backend_load_best(const char * name, bool silent,
         }
         fs::directory_iterator dir_it(search_path, fs::directory_options::skip_permission_denied);
         for (const auto & entry : dir_it) {
-            try {
-                if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
-                    std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string();
-                    std::string ext = entry.path().extension().string();
-                    if (filename.find(file_prefix) == 0 && ext == backend_filename_suffix()) {
-                        dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path()) };
-                        if (!handle) {
-                            GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
-                            continue;
-                        }
+            if (entry.is_regular_file()) {
+                std::string filename = entry.path().filename().string();
+                std::string ext = entry.path().extension().string();
+                if (filename.find(file_prefix) == 0 && ext == backend_filename_suffix()) {
+                    dl_handle_ptr handle { dl_load_library(entry.path()) };
+                    if (!handle) {
+                        GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
+                        continue;
+                    }
 
-                        auto score_fn = (ggml_backend_score_t) dl_get_sym(handle.get(), "ggml_backend_score");
-                        if (!score_fn) {
-                            GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
-                            continue;
-                        }
+                    auto score_fn = (ggml_backend_score_t) dl_get_sym(handle.get(), "ggml_backend_score");
+                    if (!score_fn) {
+                        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to find ggml_backend_score in %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str());
+                        continue;
+                    }
 
-                        int s = score_fn();
-                        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str(), s);
-                        if (s > best_score) {
-                            best_score = s;
-                            best_path = entry.path();
-                        }
+                    int s = score_fn();
+                    GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: %s score: %d\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str(), s);
+                    if (s > best_score) {
+                        best_score = s;
+                        best_path = entry.path();
                     }
                 }
-            } catch (const std::exception & e) {
-                GGML_LOG_ERROR("%s: failed to load %s: %s\n", __func__, path_to_string(entry.path()).c_str(), e.what());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -533,6 +529,14 @@ void ggml_backend_load_all() {
     ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(nullptr);
 }
 
+static void ggml_backend_try_load_best(const char * name, bool silent, const char * user_search_path) {
+    try {
+        ggml_backend_load_best(name, silent, user_search_path);
+    } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+        GGML_LOG_DEBUG("%s: failed to load %s: %s\n", __func__, name, e.what());
+    }
+}
+
 void ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(const char * dir_path) {
 #ifdef NDEBUG
     bool silent = true;
@@ -540,18 +544,18 @@ void ggml_backend_load_all_from_path(const char * dir_path) {
     bool silent = false;
 #endif
 
-    ggml_backend_load_best("blas", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("cann", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("cuda", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("hip", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("kompute", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("metal", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("rpc", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("sycl", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("vulkan", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("opencl", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("musa", silent, dir_path);
-    ggml_backend_load_best("cpu", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("blas", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("cann", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("cuda", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("hip", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("kompute", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("metal", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("rpc", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("sycl", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("vulkan", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("opencl", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("musa", silent, dir_path);
+    ggml_backend_try_load_best("cpu", silent, dir_path);
     // check the environment variable GGML_BACKEND_PATH to load an out-of-tree backend
     const char * backend_path = std::getenv("GGML_BACKEND_PATH");
     if (backend_path) {

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/cpu_debug.go

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//go:build debug
+
+package cpu
+
+// #cgo CPPFLAGS: -DOLLAMA_DEBUG
+import "C"

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.c

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "ggml-threading.h"
 #include "ggml.h"
 
+#include "ollama-debug.h"
+
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
 #include <malloc.h> // using malloc.h with MSC/MINGW
 #elif !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__NetBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
@@ -14103,6 +14105,10 @@ static thread_ret_t ggml_graph_compute_thread(void * data) {
 
         ggml_compute_forward(&params, node);
 
+#ifdef OLLAMA_DEBUG
+        ollama_debug(node, true);
+#endif
+
         if (state->ith == 0 && cplan->abort_callback &&
                 cplan->abort_callback(cplan->abort_callback_data)) {
             atomic_store_explicit(&tp->abort, node_n + 1, memory_order_relaxed);

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/ggml.go

@@ -7,6 +7,20 @@ package ggml
 // #include <stdlib.h>
 // #include "ggml-backend.h"
 // extern void sink(int level, char *text, void *user_data);
+// static struct ggml_backend_feature * first_feature(ggml_backend_get_features_t fp, ggml_backend_reg_t reg) { return fp(reg); }
+// static struct ggml_backend_feature * next_feature(struct ggml_backend_feature * feature) { return &feature[1]; }
+/*
+typedef enum { COMPILER_CLANG, COMPILER_GNUC, COMPILER_UNKNOWN } COMPILER;
+static COMPILER compiler_name(void) {
+#if defined(__clang__)
+	return COMPILER_CLANG;
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+	return COMPILER_GNUC;
+#else
+	return COMPILER_UNKNOWN;
+#endif
+}
+*/
 import "C"
 
 import (
@@ -16,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -90,4 +105,43 @@ var OnceLoad = sync.OnceFunc(func() {
 			visited[abspath] = struct{}{}
 		}
 	}
+
+	slog.Info("system", "", system{})
 })
+
+type system struct{}
+
+func (system) LogValue() slog.Value {
+	var attrs []slog.Attr
+	names := make(map[string]int)
+	for i := range C.ggml_backend_dev_count() {
+		r := C.ggml_backend_dev_backend_reg(C.ggml_backend_dev_get(i))
+
+		func() {
+			fName := C.CString("ggml_backend_get_features")
+			defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(fName))
+
+			if fn := C.ggml_backend_reg_get_proc_address(r, fName); fn != nil {
+				var features []any
+				for f := C.first_feature(C.ggml_backend_get_features_t(fn), r); f.name != nil; f = C.next_feature(f) {
+					features = append(features, C.GoString(f.name), C.GoString(f.value))
+				}
+
+				name := C.GoString(C.ggml_backend_reg_name(r))
+				attrs = append(attrs, slog.Group(name+"."+strconv.Itoa(names[name]), features...))
+				names[name] += 1
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	switch C.compiler_name() {
+	case C.COMPILER_CLANG:
+		attrs = append(attrs, slog.String("compiler", "cgo(clang)"))
+	case C.COMPILER_GNUC:
+		attrs = append(attrs, slog.String("compiler", "cgo(gcc)"))
+	default:
+		attrs = append(attrs, slog.String("compiler", "cgo(unknown)"))
+	}
+
+	return slog.GroupValue(attrs...)
+}

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/gguf.cpp

@@ -777,10 +777,14 @@ enum gguf_type gguf_get_arr_type(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id
 
 const void * gguf_get_arr_data(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
     GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
-    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_type() != GGUF_TYPE_STRING);
     return ctx->kv[key_id].data.data();
 }
 
+size_t gguf_get_arr_data_n(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
+    return ctx->kv[key_id].data.size();
+}
+
 const char * gguf_get_arr_str(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id, size_t i) {
     GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_type() == GGUF_TYPE_STRING);
@@ -874,7 +878,6 @@ const char * gguf_get_val_str(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
 const void * gguf_get_val_data(const struct gguf_context * ctx, int64_t key_id) {
     GGML_ASSERT(key_id >= 0 && key_id < gguf_get_n_kv(ctx));
     GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_ne() == 1);
-    GGML_ASSERT(ctx->kv[key_id].get_type() != GGUF_TYPE_STRING);
     return ctx->kv[key_id].data.data();
 }
 

ml/backend/ggml/ggml/src/ollama-debug.c

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#include <string.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#include "ollama-debug.h"
+
+static int mul(int64_t *dims, int ndims) {
+    int result = 1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < ndims; i++) {
+        result *= dims[i];
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void repeat(char c, int n) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%c", c);
+    }
+}
+
+static void print_tensor(const void *tensor, void (*cb)(const void *, int),
+                         int shape,
+                         int64_t *dims, int ndims, int stride,
+                         int nitems, int pad) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "[");
+    for (int i = 0; i < dims[0]; i++) {
+        if (i >= nitems && i < dims[0] - nitems) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "... (%" PRIi64 " more), ", dims[0] - 2 * nitems);
+            int skip = dims[0] - 2 * nitems;
+            if (ndims > 1) {
+                stride += mul(dims + 1, ndims - 1) * skip;
+                repeat('\n', ndims - 1);
+                repeat(' ', shape - ndims + 1 + pad);
+            }
+            i += skip - 1;
+        } else if (ndims > 1) {
+            print_tensor(tensor, cb, shape, dims + 1, ndims - 1, stride,
+                         nitems, pad);
+            stride += mul(dims + 1, ndims - 1);
+            if (i < dims[0] - 1) {
+                fprintf(stderr, ", ");
+                repeat('\n', ndims - 1);
+                repeat(' ', shape - ndims + 1 + pad);
+            }
+        } else {
+            cb(tensor, stride + i);
+            if (i < dims[0] - 1) {
+                fprintf(stderr, ", ");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "]");
+}
+
+static void print_tensor_f16(const void *tensor, int i) {
+    float value = ggml_fp16_to_fp32(((const ggml_fp16_t *)tensor)[i]);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s%f", value < 0 ? "" : " ", value);
+}
+
+static void print_tensor_f32(const void *tensor, int i) {
+    float value = ((const float *)tensor)[i];
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s%f", value < 0 ? "" : " ", value);
+}
+
+static void print_tensor_i32(const void *tensor, int i) {
+    int32_t value = ((const int32_t *)tensor)[i];
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s%d", value < 0 ? "" : " ", value);
+}
+
+static void ollama_debug_tensor(const struct ggml_tensor *tensor, bool verbose, const char *prefix, int indent) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s%s %s (%s): [%" PRIi64 " %" PRIi64 " %" PRIi64 " %" PRIi64 "]\n", prefix, tensor->name,
+            ggml_op_name(tensor->op), ggml_type_name(tensor->type), tensor->ne[0],
+            tensor->ne[1], tensor->ne[2], tensor->ne[3]);
+
+    if (!verbose) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < indent; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, " ");
+    }
+
+    switch (tensor->type) {
+    case GGML_TYPE_F16:
+        print_tensor(ggml_get_data(tensor), print_tensor_f16, ggml_n_dims(tensor),
+                     (int64_t *)tensor->ne, ggml_n_dims(tensor), 0, 3, indent);
+        break;
+    case GGML_TYPE_F32:
+        print_tensor(ggml_get_data(tensor), print_tensor_f32, ggml_n_dims(tensor),
+                     (int64_t *)tensor->ne, ggml_n_dims(tensor), 0, 3, indent);
+        break;
+    case GGML_TYPE_I32:
+        print_tensor(ggml_get_data(tensor), print_tensor_i32, ggml_n_dims(tensor),
+                     (int64_t *)tensor->ne, ggml_n_dims(tensor), 0, 3, indent);
+        break;
+    default:
+        fprintf(stderr, "<unsupported type>\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+}
+
+void ollama_debug(const struct ggml_tensor *tensor, bool verbose) {
+    ollama_debug_tensor(tensor, verbose, ">>> ", 4);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < GGML_MAX_SRC && tensor->src[i] != NULL; ++i) {
+        char src[8];
+        const int n = snprintf(src, sizeof(src), " src%d ", i);
+        if (n >= sizeof(src)) {
+            src[sizeof(src) - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        ollama_debug_tensor(tensor->src[i], verbose, src, 4);
+    }
+}

ml/backend/ggml/threads.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//go:build !debug
+
+package ggml
+
+func Threads(n int) int {
+	return n
+}

ml/backend/ggml/threads_debug.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//go:build debug
+
+package ggml
+
+func Threads(_ int) int {
+	return 1
+}

model/input/input.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package input
+
+// Input represents one token in the input stream
+type Input struct {
+	// Token is a single element of text.
+	Token int32
+
+	// Multimodal is opaque data representing a non-text
+	// element such as an image (or part of one if the image
+	// can be processed in pieces). It may be either together
+	// with Token or on its own.
+	Multimodal any
+
+	// MultimodalHash is a unique representation of the data
+	// stored in Multimodal, used for caching and comparing
+	// equality.
+	MultimodalHash uint64
+
+	// SameBatch forces the following number of tokens to be processed
+	// in a single batch, breaking and extending batches as needed.
+	// Useful for things like images that must be processed in one
+	// shot.
+	SameBatch int
+}
+
+// MultimodalIndex is a multimodal element (such as an image)
+// together with an index into the slice of Inputs with the
+// corresponding token. Note that the index is not the same
+// as the position - to find that use the index with the
+// Positions slice.
+type MultimodalIndex struct {
+	Index      int
+	Multimodal any
+}
+
+// Options contains the inputs for a model forward pass
+type Options struct {
+	Inputs     []int32
+	Multimodal []MultimodalIndex
+	Positions  []int32
+	Sequences  []int
+	Outputs    []int32
+}

model/model.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package model
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"image"
 	_ "image/jpeg"
 	_ "image/png"
 	"log/slog"
@@ -16,23 +15,52 @@ import (
 	_ "golang.org/x/image/tiff"
 	_ "golang.org/x/image/webp"
 
+	fs "github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
-// Options contains the inputs for a model forward pass
-type Options struct {
-	Inputs    []int32
-	Positions []int32
-	Sequences []int
-	Outputs   []int32
+var ErrNoVisionModel = errors.New("this model is missing data required for image input")
 
-	Images []image.Image
+// Model implements a specific model architecture, defining the forward pass and any model-specific configuration
+type Model interface {
+	Forward(ml.Context, input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error)
+
+	Backend() ml.Backend
+	Config() config
 }
 
-type config struct {
-	Cache kvcache.Cache
+// MultimodalProcessor must be implemented by multimodal models.
+type MultimodalProcessor interface {
+	// EncodeMultimodal processes a single input (such as an image) and
+	// generates an output (typically an embedding) that can be used by the model.
+	//
+	// The return value is most typically an ml.Tensor, however, different
+	// type are possible, such as an object containing a tensor plus
+	// additional metadata, a slice of tensors or even just the original input.
+	//
+	// The result may be cached by the runner.
+	EncodeMultimodal(ml.Context, []byte) (any, error)
+
+	// PostTokenize is called after tokenization to allow the model to edit the
+	// input stream to correctly arrange multimodal elements.
+	//
+	// The input is a slice of tokens with the results of EncodeMultimodal interleaved
+	// in the order that the user provided them. Each element of the slice will be
+	// either a single token or single multimodal object.
+	//
+	// The model must ensure that inputs are stored according to how they will be
+	// processed and stored in the cache. For example, Llava-style models should insert
+	// placeholder tokens equal to the feature size of the corresponding image with
+	// the image itself attached to and split across these tokens. When Forward is called
+	// a partial subset of these tokens may be submitted according to the batch size.
+	//
+	// This function is also responsible for updating MultimodalHash for any Multimodal
+	// that is modified to ensure that there is a unique hash value that accurately
+	// represents the contents.
+	PostTokenize([]input.Input) ([]input.Input, error)
 }
 
 // Base implements the common fields and methods for all models
@@ -41,6 +69,10 @@ type Base struct {
 	config
 }
 
+type config struct {
+	Cache kvcache.Cache
+}
+
 // Backend returns the underlying backend that will run the model
 func (m *Base) Backend() ml.Backend {
 	return m.b
@@ -50,14 +82,6 @@ func (m *Base) Config() config {
 	return m.config
 }
 
-// Model implements a specific model architecture, defining the forward pass and any model-specific configuration
-type Model interface {
-	Forward(ml.Context, Options) (ml.Tensor, error)
-
-	Backend() ml.Backend
-	Config() config
-}
-
 var models = make(map[string]func(ml.Config) (Model, error))
 
 // Register registers a model constructor for the given architecture
@@ -100,6 +124,36 @@ func New(modelPath string, params ml.BackendParams) (Model, error) {
 	return m, nil
 }
 
+func NewTextProcessor(s string) (TextProcessor, error) {
+	r, err := os.Open(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer r.Close()
+	meta, _, err := fs.Decode(r, -1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return getTextProcessor(meta.KV())
+}
+
+func getTextProcessor(kv fs.KV) (TextProcessor, error) {
+	arch := kv.Architecture()
+	f, ok := models[arch]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported model architecture %q", arch)
+	}
+	m, err := f(kv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	tp, ok := m.(TextProcessor)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%v is not a TextProcessor", m)
+	}
+	return tp, nil
+}
+
 func populateFields(base Base, v reflect.Value, tags ...Tag) reflect.Value {
 	t := v.Type()
 
@@ -226,7 +280,7 @@ func canNil(t reflect.Type) bool {
 		t.Kind() == reflect.Slice
 }
 
-func Forward(ctx ml.Context, m Model, opts Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+func Forward(ctx ml.Context, m Model, opts input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	if len(opts.Positions) != len(opts.Sequences) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("length of positions (%v) must match length of seqs (%v)", len(opts.Positions), len(opts.Sequences))
 	}
@@ -237,7 +291,7 @@ func Forward(ctx ml.Context, m Model, opts Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 
 	cache := m.Config().Cache
 	if cache != nil {
-		err := cache.StartForward(ctx, opts.Positions, opts.Sequences)
+		err := cache.StartForward(ctx, opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}

model/model_test.go

@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@ package model
 import (
 	"reflect"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	fs "github.com/ollama/ollama/fs/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/backend/ggml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 func TestParseTags(t *testing.T) {
@@ -134,3 +137,40 @@ func TestPopulateFieldsAlternateName(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("populateFields() set incorrect values (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestGetTextProcessor(t *testing.T) {
+	tp, err := getTextProcessor(fs.KV{})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unsupported model architecture") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	} else if tp != nil {
+		t.Error("expected nil tp")
+	}
+
+	models["dummy"] = func(ml.Config) (Model, error) {
+		return notTextProcessorModel{}, nil
+	}
+	tp, err = getTextProcessor(fs.KV{"general.architecture": "dummy"})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	} else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not a TextProcessor") {
+		t.Errorf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	} else if tp != nil {
+		t.Error("expected nil tp")
+	}
+}
+
+type notTextProcessorModel struct{}
+
+func (notTextProcessorModel) Forward(ml.Context, input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (notTextProcessorModel) Backend() ml.Backend {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (notTextProcessorModel) Config() config {
+	panic("unimplemented")
+}

model/models/gemma2/model.go

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+package gemma2
+
+import (
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
+)
+
+type Options struct {
+	hiddenSize, numHeads, numKVHeads int
+	attnKeyLen, attnValLen           int
+	eps, ropeBase, ropeScale         float32
+	attnLogitSoftcap                 float32
+	finalLogitSoftcap                float32
+	largeModelScaling                bool
+}
+
+type Model struct {
+	model.Base
+	model.SentencePieceModel
+
+	TokenEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
+	Layers         []Layer       `gguf:"blk"`
+	OutputNorm     *nn.RMSNorm   `gguf:"output_norm"`
+	Output         *nn.Linear    `gguf:"output,alt:token_embd"` // just set to token_embd?
+
+	*Options
+}
+
+const (
+	gemma27BLayerCount = 46
+)
+
+func New(c ml.Config) (model.Model, error) {
+	m := Model{
+		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
+			&model.Vocabulary{
+				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
+				Types:  c.Uints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+				BOS:    int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id")),
+				EOS:    int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id")),
+			},
+		),
+		Layers: make([]Layer, c.Uint("block_count")),
+		Options: &Options{
+			hiddenSize:        int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
+			numHeads:          int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
+			numKVHeads:        int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
+			attnKeyLen:        int(c.Uint("attention.key_length")),
+			attnValLen:        int(c.Uint("attention.value_length")),
+			eps:               c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"),
+			ropeBase:          c.Float("rope.freq_base", 10000.0),
+			ropeScale:         c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
+			attnLogitSoftcap:  c.Float("attn_logit_softcapping"),
+			finalLogitSoftcap: c.Float("final_logit_softcapping"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	slidingWindowLen := int32(c.Uint("attention.sliding_window"))
+	m.Cache = kvcache.NewWrapperCache(kvcache.NewSWACache(slidingWindowLen, m.Shift), kvcache.NewCausalCache(m.Shift))
+	m.Cache.SetConfig(ml.CacheConfig{})
+
+	return &m, nil
+}
+
+type SelfAttention struct {
+	Query  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
+	Key    *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	Value  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
+	Output *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+}
+
+func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
+	batchSize := hiddenState.Dim(1)
+	ropeType := uint32(2)
+
+	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	q = q.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
+	q = q.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, nil, uint32(opts.attnKeyLen), ropeType, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+
+	if opts.largeModelScaling {
+		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.hiddenSize/opts.numHeads)))
+	} else {
+		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.attnKeyLen)))
+	}
+
+	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	k = k.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
+	k = k.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, nil, uint32(opts.attnKeyLen), ropeType, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+
+	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	v = v.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
+
+	cache.Put(ctx, k, v)
+	k, v, mask := cache.Get(ctx)
+
+	q = q.Permute(ctx, 0, 2, 1, 3)
+	k = k.Permute(ctx, 0, 2, 1, 3)
+	v = v.Permute(ctx, 1, 2, 0, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+
+	kq := k.Mulmat(ctx, q)
+
+	// logit softcap
+	kq = kq.Scale(ctx, 1.0/float64(opts.attnLogitSoftcap))
+	kq = kq.Tanh(ctx)
+	kq = kq.Scale(ctx, float64(opts.attnLogitSoftcap))
+
+	kq = kq.Add(ctx, mask)
+	kq = kq.Softmax(ctx)
+
+	kqv := v.Mulmat(ctx, kq)
+	kqv = kqv.Permute(ctx, 0, 2, 1, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+	kqv = kqv.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen*opts.numHeads, batchSize)
+
+	return sa.Output.Forward(ctx, kqv)
+}
+
+func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	return key.RoPE(ctx, shift, nil, uint32(m.Options.attnKeyLen), uint32(2), m.Options.ropeBase, m.Options.ropeScale), nil
+}
+
+type MLP struct {
+	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up"`
+	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down"`
+	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate"`
+}
+
+func (mlp *MLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+}
+
+type Layer struct {
+	AttentionNorm     *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_norm"`
+	SelfAttention     *SelfAttention
+	PostAttentionNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"post_attention_norm"`
+	MLPNorm           *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"ffn_norm"`
+	MLP               *MLP
+	PostMLPNorm       *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"post_ffw_norm"`
+}
+
+func (l *Layer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs, outputs ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
+	residual := hiddenState
+
+	hiddenState = l.AttentionNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	hiddenState = l.SelfAttention.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positionIDs, cache, opts)
+	hiddenState = l.PostAttentionNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+
+	// In the final layer (outputs != nil), optimize by pruning to just the token positions
+	// we need logits for.
+	if outputs != nil {
+		hiddenState = hiddenState.Rows(ctx, outputs)
+		residual = residual.Rows(ctx, outputs)
+	}
+
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
+	residual = hiddenState
+
+	hiddenState = l.MLPNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	hiddenState = l.MLP.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts)
+	hiddenState = l.PostMLPNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	return hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
+}
+
+func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	inputs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Inputs, len(opts.Inputs))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	positions, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Positions, len(opts.Positions))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	outputs, err := ctx.Output().FromIntSlice(opts.Outputs, len(opts.Outputs))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hiddenState := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, inputs)
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Scale(ctx, math.Sqrt(float64(m.Options.hiddenSize)))
+
+	if len(m.Layers) == gemma27BLayerCount {
+		m.Options.largeModelScaling = true
+	}
+
+	for i, layer := range m.Layers {
+		cacheType := i % 2
+		m.Cache.SetLayer(i)
+		wc := m.Cache.(*kvcache.WrapperCache)
+		wc.SetLayerType(cacheType)
+
+		var lastLayerOutputs ml.Tensor
+		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
+			lastLayerOutputs = outputs
+		}
+
+		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, positions, lastLayerOutputs, m.Cache, m.Options)
+	}
+
+	hiddenState = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, m.eps)
+	hiddenState = m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+
+	// final logit softcap
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Scale(ctx, 1.0/float64(m.Options.finalLogitSoftcap))
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Tanh(ctx)
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Scale(ctx, float64(m.Options.finalLogitSoftcap))
+	return hiddenState.Rows(ctx, outputs), nil
+}
+
+func init() {
+	model.Register("gemma2", New)
+}

