build.go: introduce a friendlier way to build Ollama

This commit introduces a more friendly way to build Ollama dependencies and the binary without abusing `go generate` and removing the unnecessary extra steps it brings with it. This script also provides nicer feedback to the user about what is happening during the build process. At the end, it prints a helpful message to the user about what to do next (e.g. run the new local Ollama).
2026-01-17 11:59:57 -05:00 · 2024-04-09 13:52:08 -07:00
98 changed files with 2606 additions and 5706 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/10_bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/10_bug_report.yml
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-name: Bug report
-labels: [bug]
-description: Something isn't working right.
-body:
-  - type: textarea
-    id: description
-    attributes:
-      label: What is the issue?
-      description: What happened? What did you expect to happen?
-    validations:
-      required: true
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: os
-    attributes:
-      label: OS
-      description: Which operating system are you using?
-      multiple: true
-      options:
-        - Linux
-        - macOS
-        - Windows
-        - Docker
-        - WSL2
-    validations:
-      required: false
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: gpu
-    attributes:
-      label: GPU
-      description: Which GPU are you using?
-      multiple: true
-      options:
-        - Nvidia
-        - AMD
-        - Intel
-        - Apple
-        - Other
-    validations:
-      required: false
-  - type: dropdown
-    id: cpu
-    attributes:
-      label: CPU
-      description: Which CPU are you using?
-      multiple: true
-      options:
-        - Intel
-        - AMD
-        - Apple
-        - Other
-    validations:
-      required: false
-  - type: input
-    id: version
-    attributes:
-      label: Ollama version
-      description: What version of Ollama are you using? (`ollama --version`)
-      placeholder: e.g., 0.1.32
-    validations:
-      required: false
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/10_model_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/10_model_request.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Model request
+description: Request a new model for the library
+labels: [mr]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Please check if your Model request is [already available](https://ollama.com/search) or that you cannot [import it](https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/import.md#import-a-model) yourself.
+        Tell us about which Model you'd like to see in the library!
+  - type: textarea
+    id: problem
+    attributes:
+      label: What model would you like?
+      description: Please provide a link to the model.
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for filing a model request!
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/20_feature_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/20_feature_request.md
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
---
-name: Feature request
-about: Request a new feature
-labels: feature request
---
-
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/20_feature_request.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/20_feature_request.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Feature request
+description: Propose a new feature
+labels: [needs-triage, fr]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Please check if your feature request is [already filed](https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues).
+        Tell us about your idea!
+  - type: textarea
+    id: problem
+    attributes:
+      label: What are you trying to do?
+      description: Tell us about the problem you're trying to solve.
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: solution
+    attributes:
+      label: How should we solve this?
+      description: If you have an idea of how you'd like to see this feature work, let us know.
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: alternative
+    attributes:
+      label: What is the impact of not solving this?
+      description: (How) Are you currently working around the issue?
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: context
+    attributes:
+      label: Anything else?
+      description: Any additional context to share, e.g., links
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for filing a feature request!
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/30_model_request.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/30_model_request.md
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
---
-name: Model request
-about: Request support for a new model to be added to Ollama
-labels: model request
---
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/90_bug_report.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/90_bug_report.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+name: Bug report
+description: File a bug report. If you need help, please join our Discord server.
+labels: [needs-triage, bug]
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Please check if your bug is [already filed](https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues) before filing a new one.
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-happened
+    attributes:
+      label: What is the issue?
+      description: What happened? What did you expect to happen?
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-was-expected
+    attributes:
+      label: What did you expect to see?
+      description: What did you expect to see/happen instead?
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: steps
+    attributes:
+      label: Steps to reproduce
+      description: What are the steps you took that hit this issue?
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: changes
+    attributes:
+      label: Are there any recent changes that introduced the issue?
+      description: If so, what are those changes?
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: os
+    attributes:
+      label: OS
+      description: What OS are you using? You may select more than one.
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Linux
+        - macOS
+        - Windows
+        - Other
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: architecture
+    attributes:
+      label: Architecture
+      description: What architecture are you using? You may select more than one.
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - arm64
+        - amd64
+        - x86
+        - Other
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: platform
+    attributes:
+      label: Platform
+      description: What platform are you using? You may select more than one.
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Docker
+        - WSL
+        - WSL2
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: input
+    id: ollama-version
+    attributes:
+      label: Ollama version
+      description: What Ollama version are you using? (`ollama --version`)
+      placeholder: e.g., 1.14.4
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: gpu
+    attributes:
+      label: GPU
+      description: What GPU, if any, are you using? You may select more than one.
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Nvidia
+        - AMD
+        - Intel
+        - Apple
+        - Other
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: gpu-info
+    attributes:
+      label: GPU info
+      description: What GPU info do you have? (`nvidia-smi`, `rocminfo`, `system_profiler SPDisplaysDataType`, etc.)
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: cpu
+    attributes:
+      label: CPU
+      description: What CPU are you using? You may select more than one.
+      multiple: true
+      options:
+        - Intel
+        - AMD
+        - Apple
+        - Other
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: textarea
+    id: other-software
+    attributes:
+      label: Other software
+      description: What other software are you using that might be related to this issue?
+    validations:
+      required: false
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for filing a bug report!
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yaml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
          security set-key-partition-list -S apple-tool:,apple:,codesign: -s -k password build.keychain
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - name: Build Darwin
        env:
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ jobs:
          write-host "plugin installed"
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - run: go get ./...
      - run: |
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ jobs:
          cd $env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE
          $env:CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION="10.0.22621.0"
          $env:PATH="$gopath;$env:PATH"
-          go generate -x ./...
+          
+          $env:GOARCH = ""; go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
        name: go generate
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -103,7 +104,6 @@ jobs:
          path: |
            llm/build/**/bin/*
            llm/build/**/*.a
-            dist/windows-amd64/**

  # ROCm generation step
  generate-windows-rocm:
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ jobs:
          write-host "plugin installed"
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - name: 'Install ROCm'
        run: |
@@ -174,9 +174,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: generate-windows-rocm
-          path: |
-            llm/build/**/bin/*
-            dist/windows-amd64/**
+          path: llm/build/**/bin/*
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-rocm-deps
@@ -217,7 +215,7 @@ jobs:
          write-host "plugin installed"
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - name: 'Install CUDA'
        run: |
@@ -256,9 +254,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: generate-windows-cuda
-          path: |
-            llm/build/**/bin/*
-            dist/windows-amd64/**
+          path: llm/build/**/bin/*
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-cuda-deps
@@ -305,24 +301,29 @@ jobs:
          write-host "plugin installed"
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - run: go get
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: generate-windows-cpu
+          path: llm/build
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: generate-windows-cuda
+          path: llm/build
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-cuda-deps
+          path: dist/deps
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-rocm-deps
+          path: dist/deps
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: generate-windows-rocm
+          path: llm/build
      - run: dir llm/build
      - run: |
          $gopath=(get-command go).source | split-path -parent
@@ -331,13 +332,13 @@ jobs:
          $env:CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION="10.0.22621.0"
          $env:PATH="$gopath;$env:PATH"
          $env:OLLAMA_SKIP_GENERATE="1"
+          $env:NVIDIA_DIR=$(resolve-path ".\dist\deps")
+          $env:HIP_PATH=$(resolve-path ".\dist\deps")
          & .\scripts\build_windows.ps1
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: dist-windows
-          path: |
-            dist/OllamaSetup.exe
-            dist/ollama-windows-*.zip
+          path: dist/*.exe

  # Linux x86 assets built using the container based build
  build-linux-amd64:
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yaml
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-$${{ github.pull_request.number || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+
 on:
  pull_request:
    paths:
      - '**/*'
      - '!docs/**'
+      - '!examples/**'
      - '!README.md'

 jobs:
@@ -31,9 +33,7 @@ jobs:
      - id: changes
        run: |
          changed() {
-            git diff-tree -r --no-commit-id --name-only \
-              $(git merge-base ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}) \
-              ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} \
+            git diff-tree -r --no-commit-id --name-only ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} \
              | xargs python3 -c "import sys; print(any([x.startswith('$1') for x in sys.argv[1:]]))"
          }

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - run: go get ./...
      - run: |
@@ -73,10 +73,12 @@ jobs:
          $env:CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION="10.0.22621.0"
          $env:PATH="$gopath;$gccpath;$env:PATH"
          echo $env:PATH
-          go generate -x ./...
+
+          $env:GOARCH = ""; go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows-') }}
        name: 'Windows Go Generate'
-      - run: go generate -x ./...
+      - run: |
+          GOARCH= go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
        if: ${{ ! startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows-') }}
        name: 'Unix Go Generate'
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
@@ -104,20 +106,18 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - run: go get ./...
      - run: |
          git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/ollama/ollama
-          go generate -x ./...
+          GOARCH= go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
        env:
          OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE: '1'
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: cuda-${{ matrix.cuda-version }}-libraries
-          path: |
-            llm/build/**/bin/*
-            dist/windows-amd64/**
+          path: llm/build/**/bin/*
  generate-rocm:
    needs: [changes]
    if: ${{ needs.changes.outputs.GENERATE_ROCM == 'True' }}
@@ -137,20 +137,18 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v4
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - run: go get ./...
      - run: |
          git config --global --add safe.directory /__w/ollama/ollama
-          go generate -x ./...
+          GOARCH= go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
        env:
          OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE: '1'
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: rocm-${{ matrix.rocm-version }}-libraries
-          path: |
-            llm/build/**/bin/*
-            dist/windows-amd64/**
+          path: llm/build/**/bin/*

  # ROCm generation step
  generate-windows-rocm:
@@ -161,7 +159,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - name: 'Install ROCm'
        run: |
@@ -183,8 +181,9 @@ jobs:
          $env:PATH="$gopath;$env:PATH"
          $env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE="1"
          $env:HIP_PATH=$(Resolve-Path 'C:\Program Files\AMD\ROCm\*\bin\clang.exe' | split-path | split-path)
-          go generate -x ./...
-        name: go generate
+
+          $env:GOARCH = ""; go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
+        name: go run build.go
        env:
          OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE: '1'
      # TODO - do we need any artifacts?
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
      - name: 'Install CUDA'
        run: |
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: 'Verify CUDA'
        run: nvcc -V
      - run: go get ./...
-      - name: go generate
+      - name: go run build.go
        run: |
          $gopath=(get-command go).source | split-path -parent
          $cudabin=(get-command nvcc).source | split-path
@@ -226,7 +225,8 @@ jobs:
          $env:CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION="10.0.22621.0"
          $env:PATH="$gopath;$cudabin;$env:PATH"
          $env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE="1"
-          go generate -x ./...
+          
+          $env:GOARCH = ""; go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
        env:
          OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE: '1'
      # TODO - do we need any artifacts?
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ jobs:
          submodules: recursive
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: false
      - run: |
          case ${{ matrix.arch }} in
@@ -269,9 +269,14 @@ jobs:
          mkdir -p llm/build/darwin/$ARCH/stub/bin
          touch llm/build/darwin/$ARCH/stub/bin/ollama_llama_server
        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos-') }}
+      - run: |
+          mkdir -p llm/build/windows/$ARCH/stub/bin
+          touch llm/build/windows/$ARCH/stub/bin/ollama_llama_server
+        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows-') }}
+        shell: bash
      - uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v4
        with:
-          args: --timeout 8m0s -v
+          args: --timeout 8m0s
  test:
    strategy:
      matrix:
@@ -293,8 +298,15 @@ jobs:
          submodules: recursive
      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
+          go-version: '1.22'
          cache: true
+      - run: |
+          GOARCH= go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
+        if: ${{ ! startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows-') }}
+      - run: |
+          $env:GOARCH = ""; go run build.go -f -d -target=${{ matrix.arch }}
+        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows-') }}
+      - run: go get
      - run: |
          case ${{ matrix.arch }} in
            amd64) echo ARCH=x86_64 ;;
@@ -309,10 +321,13 @@ jobs:
          mkdir -p llm/build/darwin/$ARCH/stub/bin
          touch llm/build/darwin/$ARCH/stub/bin/ollama_llama_server
        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'macos-') }}
+      - run: |
+          mkdir -p llm/build/windows/$ARCH/stub/bin
+          touch llm/build/windows/$ARCH/stub/bin/ollama_llama_server
+        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows-') }}
        shell: bash
-      - run: go generate ./...
-      - run: go build
-      - run: go test -v ./...
+      - run: |
+          go test -v ./...
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.os }}-binaries
--- a/16
+++ b/16
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ ENV PATH /opt/rh/devtoolset-10/root/usr/bin:$PATH
 COPY --from=llm-code / /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/generate
 ARG CGO_CFLAGS
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE=1 sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE=1 sh gen_linux.sh

 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 nvidia/cuda:$CUDA_VERSION-devel-rockylinux8 AS cuda-build-arm64
 ARG CMAKE_VERSION
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ ENV PATH /opt/rh/gcc-toolset-10/root/usr/bin:$PATH
 COPY --from=llm-code / /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/generate
 ARG CGO_CFLAGS
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE=1 sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE=1 sh gen_linux.sh

 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 rocm/dev-centos-7:${ROCM_VERSION}-complete AS rocm-build-amd64
 ARG CMAKE_VERSION
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ COPY --from=llm-code / /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/
 WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/generate
 ARG CGO_CFLAGS
 ARG AMDGPU_TARGETS
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE=1 sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE=1 sh gen_linux.sh
 RUN mkdir /tmp/scratch && \
-    for dep in $(zcat /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/build/linux/x86_64/rocm*/bin/deps.txt.gz) ; do \
+    for dep in $(cat /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/llama.cpp/build/linux/x86_64/rocm*/lib/deps.txt) ; do \
        cp ${dep} /tmp/scratch/ || exit 1 ; \
    done && \
    (cd /opt/rocm/lib && tar cf - rocblas/library) | (cd /tmp/scratch/ && tar xf - ) && \
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/generate
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 cpu-builder-amd64 AS static-build-amd64
 RUN OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="static" sh gen_linux.sh
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 cpu-builder-amd64 AS cpu-build-amd64
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu" sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu" sh gen_linux.sh
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 cpu-builder-amd64 AS cpu_avx-build-amd64
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu_avx" sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu_avx" sh gen_linux.sh
 FROM --platform=linux/amd64 cpu-builder-amd64 AS cpu_avx2-build-amd64
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu_avx2" sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu_avx2" sh gen_linux.sh

 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 centos:7 AS cpu-builder-arm64
 ARG CMAKE_VERSION
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/ollama/ollama/llm/generate
 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 cpu-builder-arm64 AS static-build-arm64
 RUN OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="static" sh gen_linux.sh
 FROM --platform=linux/arm64 cpu-builder-arm64 AS cpu-build-arm64
-RUN OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE=1 OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu" sh gen_linux.sh
+RUN OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="cpu" sh gen_linux.sh


 # Intermediate stage used for ./scripts/build_linux.sh
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ The official [Ollama Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/ollama/ollama) `olla

 ## Quickstart

-To run and chat with [Llama 3](https://ollama.com/library/llama3):
+To run and chat with [Llama 2](https://ollama.com/library/llama2):

 ```
-ollama run llama3
+ollama run llama2
 ```

 ## Model library
@@ -49,18 +49,21 @@ Here are some example models that can be downloaded:

 | Model              | Parameters | Size  | Download                       |
 | ------------------ | ---------- | ----- | ------------------------------ |
-| Llama 3            | 8B         | 4.7GB | `ollama run llama3`            |
-| Llama 3            | 70B        | 40GB  | `ollama run llama3:70b`        |
-| Phi-3              | 3,8B       | 2.3GB | `ollama run phi3`              |
+| Llama 2            | 7B         | 3.8GB | `ollama run llama2`            |
 | Mistral            | 7B         | 4.1GB | `ollama run mistral`           |
+| Dolphin Phi        | 2.7B       | 1.6GB | `ollama run dolphin-phi`       |
+| Phi-2              | 2.7B       | 1.7GB | `ollama run phi`               |
 | Neural Chat        | 7B         | 4.1GB | `ollama run neural-chat`       |
 | Starling           | 7B         | 4.1GB | `ollama run starling-lm`       |
 | Code Llama         | 7B         | 3.8GB | `ollama run codellama`         |
 | Llama 2 Uncensored | 7B         | 3.8GB | `ollama run llama2-uncensored` |
+| Llama 2 13B        | 13B        | 7.3GB | `ollama run llama2:13b`        |
+| Llama 2 70B        | 70B        | 39GB  | `ollama run llama2:70b`        |
+| Orca Mini          | 3B         | 1.9GB | `ollama run orca-mini`         |
+| Vicuna             | 7B         | 3.8GB | `ollama run vicuna`            |
 | LLaVA              | 7B         | 4.5GB | `ollama run llava`             |
 | Gemma              | 2B         | 1.4GB | `ollama run gemma:2b`          |
 | Gemma              | 7B         | 4.8GB | `ollama run gemma:7b`          |
-| Solar              | 10.7B      | 6.1GB | `ollama run solar`             |

 > Note: You should have at least 8 GB of RAM available to run the 7B models, 16 GB to run the 13B models, and 32 GB to run the 33B models.