model/models/gemma3/model.go

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+package gemma3
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"image"
+	"math"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
+)
+
+type Model struct {
+	model.Base
+	model.SentencePieceModel
+
+	*VisionModel `gguf:"v,vision"`
+	*TextModel
+
+	*MultiModalProjector `gguf:"mm"`
+
+	ImageProcessor
+}
+
+var _ model.MultimodalProcessor = (*Model)(nil)
+
+type MultiModalProjector struct {
+	SoftEmbNorm     *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"mm_soft_emb_norm"`
+	InputProjection *nn.Linear  `gguf:"mm_input_projection"`
+
+	tokensPerImage int
+}
+
+func (p *MultiModalProjector) Forward(ctx ml.Context, visionOutputs ml.Tensor, imageSize, patchSize int, eps float32) ml.Tensor {
+	l := visionOutputs.Dim(0)
+
+	visionOutputs = visionOutputs.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+	patchesPerImage := imageSize / patchSize
+	visionOutputs = visionOutputs.Reshape(ctx, patchesPerImage, patchesPerImage, l)
+
+	kernelSize := patchesPerImage / int(math.Sqrt(float64(p.tokensPerImage)))
+	visionOutputs = visionOutputs.AvgPool2D(ctx, kernelSize, kernelSize, 0)
+	visionOutputs = visionOutputs.Reshape(ctx, visionOutputs.Dim(0)*visionOutputs.Dim(1), l)
+	visionOutputs = visionOutputs.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+	visionOutputs = p.SoftEmbNorm.Forward(ctx, visionOutputs, eps)
+
+	// TODO: inputProjection must be transposed since they're incompatible with visionOutputs
+	visionOutputs = p.InputProjection.Weight.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx).Mulmat(ctx, visionOutputs)
+	return visionOutputs
+}
+
+func New(c ml.Config) (model.Model, error) {
+	m := Model{
+		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
+			&model.Vocabulary{
+				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
+				Types:  c.Uints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+				BOS:    int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id")),
+				AddBOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token", true),
+				EOS:    int32(1),
+				AddEOS: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token", false),
+				EOT:    int32(106),
+				AddEOT: c.Bool("tokenizer.ggml.add_eot_token", false),
+			},
+		),
+		ImageProcessor: newImageProcessor(c),
+		VisionModel:    newVisionModel(c),
+		TextModel:      newTextModel(c),
+		MultiModalProjector: &MultiModalProjector{
+			tokensPerImage: int(c.Uint("mm_tokens_per_image", 256)),
+		},
+	}
+
+	slidingWindowLen := int32(c.Uint("attention.sliding_window"))
+	m.Cache = kvcache.NewWrapperCache(kvcache.NewSWACache(slidingWindowLen, m.Shift), kvcache.NewCausalCache(m.Shift))
+
+	return &m, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Model) EncodeMultimodal(ctx ml.Context, multimodalData []byte) (any, error) {
+	if len(m.VisionModel.Layers) == 0 {
+		return nil, model.ErrNoVisionModel
+	}
+
+	image, _, err := image.Decode(bytes.NewReader(multimodalData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	f32s, err := m.ImageProcessor.ProcessImage(image)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	pixelValues, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice(f32s,
+		m.ImageProcessor.imageSize,
+		m.ImageProcessor.imageSize,
+		m.ImageProcessor.numChannels,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	visionOutputs := m.VisionModel.Forward(ctx, pixelValues)
+	visionOutputs = m.MultiModalProjector.Forward(ctx, visionOutputs, m.imageSize, m.patchSize, m.VisionModel.eps)
+	return visionOutputs, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Model) PostTokenize(inputs []input.Input) ([]input.Input, error) {
+	var result []input.Input
+
+	for _, inp := range inputs {
+		if inp.Multimodal == nil {
+			result = append(result, inp)
+		} else {
+			inputMultimodal := inp.Multimodal.(ml.Tensor)
+
+			result = append(result,
+				input.Input{Token: 108, SameBatch: inputMultimodal.Dim(1) + 3},               // "\n\n"
+				input.Input{Token: 255999},                                                   // "<start_of_image>""
+				input.Input{Multimodal: inputMultimodal, MultimodalHash: inp.MultimodalHash}, // image data is on the first placeholder
+			)
+
+			// add image token placeholders
+			result = append(result, slices.Repeat([]input.Input{{Token: 0}}, inputMultimodal.Dim(1)-1)...)
+
+			result = append(result,
+				input.Input{Token: 256000}, // <end_of_image>
+				input.Input{Token: 108},    // "\n\n"
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	inputs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Inputs, len(opts.Inputs))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	positions, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Positions, len(opts.Positions))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	outputs, err := ctx.Output().FromIntSlice(opts.Outputs, len(opts.Outputs))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return m.TextModel.Forward(ctx, inputs, positions, outputs, opts, m.Cache), nil
+}
+
+func init() {
+	model.Register("gemma3", New)
+}

model/models/gemma3/model_text.go

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package gemma3
+
+import (
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
+)
+
+type TextOptions struct {
+	hiddenSize, numHeads, numKVHeads int
+	attnKeyLen, attnValLen           int
+	eps, ropeScale                   float32
+	ropeLocalBase, ropeGlobalBase    float32
+	largeModelScaling                bool
+}
+
+type TextModel struct {
+	model.Base
+	model.SentencePieceModel
+
+	TokenEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"token_embd"`
+	Layers         []TextLayer   `gguf:"blk"`
+	OutputNorm     *nn.RMSNorm   `gguf:"output_norm"`
+	Output         *nn.Linear    `gguf:"output,alt:token_embd"`
+
+	*TextOptions
+}
+
+const (
+	gemmaGlobalCacheCount = 6
+	gemma27BLayerCount    = 62
+)
+
+const (
+	cacheTypeSWA = iota
+	cacheTypeCausal
+)
+
+func newTextModel(c ml.Config) *TextModel {
+	numBlocks := int(c.Uint("block_count"))
+
+	m := TextModel{
+		SentencePieceModel: model.NewSentencePieceModel(
+			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
+			&model.Vocabulary{
+				Values: c.Strings("tokenizer.ggml.tokens"),
+				Scores: c.Floats("tokenizer.ggml.scores"),
+				Types:  c.Uints("tokenizer.ggml.token_type"),
+				BOS:    int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id")),
+				EOS:    int32(c.Uint("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id")),
+			},
+		),
+		Layers: make([]TextLayer, numBlocks),
+		TextOptions: &TextOptions{
+			hiddenSize:     int(c.Uint("embedding_length")),
+			numHeads:       int(c.Uint("attention.head_count")),
+			numKVHeads:     int(c.Uint("attention.head_count_kv")),
+			attnKeyLen:     int(c.Uint("attention.key_length", 256)),
+			attnValLen:     int(c.Uint("attention.value_length", 256)),
+			eps:            c.Float("attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon", 1e-06),
+			ropeLocalBase:  c.Float("rope.local.freq_base", 10000.0),
+			ropeGlobalBase: c.Float("rope.global.freq_base", 1000000.0),
+			ropeScale:      c.Float("rope.freq_scale", 1.0),
+		},
+	}
+
+	if numBlocks == gemma27BLayerCount {
+		m.largeModelScaling = true
+	}
+
+	return &m
+}
+
+type TextSelfAttention struct {
+	Query     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_q"`
+	QueryNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_q_norm"`
+	Key       *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	KeyNorm   *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_k_norm"`
+	Value     *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_v"`
+	Output    *nn.Linear  `gguf:"attn_output"`
+}
+
+func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	batchSize := hiddenState.Dim(1)
+	ropeType := uint32(2)
+
+	ropeBase := opts.ropeLocalBase
+	if (layer+1)%gemmaGlobalCacheCount == 0 {
+		ropeBase = opts.ropeGlobalBase
+	}
+
+	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	q = q.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
+	q = sa.QueryNorm.Forward(ctx, q, opts.eps)
+	q = q.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, nil, uint32(opts.attnKeyLen), ropeType, ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+
+	if opts.largeModelScaling {
+		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.hiddenSize/opts.numHeads)))
+	} else {
+		q = q.Scale(ctx, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(opts.attnKeyLen)))
+	}
+
+	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	k = k.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnKeyLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
+	k = sa.KeyNorm.Forward(ctx, k, opts.eps)
+	k = k.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, nil, uint32(opts.attnKeyLen), ropeType, ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+
+	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	v = v.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
+
+	scaleFactor := 1.0
+	kqv := nn.Attention(ctx, q, k, v, scaleFactor, cache)
+	kqv = kqv.Reshape(ctx, opts.attnValLen*opts.numHeads, batchSize)
+
+	return sa.Output.Forward(ctx, kqv)
+}
+
+func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	ropeBase := m.TextOptions.ropeLocalBase
+	if (layer+1)%gemmaGlobalCacheCount == 0 {
+		ropeBase = m.TextOptions.ropeGlobalBase
+	}
+
+	return key.RoPE(ctx, shift, nil, uint32(m.TextOptions.attnKeyLen), uint32(2), ropeBase, m.TextOptions.ropeScale), nil
+}
+
+type TextMLP struct {
+	Up   *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_up"`
+	Down *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_down"`
+	Gate *nn.Linear `gguf:"ffn_gate"`
+}
+
+func (mlp *TextMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	hiddenState = mlp.Gate.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx).Mul(ctx, mlp.Up.Forward(ctx, hiddenState))
+	return mlp.Down.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+}
+
+type TextLayer struct {
+	AttentionNorm     *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"attn_norm"`
+	SelfAttention     *TextSelfAttention
+	PostAttentionNorm *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"post_attention_norm"`
+	MLPNorm           *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"ffn_norm"`
+	MLP               *TextMLP
+	PostMLPNorm       *nn.RMSNorm `gguf:"post_ffw_norm"`
+}
+
+func (l *TextLayer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, layer int, hiddenState, positionIDs, outputs ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *TextOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	residual := hiddenState
+
+	hiddenState = l.AttentionNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	hiddenState = l.SelfAttention.Forward(ctx, layer, hiddenState, positionIDs, cache, opts)
+	hiddenState = l.PostAttentionNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+
+	// In the final layer (outputs != nil), optimize by pruning to just the token positions
+	// we need logits for.
+	if outputs != nil {
+		hiddenState = hiddenState.Rows(ctx, outputs)
+		residual = residual.Rows(ctx, outputs)
+	}
+
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
+	residual = hiddenState
+
+	hiddenState = l.MLPNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	hiddenState = l.MLP.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts)
+	hiddenState = l.PostMLPNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	return hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
+}
+
+func (m *TextModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, inputs, positions, outputs ml.Tensor, opts input.Options, cache kvcache.Cache) ml.Tensor {
+	hiddenState := m.TokenEmbedding.Forward(ctx, inputs)
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Scale(ctx, math.Sqrt(float64(m.TextOptions.hiddenSize)))
+
+	// set image embeddings
+	var except []int
+	for _, image := range opts.Multimodal {
+		visionOutputs := image.Multimodal.(ml.Tensor)
+		ctx.Forward(visionOutputs.Copy(ctx, hiddenState.View(ctx, image.Index*hiddenState.Stride(1), visionOutputs.Dim(0)*visionOutputs.Dim(1))))
+
+		for i := range visionOutputs.Dim(1) {
+			except = append(except, image.Index+i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i, layer := range m.Layers {
+		// gemma alternates between the sliding window (local) and causal (global)
+		// kv cache every 6 layers
+		cacheType := cacheTypeSWA
+		if (i+1)%gemmaGlobalCacheCount == 0 {
+			cacheType = cacheTypeCausal
+		}
+		cache.SetLayer(i)
+		wc := cache.(*kvcache.WrapperCache)
+		wc.SetLayerType(cacheType)
+
+		if causal, ok := wc.UnderlyingCache().(*kvcache.Causal); ok {
+			causal.SetCausal(ctx, kvcache.CausalOptions{Except: except})
+		}
+
+		var lastLayerOutputs ml.Tensor
+		if i == len(m.Layers)-1 {
+			lastLayerOutputs = outputs
+		}
+
+		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, i, hiddenState, positions, lastLayerOutputs, cache, m.TextOptions)
+	}
+
+	hiddenState = m.OutputNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, m.eps)
+	return m.Output.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+}

model/models/gemma3/model_vision.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package gemma3
+
+import (
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
+)
+
+var batchSize int = 1
+
+type VisionSelfAttention struct {
+	Query  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
+	Key    *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	Value  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
+	Output *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+}
+
+func (sa *VisionSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	headDim := opts.hiddenSize / opts.numHeads
+
+	query := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	key := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	value := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+
+	query = query.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, query.Dim(1), batchSize)
+	key = key.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, key.Dim(1), batchSize)
+	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, value.Dim(1), batchSize)
+
+	attention := nn.Attention(ctx, query, key, value, 1.0/math.Sqrt(float64(headDim)), nil)
+	attention = attention.Reshape(ctx, opts.hiddenSize, attention.Dim(2), batchSize)
+
+	hiddenState = sa.Output.Forward(ctx, attention)
+	return hiddenState
+}
+
+type VisionMLP struct {
+	FC1 *nn.Linear `gguf:"fc1"`
+	FC2 *nn.Linear `gguf:"fc2"`
+}
+
+func (mlp *VisionMLP) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	hiddenState = mlp.FC1.Forward(ctx, hiddenState).GELU(ctx)
+	hiddenState = mlp.FC2.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
+	return hiddenState
+}
+
+type VisionEncoderLayer struct {
+	LayerNorm1    *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"layer_norm1"`
+	SelfAttention *VisionSelfAttention
+
+	LayerNorm2 *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"layer_norm2"`
+	MLP        *VisionMLP    `gguf:"mlp"`
+}
+
+func (e *VisionEncoderLayer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState ml.Tensor, opts *VisionModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
+	residual := hiddenState
+
+	// self attention
+	hiddenState = e.LayerNorm1.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	hiddenState = e.SelfAttention.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts)
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
+	residual = hiddenState
+
+	// feed forward
+	hiddenState = e.LayerNorm2.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts.eps)
+	hiddenState = e.MLP.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, opts)
+	return hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
+}
+
+type VisionModelOptions struct {
+	hiddenSize, numHeads int
+	imageSize, patchSize int
+	eps                  float32
+}
+
+type VisionModel struct {
+	PatchEmbedding    *nn.Conv2D    `gguf:"patch_embedding"`
+	PositionEmbedding *nn.Embedding `gguf:"position_embedding"`
+	PostLayerNorm     *nn.LayerNorm `gguf:"post_layernorm"`
+
+	Layers []VisionEncoderLayer `gguf:"blk"`
+
+	*VisionModelOptions
+}
+
+func (m *VisionModel) Forward(ctx ml.Context, pixelValues ml.Tensor) ml.Tensor {
+	numPatches := (m.imageSize / m.patchSize) * (m.imageSize / m.patchSize)
+
+	hiddenState := m.PatchEmbedding.Forward(ctx, pixelValues, m.patchSize, m.patchSize, 0, 0, 1, 1)
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Reshape(ctx, numPatches, m.hiddenSize)
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Permute(ctx, 1, 0, 2, 3).Contiguous(ctx)
+
+	positions := make([]int32, numPatches)
+	for i := range positions {
+		positions[i] = int32(i)
+	}
+
+	positionIDs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(positions, len(positions))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	hiddenState = hiddenState.Add(ctx, m.PositionEmbedding.Forward(ctx, positionIDs))
+
+	for _, layer := range m.Layers {
+		hiddenState = layer.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, m.VisionModelOptions)
+	}
+
+	hiddenState = m.PostLayerNorm.Forward(ctx, hiddenState, m.eps)
+	return hiddenState
+}
+
+func newVisionModel(c ml.Config) *VisionModel {
+	return &VisionModel{
+		Layers: make([]VisionEncoderLayer, c.Uint("vision.block_count")),
+		VisionModelOptions: &VisionModelOptions{
+			hiddenSize: int(c.Uint("vision.embedding_length")),
+			numHeads:   int(c.Uint("vision.attention.head_count")),
+
+			imageSize: int(c.Uint("vision.image_size")),
+			patchSize: int(c.Uint("vision.patch_size")),
+
+			eps: c.Float("vision.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"),
+		},
+	}
+}

model/models/gemma3/process_image.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package gemma3
+
+import (
+	"image"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/imageproc"
+)
+
+type ImageProcessor struct {
+	imageSize, patchSize, numChannels int
+}
+
+func newImageProcessor(c ml.Config) ImageProcessor {
+	return ImageProcessor{
+		imageSize:   int(c.Uint("vision.image_size")),
+		patchSize:   int(c.Uint("vision.patch_size")),
+		numChannels: int(c.Uint("vision.num_channels")),
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *ImageProcessor) pack(img image.Image, mean, std [3]float32) []float32 {
+	var pixelVals, rVals, gVals, bVals []float32
+
+	bounds := img.Bounds()
+	for y := bounds.Min.Y; y < bounds.Max.Y; y++ {
+		for x := bounds.Min.X; x < bounds.Max.X; x++ {
+			c := img.At(x, y)
+			r, g, b, _ := c.RGBA()
+			rVal := float32(r>>8) / 255.0
+			gVal := float32(g>>8) / 255.0
+			bVal := float32(b>>8) / 255.0
+
+			rVal = (rVal - mean[0]) / std[0]
+			gVal = (gVal - mean[1]) / std[1]
+			bVal = (bVal - mean[2]) / std[2]
+
+			rVals = append(rVals, rVal)
+			gVals = append(gVals, gVal)
+			bVals = append(bVals, bVal)
+		}
+	}
+
+	pixelVals = append(pixelVals, rVals...)
+	pixelVals = append(pixelVals, gVals...)
+	pixelVals = append(pixelVals, bVals...)
+
+	return pixelVals
+}
+
+func (p ImageProcessor) ProcessImage(img image.Image) ([]float32, error) {
+	outputSize := image.Point{p.imageSize, p.imageSize}
+	newImage := imageproc.Composite(img)
+	newImage = imageproc.Resize(newImage, outputSize, imageproc.ResizeBilinear)
+
+	data := p.pack(newImage, imageproc.ImageNetStandardMean, imageproc.ImageNetStandardSTD)
+	return data, nil
+}

model/models/llama/model.go

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 package llama
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 type Options struct {
-	RopeFactors                      ml.Tensor `gguf:"rope_freqs.weight"`
 	hiddenSize, numHeads, numKVHeads int
 	eps, ropeBase, ropeScale         float32
 	ropeDim                          uint32
@@ -29,6 +31,10 @@ type Model struct {
 }
 
 func New(c ml.Config) (model.Model, error) {
+	if !strings.EqualFold(c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model"), "gpt2") {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tokenizer %s not yet supported", c.String("tokenizer.ggml.model"))
+	}
+
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
 			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
@@ -60,23 +66,25 @@ func New(c ml.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 }
 
 type SelfAttention struct {
-	Query  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
-	Key    *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_k"`
-	Value  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
-	Output *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+	Query       *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
+	Key         *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	Value       *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
+	Output      *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+	RopeFactors ml.Tensor  `gguf:"rope_freqs.weight"`
 }
 
 func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Tensor, cache kvcache.Cache, opts *Options) ml.Tensor {
 	batchSize := hiddenState.Dim(1)
 	headDim := opts.hiddenSize / opts.numHeads
+	ropeType := uint32(0)
 
 	q := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	q = q.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	q = q.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, opts.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+	q = q.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, sa.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, ropeType, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
 
 	k := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	k = k.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	k = k.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, opts.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+	k = k.RoPE(ctx, positionIDs, sa.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, ropeType, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
 
 	v := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	v = v.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ func (sa *SelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs ml.Ten
 }
 
 func (m *Model) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	return key.RoPE(ctx, shift, m.Options.RopeFactors, m.Options.ropeDim, m.Options.ropeBase, m.Options.ropeScale), nil
+	return key.RoPE(ctx, shift, m.Layers[layer].SelfAttention.RopeFactors, uint32(0), m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale), nil
 }
 
 type MLP struct {
@@ -131,18 +139,18 @@ func (l *Layer) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs, outputs ml.Ten
 	return hiddenState.Add(ctx, residual)
 }
 
-func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, opts model.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	inputs, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(opts.Inputs, len(opts.Inputs))
+func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+	inputs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Inputs, len(opts.Inputs))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	positions, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(opts.Positions, len(opts.Positions))
+	positions, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Positions, len(opts.Positions))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	outputs, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(opts.Outputs, len(opts.Outputs))
+	outputs, err := ctx.Output().FromIntSlice(opts.Outputs, len(opts.Outputs))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

model/models/mllama/model.go

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 package mllama
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"hash/fnv"
+	"image"
+	"slices"
+
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml/nn"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 type Model struct {
@@ -25,6 +33,10 @@ const (
 )
 
 func New(c ml.Config) (model.Model, error) {
+	// Verify unified config
+	if c.Uint("vision.block_count") == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("non-unified vision model not supported")
+	}
 	m := Model{
 		BytePairEncoding: model.NewBytePairEncoding(
 			c.String("tokenizer.ggml.pretokenizer", `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`),
@@ -50,54 +62,99 @@ func New(c ml.Config) (model.Model, error) {
 	return &m, nil
 }
 
-func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, opts model.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
+func (m *Model) EncodeMultimodal(ctx ml.Context, multimodalData []byte) (any, error) {
+	if len(m.VisionModel.Transformer.Layers) == 0 || len(m.GlobalTransformer.Layers) == 0 {
+		return nil, model.ErrNoVisionModel
+	}
+
+	image, _, err := image.Decode(bytes.NewReader(multimodalData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	f32s, aspectRatioID, err := m.ImageProcessor.ProcessImage(image)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	pixelValues, err := ctx.Input().FromFloatSlice(f32s,
+		m.ImageProcessor.imageSize,
+		m.ImageProcessor.imageSize,
+		m.ImageProcessor.numChannels,
+		m.ImageProcessor.maxNumTiles,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	aspectRatio, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice([]int32{int32(aspectRatioID)}, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	positions := make([]int32, 1601)
+	for i := range positions {
+		positions[i] = int32(i)
+	}
+
+	positionIDs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(positions, len(positions))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	crossAttentionStates := m.VisionModel.Forward(ctx, pixelValues, positionIDs, aspectRatio)
+	return m.Projector.Forward(ctx, crossAttentionStates), nil
+}
+
+func (m *Model) PostTokenize(inputs []input.Input) ([]input.Input, error) {
+	var images []input.Input
+	fnvHash := fnv.New64a()
+
+	for i := range inputs {
+		if inputs[i].Multimodal == nil {
+			if len(images) > 0 {
+				inputs[i].Multimodal = []ml.Tensor{images[0].Multimodal.(ml.Tensor)}
+				inputs[i].MultimodalHash = images[0].MultimodalHash
+				for j := 1; j < len(images); j++ {
+					inputs[i].Multimodal = append(inputs[i].Multimodal.([]ml.Tensor), images[0].Multimodal.(ml.Tensor))
+					fnvHash.Reset()
+					binary.Write(fnvHash, binary.NativeEndian, inputs[i].MultimodalHash)
+					binary.Write(fnvHash, binary.NativeEndian, inputs[j].MultimodalHash)
+					inputs[i].MultimodalHash = fnvHash.Sum64()
+				}
+				images = nil
+			}
+		} else {
+			images = append(images, inputs[i])
+			inputs[i].Token = -1
+		}
+	}
+
+	inputs = slices.DeleteFunc(inputs, func(input input.Input) bool { return input.Token == -1 })
+
+	return inputs, nil
+}
+
+func (m *Model) Forward(ctx ml.Context, opts input.Options) (ml.Tensor, error) {
 	var crossAttentionStates ml.Tensor
-	if opts.Images != nil {
-		f32s, aspectRatioID, err := m.ImageProcessor.ProcessImage(opts.Images[0])
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+	if len(opts.Multimodal) > 0 {
+		images := opts.Multimodal[len(opts.Multimodal)-1].Multimodal.([]ml.Tensor)
+		if len(images) > 0 {
+			crossAttentionStates = images[len(images)-1]
 		}
-
-		pixelValues, err := ctx.FromFloatSlice(f32s,
-			m.ImageProcessor.imageSize,
-			m.ImageProcessor.imageSize,
-			m.ImageProcessor.numChannels,
-			m.ImageProcessor.maxNumTiles,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		aspectRatio, err := ctx.FromIntSlice([]int32{int32(aspectRatioID)}, 1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		positions := make([]int32, 1601)
-		for i := range positions {
-			positions[i] = int32(i)
-		}
-
-		positionIDs, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(positions, len(positions))
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		crossAttentionStates = m.VisionModel.Forward(ctx, pixelValues, positionIDs, aspectRatio)
-		crossAttentionStates = m.Projector.Forward(ctx, crossAttentionStates)
 	}
 
-	inputs, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(opts.Inputs, len(opts.Inputs))
+	inputs, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Inputs, len(opts.Inputs))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	positions, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(opts.Positions, len(opts.Positions))
+	positions, err := ctx.Input().FromIntSlice(opts.Positions, len(opts.Positions))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	outputs, err := ctx.FromIntSlice(opts.Outputs, len(opts.Outputs))
+	outputs, err := ctx.Output().FromIntSlice(opts.Outputs, len(opts.Outputs))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

model/models/mllama/model_text.go

@@ -10,23 +10,25 @@ import (
 )
 
 type TextSelfAttention struct {
-	Query  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
-	Key    *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_k"`
-	Value  *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
-	Output *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+	Query       *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_q"`
+	Key         *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_k"`
+	Value       *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_v"`
+	Output      *nn.Linear `gguf:"attn_output"`
+	RopeFactors ml.Tensor  `gguf:"rope_freqs.weight"`
 }
 
 func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions, _ ml.Tensor, cache *kvcache.WrapperCache, opts *TextModelOptions) ml.Tensor {
 	batchSize := hiddenState.Dim(1)
 	headDim := opts.hiddenSize / opts.numHeads
+	ropeType := uint32(0)
 
 	query := sa.Query.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	query = query.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numHeads, batchSize)
-	query = query.RoPE(ctx, positions, opts.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+	query = query.RoPE(ctx, positions, sa.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, ropeType, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
 
 	key := sa.Key.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	key = key.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
-	key = key.RoPE(ctx, positions, opts.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
+	key = key.RoPE(ctx, positions, sa.RopeFactors, opts.ropeDim, ropeType, opts.ropeBase, opts.ropeScale)
 
 	value := sa.Value.Forward(ctx, hiddenState)
 	value = value.Reshape(ctx, headDim, opts.numKVHeads, batchSize)
@@ -39,8 +41,12 @@ func (sa *TextSelfAttention) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positions, _ m
 }
 
 func (m *TextModel) Shift(ctx ml.Context, layer int, key, shift ml.Tensor) (ml.Tensor, error) {
-	// This will only get called for layers in the causal cache, which are just the self attention layers
-	return key.RoPE(ctx, shift, m.RopeFactors, m.ropeDim, m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale), nil
+	// This will only get called for layers in the cache, which are just the self attention layers
+	if sa, ok := m.Transformer.Layers[layer].(*TextSelfAttentionDecoderLayer); ok {
+		return key.RoPE(ctx, shift, sa.SelfAttention.RopeFactors, m.ropeDim, uint32(0), m.ropeBase, m.ropeScale), nil
+	}
+
+	return key, nil
 }
 
 type TextMLP struct {
@@ -191,8 +197,6 @@ func (d *TextDecoder) Forward(ctx ml.Context, hiddenState, positionIDs, outputs,
 }
 
 type TextModelOptions struct {
-	RopeFactors ml.Tensor `gguf:"rope_freqs.weight"`
-
 	hiddenSize, numHeads, numKVHeads int
 	eps, ropeBase, ropeScale         float32
 	ropeDim                          uint32

model/models/mllama/process_image.go

@@ -144,8 +144,6 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) splitToTiles(img image.Image, numTilesSize image.Point)
 	return images
 }
 
-// remove the "alpha" channel by drawing over a prefilled image
-//
 // remove the "alpha" channel by drawing over a prefilled image
 //
 //nolint:unused

model/models/models.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package models
 
 import (
+	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma2"
+	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/gemma3"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/llama"
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models/mllama"
 )

model/process_text.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"cmp"
 	"iter"
 	"log/slog"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
@@ -18,8 +19,17 @@ const (
 	SpecialEOS
 )
 
+const (
+	TOKEN_TYPE_NORMAL = iota + 1
+	TOKEN_TYPE_UNKNOWN
+	TOKEN_TYPE_CONTROL
+	TOKEN_TYPE_USER_DEFINED
+	TOKEN_TYPE_UNUSED
+	TOKEN_TYPE_BYTE
+)
+
 type TextProcessor interface {
-	Encode(string) ([]int32, error)
+	Encode(s string, addSpecial bool) ([]int32, error)
 	Decode([]int32) (string, error)
 	Is(int32, Special) bool
 }
@@ -27,11 +37,11 @@ type TextProcessor interface {
 type Vocabulary struct {
 	Values []string
 	Types  []uint32
-	Scores []uint32
+	Scores []float32
 	Merges []string
 
-	BOS, EOS       int32
-	AddBOS, AddEOS bool
+	BOS, EOS, EOT          int32
+	AddBOS, AddEOS, AddEOT bool
 
 	specialOnce sync.Once
 	special     []string
@@ -48,7 +58,7 @@ func (v *Vocabulary) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
 	case SpecialBOS:
 		return id == v.BOS
 	case SpecialEOS:
-		return id == v.EOS
+		return id == v.EOS || id == v.EOT
 	default:
 		return false
 	}
@@ -76,7 +86,9 @@ func (v *Vocabulary) Decode(id int32) string {
 func (v *Vocabulary) SpecialVocabulary() []string {
 	v.specialOnce.Do(func() {
 		for i := range v.Values {
-			if v.Types[i] == 3 {
+			if slices.Contains([]int{105, 106}, i) {
+				v.special = append(v.special, v.Values[i])
+			} else if v.Types[i] == TOKEN_TYPE_CONTROL {
 				v.special = append(v.special, v.Values[i])
 			}
 		}
@@ -144,7 +156,7 @@ type merge struct {
 	runes []rune
 }
 
-func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Encode(s string) ([]int32, error) {
+func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Encode(s string, addSpecial bool) ([]int32, error) {
 	fragments := []fragment{{value: s}}
 	for _, special := range bpe.vocab.SpecialVocabulary() {
 		// TODO: process special tokens concurrently
@@ -177,7 +189,6 @@ func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Encode(s string) ([]int32, error) {
 	for _, frag := range fragments {
 		if len(frag.ids) > 0 {
 			ids = append(ids, frag.ids...)
-			slog.Debug("encoded", "text", frag.value, "ids", frag.ids, "special", true)
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -201,7 +212,6 @@ func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Encode(s string) ([]int32, error) {
 			// short circuit if the fragment is in the vocabulary
 			if id := bpe.vocab.Encode(sb.String()); id >= 0 {
 				ids = append(ids, id)
-				slog.Debug("encoded", "text", sb.String(), "ids", []int32{id})
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -275,14 +285,13 @@ func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Encode(s string) ([]int32, error) {
 					// TODO: handle the edge case where the rune isn't in the vocabulary
 					if id := bpe.vocab.Encode(string(merge.runes)); id >= 0 {
 						ids = append(ids, id)
-						slog.Debug("encoded", "text", string(merge.runes), "ids", []int32{id})
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(ids) > 0 {
+	if addSpecial && len(ids) > 0 {
 		if bpe.vocab.AddBOS {
 			if ids[0] == bpe.vocab.BOS {
 				slog.Warn("adding bos token to prompt which already has it", "id", bpe.vocab.BOS)
@@ -329,6 +338,5 @@ func (bpe BytePairEncoding) Decode(ids []int32) (string, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	slog.Debug("decoded", "ids", ids, "text", sb.String())
 	return sb.String(), nil
 }

model/process_text_spm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+package model
+
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/dlclark/regexp2"
+	queue "github.com/emirpasic/gods/v2/queues/priorityqueue"
+)
+
+const spmWhitespaceSep = "▁"
+
+func replaceWhitespaceBySeperator(s string) string {
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(s, " ", spmWhitespaceSep)
+}
+
+type SentencePieceModel struct {
+	maxTokenLen int
+	pre         *regexp2.Regexp
+	vocab       *Vocabulary
+}
+
+var _ TextProcessor = (*SentencePieceModel)(nil)
+
+func NewSentencePieceModel(pre string, vocab *Vocabulary) SentencePieceModel {
+	slog.Debug("Tokens", "num tokens", len(vocab.Values), "vals", vocab.Values[:5], "scores", vocab.Scores[:5], "types", vocab.Types[:5])
+
+	counter := map[int]int{}
+	var maxTokenLen int
+	for cnt := range vocab.Types {
+		switch vocab.Types[cnt] {
+		case TOKEN_TYPE_NORMAL, TOKEN_TYPE_USER_DEFINED, TOKEN_TYPE_UNUSED:
+			maxTokenLen = max(maxTokenLen, len(vocab.Values[cnt]))
+			fallthrough
+		default:
+			counter[int(vocab.Types[cnt])] += 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("Token counts", "normal", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_NORMAL], "unknown", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_UNKNOWN], "control", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_CONTROL],
+		"user defined", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_USER_DEFINED], "unused", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_UNUSED], "byte", counter[TOKEN_TYPE_BYTE],
+		"max token len", maxTokenLen)
+
+	return SentencePieceModel{
+		maxTokenLen: maxTokenLen,
+		pre:         regexp2.MustCompile(pre, regexp2.Unicode|regexp2.RE2),
+		vocab:       vocab,
+	}
+}
+
+func (spm SentencePieceModel) Is(id int32, special Special) bool {
+	return spm.vocab.Is(id, special)
+}
+
+func (spm *SentencePieceModel) split(s string) iter.Seq[string] {
+	return func(yield func(string) bool) {
+		for m, _ := spm.pre.FindStringMatch(s); m != nil; m, _ = spm.pre.FindNextMatch(m) {
+			if !yield(m.String()) {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (spm SentencePieceModel) Encode(s string, addSpecial bool) ([]int32, error) {
+	fragments := []fragment{{value: s}}
+	for _, special := range spm.vocab.SpecialVocabulary() {
+		// TODO: process special tokens concurrently
+		id := spm.vocab.Encode(special)
+		for i := 0; i < len(fragments); i++ {
+			frag := fragments[i]
+			if len(frag.ids) > 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			var middle []fragment
+			switch i := strings.Index(frag.value, special); {
+			case i < 0:
+				middle = append(middle, frag)
+			case i > 0:
+				middle = append(middle, fragment{value: frag.value[:i]})
+				fallthrough
+			default:
+				middle = append(middle, fragment{value: special, ids: []int32{id}})
+				if rest := frag.value[i+len(special):]; rest != "" {
+					middle = append(middle, fragment{value: rest})
+				}
+			}
+
+			fragments = append(fragments[:i], append(middle, fragments[i+1:]...)...)
+		}
+	}
+	slog.Debug("fragments", "frags", fragments)
+
+	var ids []int32
+	for _, frag := range fragments {
+		if len(frag.ids) > 0 {
+			ids = append(ids, frag.ids...)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for split := range spm.split(frag.value) {
+			split = replaceWhitespaceBySeperator(split)
+
+			var sb strings.Builder
+			sb.Write([]byte(split))
+			if id := spm.vocab.Encode(sb.String()); id >= 0 {
+				ids = append(ids, id)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			runes := []rune(sb.String())
+			pq := queue.NewWith(func(a, b any) int {
+				priA := a.(*candidate)
+				priB := b.(*candidate)
+				if priA.score > priB.score || (priA.score == priB.score && priA.a < priB.a) {
+					return -1
+				}
+				return 1
+			})
+
+			merges := make([]merge, len(runes))
+			for r := range runes {
+				merges[r] = merge{
+					p:     r - 1,
+					n:     r + 1,
+					runes: []rune{runes[r]},
+				}
+			}
+
+			slog.Debug("tokenizer", "merges", merges)
+
+			pairwise := func(a, b int) *candidate {
+				if a < 0 || b >= len(runes) {
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				left, right := string(merges[a].runes), string(merges[b].runes)
+				if id := spm.vocab.Encode(left + right); id >= 0 {
+					return &candidate{
+						a:     a,
+						b:     b,
+						score: spm.vocab.Scores[id],
+					}
+				}
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			for i := range len(runes) - 1 {
+				if pair := pairwise(i, i+1); pair != nil {
+					pq.Enqueue(pair)
+				}
+			}
+
+			pqv := pq.Values()
+			for _, v := range pqv {
+				e := v.(*candidate)
+				slog.Debug("candidate", "candidate", e)
+			}
+
+			for !pq.Empty() {
+				v, _ := pq.Dequeue()
+				pair := v.(*candidate)
+				left, right := merges[pair.a], merges[pair.b]
+
+				slog.Debug("pair", "left", left, "right", right)
+				if len(left.runes) == 0 || len(right.runes) == 0 {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				if id := spm.vocab.Encode(string(left.runes) + string(right.runes)); id < 0 {
+					continue
+				}
+
+				merges[pair.a].runes = append(left.runes, right.runes...)
+				merges[pair.b].runes = nil
+				merges[pair.a].n = right.n
+				if right.n < len(merges) {
+					merges[right.n].p = pair.a
+				}
+
+				if pair := pairwise(merges[pair.a].p, pair.a); pair != nil {
+					pq.Enqueue(pair)
+				}
+
+				if pair := pairwise(pair.a, merges[pair.a].n); pair != nil {
+					pq.Enqueue(pair)
+				}
+			}
+
+			slog.Debug("merges", "merges", merges)
+
+			for _, merge := range merges {
+				if len(merge.runes) > 0 {
+					if id := spm.vocab.Encode(string(merge.runes)); id >= 0 {
+						ids = append(ids, id)
+					} else {
+						slog.Debug("missing token", "token", string(merge.runes))
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if addSpecial && len(ids) > 0 {
+		if spm.vocab.AddBOS {
+			if ids[0] == spm.vocab.BOS {
+				slog.Warn("adding bos token to prompt which already has it", "id", spm.vocab.BOS)
+			}
+
+			slog.Debug("adding bos token to prompt", "id", spm.vocab.BOS)
+			ids = append([]int32{spm.vocab.BOS}, ids...)
+		}
+
+		if spm.vocab.AddEOS {
+			if ids[len(ids)-1] == spm.vocab.EOS {
+				slog.Warn("adding eos token to prompt which already has it", "id", spm.vocab.EOS)
+			}
+
+			slog.Debug("adding eos token to prompt", "id", spm.vocab.EOS)
+			ids = append(ids, spm.vocab.EOS)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ids, nil
+}
+
+type candidate struct {
+	a, b  int
+	score float32
+}
+
+func (spm SentencePieceModel) Decode(ids []int32) (string, error) {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		data := spm.vocab.Decode(id)
+		data = strings.ReplaceAll(data, spmWhitespaceSep, " ")
+		if _, err := sb.WriteString(data); err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("decoded", "ids", ids, "text", sb.String())
+	return sb.String(), nil
+}

model/process_text_spm_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package model
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/convert/sentencepiece"
+)
+
+func loadSentencePieceVocab(t *testing.T) SentencePieceModel {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	bts, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("testdata", "gemma2", "tokenizer.model"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var spm sentencepiece.ModelProto
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(bts, &spm); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	preTokenizer := `(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+`
+
+	var v Vocabulary
+
+	for _, piece := range spm.GetPieces() {
+		v.Values = append(v.Values, piece.GetPiece())
+		v.Scores = append(v.Scores, piece.GetScore())
+		switch t := piece.GetType(); t {
+		case sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_UNKNOWN,
+			sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_CONTROL,
+			sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_UNUSED,
+			sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_BYTE:
+			v.Types = append(v.Types, uint32(t))
+		default:
+			tt := uint32(sentencepiece.ModelProto_SentencePiece_NORMAL)
+			// todo parse the special tokens file
+			//   - this will roundtrip correctly but the <start_of_turn> and
+			//     <end_of_turn> tokens aren't processed
+			v.Types = append(v.Types, tt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NewSentencePieceModel(preTokenizer, &v)
+}
+
+func TestSentencePieceEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stdout, &slog.HandlerOptions{Level: slog.LevelDebug}))
+	slog.SetDefault(logger)
+
+	tokenizer := loadSentencePieceVocab(t)
+
+	t.Run("basic roundtrip", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+
+		cases := []string{
+			"hello",
+			"hello ",
+			"hello  ",
+			" hello",
+			" hello ",
+			" hello  ",
+			"hello world",
+			"请考试我的软件！12345",
+			"你好",
+			"Hello 你好 world!",
+			"Special characters: !@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;':\",./<>?",
+			"Multilingual: 你好 こんにちは Привет Hola مرحبا",
+			"Numbers and symbols: 123456789 +- */",
+			"Special tokens: <bos> text <eos>",
+			"Code snippets: func main() { fmt.Println(\"Hello World\") }",
+			"Long text: " + "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. " +
+				"Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. " +
+				"Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.",
+		}
+
+		for _, want := range cases {
+			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(want, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+
+			if got, err := tokenizer.Decode(ids); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			} else if got != want {
+				t.Errorf("got %q, want %q [%#v]", got, want, ids)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("special tokens", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type candidate struct {
+			token string
+			ids   []int32
+		}
+
+		cases := []candidate{
+			{"<bos>", []int32{2}},
+			{"<eos>", []int32{1}},
+		}
+
+		for _, want := range cases {
+			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(want.token, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !slices.Equal(ids, want.ids) {
+				t.Errorf("got %#v, want %#v", ids, want.ids)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}

model/process_text_test.go

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func TestLlama(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("simple", func(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Parallel()
 
-		ids, err := tokenizer.Encode("hello world")
+		ids, err := tokenizer.Encode("hello world", true)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func TestLlama(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("got %q, want hello world", s)
 		}
 
-		ids, err = tokenizer.Encode("hello <|end_of_text|>")
+		ids, err = tokenizer.Encode("hello <|end_of_text|>", true)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func TestLlama(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for s, want := range cases {
-			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(s)
+			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(s, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Error(err)
 			}
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func TestLlama(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for _, want := range cases {
-			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(want)
+			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(want, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Error(err)
 			}
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func TestLlama(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for s, want := range cases {
-			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(s)
+			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(s, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatal(err)
 			}
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func BenchmarkBytePairEncoding(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Run("encode"+strconv.Itoa(n), func(b *testing.B) {
 			b.ResetTimer()
 			for range b.N {
-				_, err := tokenizer.Encode(string(bts))
+				_, err := tokenizer.Encode(string(bts), true)
 				if err != nil {
 					b.Fatal(err)
 				}
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ func BenchmarkBytePairEncoding(b *testing.B) {
 		})
 
 		b.Run("decode"+strconv.Itoa(n), func(b *testing.B) {
-			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(string(bts))
+			ids, err := tokenizer.Encode(string(bts), true)
 			if err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
 			}

readline/readline.go

@@ -116,19 +116,9 @@ func (i *Instance) Readline() (string, error) {
 
 			switch r {
 			case KeyUp:
-				if i.History.Pos > 0 {
-					if i.History.Pos == i.History.Size() {
-						currentLineBuf = []rune(buf.String())
-					}
-					buf.Replace([]rune(i.History.Prev()))
-				}
+				i.historyPrev(buf, &currentLineBuf)
 			case KeyDown:
-				if i.History.Pos < i.History.Size() {
-					buf.Replace([]rune(i.History.Next()))
-					if i.History.Pos == i.History.Size() {
-						buf.Replace(currentLineBuf)
-					}
-				}
+				i.historyNext(buf, &currentLineBuf)
 			case KeyLeft:
 				buf.MoveLeft()
 			case KeyRight:
@@ -185,6 +175,10 @@ func (i *Instance) Readline() (string, error) {
 			esc = true
 		case CharInterrupt:
 			return "", ErrInterrupt
+		case CharPrev:
+			i.historyPrev(buf, &currentLineBuf)
+		case CharNext:
+			i.historyNext(buf, &currentLineBuf)
 		case CharLineStart:
 			buf.MoveToStart()
 		case CharLineEnd:
@@ -246,6 +240,24 @@ func (i *Instance) HistoryDisable() {
 	i.History.Enabled = false
 }
 
+func (i *Instance) historyPrev(buf *Buffer, currentLineBuf *[]rune) {
+	if i.History.Pos > 0 {
+		if i.History.Pos == i.History.Size() {
+			*currentLineBuf = []rune(buf.String())
+		}
+		buf.Replace([]rune(i.History.Prev()))
+	}
+}
+
+func (i *Instance) historyNext(buf *Buffer, currentLineBuf *[]rune) {
+	if i.History.Pos < i.History.Size() {
+		buf.Replace([]rune(i.History.Next()))
+		if i.History.Pos == i.History.Size() {
+			buf.Replace(*currentLineBuf)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func NewTerminal() (*Terminal, error) {
 	fd := os.Stdin.Fd()
 	termios, err := SetRawMode(fd)

runner/llamarunner/runner.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llama"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/runner/common"
 )
 
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ type NewSequenceParams struct {
 	embedding      bool
 }
 
-func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []ImageData, params NewSequenceParams) (*Sequence, error) {
+func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []llm.ImageData, params NewSequenceParams) (*Sequence, error) {
 	s.ready.Wait()
 
 	startTime := time.Now()
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []ImageData, params NewSequen
 // inputs processes the prompt and images into a list of inputs
 // by splitting the prompt on [img-<n>] tags, tokenizing text and
 // generating image embeddings for each image
-func (s *Server) inputs(prompt string, images []ImageData) ([]input, error) {
+func (s *Server) inputs(prompt string, images []llm.ImageData) ([]input, error) {
 	var inputs []input
 	var parts []string
 	var matches [][]string
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ type Server struct {
 	image *ImageContext
 
 	// status for external health reporting - loading, ready to serve, etc.
-	status ServerStatus
+	status llm.ServerStatus
 
 	// current progress on loading the model
 	progress float32
@@ -541,75 +542,18 @@ func (s *Server) processBatch(tokenBatch *llama.Batch, embedBatch *llama.Batch)
 	return nil
 }
 
-// TODO (jmorganca): use structs from the api package to avoid duplication
-// this way the api acts as a proxy instead of using a different api for the
-// runner
-type Options struct {
-	api.Runner
-
-	NumKeep          int      `json:"n_keep"`
-	Seed             int      `json:"seed"`
-	NumPredict       int      `json:"n_predict"`
-	TopK             int      `json:"top_k"`
-	TopP             float32  `json:"top_p"`
-	MinP             float32  `json:"min_p"`
-	TypicalP         float32  `json:"typical_p"`
-	RepeatLastN      int      `json:"repeat_last_n"`
-	Temperature      float32  `json:"temperature"`
-	RepeatPenalty    float32  `json:"repeat_penalty"`
-	PresencePenalty  float32  `json:"presence_penalty"`
-	FrequencyPenalty float32  `json:"frequency_penalty"`
-	Mirostat         int      `json:"mirostat"`
-	MirostatTau      float32  `json:"mirostat_tau"`
-	MirostatEta      float32  `json:"mirostat_eta"`
-	Stop             []string `json:"stop"`
-}
-
-type ImageData struct {
-	Data          []byte `json:"data"`
-	ID            int    `json:"id"`
-	AspectRatioID int    `json:"aspect_ratio_id"`
-}
-
-type CompletionRequest struct {
-	Prompt      string      `json:"prompt"`
-	Images      []ImageData `json:"image_data"`
-	Grammar     string      `json:"grammar"`
-	CachePrompt bool        `json:"cache_prompt"`
-
-	Options
-}
-
-type Timings struct {
-	PredictedN  int     `json:"predicted_n"`
-	PredictedMS float64 `json:"predicted_ms"`
-	PromptN     int     `json:"prompt_n"`
-	PromptMS    float64 `json:"prompt_ms"`
-}
-
-type CompletionResponse struct {
-	Content string `json:"content"`
-	Stop    bool   `json:"stop"`
-
-	Model        string  `json:"model,omitempty"`
-	Prompt       string  `json:"prompt,omitempty"`
-	StoppedLimit bool    `json:"stopped_limit,omitempty"`
-	PredictedN   int     `json:"predicted_n,omitempty"`
-	PredictedMS  float64 `json:"predicted_ms,omitempty"`
-	PromptN      int     `json:"prompt_n,omitempty"`
-	PromptMS     float64 `json:"prompt_ms,omitempty"`
-
-	Timings Timings `json:"timings"`
-}
-
 func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	var req CompletionRequest
-	req.Options = Options(api.DefaultOptions())
+	var req llm.CompletionRequest
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, "Bad request", http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
 	}
 