@@ -94,16 +97,16 @@ See the [guide](docs/import.md) on importing models for more information.

 ### Customize a prompt

-Models from the Ollama library can be customized with a prompt. For example, to customize the `llama3` model:
+Models from the Ollama library can be customized with a prompt. For example, to customize the `llama2` model:

 ```
-ollama pull llama3
+ollama pull llama2
 ```

 Create a `Modelfile`:

 ```
-FROM llama3
+FROM llama2

 # set the temperature to 1 [higher is more creative, lower is more coherent]
 PARAMETER temperature 1
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ ollama create mymodel -f ./Modelfile
 ### Pull a model

 ```
-ollama pull llama3
+ollama pull llama2
 ```

 > This command can also be used to update a local model. Only the diff will be pulled.
@@ -146,13 +149,13 @@ ollama pull llama3
 ### Remove a model

 ```
-ollama rm llama3
+ollama rm llama2
 ```

 ### Copy a model

 ```
-ollama cp llama3 my-model
+ollama cp llama2 my-llama2
 ```

 ### Multiline input
@@ -176,7 +179,7 @@ The image features a yellow smiley face, which is likely the central focus of th
 ### Pass in prompt as arguments

 ```
-$ ollama run llama3 "Summarize this file: $(cat README.md)"
+$ ollama run llama2 "Summarize this file: $(cat README.md)"
 Ollama is a lightweight, extensible framework for building and running language models on the local machine. It provides a simple API for creating, running, and managing models, as well as a library of pre-built models that can be easily used in a variety of applications.
 ```

@@ -198,16 +201,10 @@ Install `cmake` and `go`:
 brew install cmake go
 ```

-Then generate dependencies:
-
-```
-go generate ./...
-```
-
 Then build the binary:

 ```
-go build .
+go run build.go
 ```

 More detailed instructions can be found in the [developer guide](https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/development.md)
@@ -223,7 +220,7 @@ Next, start the server:
 Finally, in a separate shell, run a model:

 ```
-./ollama run llama3
+./ollama run llama2
 ```