+	if req.Options == nil {
+		opts := api.DefaultOptions()
+		req.Options = &opts
+	}
+
 	// Set the headers to indicate streaming
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	w.Header().Set("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked")
@@ -620,26 +564,28 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	var samplingParams llama.SamplingParams
-	samplingParams.TopK = req.TopK
-	samplingParams.TopP = req.TopP
-	samplingParams.MinP = req.MinP
-	samplingParams.TypicalP = req.TypicalP
-	samplingParams.Temp = req.Temperature
-	samplingParams.RepeatLastN = req.RepeatLastN
-	samplingParams.PenaltyRepeat = req.RepeatPenalty
-	samplingParams.PenaltyFreq = req.FrequencyPenalty
-	samplingParams.PenaltyPresent = req.PresencePenalty
-	samplingParams.Mirostat = req.Mirostat
-	samplingParams.MirostatTau = req.MirostatTau
-	samplingParams.MirostatEta = req.MirostatEta
-	samplingParams.Seed = uint32(req.Seed)
-	samplingParams.Grammar = req.Grammar
+	// Extract options from the CompletionRequest
+	samplingParams := llama.SamplingParams{
+		TopK:           req.Options.TopK,
+		TopP:           req.Options.TopP,
+		MinP:           req.Options.MinP,
+		TypicalP:       req.Options.TypicalP,
+		Temp:           req.Options.Temperature,
+		RepeatLastN:    req.Options.RepeatLastN,
+		PenaltyRepeat:  req.Options.RepeatPenalty,
+		PenaltyFreq:    req.Options.FrequencyPenalty,
+		PenaltyPresent: req.Options.PresencePenalty,
+		Mirostat:       req.Options.Mirostat,
+		MirostatTau:    req.Options.MirostatTau,
+		MirostatEta:    req.Options.MirostatEta,
+		Seed:           uint32(req.Options.Seed),
+		Grammar:        req.Grammar,
+	}
 
 	seq, err := s.NewSequence(req.Prompt, req.Images, NewSequenceParams{
-		numPredict:     req.NumPredict,
-		stop:           req.Stop,
-		numKeep:        req.NumKeep,
+		numPredict:     req.Options.NumPredict,
+		stop:           req.Options.Stop,
+		numKeep:        req.Options.NumKeep,
 		samplingParams: &samplingParams,
 		embedding:      false,
 	})
@@ -662,7 +608,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	found := false
 	for i, sq := range s.seqs {
 		if sq == nil {
-			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs, req.CachePrompt)
+			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				s.mu.Unlock()
 				http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load cache: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -691,7 +637,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			return
 		case content, ok := <-seq.responses:
 			if ok {
-				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&CompletionResponse{
+				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.CompletionResponse{
 					Content: content,
 				}); err != nil {
 					http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -702,15 +648,17 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 				flusher.Flush()
 			} else {
 				// Send the final response
-				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&CompletionResponse{
-					Stop:         true,
-					StoppedLimit: seq.doneReason == "limit",
-					Timings: Timings{
-						PromptN:     seq.numPromptInputs,
-						PromptMS:    float64(seq.startGenerationTime.Sub(seq.startProcessingTime).Milliseconds()),
-						PredictedN:  seq.numDecoded,
-						PredictedMS: float64(time.Since(seq.startGenerationTime).Milliseconds()),
-					},
+				doneReason := "stop"
+				if seq.doneReason == "limit" {
+					doneReason = "length"
+				}
+				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.CompletionResponse{
+					Done:               true,
+					DoneReason:         doneReason,
+					PromptEvalCount:    seq.numPromptInputs,
+					PromptEvalDuration: seq.startGenerationTime.Sub(seq.startProcessingTime),
+					EvalCount:          seq.numDecoded,
+					EvalDuration:       time.Since(seq.startGenerationTime),
 				}); err != nil {
 					http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode final response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
 				}
@@ -721,17 +669,8 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 }
 
-type EmbeddingRequest struct {
-	Content     string `json:"content"`
-	CachePrompt bool   `json:"cache_prompt"`
-}
-
-type EmbeddingResponse struct {
-	Embedding []float32 `json:"embedding"`
-}
-
 func (s *Server) embeddings(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	var req EmbeddingRequest
+	var req llm.EmbeddingRequest
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("bad request: %s", err), http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
@@ -761,7 +700,7 @@ func (s *Server) embeddings(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	found := false
 	for i, sq := range s.seqs {
 		if sq == nil {
-			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs, req.CachePrompt)
+			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs, false)
 			if err != nil {
 				s.mu.Unlock()
 				http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load cache: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -782,41 +721,17 @@ func (s *Server) embeddings(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	embedding := <-seq.embedding
 
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&EmbeddingResponse{
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.EmbeddingResponse{
 		Embedding: embedding,
 	}); err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
 	}
 }
 
-type HealthResponse struct {
-	Status   string  `json:"status"`
-	Progress float32 `json:"progress"`
-}
-
-type ServerStatus int
-
-const (
-	ServerStatusReady ServerStatus = iota
-	ServerStatusLoadingModel
-	ServerStatusError
-)
-
-func (s ServerStatus) ToString() string {
-	switch s {
-	case ServerStatusReady:
-		return "ok"
-	case ServerStatusLoadingModel:
-		return "loading model"
-	default:
-		return "server error"
-	}
-}
-
 func (s *Server) health(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&HealthResponse{
-		Status:   s.status.ToString(),
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.ServerStatusResponse{
+		Status:   s.status,
 		Progress: s.progress,
 	}); err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -879,7 +794,7 @@ func (s *Server) loadModel(
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	s.status = ServerStatusReady
+	s.status = llm.ServerStatusReady
 	s.ready.Done()
 }
 
@@ -931,14 +846,13 @@ func Execute(args []string) error {
 	slog.Info("starting go runner")
 
 	llama.BackendInit()
-	slog.Info("system", "info", llama.PrintSystemInfo(), "threads", *threads)
 
 	server := &Server{
 		batchSize: *batchSize,
 		parallel:  *parallel,
 		seqs:      make([]*Sequence, *parallel),
 		seqsSem:   semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(*parallel)),
-		status:    ServerStatusLoadingModel,
+		status:    llm.ServerStatusLoadingModel,
 	}
 
 	var tensorSplitFloats []float32

runner/ollamarunner/cache.go

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"math"
-	"reflect"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/kvcache"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 type InputCache struct {
@@ -39,10 +39,7 @@ func NewInputCache(model model.Model, kvCacheType string, kvSize int32, numSlots
 	slots := make([]InputCacheSlot, numSlots)
 
 	for i := range slots {
-		slots[i] = InputCacheSlot{
-			Id:     i,
-			Inputs: make([]input, 0),
-		}
+		slots[i] = InputCacheSlot{Id: i}
 	}
 
 	cache := model.Config().Cache
@@ -62,9 +59,9 @@ func NewInputCache(model model.Model, kvCacheType string, kvSize int32, numSlots
 func kvCacheTypeFromStr(s string) ml.DType {
 	switch s {
 	case "q8_0":
-		panic("kv cache quantization not yet implemented")
+		return ml.DTypeQ80
 	case "q4_0":
-		panic("kv cache quantization not yet implemented")
+		return ml.DTypeQ40
 	default:
 		return ml.DTypeF16
 	}
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ type InputCacheSlot struct {
 	Id int
 
 	// Inputs that are stored in the KV cache
-	Inputs []input
+	Inputs []input.Input
 
 	// is this cache actively being processed as part of a sequence?
 	InUse bool
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ type InputCacheSlot struct {
 	lastUsed time.Time
 }
 
-func (c *InputCache) LoadCacheSlot(prompt []input, cachePrompt bool) (*InputCacheSlot, []input, error) {
+func (c *InputCache) LoadCacheSlot(prompt []input.Input) (*InputCacheSlot, []input.Input, error) {
 	var slot *InputCacheSlot
 	var numPast int32
 	var err error
@@ -110,10 +107,6 @@ func (c *InputCache) LoadCacheSlot(prompt []input, cachePrompt bool) (*InputCach
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 
-	if !cachePrompt {
-		numPast = 0
-	}
-
 	slot.InUse = true
 	slot.lastUsed = time.Now()
 
@@ -143,7 +136,7 @@ func (c *InputCache) LoadCacheSlot(prompt []input, cachePrompt bool) (*InputCach
 	return slot, prompt, nil
 }
 
-func (c *InputCache) findLongestCacheSlot(prompt []input) (*InputCacheSlot, int32, error) {
+func (c *InputCache) findLongestCacheSlot(prompt []input.Input) (*InputCacheSlot, int32, error) {
 	longest := int32(-1)
 	var longestSlot *InputCacheSlot
 
@@ -166,7 +159,7 @@ func (c *InputCache) findLongestCacheSlot(prompt []input) (*InputCacheSlot, int3
 	return longestSlot, longest, nil
 }
 
-func (c *InputCache) findBestCacheSlot(prompt []input) (*InputCacheSlot, int32, error) {
+func (c *InputCache) findBestCacheSlot(prompt []input.Input) (*InputCacheSlot, int32, error) {
 	oldest := time.Now()
 	var oldestSlot *InputCacheSlot
 
@@ -202,7 +195,7 @@ func (c *InputCache) findBestCacheSlot(prompt []input) (*InputCacheSlot, int32,
 	if longest > 0 && longestSlot != oldestSlot {
 		slog.Debug("forking cache slot", "src", longestSlot.Id, "dst", oldestSlot.Id, "inputs", longest, "total",
 			len(longestSlot.Inputs))
-		oldestSlot.Inputs = make([]input, longest)
+		oldestSlot.Inputs = make([]input.Input, longest)
 		copy(oldestSlot.Inputs, longestSlot.Inputs[:longest])
 		if c.cache != nil {
 			c.cache.CopyPrefix(longestSlot.Id, oldestSlot.Id, longest)
@@ -212,7 +205,7 @@ func (c *InputCache) findBestCacheSlot(prompt []input) (*InputCacheSlot, int32,
 	return oldestSlot, longest, nil
 }
 
-func countCommonPrefix(a []input, b []input) int32 {
+func countCommonPrefix(a []input.Input, b []input.Input) int32 {
 	var count int32
 
 	for i := range a {
@@ -220,7 +213,7 @@ func countCommonPrefix(a []input, b []input) int32 {
 			break
 		}
 
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(a[i], b[i]) {
+		if a[i].Token != b[i].Token || a[i].MultimodalHash != b[i].MultimodalHash {
 			break
 		}
 

runner/ollamarunner/cache_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"image"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 )
 
 func TestCountCommon(t *testing.T) {
@@ -13,44 +15,50 @@ func TestCountCommon(t *testing.T) {
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
-		t1       []input
-		t2       []input
+		t1       []input.Input
+		t2       []input.Input
 		expected int32
 	}{
 		{
 			name:     "Equal",
-			t1:       []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}, {token: 3}},
-			t2:       []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}, {token: 3}},
+			t1:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
+			t2:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
 			expected: 3,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "Prefix",
-			t1:       []input{{token: 1}},
-			t2:       []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}, {token: 3}},
+			t1:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}},
+			t2:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
 			expected: 1,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "Image Prefix",
-			t1:       []input{{image: imgA}},
-			t2:       []input{{image: imgA}, {image: imgB}, {image: imgC}},
+			t1:       []input.Input{{Multimodal: imgA, MultimodalHash: 1}},
+			t2:       []input.Input{{Multimodal: imgA, MultimodalHash: 1}, {Multimodal: imgB, MultimodalHash: 2}, {Multimodal: imgC, MultimodalHash: 3}},
 			expected: 1,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "Mixed",
-			t1:       []input{{token: 1}, {image: imgA}},
-			t2:       []input{{token: 1}, {image: imgA}, {token: 5}},
+			t1:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Multimodal: imgA, MultimodalHash: 1}},
+			t2:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Multimodal: imgA, MultimodalHash: 1}, {Token: 5}},
 			expected: 2,
 		},
+		{
+			name:     "Mixed, Same Length",
+			t1:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Multimodal: imgA, MultimodalHash: 1}},
+			t2:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Multimodal: imgB, MultimodalHash: 2}},
+			expected: 1,
+		},
 		{
 			name:     "Empty",
-			t1:       []input{},
-			t2:       []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}, {token: 3}},
+			t1:       []input.Input{},
+			t2:       []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
 			expected: 0,
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "Both Empty",
-			t1:       []input{},
-			t2:       []input{},
+			t1:       []input.Input{},
+			t2:       []input.Input{},
 			expected: 0,
 		},
 	}
@@ -74,7 +82,7 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name    string
 		cache   InputCache
-		prompt  []input
+		prompt  []input.Input
 		longest expected
 		best    expected
 	}{
@@ -83,18 +91,18 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 			cache: InputCache{slots: []InputCacheSlot{
 				{
 					Id:       0,
-					Inputs:   []input{},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Time{},
 				},
 				{
 					Id:       1,
-					Inputs:   []input{},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Time{},
 				},
 			}},
-			prompt:  []input{{token: 1}},
+			prompt:  []input.Input{{Token: 1}},
 			longest: expected{result: 0, len: 0},
 			best:    expected{result: 0, len: 0},
 		},
@@ -103,18 +111,18 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 			cache: InputCache{slots: []InputCacheSlot{
 				{
 					Id:       0,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
 				},
 				{
 					Id:       1,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Second),
 				},
 			}},
-			prompt:  []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+			prompt:  []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 			longest: expected{result: 1, len: 2},
 			best:    expected{result: 1, len: 2},
 		},
@@ -123,18 +131,18 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 			cache: InputCache{slots: []InputCacheSlot{
 				{
 					Id:       0,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
 				},
 				{
 					Id:       1,
-					Inputs:   []input{},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Time{},
 				},
 			}},
-			prompt:  []input{{token: 2}},
+			prompt:  []input.Input{{Token: 2}},
 			longest: expected{result: 0, len: 0},
 			best:    expected{result: 1, len: 0},
 		},
@@ -144,19 +152,19 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 				slots: []InputCacheSlot{
 					{
 						Id:       0,
-						Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 						InUse:    false,
 						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
 					},
 					{
 						Id:       1,
-						Inputs:   []input{},
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{},
 						InUse:    false,
 						lastUsed: time.Time{},
 					},
 				},
 			},
-			prompt:  []input{{token: 1}},
+			prompt:  []input.Input{{Token: 1}},
 			longest: expected{result: 0, len: 1},
 			best:    expected{result: 1, len: 1},
 		},
@@ -165,18 +173,18 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 			cache: InputCache{slots: []InputCacheSlot{
 				{
 					Id:       0,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
 				},
 				{
 					Id:       1,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Second),
 				},
 			}},
-			prompt:  []input{{token: 2}, {token: 3}},
+			prompt:  []input.Input{{Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
 			longest: expected{result: 0, len: 0},
 			best:    expected{result: 1, len: 0},
 		},
@@ -185,18 +193,18 @@ func TestFindCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
 			cache: InputCache{slots: []InputCacheSlot{
 				{
 					Id:       0,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 					InUse:    true,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
 				},
 				{
 					Id:       1,
-					Inputs:   []input{{token: 1}},
+					Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}},
 					InUse:    false,
 					lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Second),
 				},
 			}},
-			prompt:  []input{{token: 1}, {token: 2}},
+			prompt:  []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
 			longest: expected{result: 1, len: 1},
 			best:    expected{result: 1, len: 2},
 		},
@@ -289,3 +297,131 @@ func TestShiftDiscard(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestLoadCacheSlot(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		cache          InputCache
+		prompt         []input.Input
+		wantErr        bool
+		expectedSlotId int
+		expectedPrompt int // expected length of remaining prompt
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Basic cache hit - single user",
+			cache: InputCache{
+				multiUserCache: false,
+				slots: []InputCacheSlot{
+					{
+						Id:       0,
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
+						InUse:    false,
+						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
+					},
+					{
+						Id:       1,
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{},
+						InUse:    false,
+						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Second),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			prompt:         []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
+			wantErr:        false,
+			expectedSlotId: 0,
+			expectedPrompt: 1, // Only token 3 remains
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Basic cache hit - multi user",
+			cache: InputCache{
+				multiUserCache: true,
+				slots: []InputCacheSlot{
+					{
+						Id:       0,
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
+						InUse:    false,
+						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
+					},
+					{
+						Id:       1,
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{},
+						InUse:    false,
+						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Second),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			prompt:         []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
+			wantErr:        false,
+			expectedSlotId: 0,
+			expectedPrompt: 1, // Only token 3 remains
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Exact match - leave one input",
+			cache: InputCache{
+				multiUserCache: false,
+				slots: []InputCacheSlot{
+					{
+						Id:       0,
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
+						InUse:    false,
+						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			prompt:         []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
+			wantErr:        false,
+			expectedSlotId: 0,
+			expectedPrompt: 1, // Should leave 1 token for sampling
+		},
+		{
+			name: "No available slots",
+			cache: InputCache{
+				multiUserCache: false,
+				slots: []InputCacheSlot{
+					{
+						Id:       0,
+						Inputs:   []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}},
+						InUse:    true,
+						lastUsed: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			prompt:         []input.Input{{Token: 1}, {Token: 2}, {Token: 3}},
+			wantErr:        true,
+			expectedSlotId: -1,
+			expectedPrompt: -1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			slot, remainingPrompt, err := tt.cache.LoadCacheSlot(tt.prompt)
+
+			// Check error state
+			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("LoadCacheSlot() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				return // Skip further checks if we expected an error
+			}
+
+			// Verify slot ID
+			if slot.Id != tt.expectedSlotId {
+				t.Errorf("LoadCacheSlot() slot ID = %v, expected %v", slot.Id, tt.expectedSlotId)
+			}
+
+			// Verify slot is now marked in use
+			if !slot.InUse {
+				t.Errorf("LoadCacheSlot() slot not marked InUse")
+			}
+
+			// Verify remaining prompt length
+			if len(remainingPrompt) != tt.expectedPrompt {
+				t.Errorf("LoadCacheSlot() remaining prompt length = %v, expected %v",
+					len(remainingPrompt), tt.expectedPrompt)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

runner/ollamarunner/runner.go

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 package ollamarunner
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"image"
+	"hash/maphash"
 	"log"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
@@ -25,30 +24,33 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/ml"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/model/input"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/runner/common"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/sample"
 
 	_ "github.com/ollama/ollama/model/models"
 )
 
-// input is an element of the prompt to process, either a token or an image
-type input struct {
-	token int32
-
-	image image.Image
+type contextList struct {
+	list []ml.Context
 }
 
 type Sequence struct {
+	// ctxs are used for allocating tensors that last the lifetime of the sequence, such as
+	// multimodal embeddings
+	ctxs *contextList
+
 	// batch index
 	iBatch int
 
 	// prompt inputs left to evaluate
-	inputs []input
+	inputs []input.Input
 
 	// inputs that have been added to a batch but not yet submitted to Forward
-	pendingInputs []input
+	pendingInputs []input.Input
 
 	// tokens that have been generated but not returned yet (e.g. for stop sequences)
 	pendingResponses []string
@@ -97,12 +99,12 @@ type NewSequenceParams struct {
 	embedding  bool
 }
 
-func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []ImageData, params NewSequenceParams) (*Sequence, error) {
+func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []llm.ImageData, params NewSequenceParams) (*Sequence, error) {
 	s.ready.Wait()
 
 	startTime := time.Now()
 
-	inputs, err := s.inputs(prompt, images)
+	inputs, ctxs, err := s.inputs(prompt, images)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to process inputs: %w", err)
 	} else if len(inputs) == 0 {
@@ -113,6 +115,9 @@ func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []ImageData, params NewSequen
 		params.numKeep = int32(len(inputs))
 	}
 
+	// TODO(jessegross): We should ensure that we always leave minBatch of context space to shift,
+	// otherwise we might truncate or split the batch against the model's wishes
+
 	// Ensure that at least 1 input can be discarded during shift
 	params.numKeep = min(params.numKeep, s.cache.numCtx-1)
 
@@ -128,6 +133,7 @@ func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []ImageData, params NewSequen
 	// TODO(jessegross): Ingest cached history for grammar
 
 	return &Sequence{
+		ctxs:                ctxs,
 		inputs:              inputs,
 		numPromptInputs:     len(inputs),
 		startProcessingTime: startTime,
@@ -146,28 +152,38 @@ func (s *Server) NewSequence(prompt string, images []ImageData, params NewSequen
 // inputs processes the prompt and images into a list of inputs
 // by splitting the prompt on [img-<n>] tags, tokenizing text and
 // decoding images
-func (s *Server) inputs(prompt string, images []ImageData) ([]input, error) {
-	var inputs []input
+func (s *Server) inputs(prompt string, images []llm.ImageData) ([]input.Input, *contextList, error) {
+	var inputs []input.Input
 	var parts []string
 	var matches [][]string
 
-	// TODO(jessegross): This can sometimes trigger for matching text in the
-	// user's prompt. We previously tried to avoid it by only looking for images
-	// on image models. We don't have a clear indication now but it would be better
-	// to properly escape it in any case.
-	re := regexp.MustCompile(`\[img-(\d+)\]`)
-	parts = re.Split(prompt, -1)
-	matches = re.FindAllStringSubmatch(prompt, -1)
+	multimodalProcessor, visionModel := s.model.(model.MultimodalProcessor)
 
+	if visionModel {
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(`\[img-(\d+)\]`)
+		parts = re.Split(prompt, -1)
+		matches = re.FindAllStringSubmatch(prompt, -1)
+	} else {
+		parts = []string{prompt}
+	}
+
+	var contexts contextList
+	runtime.AddCleanup(&contexts, func(ctxs []ml.Context) {
+		for _, ctx := range ctxs {
+			ctx.Close()
+		}
+	}, contexts.list)
+
+	postTokenize := false
 	for i, part := range parts {
 		// text - tokenize
-		tokens, err := s.model.(model.TextProcessor).Encode(part)
+		tokens, err := s.model.(model.TextProcessor).Encode(part, i == 0)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, nil, err
 		}
 
 		for _, t := range tokens {
-			inputs = append(inputs, input{token: t})
+			inputs = append(inputs, input.Input{Token: t})
 		}
 
 		// image - decode and store
@@ -183,19 +199,34 @@ func (s *Server) inputs(prompt string, images []ImageData) ([]input, error) {
 			}
 
 			if imageIndex < 0 {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid image index: %d", n)
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid image index: %d", n)
 			}
 
-			image, _, err := image.Decode(bytes.NewReader(images[imageIndex].Data))
+			ctx := s.model.Backend().NewContext()
+			contexts.list = append(contexts.list, ctx)
+			imageEmbeddings, err := multimodalProcessor.EncodeMultimodal(ctx, images[imageIndex].Data)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return nil, nil, err
 			}
 
-			inputs = append(inputs, input{image: image})
+			s.multimodalHash.Reset()
+			_, _ = s.multimodalHash.Write(images[imageIndex].Data)
+			imageHash := s.multimodalHash.Sum64()
+
+			inputs = append(inputs, input.Input{Multimodal: imageEmbeddings, MultimodalHash: imageHash})
+			postTokenize = true
 		}
 	}
 
-	return inputs, nil
+	if visionModel && postTokenize {
+		var err error
+		inputs, err = multimodalProcessor.PostTokenize(inputs)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return inputs, &contexts, nil
 }
 
 type Server struct {
@@ -207,7 +238,7 @@ type Server struct {
 	model model.Model
 
 	// status for external health reporting - loading, ready to serve, etc.
-	status ServerStatus
+	status llm.ServerStatus
 
 	// current progress on loading the model
 	progress float32
@@ -236,8 +267,15 @@ type Server struct {
 	// KV cache
 	cache *InputCache
 
-	// next sequence for prompt processing to avoid starvation
-	nextSeq int
+	// multimodalHash generates hashes for comparing equality
+	// of non-text data
+	multimodalHash maphash.Hash
+
+	// vocab is a llama.cpp vocab required for gammar-based
+	// constrained generation (json mode, structured outputs)
+	// TODO: this is temporary until Ollama sampling supports
+	// constrained generation
+	vocab *sample.Vocab
 }
 
 func (s *Server) allNil() bool {
@@ -310,72 +348,66 @@ func (s *Server) processBatch() error {
 	}
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 
-	var options model.Options
-	imgSeq := -1
-
-	seqIdx := s.nextSeq - 1
-	for range s.seqs {
-		seqIdx = (seqIdx + 1) % len(s.seqs)
-		seq := s.seqs[seqIdx]
+	var options input.Options
 