 ## REST API
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ Ollama has a REST API for running and managing models.

 ```
 curl http://localhost:11434/api/generate -d '{
-  "model": "llama3",
+  "model": "llama2",
  "prompt":"Why is the sky blue?"
 }'
 ```
@@ -243,7 +240,7 @@ curl http://localhost:11434/api/generate -d '{

 ```
 curl http://localhost:11434/api/chat -d '{
-  "model": "llama3",
+  "model": "mistral",
  "messages": [
    { "role": "user", "content": "why is the sky blue?" }
  ]
@@ -256,17 +253,16 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.

 ### Web & Desktop

- [Open WebUI](https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui)
- [Enchanted (macOS native)](https://github.com/AugustDev/enchanted)
 - [Lollms-Webui](https://github.com/ParisNeo/lollms-webui)
 - [LibreChat](https://github.com/danny-avila/LibreChat)
 - [Bionic GPT](https://github.com/bionic-gpt/bionic-gpt)
+- [Enchanted (macOS native)](https://github.com/AugustDev/enchanted)
 - [HTML UI](https://github.com/rtcfirefly/ollama-ui)
 - [Saddle](https://github.com/jikkuatwork/saddle)
 - [Chatbot UI](https://github.com/ivanfioravanti/chatbot-ollama)
- [Chatbot UI v2](https://github.com/mckaywrigley/chatbot-ui)
 - [Typescript UI](https://github.com/ollama-interface/Ollama-Gui?tab=readme-ov-file)
 - [Minimalistic React UI for Ollama Models](https://github.com/richawo/minimal-llm-ui)
+- [Open WebUI](https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui)
 - [Ollamac](https://github.com/kevinhermawan/Ollamac)
 - [big-AGI](https://github.com/enricoros/big-AGI/blob/main/docs/config-local-ollama.md)
 - [Cheshire Cat assistant framework](https://github.com/cheshire-cat-ai/core)
@@ -288,13 +284,9 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [AnythingLLM (Docker + MacOs/Windows/Linux native app)](https://github.com/Mintplex-Labs/anything-llm)
 - [Ollama Basic Chat: Uses HyperDiv Reactive UI](https://github.com/rapidarchitect/ollama_basic_chat)
 - [Ollama-chats RPG](https://github.com/drazdra/ollama-chats)
- [QA-Pilot: Chat with Code Repository](https://github.com/reid41/QA-Pilot)
 - [ChatOllama: Open Source Chatbot based on Ollama with Knowledge Bases](https://github.com/sugarforever/chat-ollama)
 - [CRAG Ollama Chat: Simple Web Search with Corrective RAG](https://github.com/Nagi-ovo/CRAG-Ollama-Chat)
 - [RAGFlow: Open-source Retrieval-Augmented Generation engine based on deep document understanding](https://github.com/infiniflow/ragflow)
- [chat: chat web app for teams](https://github.com/swuecho/chat)
- [Lobe Chat](https://github.com/lobehub/lobe-chat) with [Integrating Doc](https://lobehub.com/docs/self-hosting/examples/ollama)
- [Ollama RAG Chatbot: Local Chat with multiples PDFs using Ollama and RAG.](https://github.com/datvodinh/rag-chatbot.git)

 ### Terminal

@@ -310,17 +302,15 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [Oatmeal](https://github.com/dustinblackman/oatmeal)
 - [cmdh](https://github.com/pgibler/cmdh)
 - [ooo](https://github.com/npahlfer/ooo)
- [shell-pilot](https://github.com/reid41/shell-pilot)
 - [tenere](https://github.com/pythops/tenere)
 - [llm-ollama](https://github.com/taketwo/llm-ollama) for [Datasette's LLM CLI](https://llm.datasette.io/en/stable/).
 - [typechat-cli](https://github.com/anaisbetts/typechat-cli)
 - [ShellOracle](https://github.com/djcopley/ShellOracle)
 - [tlm](https://github.com/yusufcanb/tlm)
- [podman-ollama](https://github.com/ericcurtin/podman-ollama)

 ### Database

- [MindsDB](https://github.com/mindsdb/mindsdb/blob/staging/mindsdb/integrations/handlers/ollama_handler/README.md) (Connects Ollama models with nearly 200 data platforms and apps)
+- [MindsDB](https://github.com/mindsdb/mindsdb/blob/staging/mindsdb/integrations/handlers/ollama_handler/README.md)
 - [chromem-go](https://github.com/philippgille/chromem-go/blob/v0.5.0/embed_ollama.go) with [example](https://github.com/philippgille/chromem-go/tree/v0.5.0/examples/rag-wikipedia-ollama)

 ### Package managers
@@ -381,7 +371,3 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [Page Assist](https://github.com/n4ze3m/page-assist) (Chrome Extension)
 - [AI Telegram Bot](https://github.com/tusharhero/aitelegrambot) (Telegram bot using Ollama in backend)
 - [AI ST Completion](https://github.com/yaroslavyaroslav/OpenAI-sublime-text) (Sublime Text 4 AI assistant plugin with Ollama support)
- [Discord-Ollama Chat Bot](https://github.com/kevinthedang/discord-ollama) (Generalized TypeScript Discord Bot w/ Tuning Documentation)
-
-### Supported backends 
- [llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp) project founded by Georgi Gerganov. 
--- a/api/client.go
+++ b/api/client.go
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-// Package api implements the client-side API for code wishing to interact
-// with the ollama service. The methods of the [Client] type correspond to
-// the ollama REST API as described in https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/api.md
-//
-// The ollama command-line client itself uses this package to interact with
-// the backend service.
 package api

 import (
@@ -11,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
@@ -24,8 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )

-// Client encapsulates client state for interacting with the ollama
-// service. Use [ClientFromEnvironment] to create new Clients.
 type Client struct {
 	base *url.URL
 	http *http.Client
@@ -47,15 +40,6 @@ func checkError(resp *http.Response, body []byte) error {
 	return apiError
 }

-// ClientFromEnvironment creates a new [Client] using configuration from the
-// environment variable OLLAMA_HOST, which points to the network host and
-// port on which the ollama service is listenting. The format of this variable
-// is:
-//
-//	<scheme>://<host>:<port>
-//
-// If the variable is not specified, a default ollama host and port will be
-// used.
 func ClientFromEnvironment() (*Client, error) {
 	defaultPort := "11434"

@@ -91,13 +75,6 @@ func ClientFromEnvironment() (*Client, error) {
 	}, nil
 }

-func NewClient(base *url.URL, http *http.Client) *Client {
-	return &Client{
-		base: base,
-		http: http,
-	}
-}
-
 func (c *Client) do(ctx context.Context, method, path string, reqData, respData any) error {
 	var reqBody io.Reader
 	var data []byte
@@ -214,14 +191,8 @@ func (c *Client) stream(ctx context.Context, method, path string, data any, fn f
 	return nil
 }

-// GenerateResponseFunc is a function that [Client.Generate] invokes every time
-// a response is received from the service. If this function returns an error,
-// [Client.Generate] will stop generating and return this error.
 type GenerateResponseFunc func(GenerateResponse) error

-// Generate generates a response for a given prompt. The req parameter should
-// be populated with prompt details. fn is called for each response (there may
-// be multiple responses, e.g. in case streaming is enabled).
 func (c *Client) Generate(ctx context.Context, req *GenerateRequest, fn GenerateResponseFunc) error {
 	return c.stream(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/generate", req, func(bts []byte) error {
 		var resp GenerateResponse
@@ -233,15 +204,8 @@ func (c *Client) Generate(ctx context.Context, req *GenerateRequest, fn Generate
 	})
 }

-// ChatResponseFunc is a function that [Client.Chat] invokes every time
-// a response is received from the service. If this function returns an error,
-// [Client.Chat] will stop generating and return this error.
 type ChatResponseFunc func(ChatResponse) error

-// Chat generates the next message in a chat. [ChatRequest] may contain a
-// sequence of messages which can be used to maintain chat history with a model.
-// fn is called for each response (there may be multiple responses, e.g. if case
-// streaming is enabled).
 func (c *Client) Chat(ctx context.Context, req *ChatRequest, fn ChatResponseFunc) error {
 	return c.stream(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/chat", req, func(bts []byte) error {
 		var resp ChatResponse
@@ -253,14 +217,8 @@ func (c *Client) Chat(ctx context.Context, req *ChatRequest, fn ChatResponseFunc
 	})
 }

-// PullProgressFunc is a function that [Client.Pull] invokes every time there
-// is progress with a "pull" request sent to the service. If this function
-// returns an error, [Client.Pull] will stop the process and return this error.
 type PullProgressFunc func(ProgressResponse) error

-// Pull downloads a model from the ollama library. fn is called each time
-// progress is made on the request and can be used to display a progress bar,
-// etc.
 func (c *Client) Pull(ctx context.Context, req *PullRequest, fn PullProgressFunc) error {
 	return c.stream(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/pull", req, func(bts []byte) error {
 		var resp ProgressResponse
@@ -343,7 +301,18 @@ func (c *Client) Embeddings(ctx context.Context, req *EmbeddingRequest) (*Embedd
 }

 func (c *Client) CreateBlob(ctx context.Context, digest string, r io.Reader) error {
-	return c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, fmt.Sprintf("/api/blobs/%s", digest), r, nil)
+	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodHead, fmt.Sprintf("/api/blobs/%s", digest), nil, nil); err != nil {
+		var statusError StatusError
+		if !errors.As(err, &statusError) || statusError.StatusCode != http.StatusNotFound {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, fmt.Sprintf("/api/blobs/%s", digest), r, nil); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

 func (c *Client) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
--- a/api/types.go
+++ b/api/types.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package api

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"os"
@@ -34,46 +33,18 @@ func (e StatusError) Error() string {

 type ImageData []byte

-// GenerateRequest describes a request sent by [Client.Generate]. While you
-// have to specify the Model and Prompt fields, all the other fields have
-// reasonable defaults for basic uses.
 type GenerateRequest struct {
-	// Model is the model name; it should be a name familiar to Ollama from
-	// the library at https://ollama.com/library
-	Model string `json:"model"`
+	Model     string      `json:"model"`
+	Prompt    string      `json:"prompt"`
+	System    string      `json:"system"`
+	Template  string      `json:"template"`
+	Context   []int       `json:"context,omitempty"`
+	Stream    *bool       `json:"stream,omitempty"`
+	Raw       bool        `json:"raw,omitempty"`
+	Format    string      `json:"format"`
+	KeepAlive *Duration   `json:"keep_alive,omitempty"`
+	Images    []ImageData `json:"images,omitempty"`

-	// Prompt is the textual prompt to send to the model.
-	Prompt string `json:"prompt"`
-
-	// System overrides the model's default system message/prompt.
-	System string `json:"system"`
-
-	// Template overrides the model's default prompt template.
-	Template string `json:"template"`
-
-	// Context is the context parameter returned from a previous call to
-	// Generate call. It can be used to keep a short conversational memory.
-	Context []int `json:"context,omitempty"`
-
-	// Stream specifies whether the response is streaming; it is true by default.
-	Stream *bool `json:"stream,omitempty"`
-
-	// Raw set to true means that no formatting will be applied to the prompt.
-	Raw bool `json:"raw,omitempty"`
-
-	// Format specifies the format to return a response in.
-	Format string `json:"format"`
-
-	// KeepAlive controls how long the model will stay loaded in memory following
-	// this request.
-	KeepAlive *Duration `json:"keep_alive,omitempty"`
-
-	// Images is an optional list of base64-encoded images accompanying this
-	// request, for multimodal models.
-	Images []ImageData `json:"images,omitempty"`
-
-	// Options lists model-specific options. For example, temperature can be
-	// set through this field, if the model supports it.
 	Options map[string]interface{} `json:"options"`
 }

@@ -138,24 +109,19 @@ type Options struct {

 // Runner options which must be set when the model is loaded into memory
 type Runner struct {
-	UseNUMA   bool `json:"numa,omitempty"`
-	NumCtx    int  `json:"num_ctx,omitempty"`
-	NumBatch  int  `json:"num_batch,omitempty"`
-	NumGQA    int  `json:"num_gqa,omitempty"`
-	NumGPU    int  `json:"num_gpu,omitempty"`
-	MainGPU   int  `json:"main_gpu,omitempty"`
-	LowVRAM   bool `json:"low_vram,omitempty"`
-	F16KV     bool `json:"f16_kv,omitempty"`
-	LogitsAll bool `json:"logits_all,omitempty"`
-	VocabOnly bool `json:"vocab_only,omitempty"`
-	UseMMap   bool `json:"use_mmap,omitempty"`
-	UseMLock  bool `json:"use_mlock,omitempty"`
-	NumThread int  `json:"num_thread,omitempty"`
-
-	// Unused: RopeFrequencyBase is ignored. Instead the value in the model will be used
-	RopeFrequencyBase float32 `json:"rope_frequency_base,omitempty"`
-	// Unused: RopeFrequencyScale is ignored. Instead the value in the model will be used
-	RopeFrequencyScale float32 `json:"rope_frequency_scale,omitempty"`
+	UseNUMA            bool    `json:"numa,omitempty"`
+	NumCtx             int     `json:"num_ctx,omitempty"`
+	NumBatch           int     `json:"num_batch,omitempty"`
+	NumGQA             int     `json:"num_gqa,omitempty"`
+	NumGPU             int     `json:"num_gpu,omitempty"`
+	MainGPU            int     `json:"main_gpu,omitempty"`
+	LowVRAM            bool    `json:"low_vram,omitempty"`
+	F16KV              bool    `json:"f16_kv,omitempty"`
+	LogitsAll          bool    `json:"logits_all,omitempty"`
+	VocabOnly          bool    `json:"vocab_only,omitempty"`
+	UseMMap            bool    `json:"use_mmap,omitempty"`
+	UseMLock           bool    `json:"use_mlock,omitempty"`
+	NumThread          int     `json:"num_thread,omitempty"`
 }

 type EmbeddingRequest struct {
@@ -171,11 +137,10 @@ type EmbeddingResponse struct {
 }

 type CreateRequest struct {
-	Model        string `json:"model"`
-	Path         string `json:"path"`
-	Modelfile    string `json:"modelfile"`
-	Stream       *bool  `json:"stream,omitempty"`
-	Quantization string `json:"quantization,omitempty"`
+	Model     string `json:"model"`
+	Path      string `json:"path"`
+	Modelfile string `json:"modelfile"`
+	Stream    *bool  `json:"stream,omitempty"`

 	// Name is deprecated, see Model
 	Name string `json:"name"`
@@ -308,7 +273,7 @@ func (m *Metrics) Summary() {
 	}
 }

-var ErrInvalidOpts = errors.New("invalid options")
+var ErrInvalidOpts = fmt.Errorf("invalid options")

 func (opts *Options) FromMap(m map[string]interface{}) error {
 	valueOpts := reflect.ValueOf(opts).Elem() // names of the fields in the options struct
@@ -396,10 +361,8 @@ func (opts *Options) FromMap(m map[string]interface{}) error {
 func DefaultOptions() Options {
 	return Options{
 		// options set on request to runner
-		NumPredict: -1,
-
-		// set a minimal num_keep to avoid issues on context shifts
-		NumKeep:          4,
+		NumPredict:       -1,
+		NumKeep:          0,
 		Temperature:      0.8,
 		TopK:             40,
 		TopP:             0.9,
@@ -417,16 +380,16 @@ func DefaultOptions() Options {

 		Runner: Runner{
 			// options set when the model is loaded
-			NumCtx:    2048,
-			NumBatch:  512,
-			NumGPU:    -1, // -1 here indicates that NumGPU should be set dynamically
-			NumGQA:    1,
-			NumThread: 0, // let the runtime decide
-			LowVRAM:   false,
-			F16KV:     true,
-			UseMLock:  false,
-			UseMMap:   true,
-			UseNUMA:   false,
+			NumCtx:             2048,
+			NumBatch:           512,
+			NumGPU:             -1, // -1 here indicates that NumGPU should be set dynamically
+			NumGQA:             1,
+			NumThread:          0, // let the runtime decide
+			LowVRAM:            false,
+			F16KV:              true,
+			UseMLock:           false,
+			UseMMap:            true,
+			UseNUMA:            false,
 		},
 	}
 }
--- a/app/lifecycle/server.go
+++ b/app/lifecycle/server.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
@@ -86,29 +87,19 @@ func SpawnServer(ctx context.Context, command string) (chan int, error) {
 	// Re-wire context done behavior to attempt a graceful shutdown of the server
 	cmd.Cancel = func() error {
 		if cmd.Process != nil {
-			err := terminate(cmd)
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("error trying to gracefully terminate server", "err", err)
-				return cmd.Process.Kill()
-			}
-
+			cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt) //nolint:errcheck
 			tick := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Millisecond)
 			defer tick.Stop()
-
 			for {
 				select {
 				case <-tick.C:
-					exited, err := isProcessExited(cmd.Process.Pid)
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					if exited {
-						return nil
+					// OS agnostic "is it still running"
+					if proc, err := os.FindProcess(int(cmd.Process.Pid)); err != nil || errors.Is(proc.Signal(syscall.Signal(0)), os.ErrProcessDone) {
+						return nil //nolint:nilerr
 					}
 				case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
 					slog.Warn("graceful server shutdown timeout, killing", "pid", cmd.Process.Pid)
-					return cmd.Process.Kill()
+					cmd.Process.Kill() //nolint:errcheck
 				}
 			}
 		}
--- a/app/lifecycle/server_unix.go
+++ b/app/lifecycle/server_unix.go
@@ -4,35 +4,9 @@ package lifecycle

 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"syscall"
 )

 func getCmd(ctx context.Context, cmd string) *exec.Cmd {
 	return exec.CommandContext(ctx, cmd, "serve")
 }
-
-func terminate(cmd *exec.Cmd) error {
-	return cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt)
-}
-
-func isProcessExited(pid int) (bool, error) {
-	proc, err := os.FindProcess(pid)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to find process: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	err = proc.Signal(syscall.Signal(0))
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrProcessDone) || errors.Is(err, syscall.ESRCH) {
-			return true, nil
-		}
-
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("error signaling process: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	return false, nil
-}
--- a/app/lifecycle/server_windows.go
+++ b/app/lifecycle/server_windows.go
@@ -2,88 +2,12 @@ package lifecycle

 import (
 	"context"
-	"fmt"
 	"os/exec"
 	"syscall"
-
-	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
 )

 func getCmd(ctx context.Context, exePath string) *exec.Cmd {
 	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, exePath, "serve")
-	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{
-		HideWindow:    true,
-		CreationFlags: windows.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP,
-	}
-
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{HideWindow: true, CreationFlags: 0x08000000}
 	return cmd
 }
-
-func terminate(cmd *exec.Cmd) error {
-	dll, err := windows.LoadDLL("kernel32.dll")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer dll.Release() // nolint: errcheck
-
-	pid := cmd.Process.Pid
-
-	f, err := dll.FindProc("AttachConsole")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	r1, _, err := f.Call(uintptr(pid))
-	if r1 == 0 && err != syscall.ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f, err = dll.FindProc("SetConsoleCtrlHandler")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	r1, _, err = f.Call(0, 1)
-	if r1 == 0 {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f, err = dll.FindProc("GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	r1, _, err = f.Call(windows.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT, uintptr(pid))
-	if r1 == 0 {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	r1, _, err = f.Call(windows.CTRL_C_EVENT, uintptr(pid))
-	if r1 == 0 {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-const STILL_ACTIVE = 259
-
-func isProcessExited(pid int) (bool, error) {
-	hProcess, err := windows.OpenProcess(windows.PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, false, uint32(pid))
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to open process: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer windows.CloseHandle(hProcess) // nolint: errcheck
-
-	var exitCode uint32
-	err = windows.GetExitCodeProcess(hProcess, &exitCode)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to get exit code: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if exitCode == STILL_ACTIVE {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	return true, nil
-}
--- a/app/ollama.iss
+++ b/app/ollama.iss
@@ -88,12 +88,15 @@ DialogFontSize=12
 [Files]
 Source: ".\app.exe"; DestDir: "{app}"; DestName: "{#MyAppExeName}" ; Flags: ignoreversion 64bit
 Source: "..\ollama.exe"; DestDir: "{app}"; Flags: ignoreversion 64bit
-Source: "..\dist\windows-amd64\*.dll"; DestDir: "{app}"; Flags: ignoreversion 64bit
-Source: "..\dist\windows-amd64\ollama_runners\*"; DestDir: "{app}\ollama_runners"; Flags: ignoreversion 64bit recursesubdirs
+Source: "..\dist\windeps\*.dll"; DestDir: "{app}"; Flags: ignoreversion 64bit
 Source: "..\dist\ollama_welcome.ps1"; DestDir: "{app}"; Flags: ignoreversion
 Source: ".\assets\app.ico"; DestDir: "{app}"; Flags: ignoreversion
-#if DirExists("..\dist\windows-amd64\rocm")
-  Source: "..\dist\windows-amd64\rocm\*"; DestDir: "{app}\rocm\"; Flags: ignoreversion recursesubdirs
+; Assumes v5.7, may need adjustments for v6
+#if GetEnv("HIP_PATH") != ""
+  Source: "{#GetEnv('HIP_PATH')}\bin\hipblas.dll"; DestDir: "{app}\rocm\"; Flags: ignoreversion
+  Source: "{#GetEnv('HIP_PATH')}\bin\rocblas.dll"; DestDir: "{app}\rocm\"; Flags: ignoreversion
+  ; amdhip64.dll dependency comes from the driver and must be installed already
+  Source: "{#GetEnv('HIP_PATH')}\bin\rocblas\library\*"; DestDir: "{app}\rocm\rocblas\library\"; Flags: ignoreversion
 #endif


@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ SetupAppRunningError=Another Ollama installer is running.%n%nPlease cancel or fi


 ;FinishedHeadingLabel=Run your first model
-;FinishedLabel=%nRun this command in a PowerShell or cmd terminal.%n%n%n    ollama run llama3
+;FinishedLabel=%nRun this command in a PowerShell or cmd terminal.%n%n%n    ollama run llama2
 ;ClickFinish=%n

 [Registry]
--- a/app/tray/tray.go
+++ b/app/tray/tray.go
@@ -24,5 +24,10 @@ func NewTray() (commontray.OllamaTray, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load icon %s: %w", iconName, err)
 	}

-	return InitPlatformTray(icon, updateIcon)
+	tray, err := InitPlatformTray(icon, updateIcon)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return tray, nil
 }
--- a/build.go
+++ b/build.go
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+//go:build ignore
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"errors"
+	"flag"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+)
+
+// Flags
+var (
+	flagForce     = flag.Bool("f", false, "force re-generation of dependencies")
+	flagSkipBuild = flag.Bool("d", false, "generate dependencies only (e.g. skip 'go build .')")
+
+	// Flags to set GOARCH and GOOS explicitly for cross-platform builds,
+	// e.g., in CI to target a different platform than the build matrix
+	// default. These allows us to run generate without a separate build
+	// step for building the script binary for the host ARCH and then
+	// runing the generate script for the target ARCH. Instead, we can
+	// just run `go run build.go -target=$GOARCH` to generate the
+	// deps.
+	flagGOARCH = flag.String("target", "", "sets GOARCH to use when generating dependencies and building")
+)
+
+func buildEnv() []string {
+	return append(os.Environ(),
+		"GOARCH="+cmp.Or(*flagGOARCH, runtime.GOARCH),
+	)
+}
+
+func main() {
+	log.SetFlags(0)
+	flag.Usage = func() {
+		log.Printf("Usage: go run build.go [flags]")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("Flags:")
+		flag.PrintDefaults()
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("This script builds the Ollama server binary and generates the llama.cpp")
+		log.Println("bindings for the current platform. It assumes that the current working")
+		log.Println("directory is the root directory of the Ollama project.")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("If the -d flag is provided, the script will only generate the dependencies")
+		log.Println("and skip building the Ollama server binary.")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("If the -f flag is provided, the script will force re-generation of the")
+		log.Println("dependencies.")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("If the -target flag is provided, the script will set GOARCH to the value")
+		log.Println("of the flag. This is useful for cross-platform builds.")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("The script will check for the required dependencies (cmake, gcc) and")
+		log.Println("print their version.")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("The script will also check if it is being run from the root directory of")
+		log.Println("the Ollama project.")
+		log.Println()
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	flag.Parse()
+
+	log.Printf("=== Building Ollama ===")
+	defer func() {
+		log.Printf("=== Done building Ollama ===")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("To run the Ollama server, use:")
+		log.Println()
+		log.Println("    ./ollama serve")
+		log.Println()
+	}()
+
+	if flag.NArg() > 0 {
+		flag.Usage()
+	}
+
+	if !inRootDir() {
+		log.Fatalf("Please run this script from the root directory of the Ollama project.")
+	}
+
+	if err := checkDependencies(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed dependency check: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := buildLlammaCPP(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to build llama.cpp: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := goBuildOllama(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("Failed to build ollama Go binary: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// checkDependencies does a quick check to see if the required dependencies are
+// installed on the system and functioning enough to print their version.
+//
+// TODO(bmizerany): Check the actual version of the dependencies? Seems a
+// little daunting given diff versions might print diff things. This should
+// be good enough for now.
+func checkDependencies() error {
+	var err error
+	check := func(name string, args ...string) {
+		log.Printf("=== Checking for %s ===", name)
+		defer log.Printf("=== Done checking for %s ===\n\n", name)
+		cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
+		cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+		err = errors.Join(err, cmd.Run())
+	}
+
+	check("cmake", "--version")
+	check("gcc", "--version")
+	return err
+}
+
+func goBuildOllama() error {
+	log.Println("=== Building Ollama binary ===")
+	defer log.Printf("=== Done building Ollama binary ===\n\n")
+	if *flagSkipBuild {
+		log.Println("Skipping 'go build -o ollama .'")
+		return nil
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command("go", "build", "-o", "ollama", ".")
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	cmd.Env = buildEnv()
+	return cmd.Run()
+}
+
+// buildLlammaCPP generates the llama.cpp bindings for the current platform.
+//
+// It assumes that the current working directory is the root directory of the
+// Ollama project.
+func buildLlammaCPP() error {
+	log.Println("=== Generating dependencies ===")
+	defer log.Printf("=== Done generating dependencies ===\n\n")
+	if *flagForce {
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join("llm", "build")); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if isDirectory(filepath.Join("llm", "build")) {
+		log.Println("llm/build already exists; skipping.  Use -f to force re-generate.")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	scriptDir, err := filepath.Abs(filepath.Join("llm", "generate"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var cmd *exec.Cmd
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "windows":
+		script := filepath.Join(scriptDir, "gen_windows.ps1")
+		cmd = exec.Command("powershell", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File", script)
+	case "linux":
+		script := filepath.Join(scriptDir, "gen_linux.sh")
+		cmd = exec.Command("bash", script)
+	case "darwin":
+		script := filepath.Join(scriptDir, "gen_darwin.sh")
+		cmd = exec.Command("bash", script)
+	default:
+		log.Fatalf("Unsupported OS: %s", runtime.GOOS)
+	}
+	cmd.Dir = filepath.Join("llm", "generate")
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	cmd.Env = buildEnv()
+
+	log.Printf("Running GOOS=%s GOARCH=%s %s", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH, cmd.Args)
+
+	return cmd.Run()
+}
+
+func isDirectory(path string) bool {
+	info, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return info.IsDir()
+}
+
+// inRootDir returns true if the current working directory is the root
+// directory of the Ollama project. It looks for a file named "go.mod".
+func inRootDir() bool {
+	_, err := os.Stat("go.mod")
+	return err == nil
+}
--- a/cmd/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/cmd.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
@@ -54,6 +53,8 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	p := progress.NewProgress(os.Stderr)
 	defer p.Stop()

+	bars := make(map[string]*progress.Bar)
+
 	modelfile, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -94,16 +95,71 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 				return err
 			}

+			// TODO make this work w/ adapters
 			if fi.IsDir() {
-				// this is likely a safetensors or pytorch directory
-				// TODO make this work w/ adapters
-				tempfile, err := tempZipFiles(path)
+				tf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-tf")
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				defer os.RemoveAll(tempfile)
+				defer os.RemoveAll(tf.Name())

-				path = tempfile
+				zf := zip.NewWriter(tf)
+
+				files, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(path, "model-*.safetensors"))
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				if len(files) == 0 {
+					return fmt.Errorf("no safetensors files were found in '%s'", path)
+				}
+
+				// add the safetensor config file + tokenizer
+				files = append(files, filepath.Join(path, "config.json"))
+				files = append(files, filepath.Join(path, "added_tokens.json"))
+				files = append(files, filepath.Join(path, "tokenizer.model"))
+
+				for _, fn := range files {
+					f, err := os.Open(fn)
+					if os.IsNotExist(err) && strings.HasSuffix(fn, "added_tokens.json") {
+						continue
+					} else if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					fi, err := f.Stat()
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					h, err := zip.FileInfoHeader(fi)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					h.Name = filepath.Base(fn)
+					h.Method = zip.Store
+
+					w, err := zf.CreateHeader(h)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					_, err = io.Copy(w, f)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+				}
+
+				if err := zf.Close(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				if err := tf.Close(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				path = tf.Name()
 			}

 			digest, err := createBlob(cmd, client, path)
@@ -111,17 +167,10 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 				return err
 			}

-			name := c.Name
-			if c.Name == "model" {
-				name = "from"
-			}
-
-			re := regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(`(?im)^(%s)\s+%s\s*$`, name, c.Args))
-			modelfile = re.ReplaceAll(modelfile, []byte("$1 @"+digest))
+			modelfile = bytes.ReplaceAll(modelfile, []byte(c.Args), []byte("@"+digest))
 		}
 	}

-	bars := make(map[string]*progress.Bar)
 	fn := func(resp api.ProgressResponse) error {
 		if resp.Digest != "" {
 			spinner.Stop()
@@ -145,9 +194,7 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	quantization, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString("quantization")
-
-	request := api.CreateRequest{Name: args[0], Modelfile: string(modelfile), Quantization: quantization}
+	request := api.CreateRequest{Name: args[0], Modelfile: string(modelfile)}
 	if err := client.Create(cmd.Context(), &request, fn); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -155,114 +202,6 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func tempZipFiles(path string) (string, error) {
-	tempfile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-tf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer tempfile.Close()
-
-	zipfile := zip.NewWriter(tempfile)
-	defer zipfile.Close()
-
-	detectContentType := func(path string) (string, error) {
-		f, err := os.Open(path)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-		defer f.Close()
-
-		var b bytes.Buffer
-		b.Grow(512)
-
-		if _, err := io.CopyN(&b, f, 512); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		contentType, _, _ := strings.Cut(http.DetectContentType(b.Bytes()), ";")
-		return contentType, nil
-	}
-
-	glob := func(pattern, contentType string) ([]string, error) {
-		matches, err := filepath.Glob(pattern)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		for _, safetensor := range matches {
-			if ct, err := detectContentType(safetensor); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			} else if ct != contentType {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid content type: expected %s for %s", ct, safetensor)
-			}
-		}
-
-		return matches, nil
-	}
-
-	var files []string
-	if st, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "model*.safetensors"), "application/octet-stream"); len(st) > 0 {
-		// safetensors files might be unresolved git lfs references; skip if they are
-		// covers model-x-of-y.safetensors, model.fp32-x-of-y.safetensors, model.safetensors
-		files = append(files, st...)
-	} else if pt, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "pytorch_model*.bin"), "application/zip"); len(pt) > 0 {
-		// pytorch files might also be unresolved git lfs references; skip if they are
-		// covers pytorch_model-x-of-y.bin, pytorch_model.fp32-x-of-y.bin, pytorch_model.bin
-		files = append(files, pt...)
-	} else if pt, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "consolidated*.pth"), "application/octet-stream"); len(pt) > 0 {
-		// pytorch files might also be unresolved git lfs references; skip if they are
-		// covers consolidated.x.pth, consolidated.pth
-		files = append(files, pt...)
-	} else {
-		return "", errors.New("no safetensors or torch files found")
-	}
-
-	// add configuration files, json files are detected as text/plain
-	js, err := glob(filepath.Join(path, "*.json"), "text/plain")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	files = append(files, js...)
-
-	if tks, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "tokenizer.model"), "application/octet-stream"); len(tks) > 0 {
-		// add tokenizer.model if it exists, tokenizer.json is automatically picked up by the previous glob
-		// tokenizer.model might be a unresolved git lfs reference; error if it is
-		files = append(files, tks...)
-	} else if tks, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "**/tokenizer.model"), "text/plain"); len(tks) > 0 {
-		// some times tokenizer.model is in a subdirectory (e.g. meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B)
-		files = append(files, tks...)
-	}
-
-	for _, file := range files {
-		f, err := os.Open(file)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-		defer f.Close()
-
-		fi, err := f.Stat()
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		zfi, err := zip.FileInfoHeader(fi)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		zf, err := zipfile.CreateHeader(zfi)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		if _, err := io.Copy(zf, f); err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return tempfile.Name(), nil
-}
-
 func createBlob(cmd *cobra.Command, client *api.Client, path string) (string, error) {
 	bin, err := os.Open(path)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -287,6 +226,14 @@ func createBlob(cmd *cobra.Command, client *api.Client, path string) (string, er
 }

 func RunHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	if os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MODELS") != "" {
+		return errors.New("OLLAMA_MODELS must only be set for 'ollama serve'")
+	}
+
+	if err := checkServerHeartbeat(cmd, args); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -996,7 +943,6 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 	}

 	createCmd.Flags().StringP("file", "f", "Modelfile", "Name of the Modelfile (default \"Modelfile\")")
-	createCmd.Flags().StringP("quantization", "q", "", "Quantization level.")

 	showCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:     "show MODEL",
@@ -1013,11 +959,10 @@ func NewCLI() *cobra.Command {
 	showCmd.Flags().Bool("system", false, "Show system message of a model")

 	runCmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:     "run MODEL [PROMPT]",
-		Short:   "Run a model",
-		Args:    cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-		PreRunE: checkServerHeartbeat,
-		RunE:    RunHandler,
+		Use:   "run MODEL [PROMPT]",
+		Short: "Run a model",
+		Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
+		RunE:  RunHandler,
 	}

 	runCmd.Flags().Bool("verbose", false, "Show timings for response")
--- a/convert/convert.go
+++ b/convert/convert.go
@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
 package convert

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"cmp"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
 	"slices"
-	"strings"

+	"github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
+	"github.com/x448/float16"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/convert/sentencepiece"
@@ -18,23 +23,19 @@ import (
 )

 type Params struct {
-	Architectures     []string `json:"architectures"`
-	VocabSize         int      `json:"vocab_size"`
-	HiddenSize        int      `json:"hidden_size"`       // n_embd
-	HiddenLayers      int      `json:"num_hidden_layers"` // n_layer
-	ContextSize       int      `json:"max_position_embeddings"`
-	IntermediateSize  int      `json:"intermediate_size"`
-	AttentionHeads    int      `json:"num_attention_heads"` // n_head
-	KeyValHeads       int      `json:"num_key_value_heads"`
-	NormEPS           float64  `json:"rms_norm_eps"`
-	BoSTokenID        int      `json:"bos_token_id"`