+	for i, seq := range s.seqs {
 		if seq == nil {
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// if past the num predict limit
 		if seq.numPredict > 0 && seq.numPredicted >= seq.numPredict {
-			s.removeSequence(seqIdx, "limit")
+			s.removeSequence(i, "limit")
 			continue
 		}
 
 		if !s.cache.enabled {
 			seq.inputs = append(seq.cache.Inputs, seq.inputs...)
-			seq.cache.Inputs = []input{}
+			seq.cache.Inputs = []input.Input{}
 		}
 
-		for i, input := range seq.inputs {
-			if int32(len(seq.cache.Inputs)+len(seq.pendingInputs)+1) > s.cache.numCtx {
-				if len(seq.pendingInputs) == 0 {
-					err := s.cache.ShiftCacheSlot(seq.cache, seq.numKeep)
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-				} else {
-					break
-				}
+		batchSize := s.batchSize
+
+		for j, inp := range seq.inputs {
+			// If we are required to put following inputs into a single batch then extend the
+			// batch size. Since we are only extending the size the minimum amount possible, this
+			// will cause a break if we have pending inputs.
+			minBatch := 1 + inp.SameBatch
+			if minBatch > batchSize {
+				batchSize = minBatch
 			}
 
-			if i >= s.batchSize {
+			if len(seq.pendingInputs)+minBatch > batchSize {
 				break
 			}
 
-			// TODO(jessegross): Image inputs need to be rethought - it's
-			// it doesn't work well for different types of models or multiple sequences
-			if input.image != nil {
-				if len(seq.pendingInputs) != len(options.Images) {
+			// If the sum of our working set (already processed tokens, tokens we added to this
+			// batch, required following tokens) exceeds the context size, then trigger a shift
+			// now so we don't have to do one later when we can't break the batch.
+			if int32(len(seq.cache.Inputs)+len(seq.pendingInputs)+minBatch) > s.cache.numCtx {
+				if len(seq.pendingInputs) != 0 {
 					break
 				}
 
-				if imgSeq != seqIdx && imgSeq != -1 {
-					s.nextSeq = seqIdx
-					break
+				err := s.cache.ShiftCacheSlot(seq.cache, seq.numKeep)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
-
-				imgSeq = seqIdx
-				options.Images = append(options.Images, input.image)
-				seq.pendingInputs = append(seq.pendingInputs, input)
-				continue
 			}
 
-			options.Inputs = append(options.Inputs, input.token)
+			options.Inputs = append(options.Inputs, inp.Token)
+			if inp.Multimodal != nil {
+				options.Multimodal = append(options.Multimodal, input.MultimodalIndex{Index: len(options.Inputs) - 1, Multimodal: inp.Multimodal})
+			}
+
 			options.Positions = append(options.Positions, int32(len(seq.cache.Inputs)+len(seq.pendingInputs)))
 			options.Sequences = append(options.Sequences, seq.cache.Id)
 
 			seq.iBatch = len(options.Outputs)
-			if i+1 == len(seq.inputs) {
+			if j+1 == len(seq.inputs) {
 				options.Outputs = append(options.Outputs, int32(len(options.Inputs)-1))
 			}
-			seq.pendingInputs = append(seq.pendingInputs, input)
+			seq.pendingInputs = append(seq.pendingInputs, inp)
 		}
 
 		seq.inputs = seq.inputs[len(seq.pendingInputs):]
@@ -403,7 +435,7 @@ func (s *Server) processBatch() error {
 		// After calling Forward, pending inputs are now in the cache
 		if len(seq.pendingInputs) > 0 {
 			seq.cache.Inputs = append(seq.cache.Inputs, seq.pendingInputs...)
-			seq.pendingInputs = []input{}
+			seq.pendingInputs = []input.Input{}
 		}
 
 		// don't sample prompt processing
@@ -422,6 +454,7 @@ func (s *Server) processBatch() error {
 		// if done processing the prompt, generate an embedding and return
 		if seq.embeddingOnly {
 			// TODO(jessegross): Embedding support
+			slog.Warn("generation of embedding outputs not yet supported")
 			s.removeSequence(i, "")
 			continue
 		}
@@ -449,7 +482,7 @@ func (s *Server) processBatch() error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		seq.inputs = []input{{token: token}}
+		seq.inputs = []input.Input{{Token: token}}
 
 		seq.pendingResponses = append(seq.pendingResponses, piece)
 		sequence := strings.Join(seq.pendingResponses, "")
@@ -496,75 +529,18 @@ func (s *Server) processBatch() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// TODO (jmorganca): use structs from the api package to avoid duplication
-// this way the api acts as a proxy instead of using a different api for the
-// runner
-type Options struct {
-	api.Runner
-
-	NumKeep          int      `json:"n_keep"`
-	Seed             int      `json:"seed"`
-	NumPredict       int      `json:"n_predict"`
-	TopK             int      `json:"top_k"`
-	TopP             float32  `json:"top_p"`
-	MinP             float32  `json:"min_p"`
-	TypicalP         float32  `json:"typical_p"`
-	RepeatLastN      int      `json:"repeat_last_n"`
-	Temperature      float32  `json:"temperature"`
-	RepeatPenalty    float32  `json:"repeat_penalty"`
-	PresencePenalty  float32  `json:"presence_penalty"`
-	FrequencyPenalty float32  `json:"frequency_penalty"`
-	Mirostat         int      `json:"mirostat"`
-	MirostatTau      float32  `json:"mirostat_tau"`
-	MirostatEta      float32  `json:"mirostat_eta"`
-	Stop             []string `json:"stop"`
-}
-
-type ImageData struct {
-	Data          []byte `json:"data"`
-	ID            int    `json:"id"`
-	AspectRatioID int    `json:"aspect_ratio_id"`
-}
-
-type CompletionRequest struct {
-	Prompt      string      `json:"prompt"`
-	Images      []ImageData `json:"image_data"`
-	Grammar     string      `json:"grammar"`
-	CachePrompt bool        `json:"cache_prompt"`
-
-	Options
-}
-
-type Timings struct {
-	PredictedN  int     `json:"predicted_n"`
-	PredictedMS float64 `json:"predicted_ms"`
-	PromptN     int     `json:"prompt_n"`
-	PromptMS    float64 `json:"prompt_ms"`
-}
-
-type CompletionResponse struct {
-	Content string `json:"content"`
-	Stop    bool   `json:"stop"`
-
-	Model        string  `json:"model,omitempty"`
-	Prompt       string  `json:"prompt,omitempty"`
-	StoppedLimit bool    `json:"stopped_limit,omitempty"`
-	PredictedN   int     `json:"predicted_n,omitempty"`
-	PredictedMS  float64 `json:"predicted_ms,omitempty"`
-	PromptN      int     `json:"prompt_n,omitempty"`
-	PromptMS     float64 `json:"prompt_ms,omitempty"`
-
-	Timings Timings `json:"timings"`
-}
-
 func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	var req CompletionRequest
-	req.Options = Options(api.DefaultOptions())
+	var req llm.CompletionRequest
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, "Bad request", http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
 	}
 
+	if req.Options == nil {
+		opts := api.DefaultOptions()
+		req.Options = &opts
+	}
+
 	// Set the headers to indicate streaming
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	w.Header().Set("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked")
@@ -575,11 +551,30 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	var grammar *sample.Grammar
+	var err error
+	if req.Grammar != "" {
+		grammar, err = sample.NewGrammar(s.vocab, req.Grammar)
+		if err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, "failed to load model vocabulary required for format", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	sampler := sample.NewSampler(
+		req.Options.Temperature,
+		req.Options.TopK,
+		req.Options.TopP,
+		req.Options.MinP,
+		req.Options.Seed,
+		grammar,
+	)
+
 	seq, err := s.NewSequence(req.Prompt, req.Images, NewSequenceParams{
-		numPredict: req.NumPredict,
-		stop:       req.Stop,
-		numKeep:    int32(req.NumKeep),
-		sampler:    sample.Greedy(), // TODO: add support for different samplers when performance is optimized
+		numPredict: req.Options.NumPredict,
+		stop:       req.Options.Stop,
+		numKeep:    int32(req.Options.NumKeep),
+		sampler:    sampler,
 		embedding:  false,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -601,7 +596,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	found := false
 	for i, sq := range s.seqs {
 		if sq == nil {
-			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs, req.CachePrompt)
+			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs)
 			if err != nil {
 				s.mu.Unlock()
 				http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load cache: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -628,7 +623,7 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			return
 		case content, ok := <-seq.responses:
 			if ok {
-				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&CompletionResponse{
+				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.CompletionResponse{
 					Content: content,
 				}); err != nil {
 					http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -639,15 +634,17 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 				flusher.Flush()
 			} else {
 				// Send the final response
-				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&CompletionResponse{
-					Stop:         true,
-					StoppedLimit: seq.doneReason == "limit",
-					Timings: Timings{
-						PromptN:     seq.numPromptInputs,
-						PromptMS:    float64(seq.startGenerationTime.Sub(seq.startProcessingTime).Milliseconds()),
-						PredictedN:  seq.numPredicted,
-						PredictedMS: float64(time.Since(seq.startGenerationTime).Milliseconds()),
-					},
+				doneReason := "stop"
+				if seq.doneReason == "limit" {
+					doneReason = "length"
+				}
+				if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.CompletionResponse{
+					Done:               true,
+					DoneReason:         doneReason,
+					PromptEvalCount:    seq.numPromptInputs,
+					PromptEvalDuration: seq.startGenerationTime.Sub(seq.startProcessingTime),
+					EvalCount:          seq.numPredicted,
+					EvalDuration:       time.Since(seq.startGenerationTime),
 				}); err != nil {
 					http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode final response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
 				}
@@ -658,102 +655,10 @@ func (s *Server) completion(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 }
 
-type EmbeddingRequest struct {
-	Content     string `json:"content"`
-	CachePrompt bool   `json:"cache_prompt"`
-}
-
-type EmbeddingResponse struct {
-	Embedding []float32 `json:"embedding"`
-}
-
-func (s *Server) embeddings(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	var req EmbeddingRequest
-	if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("bad request: %s", err), http.StatusBadRequest)
-		return
-	}
-
-	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-
-	slog.Debug("embedding request", "content", req.Content)
-
-	seq, err := s.NewSequence(req.Content, nil, NewSequenceParams{embedding: true})
-	if err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to create new sequence: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Ensure there is a place to put the sequence, released when removed from s.seqs
-	if err := s.seqsSem.Acquire(r.Context(), 1); err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
-			slog.Info("aborting embeddings request due to client closing the connection")
-		} else {
-			slog.Error("Failed to acquire semaphore", "error", err)
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	found := false
-	for i, sq := range s.seqs {
-		if sq == nil {
-			seq.cache, seq.inputs, err = s.cache.LoadCacheSlot(seq.inputs, req.CachePrompt)
-			if err != nil {
-				s.mu.Unlock()
-				http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to load cache: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-				return
-			}
-			s.seqs[i] = seq
-			s.cond.Signal()
-			found = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	s.mu.Unlock()
-
-	if !found {
-		http.Error(w, "could not find an available sequence", http.StatusInternalServerError)
-		return
-	}
-
-	embedding := <-seq.embedding
-
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&EmbeddingResponse{
-		Embedding: embedding,
-	}); err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-	}
-}
-
-type HealthResponse struct {
-	Status   string  `json:"status"`
-	Progress float32 `json:"progress"`
-}
-
-type ServerStatus int
-
-const (
-	ServerStatusReady ServerStatus = iota
-	ServerStatusLoadingModel
-	ServerStatusError
-)
-
-func (s ServerStatus) ToString() string {
-	switch s {
-	case ServerStatusReady:
-		return "ok"
-	case ServerStatusLoadingModel:
-		return "loading model"
-	default:
-		return "server error"
-	}
-}
-
 func (s *Server) health(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&HealthResponse{
-		Status:   s.status.ToString(),
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(&llm.ServerStatusResponse{
+		Status:   s.status,
 		Progress: s.progress,
 	}); err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("failed to encode response: %v", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -786,7 +691,7 @@ func (s *Server) loadModel(
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	slog.Info("system", "info", s.model.Backend().SystemInfo(), "threads", params.NumThreads)
+	s.vocab = sample.NewVocab(mpath)
 
 	// TODO(jessegross): LoRA loading
 	if lpath.String() != "" {
@@ -807,7 +712,7 @@ func (s *Server) loadModel(
 	s.seqs = make([]*Sequence, s.parallel)
 	s.seqsSem = semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(s.parallel))
 
-	s.status = ServerStatusReady
+	s.status = llm.ServerStatusReady
 	s.ready.Done()
 }
 
@@ -859,7 +764,7 @@ func Execute(args []string) error {
 
 	server := &Server{
 		batchSize: *batchSize,
-		status:    ServerStatusLoadingModel,
+		status:    llm.ServerStatusLoadingModel,
 	}
 
 	// TODO(jessegross): Parameters that need to be implemented:
@@ -903,9 +808,13 @@ func Execute(args []string) error {
 	defer listener.Close()
 
 	mux := http.NewServeMux()
-	mux.HandleFunc("/embedding", server.embeddings)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/completion", server.completion)
-	mux.HandleFunc("/health", server.health)
+	// TODO: support embeddings
+	mux.HandleFunc("POST /embedding", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		http.Error(w, "this model does not support embeddings", http.StatusNotImplemented)
+	})
+
+	mux.HandleFunc("POST /completion", server.completion)
+	mux.HandleFunc("GET /health", server.health)
 
 	httpServer := http.Server{
 		Handler: mux,

sample/samplers.go

@@ -3,118 +3,224 @@ package sample
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"math"
+	"math/rand/v2"
+	"slices"
+	"sync"
 
-	"golang.org/x/exp/rand"
-	"gonum.org/v1/gonum/stat/sampleuv"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llama"
 )
 
-type Sampler interface {
-	Sample([]float32) (int32, error)
+// token represents information about a single token during sampling
+type token struct {
+	id    int32   // The token's unique identifier
+	value float32 // The raw logit or probability from the model
 }
 
-type weighted struct {
-	src        rand.Source
-	transforms []Transform
+type Sampler struct {
+	rng         *rand.Rand
+	topK        int
+	topP        float32
+	minP        float32
+	temperature float32
+	grammar     *Grammar
 }
 
-// TODO(parthsareen): remove uv sample dependency https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/9279
-func Weighted(seed *uint64, transforms ...Transform) Sampler {
-	var src rand.Source
-	if seed != nil {
-		src = rand.NewSource(*seed)
-	}
-	return weighted{src: src, transforms: transforms}
-}
-
-func (s weighted) Sample(logits []float32) (int32, error) {
-	logits64 := make([]float64, len(logits))
-	for i, v := range logits {
-		logits64[i] = float64(v)
-	}
-
-	for _, t := range s.transforms {
-		logits64 = t.Apply(logits64)
-	}
-
-	logitsCopy := make([]float64, 0, len(logits))
-	indices := make([]int, 0, len(logits))
-	for i, logit := range logits64 {
-		if !math.IsInf(logit, -1) {
-			logitsCopy = append(logitsCopy, logit)
-			indices = append(indices, i)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if len(logitsCopy) == 0 {
-		return -1, errors.New("no valid logits found for weighed sampling")
-	}
-
-	probs := softmax(logitsCopy)
-	w := sampleuv.NewWeighted(probs, s.src)
-	if idx, ok := w.Take(); ok {
-		return int32(indices[idx]), nil
-	}
-	return -1, errors.New("weighted sampler failed, no valid token found")
-}
-
-type greedy struct{}
-
-func Greedy() Sampler {
-	return greedy{}
-}
-
-// Sample returns the index of the maximum value in logits.
-func (s greedy) Sample(logits []float32) (int32, error) {
-	if len(logits) == 0 {
-		return -1, errors.New("no logits provided for greedy sampling")
-	}
-
-	maxIdx := 0
+func (s *Sampler) Sample(logits []float32) (int32, error) {
+	tokens := make([]token, len(logits))
 	for i := range logits {
-		if logits[i] > logits[maxIdx] {
-			maxIdx = i
+		tokens[i].id = int32(i)
+		tokens[i].value = logits[i]
+	}
+
+	t, err := s.sample(tokens)
+	if err != nil {
+		return -1, err
+	}
+
+	if s.grammar != nil {
+		// optimization: first check if the max logit is accepted by the grammar
+		// if the max logit is rejected, apply the grammar to all logits (slower)
+		top := []token{t}
+		s.grammar.Apply(top)
+		if !math.IsInf(float64(top[0].value), -1) {
+			s.grammar.Accept(top[0].id)
+			return top[0].id, nil
+		}
+
+		// since .sample has side effects of modifying the tokens
+		// we need to reset them before applying the grammar and
+		// sampling again
+		for i := range logits {
+			tokens[i].id = int32(i)
+			tokens[i].value = logits[i]
+		}
+		s.grammar.Apply(tokens)
+		t, err = s.sample(tokens)
+		if err != nil {
+			return -1, err
+		}
+		s.grammar.Accept(t.id)
+	}
+
+	return t.id, nil
+}
+
+// greedy returns the highest probability token from the tokens
+func greedy(tokens []token) token {
+	max := tokens[0]
+	for i := 1; i < len(tokens); i++ {
+		if tokens[i].value > max.value {
+			max = tokens[i]
 		}
 	}
 
-	return int32(maxIdx), nil
+	return max
+}
+
+// sample returns the highest probability token from the tokens
+// given sampler parameters. It also has side effects of modifying the tokens
+func (s *Sampler) sample(tokens []token) (token, error) {
+	if s.temperature == 0 {
+		return greedy(tokens), nil
+	}
+
+	// topK also sorts the tokens in descending order of logits
+	tokens = topK(tokens, s.topK)
+
+	// scale and normalize the tokens in place
+	temperature(tokens, s.temperature)
+	softmax(tokens)
+
+	tokens = topP(tokens, s.topP)
+	tokens = minP(tokens, s.minP)
+
+	// TODO: this should fall back to greedy sampling
+	// or topP, topK values etc should be such that
+	// there are always tokens to sample from
+	if len(tokens) == 0 {
+		return token{}, errors.New("no tokens to sample from")
+	}
+
+	var r float32
+	if s.rng != nil {
+		r = s.rng.Float32()
+	} else {
+		r = rand.Float32()
+	}
+
+	// Calculate cumulative sum of probabilities
+	var sum float32
+	for i := range tokens {
+		sum += tokens[i].value
+		tokens[i].value = sum
+	}
+	r *= tokens[len(tokens)-1].value
+
+	idx, _ := slices.BinarySearchFunc(tokens, r, func(token token, target float32) int {
+		if token.value < target {
+			return -1
+		}
+		return 1
+	})
+
+	return tokens[idx], nil
 }
 
 // TODO(parthsareen): update sampler interface to use json unmarshal https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues/9278
-func NewSampler(temperature float32, topK int, topP float32, minP float32, seed int) (Sampler, error) {
-	if temperature == 0 {
-		return Greedy(), nil
+func NewSampler(temperature float32, topK int, topP float32, minP float32, seed int, grammar *Grammar) Sampler {
+	var rng *rand.Rand
+	if seed != -1 {
+		// PCG requires two parameters: sequence and stream
+		// Use original seed for sequence
+		sequence := uint64(seed)
+		// Use golden ratio hash to generate statistically independent seeds
+		rng = rand.New(rand.NewPCG(sequence, sequence^0x9E3779B9))
+	}
+	if temperature < 0.0 {
+		temperature = 0.0
 	}
 
-	if temperature < 0 || temperature > 2 {
-		return nil, errors.New("temperature must be between 0 and 2")
+	if topP < 0.0 {
+		topP = 0.0
+	}
+	if topP >= 1.0 {
+		topP = 1.0
 	}
 
-	transforms := []Transform{Temperature(temperature)}
-
-	if topK != 0 {
-		if topK <= 0 {
-			return nil, errors.New("topK must be greater than 0")
-		}
-		transforms = append(transforms, TopK(topK))
+	if minP < 0.0 {
+		minP = 0.0
+	}
+	if minP >= 1.0 {
+		minP = 1.0
 	}
 
-	if topP != 0 {
-		if topP < 0 || topP >= 1 {
-			return nil, errors.New("topP must be between 0 and 1")
-		}
-		transforms = append(transforms, TopP(topP))
+	return Sampler{
+		rng:         rng,
+		topK:        topK,
+		topP:        topP,
+		minP:        minP,
+		temperature: temperature,
+		grammar:     grammar,
 	}
-
-	if minP != 0 {
-		if minP < 0 || minP >= 1 {
-			return nil, errors.New("minP must be between 0 and 1")
-		}
-		transforms = append(transforms, MinP(minP))
-	}
-
-	if seed >= 0 {
-		seed64 := uint64(seed)
-		return Weighted(&seed64, transforms...), nil
-	}
-	return Weighted(nil, transforms...), nil
+}
+
+type Grammar struct {
+	vocab   *Vocab
+	grammar string
+	sampler *llama.Sampler
+}
+
+func NewGrammar(vocab *Vocab, grammar string) (*Grammar, error) {
+	v, err := vocab.Load()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Grammar{
+		vocab:   vocab,
+		grammar: grammar,
+		sampler: llama.NewGrammarSampler(v, grammar),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (g *Grammar) Apply(tokens []token) {
+	tds := make([]llama.TokenData, len(tokens))
+	for i, token := range tokens {
+		tds[i].Id = token.id
+		tds[i].Logit = token.value
+	}
+
+	g.sampler.Apply(tds)
+
+	for i := range tokens {
+		tokens[i].value = tds[i].Logit
+	}
+}
+
+func (g *Grammar) Accept(token int32) {
+	g.sampler.Accept(token)
+}
+
+type Vocab struct {
+	once  sync.Once
+	vocab *llama.Vocab
+	err   error
+	path  string
+}
+
+func NewVocab(path string) *Vocab {
+	return &Vocab{path: path}
+}
+
+// Load returns the lazily-loaded vocabulary
+func (v *Vocab) Load() (*llama.Vocab, error) {
+	v.once.Do(func() {
+		vocab, err := llama.LoadVocabFromFile(v.path)
+		if err != nil {
+			v.err = err
+			return
+		}
+		v.vocab = vocab
+	})
+	return v.vocab, v.err
 }

sample/samplers_benchmark_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package sample
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func BenchmarkWeightedSampler(b *testing.B) {
+	sizes := []int{10, 100, 1000, 10000}
+
+	for _, size := range sizes {
+		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Size %d", size), func(b *testing.B) {
+			logits := make([]float32, size)
+			for i := range logits {
+				logits[i] = float32(rand.Float64()*10 - 5)
+			}
+
+			sampler := NewSampler(0.8, 0, 0, 0, 42, nil)
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			for b.Loop() {
+				sampler.Sample(logits)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	configs := []struct {
+		name        string
+		temperature float32
+		topK        int
+		topP        float32
+		minP        float32
+		seed        int
+	}{
+		{"Greedy", 0, -1, 0, 0, -1},
+		{"Temperature", 0.8, -1, 0, 0, -1},
+		{"TopK", 0.8, 50, 0, 0, -1},
+		{"TopP", 0.8, -1, 0.9, 0, -1},
+		{"MinP", 0.8, -1, 0, 0.05, -1},
+		{"WithSeed", 0.8, 50, 0, 0, 42},
+	}
+
+	// Fixed size for common vocab size
+	size := 128000
+	logits := make([]float32, size)
+	for i := range logits {
+		logits[i] = float32(rand.Float64()*10 - 5)
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range configs {
+		b.Run("Config"+tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			sampler := NewSampler(tc.temperature, tc.topK, tc.topP, tc.minP, tc.seed, nil)
+			sampler.Sample(logits)
+
+			b.ResetTimer()
+
+			for b.Loop() {
+				sampler.Sample(logits)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Test with combined transforms separately - topK influences performance greatly
+	b.Run("TransformCombined", func(b *testing.B) {
+		sampler := NewSampler(0.8, 50, 0.9, 0.05, 42, nil)
+		b.ResetTimer()
+
+		for b.Loop() {
+			sampler.Sample(logits)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkGreedySampler(b *testing.B) {
+	sizes := []int{10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000}
+
+	for _, size := range sizes {
+		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Size %d", size), func(b *testing.B) {
+			logits := make([]float32, size)
+			for i := range logits {
+				logits[i] = float32(rand.Float64()*10 - 5)
+			}
+
+			sampler := NewSampler(0, -1, 0, 0, -1, nil)
+			b.ResetTimer()
+
+			for b.Loop() {
+				sampler.Sample(logits)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

sample/samplers_test.go

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 package sample
 
 import (
-	"math"
 	"math/rand/v2"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 )
 
 func TestWeighted(t *testing.T) {
-	got, err := Weighted(nil).Sample([]float32{float32(math.Inf(-1)), 2, float32(math.Inf(-1)), float32(math.Inf(-1))})
+	logits := []float32{-10, 3, -10, -10}
+	sampler := NewSampler(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, nil)
+	got, err := sampler.Sample(logits)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 		return
@@ -19,194 +18,26 @@ func TestWeighted(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("index mismatch: want %d, got %d", want, got)
 	}
 