-	EoSTokenID        int      `json:"eos_token_id"`
-	HeadDimension     int      `json:"head_dim"`
-	PaddingTokenID    int      `json:"pad_token_id"`
-	RopeFrequencyBase float64  `json:"rope_theta"`
-
-	Experts     int `json:"num_local_experts"`
-	ExpertsUsed int `json:"num_experts_per_tok"`
+	Architectures    []string `json:"architectures"`
+	VocabSize        int      `json:"vocab_size"`
+	HiddenSize       int      `json:"hidden_size"`       // n_embd
+	HiddenLayers     int      `json:"num_hidden_layers"` // n_layer
+	ContextSize      int      `json:"max_position_embeddings"`
+	IntermediateSize int      `json:"intermediate_size"`
+	AttentionHeads   int      `json:"num_attention_heads"` // n_head
+	KeyValHeads      int      `json:"num_key_value_heads"`
+	NormEPS          float64  `json:"rms_norm_eps"`
+	BoSTokenID       int      `json:"bos_token_id"`
+	EoSTokenID       int      `json:"eos_token_id"`
+	HeadDimension    int      `json:"head_dim"`
+	PaddingTokenID   int      `json:"pad_token_id"`

 	ByteOrder
 }
@@ -44,45 +45,157 @@ type ByteOrder interface {
 	binary.AppendByteOrder
 }

+type MetaData struct {
+	Type    string `mapstructure:"dtype"`
+	Shape   []int  `mapstructure:"shape"`
+	Offsets []int  `mapstructure:"data_offsets"`
+}
+
 type ModelArch interface {
 	GetTensors() error
 	LoadVocab() error
 	WriteGGUF() (string, error)
 }

-type ModelFormat interface {
-	GetLayerName(string) (string, error)
-	GetTensors(string, *Params) ([]llm.Tensor, error)
-	GetParams(string) (*Params, error)
-	GetModelArch(string, string, *Params) (ModelArch, error)
-}
-
 type ModelData struct {
 	Path    string
 	Name    string
 	Params  *Params
 	Vocab   *Vocab
 	Tensors []llm.Tensor
-	Format  ModelFormat
 }

-func GetModelFormat(dirname string) (ModelFormat, error) {
-	files, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(dirname, "*"))
+func ReadSafeTensors(fn string, offset uint64, params *Params) ([]llm.Tensor, uint64, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	var jsonSize uint64
+	if err := binary.Read(f, binary.LittleEndian, &jsonSize); err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	buf := make([]byte, jsonSize)
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(f, buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	d := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewBuffer(buf))
+	d.UseNumber()
+	var parsed map[string]interface{}
+	if err = d.Decode(&parsed); err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	var keys []string
+	for k := range parsed {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+
+	slices.Sort(keys)
+
+	slog.Info("converting layers")
+
+	var tensors []llm.Tensor
+	for _, k := range keys {
+		vals := parsed[k].(map[string]interface{})
+		var data MetaData
+		if err = mapstructure.Decode(vals, &data); err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+
+		var size uint64
+		var kind uint32
+		switch len(data.Shape) {
+		case 0:
+			// metadata
+			continue
+		case 1:
+			// convert to float32
+			kind = 0
+			size = uint64(data.Shape[0] * 4)
+		case 2:
+			// convert to float16
+			kind = 1
+			size = uint64(data.Shape[0] * data.Shape[1] * 2)
+		}
+
+		ggufName, err := GetTensorName(k)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Error("%v", err)
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+
+		shape := []uint64{0, 0, 0, 0}
+		for i := range data.Shape {
+			shape[i] = uint64(data.Shape[i])
+		}
+
+		t := llm.Tensor{
+			Name:   ggufName,
+			Kind:   kind,
+			Offset: offset,
+			Shape:  shape[:],
+		}
+
+		t.WriterTo = safetensorWriterTo{
+			t:        &t,
+			params:   params,
+			bo:       params.ByteOrder,
+			filename: fn,
+			start:    uint64(data.Offsets[0]),
+			end:      uint64(data.Offsets[1]),
+			padding:  8 + jsonSize,
+		}
+
+		slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("%v", t))
+		tensors = append(tensors, t)
+		offset += size
+	}
+	return tensors, offset, nil
+}
+
+func GetSafeTensors(dirpath string, params *Params) ([]llm.Tensor, error) {
+	var tensors []llm.Tensor
+	files, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(dirpath, "/model-*.safetensors"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	for _, fn := range files {
-		slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("file = %s", fn))
-		if strings.HasSuffix(fn, ".safetensors") {
-			return &SafetensorFormat{}, nil
-		} else if strings.HasSuffix(fn, ".bin") {
-			slog.Debug("model is torch")
-			return &TorchFormat{}, nil
+	var offset uint64
+	for _, f := range files {
+		var t []llm.Tensor
+		var err error
+		t, offset, err = ReadSafeTensors(f, offset, params)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Error("%v", err)
+			return nil, err
 		}
+		tensors = append(tensors, t...)
+	}
+	return tensors, nil
+}
+
+func GetParams(dirpath string) (*Params, error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(dirpath, "config.json"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	var params Params
+
+	d := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	err = d.Decode(&params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("couldn't determine model format")
+	params.ByteOrder = binary.LittleEndian
+	return &params, nil
 }

 // Details on gguf's tokenizer can be found at:
@@ -93,7 +206,7 @@ type Vocab struct {
 	Types  []int32
 }

-func LoadSentencePieceTokens(dirpath string, params *Params) (*Vocab, error) {
+func LoadSentencePieceTokens(dirpath string, vocabSize int) (*Vocab, error) {
 	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("reading vocab from %s", filepath.Join(dirpath, "tokenizer.model")))
 	in, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dirpath, "tokenizer.model"))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -173,8 +286,8 @@ func LoadSentencePieceTokens(dirpath string, params *Params) (*Vocab, error) {
 	}
 	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("vocab size w/ extra tokens: %d", len(v.Tokens)))

-	if params.VocabSize > len(v.Tokens) {
-		missingTokens := params.VocabSize - len(v.Tokens)
+	if vocabSize > len(v.Tokens) {
+		missingTokens := vocabSize - len(v.Tokens)
 		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("vocab is missing %d tokens", missingTokens))
 		for cnt := 0; cnt < missingTokens; cnt++ {
 			v.Tokens = append(v.Tokens, fmt.Sprintf("<dummy%05d>", cnt+1))
@@ -185,3 +298,136 @@ func LoadSentencePieceTokens(dirpath string, params *Params) (*Vocab, error) {

 	return v, nil
 }
+
+func GetTensorName(n string) (string, error) {
+	tMap := map[string]string{
+		"model.embed_tokens.weight":                           "token_embd.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).input_layernorm.weight":          "blk.$1.attn_norm.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.down_proj.weight":            "blk.$1.ffn_down.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.gate_proj.weight":            "blk.$1.ffn_gate.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.up_proj.weight":              "blk.$1.ffn_up.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).post_attention_layernorm.weight": "blk.$1.ffn_norm.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.k_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_k.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.o_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_output.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.q_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_q.weight",
+		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.v_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_v.weight",
+		"lm_head.weight":    "output.weight",
+		"model.norm.weight": "output_norm.weight",
+	}
+
+	v, ok := tMap[n]
+	if ok {
+		return v, nil
+	}
+
+	// quick hack to rename the layers to gguf format
+	for k, v := range tMap {
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(k)
+		newName := re.ReplaceAllString(n, v)
+		if newName != n {
+			return newName, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("couldn't find a layer name for '%s'", n)
+}
+
+type safetensorWriterTo struct {
+	t *llm.Tensor
+
+	params *Params
+	bo     ByteOrder
+
+	filename string
+
+	start, end, padding uint64
+	handler             func(w io.Writer, r safetensorWriterTo, f *os.File) error
+}
+
+func (r safetensorWriterTo) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error) {
+	f, err := os.Open(r.filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	if _, err = f.Seek(int64(r.padding+r.start), 0); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	// use the handler if one is present
+	if r.handler != nil {
+		return 0, r.handler(w, r, f)
+	}
+
+	remaining := r.end - r.start
+
+	bufSize := uint64(10240)
+	var finished bool
+	for {
+		data := make([]byte, min(bufSize, remaining))
+
+		b, err := io.ReadFull(f, data)
+		remaining -= uint64(b)
+
+		if err == io.EOF || remaining <= 0 {
+			finished = true
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		// convert bfloat16 -> ieee float32
+		tDataF32 := bfloat16.DecodeFloat32(data)
+
+		switch r.t.Kind {
+		case 0:
+			if err := binary.Write(w, r.bo, tDataF32); err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+		case 1:
+			// convert float32 -> float16
+			tempBuf := make([]uint16, len(data)/2)
+			for cnt, v := range tDataF32 {
+				tDataF16 := float16.Fromfloat32(v)
+				tempBuf[cnt] = uint16(tDataF16)
+			}
+			if err := binary.Write(w, binary.LittleEndian, tempBuf); err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+		}
+		if finished {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+func GetModelArchFromParams(name, dirPath string, params *Params) (ModelArch, error) {
+	switch len(params.Architectures) {
+	case 0:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("No architecture specified to convert")
+	case 1:
+		switch params.Architectures[0] {
+		case "MistralForCausalLM":
+			return &MistralModel{
+				ModelData{
+					Name:   name,
+					Path:   dirPath,
+					Params: params,
+				},
+			}, nil
+		case "GemmaForCausalLM":
+			return &GemmaModel{
+				ModelData{
+					Name:   name,
+					Path:   dirPath,
+					Params: params,
+				},
+			}, nil
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Models based on '%s' are not yet supported", params.Architectures[0])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unknown error")
+}
--- a/convert/gemma.go
+++ b/convert/gemma.go
@@ -65,14 +65,13 @@ func addOnes(data []float32, vectorSize int) ([]float32, error) {
 }

 func (m *GemmaModel) GetTensors() error {
-	t, err := m.Format.GetTensors(m.Path, m.Params)
+	t, err := GetSafeTensors(m.Path, m.Params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Total tensors: %d", len(t)))
-
 	m.Tensors = []llm.Tensor{}
+
 	for _, l := range t {
 		if strings.HasSuffix(l.Name, "norm.weight") {
 			wt := l.WriterTo.(safetensorWriterTo)
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ func (m *GemmaModel) GetTensors() error {
 }

 func (m *GemmaModel) LoadVocab() error {
-	v, err := LoadSentencePieceTokens(m.Path, m.Params)
+	v, err := LoadSentencePieceTokens(m.Path, m.Params.VocabSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/convert/llama.go
+++ b/convert/llama.go
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-package convert
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle/pytorch"
-	"github.com/pdevine/tensor"
-	"github.com/pdevine/tensor/native"
-	"github.com/x448/float16"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-)
-
-type LlamaModel struct {
-	ModelData
-}
-
-func llamaLayerHandler(w io.Writer, r torchWriterTo) error {
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("repacking layer '%s'", r.t.Name))
-
-	data := r.storage.(*pytorch.HalfStorage).Data
-	tData := make([]uint16, len(data))
-	for cnt, v := range data {
-		tData[cnt] = uint16(float16.Fromfloat32(v))
-	}
-
-	var err error
-	var heads uint32
-	if strings.Contains(r.t.Name, "attn_q") {
-		heads = uint32(r.params.AttentionHeads)
-	} else if strings.Contains(r.t.Name, "attn_k") {
-		heads = uint32(r.params.KeyValHeads)
-		if heads == 0 {
-			heads = uint32(r.params.AttentionHeads)
-		}
-	} else {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown layer type")
-	}
-
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("heads = %d", heads))
-
-	tData, err = llamaRepack(tData, int(heads), r.t.Shape)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err = binary.Write(w, r.bo, tData); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func llamaRepack(data []uint16, heads int, shape []uint64) ([]uint16, error) {
-	n := tensor.New(tensor.WithShape(int(shape[0]), int(shape[1])), tensor.WithBacking(data))
-	origShape := n.Shape().Clone()
-
-	// reshape the tensor and swap axes 1 and 2 to unpack the layer for gguf
-	if err := n.Reshape(heads, 2, origShape[0]/heads/2, origShape[1]); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if err := n.T(0, 2, 1, 3); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if err := n.Reshape(origShape...); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if err := n.Transpose(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	newN, err := native.SelectU16(n, 1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var fullTensor []uint16
-	for _, v := range newN {
-		fullTensor = append(fullTensor, v...)
-	}
-	return fullTensor, nil
-}
-
-func (m *LlamaModel) GetTensors() error {
-	t, err := m.Format.GetTensors(m.Path, m.Params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	m.Tensors = []llm.Tensor{}
-
-	pattern := `^blk\.[0-9]+\.attn_(?P<layer>q|k)\.weight$`
-	re, err := regexp.Compile(pattern)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, l := range t {
-		matches := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(l.Name, -1)
-		if len(matches) > 0 {
-			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("setting handler for: %s", l.Name))
-			wt := l.WriterTo.(torchWriterTo)
-			wt.handler = llamaLayerHandler
-			l.WriterTo = wt
-		}
-		m.Tensors = append(m.Tensors, l)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *LlamaModel) LoadVocab() error {
-	var v *Vocab
-	var err error
-
-	slog.Debug("loading vocab")
-	v, err = LoadSentencePieceTokens(m.Path, m.Params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	slog.Debug("vocab loaded")
-
-	m.Vocab = v
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *LlamaModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
-	kv := llm.KV{
-		"general.architecture":                   "llama",
-		"general.name":                           m.Name,
-		"llama.vocab_size":                       uint32(len(m.Vocab.Tokens)),
-		"llama.context_length":                   uint32(m.Params.ContextSize),
-		"llama.embedding_length":                 uint32(m.Params.HiddenSize),
-		"llama.block_count":                      uint32(m.Params.HiddenLayers),
-		"llama.feed_forward_length":              uint32(m.Params.IntermediateSize),
-		"llama.rope.dimension_count":             uint32(m.Params.HiddenSize / m.Params.AttentionHeads),
-		"llama.attention.head_count":             uint32(m.Params.AttentionHeads),
-		"llama.attention.head_count_kv":          uint32(m.Params.KeyValHeads),
-		"llama.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon": float32(m.Params.NormEPS),
-		"general.file_type":                      uint32(1),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.model":                   "llama",
-
-		"tokenizer.ggml.tokens":     m.Vocab.Tokens,
-		"tokenizer.ggml.scores":     m.Vocab.Scores,
-		"tokenizer.ggml.token_type": m.Vocab.Types,
-
-		"tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id":     uint32(m.Params.BoSTokenID),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id":     uint32(m.Params.EoSTokenID),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.unknown_token_id": uint32(0),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token":    true,
-		"tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token":    false,
-	}
-
-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-gguf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	mod := llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder)
-	if err := mod.Encode(f, kv, m.Tensors); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("gguf file = %s", f.Name()))
-
-	return f.Name(), nil
-}
--- a/convert/mistral.go
+++ b/convert/mistral.go
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func repack(data []uint16, heads int, shape []uint64) ([]uint16, error) {
 }

 func (m *MistralModel) GetTensors() error {
-	t, err := m.Format.GetTensors(m.Path, m.Params)
+	t, err := GetSafeTensors(m.Path, m.Params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (m *MistralModel) GetTensors() error {
 }

 func (m *MistralModel) LoadVocab() error {
-	v, err := LoadSentencePieceTokens(m.Path, m.Params)
+	v, err := LoadSentencePieceTokens(m.Path, m.Params.VocabSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/convert/mixtral.go
+++ b/convert/mixtral.go
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-package convert
-
-import (
-	"os"
-	"regexp"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-)
-
-type MixtralModel struct {
-	ModelData
-}
-
-func (m *MixtralModel) GetTensors() error {
-	t, err := m.Format.GetTensors(m.Path, m.Params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	m.Tensors = []llm.Tensor{}
-
-	pattern := `^blk\.[0-9]+\.attn_(?P<layer>q|k)\.weight$`
-	re, err := regexp.Compile(pattern)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, l := range t {
-		matches := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(l.Name, -1)
-		if len(matches) > 0 {
-			wt := l.WriterTo.(safetensorWriterTo)
-			wt.handler = mistralLayerHandler
-			l.WriterTo = wt
-		}
-		m.Tensors = append(m.Tensors, l)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *MixtralModel) LoadVocab() error {
-	v, err := LoadSentencePieceTokens(m.Path, m.Params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	m.Vocab = v
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (m *MixtralModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
-	kv := llm.KV{
-		"general.architecture":          "llama",
-		"general.name":                  m.Name,
-		"llama.block_count":             uint32(m.Params.HiddenLayers),
-		"llama.context_length":          uint32(m.Params.ContextSize),
-		"llama.embedding_length":        uint32(m.Params.HiddenSize),
-		"llama.feed_forward_length":     uint32(m.Params.IntermediateSize),
-		"llama.attention.head_count":    uint32(m.Params.AttentionHeads),
-		"llama.attention.head_count_kv": uint32(m.Params.KeyValHeads),
-
-		"llama.rope.freq_base":                   float32(m.Params.RopeFrequencyBase),
-		"llama.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon": float32(m.Params.NormEPS),
-
-		"llama.expert_count":      uint32(m.Params.Experts),
-		"llama.expert_used_count": uint32(m.Params.ExpertsUsed),
-
-		"llama.vocab_size":           uint32(len(m.Vocab.Tokens)),
-		"llama.rope.dimension_count": uint32(m.Params.HiddenSize / m.Params.AttentionHeads),
-
-		"general.file_type":    uint32(1),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.model": "llama",
-
-		"tokenizer.ggml.tokens":     m.Vocab.Tokens,
-		"tokenizer.ggml.scores":     m.Vocab.Scores,
-		"tokenizer.ggml.token_type": m.Vocab.Types,
-
-		"tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id":     uint32(m.Params.BoSTokenID),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id":     uint32(m.Params.EoSTokenID),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.unknown_token_id": uint32(0),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.add_bos_token":    true,
-		"tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token":    false,
-	}
-
-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-gguf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	mod := llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder)
-	if err := mod.Encode(f, kv, m.Tensors); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return f.Name(), nil
-}
--- a/convert/safetensors.go
+++ b/convert/safetensors.go
@@ -1,317 +0,0 @@
-package convert
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"regexp"
-	"slices"
-
-	"github.com/d4l3k/go-bfloat16"
-	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
-	"github.com/x448/float16"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-)
-
-type safetensorWriterTo struct {
-	t *llm.Tensor
-
-	params *Params
-	bo     ByteOrder
-
-	filename string
-
-	start, end, padding uint64
-	handler             func(w io.Writer, r safetensorWriterTo, f *os.File) error
-}
-
-type tensorMetaData struct {
-	Type    string `mapstructure:"dtype"`
-	Shape   []int  `mapstructure:"shape"`
-	Offsets []int  `mapstructure:"data_offsets"`
-}
-
-type SafetensorFormat struct{}
-
-func (m *SafetensorFormat) GetTensors(dirpath string, params *Params) ([]llm.Tensor, error) {
-	slog.Debug("getting tensor data")
-	var tensors []llm.Tensor
-	files, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(dirpath, "/model-*.safetensors"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var offset uint64
-	for _, f := range files {
-		var t []llm.Tensor
-		var err error
-		t, offset, err = m.readTensors(f, offset, params)
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Error("%v", err)
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		tensors = append(tensors, t...)
-	}
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("all tensors = %d", len(tensors)))
-	return tensors, nil
-}
-
-func (m *SafetensorFormat) readTensors(fn string, offset uint64, params *Params) ([]llm.Tensor, uint64, error) {
-	f, err := os.Open(fn)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	var jsonSize uint64
-	if err := binary.Read(f, binary.LittleEndian, &jsonSize); err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, err
-	}
-
-	buf := make([]byte, jsonSize)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(f, buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, err
-	}
-
-	d := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewBuffer(buf))
-	d.UseNumber()
-	var parsed map[string]interface{}
-	if err = d.Decode(&parsed); err != nil {
-		return nil, 0, err
-	}
-
-	var keys []string
-	for k := range parsed {
-		keys = append(keys, k)
-	}
-
-	slices.Sort(keys)
-	slog.Info("converting layers")
-
-	var tensors []llm.Tensor
-	for _, k := range keys {
-		vals := parsed[k].(map[string]interface{})
-		var data tensorMetaData
-		if err = mapstructure.Decode(vals, &data); err != nil {
-			slog.Error("couldn't decode properly")
-			return nil, 0, err
-		}
-
-		var size uint64
-		var kind uint32
-		switch len(data.Shape) {
-		case 0:
-			// metadata
-			continue
-		case 1:
-			// convert to float32
-			kind = 0
-			size = uint64(data.Shape[0] * 4)
-		case 2:
-			// convert to float16
-			kind = 1
-			size = uint64(data.Shape[0] * data.Shape[1] * 2)
-		}
-
-		ggufName, err := m.GetLayerName(k)
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Error("%v", err)
-			return nil, 0, err
-		}
-
-		shape := []uint64{0, 0, 0, 0}
-		for i := range data.Shape {
-			shape[i] = uint64(data.Shape[i])
-		}
-
-		t := llm.Tensor{
-			Name:   ggufName,
-			Kind:   kind,
-			Offset: offset,
-			Shape:  shape[:],
-		}
-
-		t.WriterTo = safetensorWriterTo{
-			t:        &t,
-			params:   params,
-			bo:       params.ByteOrder,
-			filename: fn,
-			start:    uint64(data.Offsets[0]),
-			end:      uint64(data.Offsets[1]),
-			padding:  8 + jsonSize,
-		}
-
-		offset += size
-		tensors = append(tensors, t)
-	}
-
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("total tensors for file = %d", len(tensors)))
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("offset = %d", offset))
-
-	return tensors, offset, nil
-}
-
-func (m *SafetensorFormat) GetParams(dirpath string) (*Params, error) {
-	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(dirpath, "config.json"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	var params Params
-
-	d := json.NewDecoder(f)
-	err = d.Decode(&params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	params.ByteOrder = binary.LittleEndian
-	return &params, nil
-}
-
-func (m *SafetensorFormat) GetLayerName(n string) (string, error) {
-	directMap := map[string]string{
-		"model.embed_tokens.weight": "token_embd.weight",
-		"lm_head.weight":            "output.weight",
-		"model.norm.weight":         "output_norm.weight",
-	}
-
-	tMap := map[string]string{
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).input_layernorm.weight":                    "blk.$1.attn_norm.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.down_proj.weight":                      "blk.$1.ffn_down.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.gate_proj.weight":                      "blk.$1.ffn_gate.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.up_proj.weight":                        "blk.$1.ffn_up.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).post_attention_layernorm.weight":           "blk.$1.ffn_norm.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.k_proj.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_k.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.o_proj.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_output.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.q_proj.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_q.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.v_proj.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_v.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).block_sparse_moe.gate.weight":              "blk.$1.ffn_gate_inp.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).block_sparse_moe.experts.(\\d+).w1.weight": "blk.$1.ffn_gate.$2.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).block_sparse_moe.experts.(\\d+).w2.weight": "blk.$1.ffn_down.$2.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).block_sparse_moe.experts.(\\d+).w3.weight": "blk.$1.ffn_up.$2.weight",
-	}
-
-	v, ok := directMap[n]
-	if ok {
-		return v, nil
-	}
-
-	// quick hack to rename the layers to gguf format
-	for k, v := range tMap {
-		re := regexp.MustCompile(k)
-		newName := re.ReplaceAllString(n, v)
-		if newName != n {
-			return newName, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("couldn't find a layer name for '%s'", n)
-}
-
-func (r safetensorWriterTo) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error) {
-	f, err := os.Open(r.filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	if _, err = f.Seek(int64(r.padding+r.start), 0); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-
-	// use the handler if one is present
-	if r.handler != nil {
-		return 0, r.handler(w, r, f)
-	}
-
-	remaining := r.end - r.start
-
-	bufSize := uint64(10240)
-	var finished bool
-	for {
-		data := make([]byte, min(bufSize, remaining))
-
-		b, err := io.ReadFull(f, data)
-		remaining -= uint64(b)
-
-		if err == io.EOF || remaining <= 0 {
-			finished = true
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-
-		// convert bfloat16 -> ieee float32
-		tDataF32 := bfloat16.DecodeFloat32(data)
-
-		switch r.t.Kind {
-		case 0:
-			if err := binary.Write(w, r.bo, tDataF32); err != nil {
-				return 0, err
-			}
-		case 1:
-			// convert float32 -> float16
-			tempBuf := make([]uint16, len(data)/2)
-			for cnt, v := range tDataF32 {
-				tDataF16 := float16.Fromfloat32(v)
-				tempBuf[cnt] = uint16(tDataF16)
-			}
-			if err := binary.Write(w, r.bo, tempBuf); err != nil {
-				return 0, err
-			}
-		}
-		if finished {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	return 0, nil
-}
-
-func (m *SafetensorFormat) GetModelArch(name, dirPath string, params *Params) (ModelArch, error) {
-	switch len(params.Architectures) {
-	case 0:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("No architecture specified to convert")
-	case 1:
-		switch params.Architectures[0] {
-		case "MistralForCausalLM":
-			return &MistralModel{
-				ModelData{
-					Name:   name,
-					Path:   dirPath,
-					Params: params,
-					Format: m,
-				},
-			}, nil
-		case "MixtralForCausalLM":
-			return &MixtralModel{
-				ModelData{
-					Name:   name,
-					Path:   dirPath,
-					Params: params,
-					Format: m,
-				},
-			}, nil
-		case "GemmaForCausalLM":
-			return &GemmaModel{
-				ModelData{
-					Name:   name,
-					Path:   dirPath,
-					Params: params,
-					Format: m,
-				},
-			}, nil
-		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Models based on '%s' are not yet supported", params.Architectures[0])
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unknown error")
-}
--- a/convert/torch.go
+++ b/convert/torch.go
@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
-package convert
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle/pytorch"
-	"github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle/types"
-	"github.com/x448/float16"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-)
-
-type torchWriterTo struct {
-	t *llm.Tensor
-
-	params *Params
-	bo     ByteOrder
-
-	storage pytorch.StorageInterface
-	handler func(w io.Writer, r torchWriterTo) error
-}
-
-type TorchFormat struct{}
-
-func (tf *TorchFormat) GetTensors(dirpath string, params *Params) ([]llm.Tensor, error) {
-	slog.Debug("getting torch tensors")
-
-	files, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(dirpath, "pytorch_model-*.bin"))
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error("didn't find any torch files")
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var offset uint64
-
-	var tensors []llm.Tensor
-	for _, fn := range files {
-		m, err := pytorch.Load(fn)
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Error(fmt.Sprintf("error unpickling: %q", err))
-			return []llm.Tensor{}, err
-		}
-
-		for _, k := range m.(*types.Dict).Keys() {
-			if strings.HasSuffix(k.(string), "self_attn.rotary_emb.inv_freq") {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			t, _ := m.(*types.Dict).Get(k)
-			tshape := t.(*pytorch.Tensor).Size
-
-			var size uint64
-			var kind uint32
-			switch len(tshape) {
-			case 0:
-				continue
-			case 1:
-				// convert to float32
-				kind = 0
-				size = uint64(tshape[0] * 4)
-			case 2:
-				// convert to float16
-				kind = 1
-				size = uint64(tshape[0] * tshape[1] * 2)
-			}
-
-			ggufName, err := tf.GetLayerName(k.(string))
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Error("%v", err)
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("finding name for '%s' -> '%s'", k.(string), ggufName))
-
-			shape := []uint64{0, 0, 0, 0}
-			for i := range tshape {
-				shape[i] = uint64(tshape[i])
-			}
-
-			tensor := llm.Tensor{
-				Name:   ggufName,
-				Kind:   kind,
-				Offset: offset, // calculate the offset
-				Shape:  shape[:],
-			}
-
-			tensor.WriterTo = torchWriterTo{
-				t:       &tensor,
-				params:  params,
-				bo:      params.ByteOrder,
-				storage: t.(*pytorch.Tensor).Source,
-			}
-
-			tensors = append(tensors, tensor)
-			offset += size
-		}
-	}
-
-	return tensors, nil
-
-}
-
-func getAltParams(dirpath string) (*Params, error) {
-	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(dirpath, "params.json"))
-	if err != nil {
-		slog.Error("no params.json")
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	type TorchParams struct {
-		HiddenSize     int     `json:"dim"`
-		AttentionHeads int     `json:"n_heads"`
-		KeyValHeads    int     `json:"n_kv_heads"`
-		HiddenLayers   int     `json:"n_layers"`
-		RopeTheta      int     `json:"rope_theta"`
-		NormEPS        float64 `json:"norm_eps"`
-	}
-
-	var tparams TorchParams
-
-	d := json.NewDecoder(f)
-	err = d.Decode(&tparams)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	params := &Params{
-		HiddenSize:     tparams.HiddenSize,
-		AttentionHeads: tparams.AttentionHeads,
-		KeyValHeads:    tparams.KeyValHeads,
-		HiddenLayers:   tparams.HiddenLayers,
-		NormEPS:        tparams.NormEPS,
-	}
-
-	switch {
-	case tparams.RopeTheta == 1000000:
-		// Codellama
-		params.ContextSize = 16384
-	case tparams.NormEPS == 1e-06:
-		// llama2
-		slog.Debug("Found llama2 - setting context size to 4096")
-		params.ContextSize = 4096
-	default:
-		params.ContextSize = 2048
-	}
-
-	params.ByteOrder = binary.LittleEndian
-	return params, nil
-}
-
-func (m *TorchFormat) GetParams(dirpath string) (*Params, error) {
-	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(dirpath, "config.json"))
-	if err != nil {
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			// try params.json instead
-			return getAltParams(dirpath)
-		} else {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	var params Params
-	d := json.NewDecoder(f)
-	err = d.Decode(&params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	params.ByteOrder = binary.LittleEndian
-	return &params, nil
-}
-
-func (m *TorchFormat) GetLayerName(n string) (string, error) {
-	directMap := map[string]string{
-		"tok_embeddings.weight":     "token_embd.weight",
-		"output.weight":             "output.weight",
-		"norm.weight":               "output_norm.weight",
-		"rope.freqs":                "rope_freqs.weight",
-		"model.embed_tokens.weight": "token_embd.weight",
-		"lm_head.weight":            "output.weight",
-		"model.norm.weight":         "output_norm.weight",
-	}
-
-	lMap := map[string]string{
-		"layers.(\\d+).attention_norm.weight":                 "blk.$1.attn_norm.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).attention_output_norm.weight":          "blk.$1.attn_norm.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).feed_forward.w2.weight":                "blk.$1.ffn_down.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).feed_forward.w1.weight":                "blk.$1.ffn_gate.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).feed_forward.w3.weight":                "blk.$1.ffn_up.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).ffn_norm.weight":                       "blk.$1.ffn_norm.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).attention.wk.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_k.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).attention.wo.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_output.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).attention.wq.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_q.weight",
-		"layers.(\\d+).attention.wv.weight":                   "blk.$1.attn_v.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).input_layernorm.weight":          "blk.$1.attn_norm.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.down_proj.weight":            "blk.$1.ffn_down.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.gate_proj.weight":            "blk.$1.ffn_gate.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).mlp.up_proj.weight":              "blk.$1.ffn_up.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).post_attention_layernorm.weight": "blk.$1.ffn_norm.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.k_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_k.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.o_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_output.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.q_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_q.weight",
-		"model.layers.(\\d+).self_attn.v_proj.weight":         "blk.$1.attn_v.weight",
-	}
-
-	v, ok := directMap[n]
-	if ok {
-		return v, nil
-	}
-
-	// quick hack to rename the layers to gguf format
-	for k, v := range lMap {
-		re := regexp.MustCompile(k)
-		newName := re.ReplaceAllString(n, v)
-		if newName != n {
-			return newName, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("couldn't find a layer name for '%s'", n)
-}
-
-func (r torchWriterTo) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error) {
-	// use the handler if one is present
-	if r.handler != nil {
-		return 0, r.handler(w, r)
-	}
-
-	switch r.storage.(type) {
-	case *pytorch.FloatStorage:
-		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected storage found for layer '%s'; skipping", r.t.Name))
-		return 0, nil
-	case *pytorch.HalfStorage:
-		switch r.t.Kind {
-		case 0:
-			data := r.storage.(*pytorch.HalfStorage).Data
-			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("%35s F32 (%d)", r.t.Name, len(data)))
-			if err := binary.Write(w, r.bo, data); err != nil {
-				return 0, err
-			}
-		case 1:
-			data := r.storage.(*pytorch.HalfStorage).Data
-			tData := make([]uint16, len(data))
-			for cnt, v := range data {
-				tData[cnt] = uint16(float16.Fromfloat32(v))
-			}
-			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("%35s F16 (%d)", r.t.Name, len(tData)))
-			if err := binary.Write(w, r.bo, tData); err != nil {
-				return 0, err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return 0, nil
-}
-
-func (m *TorchFormat) GetModelArch(name, dirPath string, params *Params) (ModelArch, error) {
-	switch len(params.Architectures) {
-	case 0:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("No architecture specified to convert")
-	case 1:
-		switch params.Architectures[0] {
-		case "LlamaForCausalLM":
-			return &LlamaModel{
-				ModelData{
-					Name:   name,
-					Path:   dirPath,
-					Params: params,
-					Format: m,
-				},
-			}, nil
-		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Models based on '%s' are not yet supported", params.Architectures[0])
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unknown error")
-}
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ The final response in the stream also includes additional data about the generat
 - `load_duration`: time spent in nanoseconds loading the model
 - `prompt_eval_count`: number of tokens in the prompt
 - `prompt_eval_duration`: time spent in nanoseconds evaluating the prompt
- `eval_count`: number of tokens in the response
+- `eval_count`: number of tokens the response
 - `eval_duration`: time in nanoseconds spent generating the response
 - `context`: an encoding of the conversation used in this response, this can be sent in the next request to keep a conversational memory
 - `response`: empty if the response was streamed, if not streamed, this will contain the full response
--- a/docs/development.md
+++ b/docs/development.md
@@ -23,13 +23,7 @@ export OLLAMA_DEBUG=1
 Get the required libraries and build the native LLM code:

 ```bash
-go generate ./...
-```
-
-Then build ollama:
-
-```bash
-go build .
+go run build.go
 ```

 Now you can run `ollama`:
@@ -38,6 +32,16 @@ Now you can run `ollama`:
 ./ollama
 ```

+### Rebuilding the native code
+
+If at any point you need to rebuild the native code, you can run the
+build.go script again using the `-f` flag to force a rebuild, and,
+optionally, the `-d` flag to skip building the Go binary:
+
+```bash
+go run build.go -f -d
+```
+
 ### Linux

 #### Linux CUDA (NVIDIA)
@@ -53,16 +57,10 @@ specifying an environment variable `CUDA_LIB_DIR` to the location of the shared
 libraries, and `CUDACXX` to the location of the nvcc compiler. You can customize
 set set of target CUDA architectues by setting `CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES` (e.g. "50;60;70")

-Then generate dependencies:
-
-```
-go generate ./...
-```
-
 Then build the binary:

 ```
-go build .
+go run build.go
 ```

 #### Linux ROCm (AMD)
@@ -78,21 +76,17 @@ install (typically `/opt/rocm`), and `CLBlast_DIR` to the location of the
 CLBlast install (typically `/usr/lib/cmake/CLBlast`). You can also customize
 the AMD GPU targets by setting AMDGPU_TARGETS (e.g. `AMDGPU_TARGETS="gfx1101;gfx1102"`)

-```
-go generate ./...
-```
-
 Then build the binary:

 ```
-go build .
+go run build.go
 ```

 ROCm requires elevated privileges to access the GPU at runtime. On most distros you can add your user account to the `render` group, or run as root.

 #### Advanced CPU Settings

-By default, running `go generate ./...` will compile a few different variations
+By default, running `go run build.go` will compile a few different variations
 of the LLM library based on common CPU families and vector math capabilities,
 including a lowest-common-denominator which should run on almost any 64 bit CPU
 somewhat slowly. At runtime, Ollama will auto-detect the optimal variation to
@@ -102,8 +96,7 @@ like to use. For example, to compile an optimized binary for an Intel i9-9880H,
 you might use:

 ```
-OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CPU_DEFS="-DLLAMA_AVX=on -DLLAMA_AVX2=on -DLLAMA_F16C=on -DLLAMA_FMA=on" go generate ./...
-go build .
+OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CPU_DEFS="-DLLAMA_AVX=on -DLLAMA_AVX2=on -DLLAMA_F16C=on -DLLAMA_FMA=on" go run build.go
 ```

 #### Containerized Linux Build
@@ -124,8 +117,7 @@ Install required tools:

 ```powershell
 $env:CGO_ENABLED="1"
-go generate ./...
-go build .
+go run build.go
 ```

 #### Windows CUDA (NVIDIA)
@@ -142,4 +134,4 @@ In addition to the common Windows development tools described above, install AMD
 - [AMD HIP](https://www.amd.com/en/developer/resources/rocm-hub/hip-sdk.html)
 - [Strawberry Perl](https://strawberryperl.com/)

-Lastly, add `ninja.exe` included with MSVC to the system path (e.g. `C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\Ninja`).
+Lastly, add `ninja.exe` included with MSVC to the system path (e.g. `C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\Ninja`).
--- a/docs/faq.md
+++ b/docs/faq.md
@@ -228,7 +228,3 @@ To unload the model and free up memory use:
 ```shell
 curl http://localhost:11434/api/generate -d '{"model": "llama2", "keep_alive": 0}'
 ```
-
-Alternatively, you can change the amount of time all models are loaded into memory by setting the `OLLAMA_KEEP_ALIVE` environment variable when starting the Ollama server. The `OLLAMA_KEEP_ALIVE` variable uses the same parameter types as the `keep_alive` parameter types mentioned above. Refer to section explaining [how to configure the Ollama server](#how-do-i-configure-ollama-server) to correctly set the environment variable.
-
-If you wish to override the `OLLAMA_KEEP_ALIVE` setting, use the `keep_alive` API parameter with the `/api/generate` or `/api/chat` API endpoints.
--- a/docs/modelfile.md
+++ b/docs/modelfile.md
@@ -139,6 +139,9 @@ PARAMETER <parameter> <parametervalue>
 | mirostat_eta   | Influences how quickly the algorithm responds to feedback from the generated text. A lower learning rate will result in slower adjustments, while a higher learning rate will make the algorithm more responsive. (Default: 0.1)                        | float      | mirostat_eta 0.1     |
 | mirostat_tau   | Controls the balance between coherence and diversity of the output. A lower value will result in more focused and coherent text. (Default: 5.0)                                                                                                         | float      | mirostat_tau 5.0     |
 | num_ctx        | Sets the size of the context window used to generate the next token. (Default: 2048)                                                                                                                                                                    | int        | num_ctx 4096         |
+| num_gqa        | The number of GQA groups in the transformer layer. Required for some models, for example it is 8 for llama2:70b                                                                                                                                         | int        | num_gqa 1            |
+| num_gpu        | The number of layers to send to the GPU(s). On macOS it defaults to 1 to enable metal support, 0 to disable.                                                                                                                                            | int        | num_gpu 50           |
+| num_thread     | Sets the number of threads to use during computation. By default, Ollama will detect this for optimal performance. It is recommended to set this value to the number of physical CPU cores your system has (as opposed to the logical number of cores). | int        | num_thread 8         |
 | repeat_last_n  | Sets how far back for the model to look back to prevent repetition. (Default: 64, 0 = disabled, -1 = num_ctx)                                                                                                                                           | int        | repeat_last_n 64     |
 | repeat_penalty | Sets how strongly to penalize repetitions. A higher value (e.g., 1.5) will penalize repetitions more strongly, while a lower value (e.g., 0.9) will be more lenient. (Default: 1.1)                                                                     | float      | repeat_penalty 1.1   |
 | temperature    | The temperature of the model. Increasing the temperature will make the model answer more creatively. (Default: 0.8)                                                                                                                                     | float      | temperature 0.7      |
--- a/docs/tutorials/langchainjs.md
+++ b/docs/tutorials/langchainjs.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const ollama = new Ollama({
  model: "llama2",
 });