-	got, err = Weighted(nil).Sample([]float32{float32(math.Inf(-1)), float32(math.Inf(-1)), float32(math.Inf(-1))})
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Error("expected error for no valid tokens, got index", got)
-	}
-
-	seed := uint64(42)
-	got, err = Weighted(&seed).Sample([]float32{1, 2, 3, 4})
+	logits = []float32{-100, -10, 0, 10}
+	sampler = NewSampler(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, nil)
+	got, err = sampler.Sample(logits)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 		return
 	}
-	// With seed 42, we expect a consistent sample
-	want = int32(3) // This will be deterministic due to the seed
+	want = int32(3) // Should pick highest probability with this r value
 	if want != got {
 		t.Errorf("index mismatch: want %d, got %d", want, got)
 	}
 }
 
-type testTransform struct {
-	id        int
-	callOrder *[]int
-}
-
-func (ts *testTransform) Apply(logits []float64) []float64 {
-	if ts.callOrder != nil {
-		*ts.callOrder = append(*ts.callOrder, ts.id)
-	}
-	return logits
-}
-
-func TestSample(t *testing.T) {
-	input := []float32{1, 2, 3, 4}
-
-	var callOrder []int
-	mock1 := &testTransform{
-		id:        1,
-		callOrder: &callOrder,
-	}
-	mock2 := &testTransform{
-		id:        2,
-		callOrder: &callOrder,
-	}
-	mock3 := &testTransform{
-		id:        3,
-		callOrder: &callOrder,
-	}
-
-	_, err := Weighted(nil, mock1, mock2, mock3).Sample(input)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Error(err)
-		return
-	}
-	wantOrder := []int{1, 2, 3}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(wantOrder, callOrder); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("call order mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNewSampler(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		name        string
-		temperature float32
-		topK        int
-		topP        float32
-		minP        float32
-		seed        int
-		wantErr     bool
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "no transforms",
-			// temperature is 0, so greedy should be used
-			wantErr: false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "temperature",
-			temperature: 0.5,
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid temperature negative",
-			temperature: -1,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid temperature too high",
-			temperature: 2.1,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "top k",
-			topK:        10,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid top k negative",
-			topK:        -1,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "top p",
-			topP:        0.9,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid top p negative",
-			topP:        -0.1,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid top p one",
-			topP:        1.0,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "min p",
-			minP:        0.2,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid min p negative",
-			minP:        -0.1,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "invalid min p one",
-			minP:        1.0,
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			wantErr:     true,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "default values",
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			topK:        40,
-			topP:        0.9,
-			minP:        0.0,
-			seed:        0,
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "all zeroes",
-			temperature: 0.0,
-			topK:        0,
-			topP:        0.0,
-			minP:        0.0,
-			seed:        0,
-			wantErr:     false, // all zeroes means no transforms
-		},
-		{
-			name:        "all transforms",
-			temperature: 0.8,
-			topK:        50,
-			topP:        0.95,
-			minP:        0.1,
-			seed:        42,
-			wantErr:     false,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			_, err := NewSampler(tt.temperature, tt.topK, tt.topP, tt.minP, tt.seed)
-			if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
-				t.Errorf("NewSampler() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func BenchmarkSample(b *testing.B) {
-	transforms := []Transform{
-		Temperature(0.5),
-		TopK(10),
-		TopP(0.9),
-		MinP(0.2),
-	}
-
 	samplers := map[string]Sampler{
-		"Greedy":   Greedy(),
-		"Weighted": Weighted(nil, transforms...),
+		"Greedy":   NewSampler(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, nil), // Use NewSampler with temp=0 for greedy
+		"Weighted": NewSampler(0.5, 10, 0.9, 0.2, -1, nil),
 	}
 
+	// Generate random logits for benchmarking
 	logits := make([]float32, 1<<16)
 	for i := range logits {
 		logits[i] = rand.Float32()
@@ -215,9 +46,9 @@ func BenchmarkSample(b *testing.B) {
 	for name, s := range samplers {
 		b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
 			b.ResetTimer()
-			for range b.N {
+			for b.Loop() {
 				if _, err := s.Sample(logits); err != nil {
-					b.Error(err)
+					b.Fatalf("error sampling: %v", err)
 				}
 			}
 		})

sample/transforms.go

@@ -1,120 +1,130 @@
 package sample
 
 import (
-	"cmp"
+	"container/heap"
 	"math"
 	"slices"
-
-	pq "github.com/emirpasic/gods/v2/queues/priorityqueue"
 )
 
-type Transform interface {
-	Apply([]float64) []float64
+// tokenHeap implements heap.Interface and holds tokens as a min-heap to track k largest elements
+type tokenHeap []token
+
+func (h tokenHeap) Len() int           { return len(h) }
+func (h tokenHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { return h[i].value < h[j].value }
+func (h tokenHeap) Swap(i, j int)      { h[i], h[j] = h[j], h[i] }
+
+func (h *tokenHeap) Push(x any) {
+	*h = append(*h, x.(token))
 }
 
-// TODO(parthsareen): potentially cache softmax values
-func softmax(logits []float64) []float64 {
-	var sum float64
-	probs := make([]float64, len(logits))
-	for i, v := range logits {
-		probs[i] = math.Exp(v)
-		sum += probs[i]
-	}
-
-	for i := range probs {
-		probs[i] /= sum
-	}
-
-	return probs
+func (h *tokenHeap) Pop() any {
+	old := *h
+	n := len(old)
+	x := old[n-1]
+	*h = old[0 : n-1]
+	return x
 }
 
-type Temperature float64
-
-func (t Temperature) Apply(logits []float64) []float64 {
-	temp := math.Max(float64(t), 1e-7)
-
-	// subtracting max logit to avoid under/overflow
-	maxLogit := slices.Max(logits)
-	for i := range logits {
-		logits[i] = (logits[i] - maxLogit) / temp
+// temperature applies scaling to the logits
+func temperature(ts []token, temp float32) {
+	// Ensure temperature clipping near 0 to avoid numerical instability
+	temp = max(temp, 1e-7)
+	for i := range ts {
+		ts[i].value = ts[i].value / temp
 	}
-
-	return logits
 }
 
-type logitMap struct {
-	index int
-	logit float64
-}
-
-type TopK int
-
-// TODO(parthsareen): avoid having to check all logits after this transform
-func (k TopK) Apply(logits []float64) []float64 {
-	if int(k) >= len(logits) {
-		return logits
-	}
-	q := pq.NewWith(func(a, b logitMap) int {
-		return -cmp.Compare(a.logit, b.logit)
-	})
-
-	for i, logit := range logits {
-		q.Enqueue(logitMap{index: i, logit: logit})
-	}
-
-	validLogits := make(map[int]float64)
-	for range k {
-		logitMap, _ := q.Dequeue()
-		validLogits[logitMap.index] = logitMap.logit
-	}
-
-	for i := range logits {
-		if _, ok := validLogits[i]; !ok {
-			logits[i] = math.Inf(-1)
+// softmax applies normalization to the logits
+func softmax(ts []token) {
+	// Find max logit for numerical stability
+	maxLogit := float32(math.Inf(-1))
+	for _, t := range ts {
+		if t.value > maxLogit {
+			maxLogit = t.value
 		}
 	}
 
-	return logits
-}
-
-type TopP float64
-
-func (p TopP) Apply(logits []float64) []float64 {
-	probs := softmax(logits)
-	indices := make([]int, len(probs))
-	for i := range indices {
-		indices[i] = i
+	// Compute exp(x - max)
+	var sum float32
+	for i, v := range ts {
+		ts[i].value = float32(math.Exp(float64(v.value - maxLogit)))
+		sum += ts[i].value
 	}
 
-	// sort in descending order
-	slices.SortFunc(indices, func(i, j int) int {
-		return cmp.Compare(probs[j], probs[i])
-	})
+	// exp(x - max) / sum(exp(x - max))
+	for i := range ts {
+		ts[i].value /= sum
+	}
+}
 
-	var sum float64
-	for i, idx := range indices {
-		sum += probs[idx]
-		if sum > float64(p) {
-			for _, idx := range indices[i+1:] {
-				logits[idx] = math.Inf(-1)
+// topK limits the number of tokens considered to the k highest logits
+func topK(ts []token, k int) []token {
+	if k >= len(ts) || k <= 0 {
+		slices.SortFunc(ts, func(a, b token) int {
+			switch {
+			case a.value < b.value:
+				return 1
+			case a.value > b.value:
+				return -1
+			default:
+				return 0
 			}
-			break
-		}
+		})
+		return ts
 	}
-	return logits
-}
 
-type MinP float64
+	// Initialize min-heap with first k elements
+	h := make(tokenHeap, k)
+	copy(h, ts[:k])
+	heap.Init(&h)
 
-func (p MinP) Apply(logits []float64) []float64 {
-	probs := softmax(logits)
-	threshold := slices.Max(probs) * float64(p)
-
-	for i, prob := range probs {
-		if prob < threshold {
-			logits[i] = math.Inf(-1)
+	// Process remaining elements
+	for i := k; i < len(ts); i++ {
+		if ts[i].value > h[0].value {
+			heap.Pop(&h)
+			heap.Push(&h, ts[i])
 		}
 	}
 
-	return logits
+	// Convert heap to sorted slice in descending order
+	result := make([]token, len(h))
+	for i := k - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		result[i] = heap.Pop(&h).(token)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// topP limits tokens to those with cumulative probability p
+// requires ts to be sorted in descending order of probabilities
+func topP(ts []token, p float32) []token {
+	if p == 1.0 {
+		return ts
+	}
+
+	// Find cutoff index where cumulative sum exceeds p
+	var sum float32
+	for i, t := range ts {
+		sum += t.value
+		if sum > float32(p) {
+			return ts[:i+1]
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ts
+}
+
+// minP filters tokens with probabilities >= p * max_prob
+// requires ts to be sorted in descending order of probabilities
+func minP(ts []token, p float32) []token {
+	maxProb := ts[0].value
+
+	threshold := maxProb * p
+
+	for i, t := range ts {
+		if t.value < threshold {
+			return ts[:i]
+		}
+	}
+	return ts
 }

sample/transforms_test.go

@@ -4,77 +4,310 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"math/rand/v2"
 	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 )
 
-func TestTemperature(t *testing.T) {
-	got := Temperature(0.5).Apply([]float64{2, -1, 4, -3, 1, -2, 0})
-	want := []float64{-4, -10, 0, -14, -6, -12, -8}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("logits mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+// Helper to convert float32 slice to logit slice
+func toTokens(values []float32) []token {
+	tokens := make([]token, len(values))
+	for i, v := range values {
+		tokens[i] = token{
+			id:    int32(i),
+			value: v,
+		}
 	}
+	return tokens
+}
+
+// Helper to compare logit slices
+func compareLogits(t *testing.T, name string, want []float32, got []token) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if len(want) != len(got) {
+		t.Errorf("%s: length mismatch: want %d, got %d", name, len(want), len(got))
+		return
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if math.Abs(float64(got[i].value-want[i])) > 1e-6 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: index %d: want %f, got %f", name, i, want[i], got[i].value)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTemperature(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []float32{1.0, 4.0, -2.0, 0.0}
+	tokens := toTokens(input)
+	temperature(tokens, 0.5)
+	want := []float32{2.0, 8.0, -4.0, 0.0}
+	compareLogits(t, "temperature(0.5)", want, tokens)
+
+	input = []float32{1.0, 4.0, -2.0, 0.0}
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	temperature(tokens, 1.0)
+	want = []float32{1.0, 4.0, -2.0, 0.0}
+	compareLogits(t, "temperature(1)", want, tokens)
+
+	input = []float32{1.0, 4.0, -2.0, 0.0}
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	temperature(tokens, 0.0)
+	want = []float32{1e7, 4e7, -2e7, 0.0}
+	compareLogits(t, "temperature(0)", want, tokens)
 }
 
 func TestSoftmax(t *testing.T) {
-	got := softmax([]float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4})
-
-	want := []float64{0.000751406628089903, 0.0020425349829204676, 0.005552185728064613, 0.015092405572827691, 0.04102541181635154, 0.11151863144543739, 0.8240174238263085}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("probs mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestTopK(t *testing.T) {
-	got := TopK(3).Apply([]float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4})
-	want := []float64{math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), 1, 2, 4}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("logits mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    []float32
+		expected []float32
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "correctness softmax",
+			input:    []float32{1, -2, 3, 0},
+			expected: []float32{0.113550, 0.005653, 0.839024, 0.041773},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "normal distribution",
+			input: []float32{0.026986899, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.27755088, 0.0046718004, 0.08582123, 0.20409796, 0.00412893, 0.15720603, 0.045046154, 0.0030491839, 0.01681367},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single value",
+			input: []float32{1.0},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "identical values",
+			input: []float32{0.9, 0.9, 0.9},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "large values",
+			input: []float32{1000.0, 2000.0, 3000.0},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "small values",
+			input: []float32{1e-6, 2e-6, 3e-6},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "negative values",
+			input: []float32{-1.0, -2.0, -3.0},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "mixed values",
+			input: []float32{-100.0, 0.0, 100.0},
+		},
 	}
 
-	got = TopK(10).Apply([]float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4})
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tokens := toTokens(tt.input)
+			softmax(tokens)
 
-	want = []float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("logits mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-	}
-}
+			if tt.expected != nil {
+				compareLogits(t, tt.name, tt.expected, tokens)
+				return
+			}
 
-func TestTopP(t *testing.T) {
-	got := TopP(0.9).Apply([]float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4})
-	want := []float64{math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), 2, 4}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("logits mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMinP(t *testing.T) {
-	got := MinP(0.2).Apply([]float64{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 3})
-	want := []float64{math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1), 4, 3}
-	if diff := cmp.Diff(want, got); diff != "" {
-		t.Errorf("logits mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkTransform(b *testing.B) {
-	transforms := map[string]Transform{
-		"Temperature": Temperature(0.5),
-		"TopK":        TopK(10),
-		"TopP":        TopP(0.9),
-		"MinP":        MinP(0.2),
-	}
-
-	logits := make([]float64, 1<<16)
-	for i := range logits {
-		logits[i] = rand.Float64()
-	}
-
-	for name, transform := range transforms {
-		b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
-			b.ResetTimer()
-			for range b.N {
-				transform.Apply(logits)
+			// Check probabilities sum to 1
+			var sum float32
+			for _, token := range tokens {
+				sum += token.value
+				if token.value < 0 || token.value > 1 {
+					t.Errorf("probability out of range [0,1]: got %f", token.value)
+				}
+			}
+			if math.Abs(float64(sum-1.0)) > 1e-6 {
+				t.Errorf("probabilities don't sum to 1: got %f", sum)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTopK(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []float32{0.026986899, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.27755088, 0.0046718004, 0.08582123, 0.20409796, 0.00412893, 0.15720603, 0.045046154, 0.0030491839, 0.01681367}
+	tokens := toTokens(input)
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 5)
+	if len(tokens) != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("topK(5): wrong length: want 5, got %d", len(tokens))
+	}
+	want := []float32{0.27755088, 0.20409796, 0.15720603, 0.08582123, 0.045046154}
+	compareLogits(t, "topK(3)", want, tokens)
+
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 20)
+	if len(tokens) != len(input) {
+		t.Errorf("topK(20): wrong length: want %d, got %d", len(input), len(tokens))
+	}
+
+	input = []float32{0.026986899, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.27755088, 0.0046718004, 0.08582123, 0.20409796, 0.00412893, 0.15720603, 0.045046154, 0.0030491839, 0.01681367}
+	want = []float32{0.27755088, 0.20409796, 0.15720603, 0.08582123, 0.045046154, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.026986899, 0.01681367, 0.0046718004, 0.00412893, 0.0030491839}
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	tokens = topK(tokens, -1)
+	if len(tokens) != len(input) {
+		t.Errorf("topK(-1): wrong length: want %d, got %d", len(input), len(tokens))
+	}
+	compareLogits(t, "topK(-1)", want, tokens)
+
+	input = []float32{0.026986899, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.27755088, 0.0046718004, 0.08582123, 0.20409796, 0.00412893, 0.15720603, 0.045046154, 0.0030491839, 0.01681367}
+	want = []float32{0.27755088, 0.20409796, 0.15720603, 0.08582123, 0.045046154, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.026986899, 0.01681367, 0.0046718004, 0.00412893, 0.0030491839}
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 0)
+	if len(tokens) != len(input) {
+		t.Errorf("topK(-1): wrong length: want %d, got %d", len(input), len(tokens))
+	}
+	compareLogits(t, "topK(-1)", want, tokens)
+
+	input = []float32{-1e7, -2e7, -3e7, -4e7}
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 1)
+	if len(tokens) < 1 {
+		t.Error("topK should keep at least one token")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTopP(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []float32{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4}
+	tokens := toTokens(input)
+
+	// First apply temperature and softmax to get probabilities
+	softmax(tokens)
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 20)
+
+	// Then apply topP
+	tokens = topP(tokens, 0.95)
+
+	// Should keep tokens until cumsum > 0.95
+	if len(tokens) > 3 {
+		t.Errorf("topP(0.95): kept too many tokens: got %d", len(tokens))
+		t.Logf("got: %v", tokens)
+	}
+
+	// Test edge case - ensure at least one token remains
+	input = []float32{-1e6, -1e6, -1e6} // One dominant token
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	softmax(tokens)
+	tokens = topP(tokens, 0.0) // Very small p
+	if len(tokens) < 1 {
+		t.Error("topP should keep at least one token")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMinP(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []float32{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 3}
+	tokens := toTokens(input)
+
+	// First apply temperature and softmax
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 20)
+	softmax(tokens)
+
+	tokens = minP(tokens, 1.0)
+
+	if len(tokens) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("minP(1.0): should keep all tokens, got %d, want %d", len(tokens), len(tokens))
+	}
+
+	// Test with normal p value
+	tokens = toTokens(input) // Reset tokens
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 20)
+	softmax(tokens)
+	tokens = minP(tokens, 0.2)
+
+	// Should keep tokens with prob >= 0.2 * max_prob
+	if len(tokens) > 3 {
+		t.Errorf("minP(0.2): kept too many tokens: got %d", len(tokens))
+		t.Logf("got: %v", tokens)
+	}
+
+	// Test with zero p value
+	tokens = toTokens(input) // Reset tokens
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 20)
+	softmax(tokens)
+	tokens = minP(tokens, 0.0)
+
+	// Should keep only the highest probability token
+	if len(tokens) != len(input) {
+		t.Errorf("minP(0.0): should keep only one token, got %d", len(tokens))
+		t.Logf("got: %v", tokens)
+	}
+
+	input = []float32{1e-10, 1e-10, 1e-10}
+	tokens = toTokens(input)
+	softmax(tokens)
+	tokens = minP(tokens, 1.0)
+	if len(tokens) < 1 {
+		t.Error("minP should keep at least one token even with extreme probabilities")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSortLogits(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []float32{0.026986899, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.27755088, 0.0046718004, 0.08582123, 0.20409796, 0.00412893, 0.15720603, 0.045046154, 0.0030491839, 0.01681367}
+	tokens := toTokens(input)
+
+	tokens = topK(tokens, 20)
+
+	for i := 1; i < len(tokens); i++ {
+		if tokens[i].value > tokens[i-1].value {
+			t.Errorf("sortLogits: tokens not sorted in descending order at index %d: %f > %f",
+				i, tokens[i].value, tokens[i-1].value)
+		}
+	}
+
+	want := []float32{0.27755088, 0.20409796, 0.15720603, 0.08582123, 0.045046154, 0.043722924, 0.036774673, 0.026986899, 0.01681367, 0.0046718004, 0.00412893, 0.0030491839}
+	compareLogits(t, "sortLogits", want, tokens)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkTransforms(b *testing.B) {
+	// Generate random logits
+	tokens := make([]token, 1<<16)
+	for i := range tokens {
+		tokens[i] = token{
+			id:    int32(i),
+			value: rand.Float32(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	tokensCopy := make([]token, len(tokens))
+
+	b.Run("Temperature", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			copy(tokensCopy, tokens)
+			temperature(tokensCopy, 0.5)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("Softmax", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			copy(tokensCopy, tokens)
+			softmax(tokensCopy)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("TopK", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			copy(tokensCopy, tokens)
+			tokens = topK(tokensCopy, 10)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("TopP", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			copy(tokensCopy, tokens)
+			tokens = topP(tokensCopy, 0.9)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("MinP", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			copy(tokensCopy, tokens)
+			tokens = minP(tokensCopy, 0.2)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("SortTokens", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			copy(tokensCopy, tokens)
+			tokens = topK(tokensCopy, 200000)
+		}
+	})
+}

scripts/build_darwin.sh

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ usage() {
     exit 1
 }
 
-export VERSION=${VERSION:-$(git describe --tags --dirty)}
+export VERSION=${VERSION:-$(git describe --tags --first-parent --abbrev=7 --long --dirty --always | sed -e "s/^v//g")}
 export GOFLAGS="'-ldflags=-w -s \"-X=github.com/ollama/ollama/version.Version=${VERSION#v}\" \"-X=github.com/ollama/ollama/server.mode=release\"'"
 export CGO_CPPFLAGS='-mmacosx-version-min=11.3'
 

scripts/build_windows.ps1

@@ -80,13 +80,14 @@ function checkEnv() {
 
 
 function buildOllama() {
+    mkdir -Force -path "${script:DIST_DIR}\"
     if ($script:ARCH -ne "arm64") {
         Remove-Item -ea 0 -recurse -force -path "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}"
         New-Item "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\lib\ollama\" -ItemType Directory -ea 0
 
         & cmake --fresh --preset CPU --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR
         if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
-        & cmake --build --preset CPU --parallel $script:JOBS
+        & cmake --build --preset CPU  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
         if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
         & cmake --install build --component CPU --strip
         if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ function buildOllama() {
             # to avoid 2022 (or newer) from being used as the default
             & cmake --fresh --preset "CUDA 11" -G "Visual Studio 16 2019" --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
-            & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 11" --parallel $script:JOBS
+            & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 11"  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
             & cmake --install build --component "CUDA" --strip
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ function buildOllama() {
             write-host "Building CUDA v12 backend libraries"
             & cmake --fresh --preset "CUDA 12" --install-prefix $script:DIST_DIR
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
-            & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 12" --parallel $script:JOBS
+            & cmake --build --preset "CUDA 12"  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
             & cmake --install build --component "CUDA" --strip
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ function buildOllama() {
             $env:HIPCXX=""
             $env:HIP_PLATFORM=""
             $env:CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=""
-            & cmake --build --preset "ROCm" --parallel $script:JOBS
+            & cmake --build --preset "ROCm"  --config Release --parallel $script:JOBS
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
             & cmake --install build --component "HIP" --strip
             if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}

scripts/install.sh

@@ -77,11 +77,12 @@ if [ -d "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/lib/ollama" ] ; then
 fi
 status "Installing ollama to $OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
 $SUDO install -o0 -g0 -m755 -d $BINDIR
-$SUDO install -o0 -g0 -m755 -d "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+$SUDO install -o0 -g0 -m755 -d "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/lib/ollama"
 status "Downloading Linux ${ARCH} bundle"
 curl --fail --show-error --location --progress-bar \
     "https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-${ARCH}.tgz${VER_PARAM}" | \
     $SUDO tar -xzf - -C "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR"
+
 if [ "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/bin/ollama" != "$BINDIR/ollama" ] ; then
     status "Making ollama accessible in the PATH in $BINDIR"
     $SUDO ln -sf "$OLLAMA_INSTALL_DIR/ollama" "$BINDIR/ollama"

server/internal/cache/blob/cache.go

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ func debugger(err *error) func(step string) {
 // be in either of the following forms:
 //
 //	@<digest>
-//	<name>
+//	<name>@<digest>
 //	<name>
 //
 // If a digest is provided, it is returned as is and nothing else happens.
@@ -160,8 +160,6 @@ func debugger(err *error) func(step string) {
 // hashed is passed to a PutBytes call to ensure that the manifest is in the
 // blob store. This is done to ensure that future calls to [Get] succeed in
 // these cases.
-//
-// TODO(bmizerany): Move Links/Resolve/etc. out of this package.
 func (c *DiskCache) Resolve(name string) (Digest, error) {
 	name, digest := splitNameDigest(name)
 	if digest != "" {
@@ -279,18 +277,6 @@ func (c *DiskCache) Get(d Digest) (Entry, error) {
 // It returns an error if either the name or digest is invalid, or if link
 // creation encounters any issues.
 func (c *DiskCache) Link(name string, d Digest) error {
-	// TODO(bmizerany): Move link handling from cache to registry.
-	//
-	// We originally placed links in the cache due to its storage
-	// knowledge. However, the registry likely offers better context for
-	// naming concerns, and our API design shouldn't be tightly coupled to
-	// our on-disk format.
-	//
-	// Links work effectively when independent from physical location -
-	// they can reference content with matching SHA regardless of storage
-	// location. In an upcoming change, we plan to shift this
-	// responsibility to the registry where it better aligns with the
-	// system's conceptual model.
 	manifest, err := c.manifestPath(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -341,7 +327,9 @@ func (c *DiskCache) GetFile(d Digest) string {
 	return absJoin(c.dir, "blobs", filename)
 }
 
-// Links returns a sequence of links in the cache in lexical order.
+// Links returns a sequence of link names. The sequence is in lexical order.
+// Names are converted from their relative path form to their name form but are
+// not guaranteed to be valid. Callers should validate the names before using.
 func (c *DiskCache) Links() iter.Seq2[string, error] {
 	return func(yield func(string, error) bool) {
 		for path, err := range c.links() {
@@ -414,12 +402,14 @@ func (c *DiskCache) links() iter.Seq2[string, error] {
 }
 
 type checkWriter struct {
-	d    Digest
 	size int64
-	n    int64
-	h    hash.Hash
+	d    Digest
 	f    *os.File
-	err  error
+	h    hash.Hash
+
+	w   io.Writer // underlying writer; set by creator
+	n   int64
+	err error
 
 	testHookBeforeFinalWrite func(*os.File)
 }
@@ -435,6 +425,10 @@ func (w *checkWriter) seterr(err error) error {
 // underlying writer is guaranteed to be the last byte of p as verified by the
 // hash.
 func (w *checkWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if w.err != nil {
+		return 0, w.err
+	}
+
 	_, err := w.h.Write(p)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, w.seterr(err)
@@ -453,7 +447,7 @@ func (w *checkWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	if nextSize > w.size {
 		return 0, w.seterr(fmt.Errorf("content exceeds expected size: %d > %d", nextSize, w.size))
 	}
-	n, err := w.f.Write(p)
+	n, err := w.w.Write(p)
 	w.n += int64(n)
 	return n, w.seterr(err)
 }
@@ -493,10 +487,12 @@ func (c *DiskCache) copyNamedFile(name string, file io.Reader, out Digest, size
 
 	// Copy file to f, but also into h to double-check hash.
 	cw := &checkWriter{
-		d:                        out,
-		size:                     size,
-		h:                        sha256.New(),
-		f:                        f,
+		d:    out,
+		size: size,
+		h:    sha256.New(),
+		f:    f,
+		w:    f,
+
 		testHookBeforeFinalWrite: c.testHookBeforeFinalWrite,
 	}
 	n, err := io.Copy(cw, file)
@@ -532,11 +528,6 @@ func splitNameDigest(s string) (name, digest string) {
 var errInvalidName = errors.New("invalid name")
 
 func nameToPath(name string) (_ string, err error) {
-	if strings.Contains(name, "@") {
-		// TODO(bmizerany): HACK: Fix names.Parse to validate.
-		// TODO(bmizerany): merge with default parts (maybe names.Merge(a, b))
-		return "", errInvalidName
-	}
 	n := names.Parse(name)
 	if !n.IsFullyQualified() {
 		return "", errInvalidName
@@ -547,8 +538,7 @@ func nameToPath(name string) (_ string, err error) {
 func absJoin(pp ...string) string {
 	abs, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Join(pp...))
 	if err != nil {
-		// Likely a bug bug or a bad OS problem. Just panic.
-		panic(err)
+		panic(err) // this should never happen
 	}
 	return abs
 }

server/internal/cache/blob/chunked.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package blob
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// Chunk represents a range of bytes in a blob.
+type Chunk struct {
+	Start int64
+	End   int64
+}
+
+// Size returns end minus start plus one.
+func (c Chunk) Size() int64 {
+	return c.End - c.Start + 1
+}
+
+// Chunker writes to a blob in chunks.
+// Its zero value is invalid. Use [DiskCache.Chunked] to create a new Chunker.
+type Chunker struct {
+	digest Digest
+	size   int64
+	f      *os.File // nil means pre-validated
+}
+
+// Chunked returns a new Chunker, ready for use storing a blob of the given
+// size in chunks.
+//
+// Use [Chunker.Put] to write data to the blob at specific offsets.
+func (c *DiskCache) Chunked(d Digest, size int64) (*Chunker, error) {
+	name := c.GetFile(d)
+	info, err := os.Stat(name)
+	if err == nil && info.Size() == size {
+		return &Chunker{}, nil
+	}
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(name, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0o666)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Chunker{digest: d, size: size, f: f}, nil
+}
+
+// Put copies chunk.Size() bytes from r to the blob at the given offset,
+// merging the data with the existing blob. It returns an error if any. As a
+// special case, if r has less than chunk.Size() bytes, Put returns
+// io.ErrUnexpectedEOF.
+func (c *Chunker) Put(chunk Chunk, d Digest, r io.Reader) error {
+	if c.f == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	cw := &checkWriter{
+		d:    d,
+		size: chunk.Size(),
+		h:    sha256.New(),
+		f:    c.f,
+		w:    io.NewOffsetWriter(c.f, chunk.Start),
+	}
+
+	_, err := io.CopyN(cw, r, chunk.Size())
+	if err != nil && errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying file.
+func (c *Chunker) Close() error {
+	return c.f.Close()
+}

server/internal/cache/blob/digest.go

@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ func (d Digest) Short() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", d.sum[:4])
 }
 
+func (d Digest) Sum() [32]byte {
+	return d.sum
+}
+
 func (d Digest) Compare(other Digest) int {
 	return slices.Compare(d.sum[:], other.sum[:])
 }

server/internal/chunks/chunks.go

@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-package chunks
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"iter"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-type Chunk struct {
-	Start, End int64
-}
-
-func New(start, end int64) Chunk {
-	return Chunk{start, end}
-}
-
-// ParseRange parses a string in the form "unit=range" where unit is a string
-// and range is a string in the form "start-end". It returns the unit and the
-// range as a Chunk.
-func ParseRange(s string) (unit string, _ Chunk, _ error) {
-	unit, r, _ := strings.Cut(s, "=")
-	if r == "" {
-		return unit, Chunk{}, nil
-	}
-	c, err := Parse(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", Chunk{}, err
-	}
-	return unit, c, err
-}
-
-// Parse parses a string in the form "start-end" and returns the Chunk.
-func Parse(s string) (Chunk, error) {
-	startStr, endStr, _ := strings.Cut(s, "-")
-	start, err := strconv.ParseInt(startStr, 10, 64)
-	if err != nil {
-		return Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid start: %v", err)
-	}
-	end, err := strconv.ParseInt(endStr, 10, 64)
-	if err != nil {
-		return Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid end: %v", err)
-	}
-	if start > end {
-		return Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid range %d-%d: start > end", start, end)
-	}
-	return Chunk{start, end}, nil
-}
-
-// Of returns a sequence of contiguous Chunks of size chunkSize that cover
-// the range [0, size), in order.
-func Of(size, chunkSize int64) iter.Seq[Chunk] {
-	return func(yield func(Chunk) bool) {
-		for start := int64(0); start < size; start += chunkSize {
-			end := min(start+chunkSize-1, size-1)
-			if !yield(Chunk{start, end}) {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Count returns the number of Chunks of size chunkSize needed to cover the
-// range [0, size).
-func Count(size, chunkSize int64) int64 {
-	return (size + chunkSize - 1) / chunkSize
-}
-
-// Size returns end minus start plus one.
-func (c Chunk) Size() int64 {
-	return c.End - c.Start + 1
-}
-
-// String returns the string representation of the Chunk in the form
-// "{start}-{end}".
-func (c Chunk) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%d-%d", c.Start, c.End)
-}

server/internal/chunks/chunks_test.go

@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-package chunks
-
-import (
-	"slices"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-func TestOf(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		total     int64
-		chunkSize int64
-		want      []Chunk
-	}{
-		{0, 1, nil},
-		{1, 1, []Chunk{{0, 0}}},
-		{1, 2, []Chunk{{0, 0}}},
-		{2, 1, []Chunk{{0, 0}, {1, 1}}},
-		{10, 9, []Chunk{{0, 8}, {9, 9}}},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		got := slices.Collect(Of(tt.total, tt.chunkSize))
-		if !slices.Equal(got, tt.want) {
-			t.Errorf("[%d/%d]: got %v; want %v", tt.total, tt.chunkSize, got, tt.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSize(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		c    Chunk
-		want int64
-	}{
-		{Chunk{0, 0}, 1},
-		{Chunk{0, 1}, 2},
-		{Chunk{3, 4}, 2},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		got := tt.c.Size()
-		if got != tt.want {
-			t.Errorf("%v: got %d; want %d", tt.c, got, tt.want)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestCount(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		total     int64
-		chunkSize int64
-		want      int64
-	}{
-		{0, 1, 0},
-		{1, 1, 1},
-		{1, 2, 1},
-		{2, 1, 2},
-		{10, 9, 2},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		got := Count(tt.total, tt.chunkSize)
-		if got != tt.want {
-			t.Errorf("[%d/%d]: got %d; want %d", tt.total, tt.chunkSize, got, tt.want)
-		}
-	}
-}

server/internal/client/ollama/registry.go

@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
+	"iter"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -35,19 +37,17 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/cache/blob"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/chunks"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/internal/backoff"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/internal/names"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/internal/syncs"
 
 	_ "embed"
 )
 
 // Errors
 var (
-	// ErrManifestNotFound is returned when a manifest is not found in the
+	// ErrModelNotFound is returned when a manifest is not found in the
 	// cache or registry.
-	ErrManifestNotFound = errors.New("manifest not found")
+	ErrModelNotFound = errors.New("model not found")
 
 	// ErrManifestInvalid is returned when a manifest found in a local or
 	// remote cache is invalid.
@@ -66,12 +66,7 @@ var (
 const (
 	// DefaultChunkingThreshold is the threshold at which a layer should be
 	// split up into chunks when downloading.
-	DefaultChunkingThreshold = 128 << 20
-
-	// DefaultMaxChunkSize is the default maximum size of a chunk to
-	// download. It is configured based on benchmarks and aims to strike a
-	// balance between download speed and memory usage.
-	DefaultMaxChunkSize = 8 << 20
+	DefaultChunkingThreshold = 64 << 20
 )
 
 var defaultCache = sync.OnceValues(func() (*blob.DiskCache, error) {
@@ -114,7 +109,18 @@ type Error struct {
 }
 
 func (e *Error) Error() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("registry responded with status %d: %s %s", e.Status, e.Code, e.Message)
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString("registry responded with status ")
+	b.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(e.Status))
+	if e.Code != "" {
+		b.WriteString(": code ")
+		b.WriteString(e.Code)
+	}
+	if e.Message != "" {
+		b.WriteString(": ")
+		b.WriteString(e.Message)
+	}
+	return b.String()
 }
 
 func (e *Error) LogValue() slog.Value {
@@ -200,8 +206,7 @@ type Registry struct {
 	// pushing or pulling models. If zero, the number of streams is
 	// determined by [runtime.GOMAXPROCS].
 	//
-	// Clients that want "unlimited" streams should set this to a large
-	// number.
+	// A negative value means no limit.
 	MaxStreams int
 
 	// ChunkingThreshold is the maximum size of a layer to download in a single
@@ -255,10 +260,7 @@ func DefaultRegistry() (*Registry, error) {
 	}
 
 	var rc Registry
-	rc.Cache, err = defaultCache()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	rc.UserAgent = UserAgent()
 	rc.Key, err = ssh.ParseRawPrivateKey(keyPEM)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -274,25 +276,24 @@ func DefaultRegistry() (*Registry, error) {
 	return &rc, nil
 }
 
-func (r *Registry) maxStreams() int {
-	n := cmp.Or(r.MaxStreams, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0))
+func UserAgent() string {
+	buildinfo, _ := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
+	return fmt.Sprintf("ollama/%s (%s %s) Go/%s",
+		buildinfo.Main.Version,
+		runtime.GOARCH,
+		runtime.GOOS,
+		runtime.Version(),
+	)
+}
 
-	// Large downloads require a writter stream, so ensure we have at least
-	// two streams to avoid a deadlock.
-	return max(n, 2)
+func (r *Registry) maxStreams() int {
+	return cmp.Or(r.MaxStreams, runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0))
 }
 
 func (r *Registry) maxChunkingThreshold() int64 {
 	return cmp.Or(r.ChunkingThreshold, DefaultChunkingThreshold)
 }
 
-// chunkSizeFor returns the chunk size for a layer of the given size. If the
-// size is less than or equal to the max chunking threshold, the size is
-// returned; otherwise, the max chunk size is returned.
-func (r *Registry) maxChunkSize() int64 {
-	return cmp.Or(r.MaxChunkSize, DefaultMaxChunkSize)
-}
-
 type PushParams struct {
 	// From is an optional destination name for the model. If empty, the
 	// destination name is the same as the source name.
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ func (r *Registry) Push(ctx context.Context, name string, p *PushParams) error {
 				n.Model(),
 				l.Digest,
 			)
-			res, err := r.doOK(ctx, "POST", startURL, nil)
+			res, err := r.send(ctx, "POST", startURL, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -383,7 +384,7 @@ func (r *Registry) Push(ctx context.Context, name string, p *PushParams) error {
 			}
 			req.ContentLength = l.Size
 
-			res, err = doOK(r.client(), req)
+			res, err = sendRequest(r.client(), req)
 			if err == nil {
 				res.Body.Close()
 			}
@@ -403,7 +404,7 @@ func (r *Registry) Push(ctx context.Context, name string, p *PushParams) error {
 		n.Model(),
 		n.Tag(),
 	)
-	res, err := r.doOK(ctx, "PUT", path, bytes.NewReader(m.Data))
+	res, err := r.send(ctx, "PUT", path, bytes.NewReader(m.Data))
 	if err == nil {
 		res.Body.Close()
 	}
@@ -419,6 +420,21 @@ func canRetry(err error) bool {
 	return re.Status >= 500
 }
 
+// trackingReader is an io.Reader that tracks the number of bytes read and
+// calls the update function with the layer, the number of bytes read.
+//
+// It always calls update with a nil error.
+type trackingReader struct {
+	r io.Reader
+	n *atomic.Int64
+}
+
+func (r *trackingReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	n, err = r.r.Read(p)
+	r.n.Add(int64(n))
+	return
+}
+
 // Pull pulls the model with the given name from the remote registry into the
 // cache.
 //
@@ -427,11 +443,6 @@ func canRetry(err error) bool {
 // typically slower than splitting the model up across layers, and is mostly
 // utilized for layers of type equal to "application/vnd.ollama.image".
 func (r *Registry) Pull(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
-	scheme, n, _, err := r.parseNameExtended(name)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	m, err := r.Resolve(ctx, name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -450,122 +461,95 @@ func (r *Registry) Pull(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
 		return err == nil && info.Size == l.Size
 	}
 
+	layers := m.Layers
+	if m.Config != nil && m.Config.Digest.IsValid() {
+		layers = append(layers, m.Config)
+	}
+
+	// Send initial layer trace events to allow clients to have an
+	// understanding of work to be done before work starts.
 	t := traceFromContext(ctx)
-
-	var g errgroup.Group
-	g.SetLimit(r.maxStreams())
-
-	for _, l := range m.Layers {
+	skip := make([]bool, len(layers))
+	for i, l := range layers {
+		t.update(l, 0, nil)
 		if exists(l) {
+			skip[i] = true
 			t.update(l, l.Size, ErrCached)
+		}
+	}
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	g.SetLimit(r.maxStreams())
+	for i, l := range layers {
+		if skip[i] {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		blobURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s/v2/%s/%s/blobs/%s", scheme, n.Host(), n.Namespace(), n.Model(), l.Digest)
-		req, err := r.newRequest(ctx, "GET", blobURL, nil)
+		chunked, err := c.Chunked(l.Digest, l.Size)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.update(l, 0, err)
 			continue
 		}
+		defer chunked.Close()
 
-		t.update(l, 0, nil)
-
-		if l.Size <= r.maxChunkingThreshold() {
-			g.Go(func() error {
-				res, err := doOK(r.client(), req)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				defer res.Body.Close()
-				err = c.Put(l.Digest, res.Body, l.Size)
-				if err == nil {
-					t.update(l, l.Size, nil)
-				}
-				return err
-			})
-		} else {
-			q := syncs.NewRelayReader()
+		var progress atomic.Int64
+		for cs, err := range r.chunksums(ctx, name, l) {
+			if err != nil {
+				t.update(l, progress.Load(), err)
+				break
+			}
 
 			g.Go(func() (err error) {
-				defer func() { q.CloseWithError(err) }()
-				return c.Put(l.Digest, q, l.Size)
-			})
+				defer func() { t.update(l, progress.Load(), err) }()
 
-			var progress atomic.Int64
-
-			// We want to avoid extra round trips per chunk due to
-			// redirects from the registry to the blob store, so
-			// fire an initial request to get the final URL and
-			// then use that URL for the chunk requests.
-			req.Header.Set("Range", "bytes=0-0")
-			res, err := doOK(r.client(), req)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			res.Body.Close()
-			req = res.Request.WithContext(req.Context())
-
-			streamNo := 0
-			tws := make([]*bufio.Writer, r.maxStreams()-1)
-			for chunk := range chunks.Of(l.Size, r.maxChunkSize()) {
-				ticket := q.Take()
-				bufIdx := streamNo % len(tws)
-				streamNo++
-				g.Go(func() (err error) {
-					defer func() {
-						if err != nil {
-							q.CloseWithError(err)
-						}
-						ticket.Close()
-						t.update(l, progress.Load(), err)
-					}()
-
-					for _, err := range backoff.Loop(ctx, 3*time.Second) {
-						if err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-
-						err := func() error {
-							req := req.Clone(req.Context())
-							req.Header.Set("Range", fmt.Sprintf("bytes=%s", chunk))
-							res, err := doOK(r.client(), req)
-							if err != nil {
-								return err
-							}
-							defer res.Body.Close()
-
-							tw := tws[bufIdx]
-							if tw == nil {
-								tw = bufio.NewWriterSize(nil, int(r.maxChunkSize()))
-								tws[bufIdx] = tw
-							}
-							tw.Reset(ticket)
-							defer tw.Reset(nil) // release ticket
-
-							_, err = io.CopyN(tw, res.Body, chunk.Size())
-							if err != nil {
-								return maybeUnexpectedEOF(err)
-							}
-							if err := tw.Flush(); err != nil {
-								return err
-							}
-
-							total := progress.Add(chunk.Size())
-							if total >= l.Size {
-								q.Close()
-							}
-							return nil
-						}()
-						if !canRetry(err) {
-							return err
-						}
+				for _, err := range backoff.Loop(ctx, 3*time.Second) {
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
 					}
-					return nil
-				})
-			}
+					err := func() error {
+						req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", cs.URL, nil)
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+						req.Header.Set("Range", fmt.Sprintf("bytes=%d-%d", cs.Chunk.Start, cs.Chunk.End))
+						res, err := sendRequest(r.client(), req)
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+						defer res.Body.Close()
+
+						// Count bytes towards
+						// progress, as they arrive, so
+						// that our bytes piggyback
+						// other chunk updates on
+						// completion.
+						//
+						// This tactic is enough to
+						// show "smooth" progress given
+						// the current CLI client. In
+						// the near future, the server
+						// should report download rate
+						// since it knows better than
+						// a client that is measuring
+						// rate based on wall-clock
+						// time-since-last-update.
+						body := &trackingReader{r: res.Body, n: &progress}
+
+						err = chunked.Put(cs.Chunk, cs.Digest, body)
+						if err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+
+						return nil
+					}()
+					if !canRetry(err) {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
 		}
 	}
-
 	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -599,9 +583,10 @@ type Manifest struct {
 	Name   string   `json:"-"` // the canonical name of the model
 	Data   []byte   `json:"-"` // the raw data of the manifest
 	Layers []*Layer `json:"layers"`
-}
 
-var emptyDigest, _ = blob.ParseDigest("sha256:0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+	// For legacy reasons, we still have to download the config layer.
+	Config *Layer `json:"config"`
+}
 
 // Layer returns the layer with the given
 // digest, or nil if not found.
@@ -629,10 +614,9 @@ func (m Manifest) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		// last phase of the commit which expects it, but does nothing
 		// with it. This will be fixed in a future release of
 		// ollama.com.
-		Config *Layer `json:"config"`
+		Config Layer `json:"config"`
 	}{
-		M:      M(m),
-		Config: &Layer{Digest: emptyDigest},
+		M: M(m),
 	}
 	return json.Marshal(v)
 }
@@ -682,7 +666,7 @@ func (r *Registry) ResolveLocal(name string) (*Manifest, error) {
 	data, err := os.ReadFile(c.GetFile(d))
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrManifestNotFound, name)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrModelNotFound, name)
 		}
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -705,7 +689,7 @@ func (r *Registry) Resolve(ctx context.Context, name string) (*Manifest, error)
 		manifestURL = fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s/v2/%s/%s/blobs/%s", scheme, n.Host(), n.Namespace(), n.Model(), d)
 	}
 
-	res, err := r.doOK(ctx, "GET", manifestURL, nil)
+	res, err := r.send(ctx, "GET", manifestURL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -722,6 +706,123 @@ func (r *Registry) Resolve(ctx context.Context, name string) (*Manifest, error)
 	return m, nil
 }
 
+type chunksum struct {
+	URL    string
+	Chunk  blob.Chunk
+	Digest blob.Digest
+}
+
+// chunksums returns a sequence of chunksums for the given layer. If the layer is under the
+// chunking threshold, a single chunksum is returned that covers the entire layer. If the layer
+// is over the chunking threshold, the chunksums are read from the chunksums endpoint.
+func (r *Registry) chunksums(ctx context.Context, name string, l *Layer) iter.Seq2[chunksum, error] {
+	return func(yield func(chunksum, error) bool) {
+		scheme, n, _, err := r.parseNameExtended(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			yield(chunksum{}, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if l.Size < r.maxChunkingThreshold() {
+			// any layer under the threshold should be downloaded
+			// in one go.
+			cs := chunksum{
+				URL: fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s/v2/%s/%s/blobs/%s",
+					scheme,
+					n.Host(),
+					n.Namespace(),
+					n.Model(),
+					l.Digest,
+				),
+				Chunk:  blob.Chunk{Start: 0, End: l.Size - 1},
+				Digest: l.Digest,
+			}
+			yield(cs, nil)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// A chunksums response is a sequence of chunksums in a
+		// simple, easy to parse line-oriented format.
+		//
+		// Example:
+		//
+		//     >> GET /v2/<namespace>/<model>/chunksums/<digest>
+		//
+		//     << HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+		//     << Content-Location: <blobURL>
+		//     <<
+		//     << <digest> <start>-<end>
+		//     << ...
+		//
+		// The blobURL is the URL to download the chunks from.
+
+		chunksumsURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s/v2/%s/%s/chunksums/%s",
+			scheme,
+			n.Host(),
+			n.Namespace(),
+			n.Model(),
+			l.Digest,
+		)
+
+		req, err := r.newRequest(ctx, "GET", chunksumsURL, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			yield(chunksum{}, err)
+			return
+		}
+		res, err := sendRequest(r.client(), req)
+		if err != nil {
+			yield(chunksum{}, err)
+			return
+		}
+		defer res.Body.Close()
+		if res.StatusCode != 200 {
+			err := fmt.Errorf("chunksums: unexpected status code %d", res.StatusCode)
+			yield(chunksum{}, err)
+			return
+		}
+		blobURL := res.Header.Get("Content-Location")
+
+		s := bufio.NewScanner(res.Body)
+		s.Split(bufio.ScanWords)
+		for {
+			if !s.Scan() {
+				if s.Err() != nil {
+					yield(chunksum{}, s.Err())
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			d, err := blob.ParseDigest(s.Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				yield(chunksum{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid digest: %q", s.Bytes()))
+				return
+			}
+
+			if !s.Scan() {
+				err := s.Err()
+				if err == nil {
+					err = fmt.Errorf("missing chunk range for digest %s", d)
+				}
+				yield(chunksum{}, err)
+				return
+			}
+			chunk, err := parseChunk(s.Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				yield(chunksum{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid chunk range for digest %s: %q", d, s.Bytes()))
+				return
+			}
+
+			cs := chunksum{
+				URL:    blobURL,
+				Chunk:  chunk,
+				Digest: d,
+			}
+			if !yield(cs, nil) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (r *Registry) client() *http.Client {
 	if r.HTTPClient != nil {
 		return r.HTTPClient
@@ -730,7 +831,7 @@ func (r *Registry) client() *http.Client {
 }
 
 // newRequest constructs a new request, ready to use, with the given method,
-// url, and body, presigned with client Key and UserAgent.
+// url, and body, pre-signed with client [Key] and [UserAgent].
 func (r *Registry) newRequest(ctx context.Context, method, url string, body io.Reader) (*http.Request, error) {
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, method, url, body)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -749,11 +850,17 @@ func (r *Registry) newRequest(ctx context.Context, method, url string, body io.R
 	return req, nil
 }
 
-// doOK makes a request with the given client and request, and returns the
+// sendRequest makes a request with the given client and request, and returns the
 // response if the status code is 200. If the status code is not 200, an Error
 // is parsed from the response body and returned. If any other error occurs, it
 // is returned.
-func doOK(c *http.Client, r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+func sendRequest(c *http.Client, r *http.Request) (_ *http.Response, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("request error %s: %w", r.URL, err)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	if r.URL.Scheme == "https+insecure" {
 		// TODO(bmizerany): clone client.Transport, set
 		// InsecureSkipVerify, etc.
@@ -796,20 +903,26 @@ func doOK(c *http.Client, r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
 			// Use the raw body if we can't parse it as an error object.
 			re.Message = string(out)
 		}
+
+		// coerce MANIFEST_UNKNOWN to ErrManifestNotFound
+		if strings.EqualFold(re.Code, "MANIFEST_UNKNOWN") {
+			return nil, ErrModelNotFound
+		}
+
 		re.Status = res.StatusCode
 		return nil, &re
 	}
 	return res, nil
 }
 
-// doOK is a convenience method for making a request with newRequest and
-// passing it to doOK with r.client().
-func (r *Registry) doOK(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body io.Reader) (*http.Response, error) {
+// send is a convenience method for making a request with newRequest and
+// passing it to send with r.client().
+func (r *Registry) send(ctx context.Context, method, path string, body io.Reader) (*http.Response, error) {
 	req, err := r.newRequest(ctx, method, path, body)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return doOK(r.client(), req)
+	return sendRequest(r.client(), req)
 }
 
 // makeAuthToken creates an Ollama auth token for the given private key.
@@ -872,13 +985,6 @@ func checkData(url string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("GET,%s,%s", url, zeroSum)
 }
 
-func maybeUnexpectedEOF(err error) error {
-	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
 type publicError struct {
 	wrapped error
 	message string
@@ -964,3 +1070,23 @@ func splitExtended(s string) (scheme, name, digest string) {
 	}
 	return scheme, s, digest
 }
+
+// parseChunk parses a string in the form "start-end" and returns the Chunk.
+func parseChunk[S ~string | ~[]byte](s S) (blob.Chunk, error) {
+	startPart, endPart, found := strings.Cut(string(s), "-")
+	if !found {
+		return blob.Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("chunks: invalid range %q: missing '-'", s)
+	}
+	start, err := strconv.ParseInt(startPart, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return blob.Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("chunks: invalid start to %q: %v", s, err)
+	}
+	end, err := strconv.ParseInt(endPart, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return blob.Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("chunks: invalid end to %q: %v", s, err)
+	}
+	if start > end {
+		return blob.Chunk{}, fmt.Errorf("chunks: invalid range %q: start > end", s)
+	}
+	return blob.Chunk{Start: start, End: end}, nil
+}

server/internal/client/ollama/registry_test.go

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/cache/blob"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/chunks"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/testutil"
 )
 
@@ -428,7 +427,7 @@ func TestRegistryPullCached(t *testing.T) {
 	err := rc.Pull(ctx, "single")
 	testutil.Check(t, err)
 
-	want := []int64{6}
+	want := []int64{0, 6}
 	if !errors.Is(errors.Join(errs...), ErrCached) {
 		t.Errorf("errs = %v; want %v", errs, ErrCached)
 	}
@@ -531,54 +530,6 @@ func TestRegistryPullMixedCachedNotCached(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestRegistryPullChunking(t *testing.T) {
-	rc, _ := newClient(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-		t.Log("request:", r.URL.Host, r.Method, r.URL.Path, r.Header.Get("Range"))
-		if r.URL.Host != "blob.store" {
-			// The production registry redirects to the blob store.
-			http.Redirect(w, r, "http://blob.store"+r.URL.Path, http.StatusFound)
-			return
-		}
-		if strings.Contains(r.URL.Path, "/blobs/") {
-			rng := r.Header.Get("Range")
-			if rng == "" {
-				http.Error(w, "missing range", http.StatusBadRequest)
-				return
-			}
-			_, c, err := chunks.ParseRange(r.Header.Get("Range"))
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-			io.WriteString(w, "remote"[c.Start:c.End+1])
-			return
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, `{"layers":[{"digest":%q,"size":6}]}`, blob.DigestFromBytes("remote"))
-	})
-
-	// Force chunking by setting the threshold to less than the size of the
-	// layer.
-	rc.ChunkingThreshold = 3
-	rc.MaxChunkSize = 3
-
-	var reads []int64
-	ctx := WithTrace(t.Context(), &Trace{
-		Update: func(d *Layer, n int64, err error) {
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("update %v %d %v", d, n, err)
-			}
-			reads = append(reads, n)
-		},
-	})
-
-	err := rc.Pull(ctx, "remote")
-	testutil.Check(t, err)
-
-	want := []int64{0, 3, 6}
-	if !slices.Equal(reads, want) {
-		t.Errorf("reads = %v; want %v", reads, want)
-	}
-}
-
 func TestRegistryResolveByDigest(t *testing.T) {
 	check := testutil.Checker(t)
 
@@ -608,7 +559,7 @@ func TestInsecureSkipVerify(t *testing.T) {
 	url := fmt.Sprintf("https://%s/%s", s.Listener.Addr(), name)
 	_, err := rc.Resolve(t.Context(), url)
 	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to verify") {
-		t.Errorf("err = %v; want cert verifiction failure", err)
+		t.Errorf("err = %v; want cert verification failure", err)
 	}
 
 	url = fmt.Sprintf("https+insecure://%s/%s", s.Listener.Addr(), name)

server/internal/client/ollama/trace.go

@@ -13,9 +13,13 @@ type Trace struct {
 	// Update is called during [Registry.Push] and [Registry.Pull] to
 	// report the progress of blob uploads and downloads.
 	//
-	// It is called once at the beginning of the download with a zero n and
-	// then once per read operation with the number of bytes read so far,
-	// and an error if any.
+	// The n argument is the number of bytes transferred so far, and err is
+	// any error that has occurred. If n == 0, and err is nil, the download
+	// or upload has just started. If err is [ErrCached], the download or
+	// upload has been skipped because the blob is already present in the
+	// local cache or remote registry, respectively. Otherwise, if err is
+	// non-nil, the download or upload has failed. When l.Size == n, and
+	// err is nil, the download or upload has completed.
 	//
 	// A function assigned must be safe for concurrent use. The function is
 	// called synchronously and so should not block or take long to run.

server/internal/cmd/oppbench/oppbench.go

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	fmt.Println("Run as 'go test -bench=.' to run the benchmarks")
-	os.Exit(1)
-}

server/internal/cmd/oppbench/oppbench_test.go

@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/chunks"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-)
-
-func BenchmarkDownload(b *testing.B) {
-	run := func(fileSize, chunkSize int64) {
-		name := fmt.Sprintf("size=%d/chunksize=%d", fileSize, chunkSize)
-		b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) { benchmarkDownload(b, fileSize, chunkSize) })
-	}
-
-	run(100<<20, 8<<20)
-	run(100<<20, 16<<20)
-	run(100<<20, 32<<20)
-	run(100<<20, 64<<20)
-	run(100<<20, 128<<20) // 1 chunk
-}
-
-func run(ctx context.Context, c *http.Client, chunk chunks.Chunk) error {
-	const blobURL = "https://ollama.com/v2/x/x/blobs/sha256-4824460d29f2058aaf6e1118a63a7a197a09bed509f0e7d4e2efb1ee273b447d"
-	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", blobURL, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	req.Header.Set("Range", fmt.Sprintf("bytes=%s", chunk))
-	res, err := c.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer res.Body.Close()
-
-	_, err = io.CopyN(io.Discard, res.Body, chunk.Size()) // will io.EOF on short read
-	return err
-}
-
-var sleepTime atomic.Int64
-
-func benchmarkDownload(b *testing.B, fileSize, chunkSize int64) {
-	client := &http.Client{
-		Transport: func() http.RoundTripper {
-			tr := http.DefaultTransport.(*http.Transport).Clone()
-			tr.DisableKeepAlives = true
-			return tr
-		}(),
-	}
-	defer client.CloseIdleConnections()
-
-	// warm up the client
-	run(context.Background(), client, chunks.New(0, 1<<20))
-
-	b.SetBytes(fileSize)
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-
-	// Give our CDN a min to breathe between benchmarks.
-	time.Sleep(time.Duration(sleepTime.Swap(3)))
-
-	for b.Loop() {
-		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(b.Context())
-		g.SetLimit(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0))
-		for chunk := range chunks.Of(fileSize, chunkSize) {
-			g.Go(func() error { return run(ctx, client, chunk) })
-		}
-		if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkWrite(b *testing.B) {
-	b.Run("chunksize=1MiB", func(b *testing.B) { benchmarkWrite(b, 1<<20) })
-}
-
-func benchmarkWrite(b *testing.B, chunkSize int) {
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-
-	dir := b.TempDir()
-	f, err := os.Create(filepath.Join(dir, "write-single"))
-	if err != nil {
-		b.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	data := make([]byte, chunkSize)
-	b.SetBytes(int64(chunkSize))
-	r := bytes.NewReader(data)
-	for b.Loop() {
-		r.Reset(data)
-		_, err := io.Copy(f, r)
-		if err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-}

server/internal/internal/backoff/backoff_test.go

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//go:build goexperiment.synctest
+
 package backoff
 
 import (

server/internal/internal/syncs/line_test.go

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//go:build goexperiment.synctest
+
 package syncs
 
 import (

server/internal/registry/server.go

@@ -1,29 +1,28 @@
-// Package registry provides an http.Handler for handling local Ollama API
-// requests for performing tasks related to the ollama.com model registry and
-// the local disk cache.
+// Package registry implements an http.Handler for handling local Ollama API
+// model management requests. See [Local] for details.
 package registry
 
 import (
 	"cmp"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
+	"maps"
 	"net/http"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/cache/blob"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/client/ollama"
 )
 
-// Local is an http.Handler for handling local Ollama API requests for
-// performing tasks related to the ollama.com model registry combined with the
-// local disk cache.
+// Local implements an http.Handler for handling local Ollama API model
+// management requests, such as pushing, pulling, and deleting models.
 //
-// It is not concern of Local, or this package, to handle model creation, which
-// proceeds any registry operations for models it produces.
-//
-// NOTE: The package built for dealing with model creation should use
-// [DefaultCache] to access the blob store and not attempt to read or write
-// directly to the blob disk cache.
+// It can be arranged for all unknown requests to be passed through to a
+// fallback handler, if one is provided.
 type Local struct {
 	Client *ollama.Registry // required
 	Logger *slog.Logger     // required
@@ -31,6 +30,10 @@ type Local struct {
 	// Fallback, if set, is used to handle requests that are not handled by
 	// this handler.
 	Fallback http.Handler
+
+	// Prune, if set, is called to prune the local disk cache after a model
+	// is deleted.
+	Prune func() error // optional
 }
 
 // serverError is like ollama.Error, but with a Status field for the HTTP
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@ func (e serverError) Error() string {
 var (
 	errMethodNotAllowed = &serverError{405, "method_not_allowed", "method not allowed"}
 	errNotFound         = &serverError{404, "not_found", "not found"}
+	errModelNotFound    = &serverError{404, "not_found", "model not found"}
 	errInternalError    = &serverError{500, "internal_error", "internal server error"}
 )
 
@@ -105,6 +109,8 @@ func (s *Local) serveHTTP(rec *statusCodeRecorder, r *http.Request) {
 		switch r.URL.Path {
 		case "/api/delete":
 			return false, s.handleDelete(rec, r)
+		case "/api/pull":
+			return false, s.handlePull(rec, r)
 		default:
 			if s.Fallback != nil {
 				s.Fallback.ServeHTTP(rec, r)
@@ -165,8 +171,16 @@ func (s *Local) serveHTTP(rec *statusCodeRecorder, r *http.Request) {
 }
 
 type params struct {
-	DeprecatedName string `json:"name"`  // Use [params.model]
-	Model          string `json:"model"` // Use [params.model]
+	// DeprecatedName is the name of the model to push, pull, or delete,
+	// but is deprecated. New clients should use [Model] instead.
+	//
+	// Use [model()] to get the model name for both old and new API requests.
+	DeprecatedName string `json:"name"`
+
+	// Model is the name of the model to push, pull, or delete.
+	//
+	// Use [model()] to get the model name for both old and new API requests.
+	Model string `json:"model"`
 
 	// AllowNonTLS is a flag that indicates a client using HTTP
 	// is doing so, deliberately.
@@ -179,9 +193,18 @@ type params struct {
 	// confusing flags such as this.
 	AllowNonTLS bool `json:"insecure"`
 
-	// ProgressStream is a flag that indicates the client is expecting a stream of
-	// progress updates.
-	ProgressStream bool `json:"stream"`
+	// Stream, if true, will make the server send progress updates in a
+	// streaming of JSON objects. If false, the server will send a single
+	// JSON object with the final status as "success", or an error object
+	// if an error occurred.
+	//
+	// Unfortunately, this API was designed to be a bit awkward. Stream is
+	// defined to default to true if not present, so we need a way to check
+	// if the client decisively it to false. So, we use a pointer to a
+	// bool. Gross.
+	//
+	// Use [stream()] to get the correct value for this field.
+	Stream *bool `json:"stream"`
 }
 
 // model returns the model name for both old and new API requests.
@@ -189,6 +212,13 @@ func (p params) model() string {
 	return cmp.Or(p.Model, p.DeprecatedName)
 }
 
+func (p params) stream() bool {
+	if p.Stream == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	return *p.Stream
+}
+
 func (s *Local) handleDelete(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 	if r.Method != "DELETE" {
 		return errMethodNotAllowed
@@ -202,11 +232,114 @@ func (s *Local) handleDelete(_ http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if !ok {
-		return &serverError{404, "not_found", "model not found"}
+		return errModelNotFound
+	}
+	if s.Prune != nil {
+		return s.Prune()
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
+type progressUpdateJSON struct {
+	Status    string      `json:"status,omitempty,omitzero"`
+	Digest    blob.Digest `json:"digest,omitempty,omitzero"`
+	Total     int64       `json:"total,omitempty,omitzero"`
+	Completed int64       `json:"completed,omitempty,omitzero"`
+}
+
+func (s *Local) handlePull(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
+	if r.Method != "POST" {
+		return errMethodNotAllowed
+	}
+
+	p, err := decodeUserJSON[*params](r.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
+	if !p.stream() {
+		if err := s.Client.Pull(r.Context(), p.model()); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, ollama.ErrModelNotFound) {
+				return errModelNotFound
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+		return enc.Encode(progressUpdateJSON{Status: "success"})
+	}
+
+	maybeFlush := func() {
+		fl, _ := w.(http.Flusher)
+		if fl != nil {
+			fl.Flush()
+		}
+	}
+	defer maybeFlush()
+
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	progress := make(map[*ollama.Layer]int64)
+
+	progressCopy := make(map[*ollama.Layer]int64, len(progress))
+	pushUpdate := func() {
+		defer maybeFlush()
+
+		// TODO(bmizerany): This scales poorly with more layers due to
+		// needing to flush out them all in one big update. We _could_
+		// just flush on the changed ones, or just track the whole
+		// download. Needs more thought. This is fine for now.
+		mu.Lock()
+		maps.Copy(progressCopy, progress)
+		mu.Unlock()
+		for l, n := range progress {
+			enc.Encode(progressUpdateJSON{
+				Digest:    l.Digest,
+				Total:     l.Size,
+				Completed: n,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	t := time.NewTicker(time.Hour) // "unstarted" timer
+	start := sync.OnceFunc(func() {
+		pushUpdate()
+		t.Reset(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	})
+	ctx := ollama.WithTrace(r.Context(), &ollama.Trace{
+		Update: func(l *ollama.Layer, n int64, err error) {
+			if n > 0 {
+				start() // flush initial state
+			}
+			mu.Lock()
+			progress[l] = n
+			mu.Unlock()
+		},
+	})
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		done <- s.Client.Pull(ctx, p.model())
+	}()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-t.C:
+			pushUpdate()
+		case err := <-done:
+			pushUpdate()
+			if err != nil {
+				var status string
+				if errors.Is(err, ollama.ErrModelNotFound) {
+					status = fmt.Sprintf("error: model %q not found", p.model())
+				} else {
+					status = fmt.Sprintf("error: %v", err)
+				}
+				enc.Encode(progressUpdateJSON{Status: status})
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func decodeUserJSON[T any](r io.Reader) (T, error) {
 	var v T
 	err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&v)

server/internal/registry/server_test.go

@@ -1,17 +1,26 @@
 package registry
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/cache/blob"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/client/ollama"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/internal/testutil"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/txtar"
+
+	_ "embed"
 )
 
 type panicTransport struct{}
@@ -30,7 +39,7 @@ type bytesResetter interface {
 	Reset()
 }
 
-func newTestServer(t *testing.T) *Local {
+func newTestServer(t *testing.T, upstreamRegistry http.HandlerFunc) *Local {
 	t.Helper()
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	err := os.CopyFS(dir, os.DirFS("testdata/models"))
@@ -41,10 +50,25 @@ func newTestServer(t *testing.T) *Local {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
+	client := panicOnRoundTrip
+	if upstreamRegistry != nil {
+		s := httptest.NewTLSServer(upstreamRegistry)
+		t.Cleanup(s.Close)
+		tr := s.Client().Transport.(*http.Transport).Clone()
+		tr.DialContext = func(ctx context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
+			var d net.Dialer
+			return d.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", s.Listener.Addr().String())
+		}
+		client = &http.Client{Transport: tr}
+	}
+
 	rc := &ollama.Registry{
 		Cache:      c,
-		HTTPClient: panicOnRoundTrip,
+		HTTPClient: client,
+		Mask:       "example.com/library/_:latest",
 	}
+
 	l := &Local{
 		Client: rc,
 		Logger: testutil.Slogger(t),
@@ -85,7 +109,7 @@ func captureLogs(t *testing.T, s *Local) (*Local, bytesResetter) {
 func TestServerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	check := testutil.Checker(t)
 
-	s := newTestServer(t)
+	s := newTestServer(t, nil)
 
 	_, err := s.Client.ResolveLocal("smol")
 	check(err)
@@ -127,10 +151,120 @@ func TestServerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+//go:embed testdata/registry.txt
+var registryTXT []byte
+
+var registryFS = sync.OnceValue(func() fs.FS {
+	// Txtar gets hung up on \r\n line endings, so we need to convert them
+	// to \n when parsing the txtar on Windows.
+	data := bytes.ReplaceAll(registryTXT, []byte("\r\n"), []byte("\n"))
+	a := txtar.Parse(data)
+	fsys, err := txtar.FS(a)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return fsys
+})
+
+func TestServerPull(t *testing.T) {
+	modelsHandler := http.FileServerFS(registryFS())
+	s := newTestServer(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/v2/library/BOOM/manifests/latest":
+			w.WriteHeader(999)
+			io.WriteString(w, `{"error": "boom"}`)
+		case "/v2/library/unknown/manifests/latest":
+			w.WriteHeader(404)
+			io.WriteString(w, `{"errors": [{"code": "MANIFEST_UNKNOWN", "message": "manifest unknown"}]}`)
+		default:
+			t.Logf("serving blob: %s", r.URL.Path)
+			modelsHandler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+		}
+	})
+
+	checkResponse := func(got *httptest.ResponseRecorder, wantlines string) {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		if got.Code != 200 {
+			t.Errorf("Code = %d; want 200", got.Code)
+		}
+		gotlines := got.Body.String()
+		t.Logf("got:\n%s", gotlines)
+		for want := range strings.Lines(wantlines) {
+			want = strings.TrimSpace(want)
+			want, unwanted := strings.CutPrefix(want, "!")
+			want = strings.TrimSpace(want)
+			if !unwanted && !strings.Contains(gotlines, want) {
+				t.Errorf("! missing %q in body", want)
+			}
+			if unwanted && strings.Contains(gotlines, want) {
+				t.Errorf("! unexpected %q in body", want)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	got := s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "BOOM"}`)
+	checkResponse(got, `
+		{"status":"error: request error https://example.com/v2/library/BOOM/manifests/latest: registry responded with status 999: boom"}
+	`)
+
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "smol"}`)
+	checkResponse(got, `
+		{"digest":"sha256:68e0ec597aee59d35f8dc44942d7b17d471ade10d3aca07a5bb7177713950312","total":5}
+		{"digest":"sha256:ca3d163bab055381827226140568f3bef7eaac187cebd76878e0b63e9e442356","total":3}
+		{"digest":"sha256:68e0ec597aee59d35f8dc44942d7b17d471ade10d3aca07a5bb7177713950312","total":5,"completed":5}
+		{"digest":"sha256:ca3d163bab055381827226140568f3bef7eaac187cebd76878e0b63e9e442356","total":3,"completed":3}
+	`)
+
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "unknown"}`)
+	checkResponse(got, `
+		{"status":"error: model \"unknown\" not found"}
+	`)
+
+	got = s.send(t, "DELETE", "/api/pull", `{"model": "smol"}`)
+	checkErrorResponse(t, got, 405, "method_not_allowed", "method not allowed")
+
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `!`)
+	checkErrorResponse(t, got, 400, "bad_request", "invalid character '!' looking for beginning of value")
+
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", ``)
+	checkErrorResponse(t, got, 400, "bad_request", "empty request body")
+
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "://"}`)
+	checkResponse(got, `
+		{"status":"error: invalid or missing name: \"\""}
+	`)
+
+	// Non-streaming pulls
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "://", "stream": false}`)
+	checkErrorResponse(t, got, 400, "bad_request", "invalid or missing name")
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "smol", "stream": false}`)
+	checkResponse(got, `
+		{"status":"success"}
+		!digest
+		!total
+		!completed
+	`)
+	got = s.send(t, "POST", "/api/pull", `{"model": "unknown", "stream": false}`)
+	checkErrorResponse(t, got, 404, "not_found", "model not found")
+}
+
 func TestServerUnknownPath(t *testing.T) {
-	s := newTestServer(t)
+	s := newTestServer(t, nil)
 	got := s.send(t, "DELETE", "/api/unknown", `{}`)
 	checkErrorResponse(t, got, 404, "not_found", "not found")
+
+	var fellback bool
+	s.Fallback = http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		fellback = true
+	})
+	got = s.send(t, "DELETE", "/api/unknown", `{}`)
+	if !fellback {
+		t.Fatal("expected Fallback to be called")
+	}
+	if got.Code != 200 {
+		t.Fatalf("Code = %d; want 200", got.Code)
+	}
 }
 
 func checkErrorResponse(t *testing.T, got *httptest.ResponseRecorder, status int, code, msg string) {