-const answer = await ollama.invoke(`why is the sky blue?`);
+const answer = await ollama.call(`why is the sky blue?`);

 console.log(answer);
 ```
--- a/docs/tutorials/nvidia-jetson.md
+++ b/docs/tutorials/nvidia-jetson.md
@@ -1,15 +1,38 @@
 # Running Ollama on NVIDIA Jetson Devices

-Ollama runs well on [NVIDIA Jetson Devices](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/autonomous-machines/embedded-systems/) and should run out of the box with the standard installation instructions. 
+With some minor configuration, Ollama runs well on [NVIDIA Jetson Devices](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/autonomous-machines/embedded-systems/). The following has been tested on [JetPack 5.1.2](https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/jetpack).

-The following has been tested on [JetPack 5.1.2](https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/jetpack), but should also work on JetPack 6.0.
+NVIDIA Jetson devices are Linux-based embedded AI computers that are purpose-built for AI applications.
+
+Jetsons have an integrated GPU that is wired directly to the memory controller of the machine. For this reason, the `nvidia-smi` command is unrecognized, and Ollama proceeds to operate in "CPU only"
+mode. This can be verified by using a monitoring tool like jtop.
+
+In order to address this, we simply pass the path to the Jetson's pre-installed CUDA libraries into `ollama serve` (while in a tmux session). We then hardcode the num_gpu parameters into a cloned
+version of our target model.
+
+Prerequisites:
+
+- curl
+- tmux
+
+Here are the steps:

 - Install Ollama via standard Linux command (ignore the 404 error): `curl https://ollama.com/install.sh | sh`
+- Stop the Ollama service: `sudo systemctl stop ollama`
+- Start Ollama serve in a tmux session called ollama_jetson and reference the CUDA libraries path: `tmux has-session -t ollama_jetson 2>/dev/null || tmux new-session -d -s ollama_jetson 
+'LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda/lib64 ollama serve'`
 - Pull the model you want to use (e.g. mistral): `ollama pull mistral`
- Start an interactive session: `ollama run mistral`
+- Create a new Modelfile specifically for enabling GPU support on the Jetson: `touch ModelfileMistralJetson`
+- In the ModelfileMistralJetson file, specify the FROM model and the num_gpu PARAMETER as shown below:
+
+```
+FROM mistral
+PARAMETER num_gpu 999
+```
+
+- Create a new model from your Modelfile: `ollama create mistral-jetson -f ./ModelfileMistralJetson`
+- Run the new model: `ollama run mistral-jetson`
+
+If you run a monitoring tool like jtop you should now see that Ollama is using the Jetson's integrated GPU.

 And that's it!
-
-# Running Ollama in Docker
-
-When running GPU accelerated applications in Docker, it is highly recommended to use [dusty-nv jetson-containers repo](https://github.com/dusty-nv/jetson-containers).
--- a/docs/windows.md
+++ b/docs/windows.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ As this is a preview release, you should expect a few bugs here and there.  If
 you run into a problem you can reach out on
 [Discord](https://discord.gg/ollama), or file an 
 [issue](https://github.com/ollama/ollama/issues).
-Logs will often be helpful in diagnosing the problem (see
+Logs will often be helpful in dianosing the problem (see
 [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting) below)

 ## System Requirements
--- a/examples/go-chat/main.go
+++ b/examples/go-chat/main.go
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	messages := []api.Message{
-		api.Message{
-			Role:    "system",
-			Content: "Provide very brief, concise responses",
-		},
-		api.Message{
-			Role:    "user",
-			Content: "Name some unusual animals",
-		},
-		api.Message{
-			Role:    "assistant",
-			Content: "Monotreme, platypus, echidna",
-		},
-		api.Message{
-			Role:    "user",
-			Content: "which of these is the most dangerous?",
-		},
-	}
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	req := &api.ChatRequest{
-		Model:    "llama2",
-		Messages: messages,
-	}
-
-	respFunc := func(resp api.ChatResponse) error {
-		fmt.Print(resp.Message.Content)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	err = client.Chat(ctx, req, respFunc)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/go-generate-streaming/main.go
+++ b/examples/go-generate-streaming/main.go
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	// By default, GenerateRequest is streaming.
-	req := &api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:  "gemma",
-		Prompt: "how many planets are there?",
-	}
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	respFunc := func(resp api.GenerateResponse) error {
-		// Only print the response here; GenerateResponse has a number of other
-		// interesting fields you want to examine.
-
-		// In streaming mode, responses are partial so we call fmt.Print (and not
-		// Println) in order to avoid spurious newlines being introduced. The
-		// model will insert its own newlines if it wants.
-		fmt.Print(resp.Response)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	err = client.Generate(ctx, req, respFunc)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	fmt.Println()
-}
--- a/examples/go-generate/main.go
+++ b/examples/go-generate/main.go
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	req := &api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:  "gemma",
-		Prompt: "how many planets are there?",
-
-		// set streaming to false
-		Stream: new(bool),
-	}
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	respFunc := func(resp api.GenerateResponse) error {
-		// Only print the response here; GenerateResponse has a number of other
-		// interesting fields you want to examine.
-		fmt.Println(resp.Response)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	err = client.Generate(ctx, req, respFunc)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/go-multimodal/main.go
+++ b/examples/go-multimodal/main.go
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	if len(os.Args) <= 1 {
-		log.Fatal("usage: <image name>")
-	}
-
-	imgData, err := os.ReadFile(os.Args[1])
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	req := &api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:  "llava",
-		Prompt: "describe this image",
-		Images: []api.ImageData{imgData},
-	}
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	respFunc := func(resp api.GenerateResponse) error {
-		// In streaming mode, responses are partial so we call fmt.Print (and not
-		// Println) in order to avoid spurious newlines being introduced. The
-		// model will insert its own newlines if it wants.
-		fmt.Print(resp.Response)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	err = client.Generate(ctx, req, respFunc)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	fmt.Println()
-}
--- a/examples/go-pull-progress/main.go
+++ b/examples/go-pull-progress/main.go
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	client, err := api.ClientFromEnvironment()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	req := &api.PullRequest{
-		Model: "mistral",
-	}
-	progressFunc := func(resp api.ProgressResponse) error {
-		fmt.Printf("Progress: status=%v, total=%v, completed=%v\n", resp.Status, resp.Total, resp.Completed)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	err = client.Pull(ctx, req, progressFunc)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
--- a/examples/golang-simplegenerate/README.md
+++ b/examples/golang-simplegenerate/README.md
--- a/examples/golang-simplegenerate/main.go
+++ b/examples/golang-simplegenerate/main.go
--- a/format/bytes.go
+++ b/format/bytes.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ const (

 	KibiByte = Byte * 1024
 	MebiByte = KibiByte * 1024
-	GibiByte = MebiByte * 1024
 )

 func HumanBytes(b int64) string {
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ func HumanBytes(b int64) string {
 	}
 }

-func HumanBytes2(b uint64) string {
+func HumanBytes2(b int64) string {
 	switch {
 	case b >= MebiByte:
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1f MiB", float64(b)/MebiByte)
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0
 )

-require (
-	github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle v0.3.0
-	github.com/pdevine/tensor v0.0.0-20240228013915-64ccaa8d9ca9
-)
+require github.com/pdevine/tensor v0.0.0-20240228013915-64ccaa8d9ca9

 require (
 	github.com/apache/arrow/go/arrow v0.0.0-20201229220542-30ce2eb5d4dc // indirect
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/net v0.17.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.13.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -122,8 +122,6 @@ github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd h1:TRLaZ9cD/w
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 h1:xBagoLtFs94CBntxluKeaWgTMpvLxC4ur3nMaC9Gz0M=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2/go.mod h1:yWuevngMOJpCy52FWWMvUC8ws7m/LJsjYzDa0/r8luk=
-github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle v0.3.0 h1:BLUE5gxFLyyNOPzlXxt6GoHEMMxD0qhsE4p0CIQyoLw=
-github.com/nlpodyssey/gopickle v0.3.0/go.mod h1:f070HJ/yR+eLi5WmM1OXJEGaTpuJEUiib19olXgYha0=
 github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 h1:P2Ga83D34wi1o9J6Wh1mRuqd4mF/x/lgBS7N7AbDhec=
 github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5/go.mod h1:hPp6KlRPjbx+hW8ykQs1w3UBbZlj6HuIJcUGPhkA7kY=
 github.com/pdevine/tensor v0.0.0-20240228013915-64ccaa8d9ca9 h1:DV4iXjNn6fGeDl1AkZ1I0QB/0DBjrc7kPpxHrmuDzW4=
@@ -238,8 +236,8 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.13.0/go.mod h1:LTmsnFJwVN6bCy1rVCoS+qHT1HhALEFxKncY3WNNh4U=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 h1:ScX5w1eTa3QqT8oi6+ziP7dTV1S2+ALU0bI+0zXKWiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 h1:ablQoSUd0tRdKxZewP80B+BaqeKJuVhuRxj/dkrun3k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180525024113-a5b4c53f6e8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
--- a/gpu/amd_common.go
+++ b/gpu/amd_common.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )

@@ -35,64 +35,22 @@ func GetSupportedGFX(libDir string) ([]string, error) {
 	return ret, nil
 }

-func rocmGetVisibleDevicesEnv(gpuInfo []GpuInfo) (string, string) {
-	ids := []string{}
-	for _, info := range gpuInfo {
-		if info.Library != "rocm" {
-			// TODO shouldn't happen if things are wired correctly...
-			slog.Debug("rocmGetVisibleDevicesEnv skipping over non-rocm device", "library", info.Library)
+func amdSetVisibleDevices(ids []int, skip map[int]interface{}) {
+	// Set the visible devices if not already set
+	// TODO - does sort order matter?
+	devices := []string{}
+	for i := range ids {
+		if _, skipped := skip[i]; skipped {
 			continue
 		}
-		ids = append(ids, info.ID)
+		devices = append(devices, strconv.Itoa(i))
+	}
+
+	val := strings.Join(devices, ",")
+	err := os.Setenv("HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES", val)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to set env: %s", err))
+	} else {
+		slog.Info("Setting HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES=" + val)
 	}
-	return "HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES", strings.Join(ids, ",")
-}
-
-func commonAMDValidateLibDir() (string, error) {
-	// We try to favor system paths first, so that we can wire up the subprocess to use
-	// the system version.  Only use our bundled version if the system version doesn't work
-	// This gives users a more recovery options if versions have subtle problems at runtime
-
-	// Prefer explicit HIP env var
-	hipPath := os.Getenv("HIP_PATH")
-	if hipPath != "" {
-		hipLibDir := filepath.Join(hipPath, "bin")
-		if rocmLibUsable(hipLibDir) {
-			slog.Debug("detected ROCM via HIP_PATH=" + hipPath)
-			return hipLibDir, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Scan the LD_LIBRARY_PATH or PATH
-	pathEnv := "LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
-	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-		pathEnv = "PATH"
-	}
-
-	paths := os.Getenv(pathEnv)
-	for _, path := range filepath.SplitList(paths) {
-		d, err := filepath.Abs(path)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if rocmLibUsable(d) {
-			return d, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Well known location(s)
-	if rocmLibUsable(RocmStandardLocation) {
-		return RocmStandardLocation, nil
-	}
-
-	// Installer payload location if we're running the installed binary
-	exe, err := os.Executable()
-	if err == nil {
-		rocmTargetDir := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(exe), "rocm")
-		if rocmLibUsable(rocmTargetDir) {
-			slog.Debug("detected ROCM next to ollama executable " + rocmTargetDir)
-			return rocmTargetDir, nil
-		}
-	}
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("no suitable rocm found, falling back to CPU")
 }
--- a/gpu/amd_hip_windows.go
+++ b/gpu/amd_hip_windows.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func NewHipLib() (*HipLib, error) {
 func (hl *HipLib) Release() {
 	err := windows.FreeLibrary(hl.dll)
 	if err != nil {
-		slog.Warn("failed to unload amdhip64.dll", "error", err)
+		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to unload amdhip64.dll: %s", err))
 	}
 	hl.dll = 0
 }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func (hl *HipLib) HipGetDeviceCount() int {
 		return 0
 	}
 	if status != hipSuccess {
-		slog.Warn("failed call to hipGetDeviceCount", "status", status, "error", err)
+		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed call to hipGetDeviceCount: %d %s", status, err))
 	}
 	return count
 }
--- a/gpu/amd_linux.go
+++ b/gpu/amd_linux.go
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 )

 // Discovery logic for AMD/ROCm GPUs
@@ -26,6 +24,9 @@ const (
 	GPUTotalMemoryFileGlob = "mem_banks/*/properties" // size_in_bytes line
 	GPUUsedMemoryFileGlob  = "mem_banks/*/used_memory"
 	RocmStandardLocation   = "/opt/rocm/lib"
+
+	// TODO find a better way to detect iGPU instead of minimum memory
+	IGPUMemLimit = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 // 512G is what they typically report, so anything less than 1G must be iGPU
 )

 var (
@@ -34,11 +35,14 @@ var (
 )

 // Gather GPU information from the amdgpu driver if any supported GPUs are detected
-func AMDGetGPUInfo() []GpuInfo {
-	resp := []GpuInfo{}
+// HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES will be set if we detect a mix of unsupported and supported devices
+// and the user hasn't already set this variable
+func AMDGetGPUInfo(resp *GpuInfo) {
+	// TODO - DRY this out with windows
 	if !AMDDetected() {
-		return resp
+		return
 	}
+	skip := map[int]interface{}{}

 	// Opportunistic logging of driver version to aid in troubleshooting
 	ver, err := AMDDriverVersion()
@@ -46,117 +50,160 @@ func AMDGetGPUInfo() []GpuInfo {
 		slog.Info("AMD Driver: " + ver)
 	} else {
 		// TODO - if we see users crash and burn with the upstreamed kernel this can be adjusted to hard-fail rocm support and fallback to CPU
-		slog.Warn("ollama recommends running the https://www.amd.com/en/support/linux-drivers", "error", err)
+		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("ollama recommends running the https://www.amd.com/en/support/linux-drivers: %s", err))
 	}

-	// Determine if the user has already pre-selected which GPUs to look at, then ignore the others
-	var visibleDevices []string
-	hipVD := os.Getenv("HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES")   // zero based index only
-	rocrVD := os.Getenv("ROCR_VISIBLE_DEVICES") // zero based index or UUID, but consumer cards seem to not support UUID
-	gpuDO := os.Getenv("GPU_DEVICE_ORDINAL")    // zero based index
-	switch {
-	// TODO is this priorty order right?
-	case hipVD != "":
-		visibleDevices = strings.Split(hipVD, ",")
-	case rocrVD != "":
-		visibleDevices = strings.Split(rocrVD, ",")
-		// TODO - since we don't yet support UUIDs, consider detecting and reporting here
-		// all our test systems show GPU-XX indicating UUID is not supported
-	case gpuDO != "":
-		visibleDevices = strings.Split(gpuDO, ",")
+	// If the user has specified exactly which GPUs to use, look up their memory
+	visibleDevices := os.Getenv("HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
+	if visibleDevices != "" {
+		ids := []int{}
+		for _, idStr := range strings.Split(visibleDevices, ",") {
+			id, err := strconv.Atoi(idStr)
+			if err != nil {
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("malformed HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES=%s %s", visibleDevices, err))
+			} else {
+				ids = append(ids, id)
+			}
+		}
+		amdProcMemLookup(resp, nil, ids)
+		return
 	}

+	// Gather GFX version information from all detected cards
+	gfx := AMDGFXVersions()
+	verStrings := []string{}
+	for i, v := range gfx {
+		verStrings = append(verStrings, v.ToGFXString())
+		if v.Major == 0 {
+			// Silently skip CPUs
+			skip[i] = struct{}{}
+			continue
+		}
+		if v.Major < 9 {
+			// TODO consider this a build-time setting if we can support 8xx family GPUs
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] too old %s", i, v.ToGFXString()))
+			skip[i] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("detected amdgpu versions %v", verStrings))
+
+	// Abort if all GPUs are skipped
+	if len(skip) >= len(gfx) {
+		slog.Info("all detected amdgpus are skipped, falling back to CPU")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// If we got this far, then we have at least 1 GPU that's a ROCm candidate, so make sure we have a lib
+	libDir, err := AMDValidateLibDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("unable to verify rocm library, will use cpu: %s", err))
+		return
+	}
+
+	updateLibPath(libDir)
+
 	gfxOverride := os.Getenv("HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION")
-	var supported []string
-	libDir := ""
-
-	// The amdgpu driver always exposes the host CPU(s) first, but we have to skip them and subtract
-	// from the other IDs to get alignment with the HIP libraries expectations (zero is the first GPU, not the CPU)
-	matches, _ := filepath.Glob(GPUPropertiesFileGlob)
-	cpuCount := 0
-	for _, match := range matches {
-		slog.Debug("evaluating amdgpu node " + match)
-		fp, err := os.Open(match)
+	if gfxOverride == "" {
+		supported, err := GetSupportedGFX(libDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Debug("failed to open sysfs node", "file", match, "error", err)
-			continue
-		}
-		defer fp.Close()
-		nodeID, err := strconv.Atoi(filepath.Base(filepath.Dir(match)))
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Debug("failed to parse node ID", "error", err)
-			continue
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to lookup supported GFX types, falling back to CPU mode: %s", err))
+			return
 		}
+		slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("rocm supported GPU types %v", supported))

-		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(fp)
-		isCPU := false
-		var major, minor, patch uint64
-		for scanner.Scan() {
-			line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
-			// Note: we could also use "cpu_cores_count X" where X is greater than zero to detect CPUs
-			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "gfx_target_version") {
-				ver := strings.Fields(line)
-
-				// Detect CPUs
-				if len(ver) == 2 && ver[1] == "0" {
-					slog.Debug("detected CPU " + match)
-					isCPU = true
-					break
-				}
-
-				if len(ver) != 2 || len(ver[1]) < 5 {
-					slog.Warn("malformed "+match, "gfx_target_version", line)
-					// If this winds up being a CPU, our offsets may be wrong
-					continue
-				}
-				l := len(ver[1])
-				var err1, err2, err3 error
-				patch, err1 = strconv.ParseUint(ver[1][l-2:l], 10, 32)
-				minor, err2 = strconv.ParseUint(ver[1][l-4:l-2], 10, 32)
-				major, err3 = strconv.ParseUint(ver[1][:l-4], 10, 32)
-				if err1 != nil || err2 != nil || err3 != nil {
-					slog.Debug("malformed int " + line)
-					continue
-				}
+		for i, v := range gfx {
+			if !slices.Contains[[]string, string](supported, v.ToGFXString()) {
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] %s is not supported by %s %v", i, v.ToGFXString(), libDir, supported))
+				// TODO - consider discrete markdown just for ROCM troubleshooting?
+				slog.Warn("See https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/gpu.md#overrides for HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION usage")
+				skip[i] = struct{}{}
+			} else {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] %s is supported", i, v.ToGFXString()))
 			}
-
-			// TODO - any other properties we want to extract and record?
-			// vendor_id + device_id -> pci lookup for "Name"
-			// Other metrics that may help us understand relative performance between multiple GPUs
 		}
+	} else {
+		slog.Debug("skipping rocm gfx compatibility check with HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION=" + gfxOverride)
+	}

-		if isCPU {
-			cpuCount++
+	if len(skip) >= len(gfx) {
+		slog.Info("all detected amdgpus are skipped, falling back to CPU")
+		return
+	}
+
+	ids := make([]int, len(gfx))
+	i := 0
+	for k := range gfx {
+		ids[i] = k
+		i++
+	}
+	amdProcMemLookup(resp, skip, ids)
+	if resp.memInfo.DeviceCount == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(skip) > 0 {
+		amdSetVisibleDevices(ids, skip)
+	}
+}
+
+func updateLibPath(libDir string) {
+	ldPaths := []string{}
+	if val, ok := os.LookupEnv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"); ok {
+		ldPaths = strings.Split(val, ":")
+	}
+	for _, d := range ldPaths {
+		if d == libDir {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	val := strings.Join(append(ldPaths, libDir), ":")
+	slog.Debug("updated lib path", "LD_LIBRARY_PATH", val)
+	os.Setenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", val)
+}
+
+// Walk the sysfs nodes for the available GPUs and gather information from them
+// skipping over any devices in the skip map
+func amdProcMemLookup(resp *GpuInfo, skip map[int]interface{}, ids []int) {
+	resp.memInfo.DeviceCount = 0
+	resp.memInfo.TotalMemory = 0
+	resp.memInfo.FreeMemory = 0
+	slog.Debug("discovering VRAM for amdgpu devices")
+	if len(ids) == 0 {
+		entries, err := os.ReadDir(AMDNodesSysfsDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to read amdgpu sysfs %s - %s", AMDNodesSysfsDir, err))
+			return
+		}
+		for _, node := range entries {
+			if !node.IsDir() {
+				continue
+			}
+			id, err := strconv.Atoi(node.Name())
+			if err != nil {
+				slog.Warn("malformed amdgpu sysfs node id " + node.Name())
+				continue
+			}
+			ids = append(ids, id)
+		}
+	}
+	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu devices %v", ids))
+
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		if _, skipped := skip[id]; skipped {
 			continue
 		}
-
-		// CPUs are always first in the list
-		gpuID := nodeID - cpuCount
-
-		// Shouldn't happen, but just in case...
-		if gpuID < 0 {
-			slog.Error("unexpected amdgpu sysfs data resulted in negative GPU ID, please set OLLAMA_DEBUG=1 and report an issue")
-			return []GpuInfo{}
-		}
-
-		if int(major) < RocmComputeMin {
-			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu too old gfx%d%d%x", major, minor, patch), "gpu", gpuID)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Look up the memory for the current node
 		totalMemory := uint64(0)
 		usedMemory := uint64(0)
-		propGlob := filepath.Join(AMDNodesSysfsDir, strconv.Itoa(nodeID), GPUTotalMemoryFileGlob)
+		// Adjust for sysfs vs HIP ids
+		propGlob := filepath.Join(AMDNodesSysfsDir, strconv.Itoa(id+1), GPUTotalMemoryFileGlob)
 		propFiles, err := filepath.Glob(propGlob)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("error looking up total GPU memory", "glob", propGlob, "error", err)
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("error looking up total GPU memory: %s %s", propGlob, err))
 		}
 		// 1 or more memory banks - sum the values of all of them
 		for _, propFile := range propFiles {
 			fp, err := os.Open(propFile)
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("failed to open sysfs node", "file", propFile, "erroir", err)
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to open sysfs node file %s: %s", propFile, err))
 				continue
 			}
 			defer fp.Close()
@@ -179,113 +226,49 @@ func AMDGetGPUInfo() []GpuInfo {
 			}
 		}
 		if totalMemory == 0 {
-			slog.Warn("amdgpu reports zero total memory", "gpu", gpuID)
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] reports zero total memory, skipping", id))
+			skip[id] = struct{}{}
 			continue
 		}
-		usedGlob := filepath.Join(AMDNodesSysfsDir, strconv.Itoa(nodeID), GPUUsedMemoryFileGlob)
+		if totalMemory < IGPUMemLimit {
+			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] appears to be an iGPU with %dM reported total memory, skipping", id, totalMemory/1024/1024))
+			skip[id] = struct{}{}
+			continue
+		}
+		usedGlob := filepath.Join(AMDNodesSysfsDir, strconv.Itoa(id), GPUUsedMemoryFileGlob)
 		usedFiles, err := filepath.Glob(usedGlob)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("error looking up used GPU memory", "glob", usedGlob, "error", err)
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("error looking up used GPU memory: %s %s", usedGlob, err))
 			continue
 		}
 		for _, usedFile := range usedFiles {
 			fp, err := os.Open(usedFile)
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("failed to open sysfs node", "file", usedFile, "error", err)
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to open sysfs node file %s: %s", usedFile, err))
 				continue
 			}
 			defer fp.Close()
 			data, err := io.ReadAll(fp)
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("failed to read sysfs node", "file", usedFile, "error", err)
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to read sysfs node file %s: %s", usedFile, err))
 				continue
 			}
 			used, err := strconv.ParseUint(strings.TrimSpace(string(data)), 10, 64)
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("malformed used memory", "data", string(data), "error", err)
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("malformed used memory %s: %s", string(data), err))
 				continue
 			}
 			usedMemory += used
 		}
-
-		// iGPU detection, remove this check once we can support an iGPU variant of the rocm library
-		if totalMemory < IGPUMemLimit {
-			slog.Info("amdgpu appears to be an iGPU, skipping", "gpu", gpuID, "total", format.HumanBytes2(totalMemory))
-			continue
-		}
-
-		slog.Info("amdgpu memory", "gpu", gpuID, "total", format.HumanBytes2(totalMemory))
-		slog.Info("amdgpu memory", "gpu", gpuID, "available", format.HumanBytes2(totalMemory-usedMemory))
-		gpuInfo := GpuInfo{
-			Library: "rocm",
-			memInfo: memInfo{
-				TotalMemory: totalMemory,
-				FreeMemory:  (totalMemory - usedMemory),
-			},
-			ID: fmt.Sprintf("%d", gpuID),
-			// Name: not exposed in sysfs directly, would require pci device id lookup
-			Major:         int(major),
-			Minor:         int(minor),
-			Patch:         int(patch),
-			MinimumMemory: rocmMinimumMemory,
-		}
-
-		// If the user wants to filter to a subset of devices, filter out if we aren't a match
-		if len(visibleDevices) > 0 {
-			include := false
-			for _, visible := range visibleDevices {
-				if visible == gpuInfo.ID {
-					include = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !include {
-				slog.Info("filtering out device per user request", "id", gpuInfo.ID, "visible_devices", visibleDevices)
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Final validation is gfx compatibility - load the library if we haven't already loaded it
-		// even if the user overrides, we still need to validate the library
-		if libDir == "" {
-			libDir, err = AMDValidateLibDir()
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("unable to verify rocm library, will use cpu", "error", err)
-				return []GpuInfo{}
-			}
-		}
-		gpuInfo.DependencyPath = libDir
-
-		if gfxOverride == "" {
-			// Only load supported list once
-			if len(supported) == 0 {
-				supported, err = GetSupportedGFX(libDir)
-				if err != nil {
-					slog.Warn("failed to lookup supported GFX types, falling back to CPU mode", "error", err)
-					return []GpuInfo{}
-				}
-				slog.Debug("rocm supported GPUs", "types", supported)
-			}
-			gfx := fmt.Sprintf("gfx%d%d%x", gpuInfo.Major, gpuInfo.Minor, gpuInfo.Patch)
-			if !slices.Contains[[]string, string](supported, gfx) {
-				slog.Warn("amdgpu is not supported", "gpu", gpuInfo.ID, "gpu_type", gfx, "library", libDir, "supported_types", supported)
-				// TODO - consider discrete markdown just for ROCM troubleshooting?
-				slog.Warn("See https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/gpu.md#overrides for HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION usage")
-				continue
-			} else {
-				slog.Info("amdgpu is supported", "gpu", gpuInfo.ID, "gpu_type", gfx)
-			}
-		} else {
-			slog.Debug("skipping rocm gfx compatibility check with HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION=" + gfxOverride)
-		}
-
-		// The GPU has passed all the verification steps and is supported
-		resp = append(resp, gpuInfo)
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] amdgpu totalMemory %dM", id, totalMemory/1024/1024))
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] amdgpu freeMemory  %dM", id, (totalMemory-usedMemory)/1024/1024))
+		resp.memInfo.DeviceCount++
+		resp.memInfo.TotalMemory += totalMemory
+		resp.memInfo.FreeMemory += (totalMemory - usedMemory)
 	}
-	if len(resp) == 0 {
-		slog.Info("no compatible amdgpu devices detected")
+	if resp.memInfo.DeviceCount > 0 {
+		resp.Library = "rocm"
 	}
-	return resp
 }

 // Quick check for AMD driver so we can skip amdgpu discovery if not present
@@ -297,24 +280,87 @@ func AMDDetected() bool {
 		slog.Debug("amdgpu driver not detected " + sysfsDir)
 		return false
 	} else if err != nil {
-		slog.Debug("error looking up amd driver", "path", sysfsDir, "error", err)
+		slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("error looking up amd driver %s %s", sysfsDir, err))
 		return false
 	}
 	return true
 }

+func setupLink(source, target string) error {
+	if err := os.RemoveAll(target); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove old rocm directory %s %w", target, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.Symlink(source, target); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create link %s => %s %w", source, target, err)
+	}
+	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("host rocm linked %s => %s", source, target))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Ensure the AMD rocm lib dir is wired up
 // Prefer to use host installed ROCm, as long as it meets our minimum requirements
 // failing that, tell the user how to download it on their own
 func AMDValidateLibDir() (string, error) {
-	libDir, err := commonAMDValidateLibDir()
+	// We rely on the rpath compiled into our library to find rocm
+	// so we establish a symlink to wherever we find it on the system
+	// to <payloads>/rocm
+	payloadsDir, err := PayloadsDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	// If we already have a rocm dependency wired, nothing more to do
+	rocmTargetDir := filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(payloadsDir, "..", "rocm"))
+	if rocmLibUsable(rocmTargetDir) {
+		return rocmTargetDir, nil
+	}
+
+	// next to the running binary
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
 	if err == nil {
-		return libDir, nil
+		peerDir := filepath.Dir(exe)
+		if rocmLibUsable(peerDir) {
+			slog.Debug("detected ROCM next to ollama executable " + peerDir)
+			return rocmTargetDir, setupLink(peerDir, rocmTargetDir)
+		}
+		peerDir = filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(exe), "rocm")
+		if rocmLibUsable(peerDir) {
+			slog.Debug("detected ROCM next to ollama executable " + peerDir)
+			return rocmTargetDir, setupLink(peerDir, rocmTargetDir)
+		}
 	}

 	// Well known ollama installer path
 	installedRocmDir := "/usr/share/ollama/lib/rocm"
 	if rocmLibUsable(installedRocmDir) {
-		return installedRocmDir, nil
+		return rocmTargetDir, setupLink(installedRocmDir, rocmTargetDir)
+	}
+
+	// Prefer explicit HIP env var
+	hipPath := os.Getenv("HIP_PATH")
+	if hipPath != "" {
+		hipLibDir := filepath.Join(hipPath, "lib")
+		if rocmLibUsable(hipLibDir) {
+			slog.Debug("detected ROCM via HIP_PATH=" + hipPath)
+			return rocmTargetDir, setupLink(hipLibDir, rocmTargetDir)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Scan the library path for potential matches
+	ldPaths := strings.Split(os.Getenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"), ":")
+	for _, ldPath := range ldPaths {
+		d, err := filepath.Abs(ldPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if rocmLibUsable(d) {
+			return rocmTargetDir, setupLink(d, rocmTargetDir)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Well known location(s)
+	if rocmLibUsable("/opt/rocm/lib") {
+		return rocmTargetDir, setupLink("/opt/rocm/lib", rocmTargetDir)
 	}

 	// If we still haven't found a usable rocm, the user will have to install it on their own
@@ -338,3 +384,68 @@ func AMDDriverVersion() (string, error) {
 	}
 	return strings.TrimSpace(string(verString)), nil
 }
+
+func AMDGFXVersions() map[int]Version {
+	// The amdgpu driver always exposes the host CPU as node 0, but we have to skip that and subtract one
+	// from the other IDs to get alignment with the HIP libraries expectations (zero is the first GPU, not the CPU)
+	res := map[int]Version{}
+	matches, _ := filepath.Glob(GPUPropertiesFileGlob)
+	for _, match := range matches {
+		fp, err := os.Open(match)
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("failed to open sysfs node file %s: %s", match, err))
+			continue
+		}
+		defer fp.Close()
+		i, err := strconv.Atoi(filepath.Base(filepath.Dir(match)))
+		if err != nil {
+			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("failed to parse node ID %s", err))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if i == 0 {
+			// Skipping the CPU
+			continue
+		}
+		// Align with HIP IDs (zero is first GPU, not CPU)
+		i -= 1
+
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(fp)
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
+			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "gfx_target_version") {
+				ver := strings.Fields(line)
+				if len(ver) != 2 || len(ver[1]) < 5 {
+					if ver[1] != "0" {
+						slog.Debug("malformed " + line)
+					}
+					res[i] = Version{
+						Major: 0,
+						Minor: 0,
+						Patch: 0,
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+				l := len(ver[1])
+				patch, err1 := strconv.ParseUint(ver[1][l-2:l], 10, 32)
+				minor, err2 := strconv.ParseUint(ver[1][l-4:l-2], 10, 32)
+				major, err3 := strconv.ParseUint(ver[1][:l-4], 10, 32)
+				if err1 != nil || err2 != nil || err3 != nil {
+					slog.Debug("malformed int " + line)
+					continue
+				}
+
+				res[i] = Version{
+					Major: uint(major),
+					Minor: uint(minor),
+					Patch: uint(patch),
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return res
+}
+
+func (v Version) ToGFXString() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("gfx%d%d%d", v.Major, v.Minor, v.Patch)
+}
--- a/gpu/amd_windows.go
+++ b/gpu/amd_windows.go
@@ -7,10 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 )

 const (
@@ -25,32 +22,36 @@ var (
 	ROCmLibGlobs = []string{"hipblas.dll", "rocblas"} // TODO - probably include more coverage of files here...
 )

-func AMDGetGPUInfo() []GpuInfo {
-	resp := []GpuInfo{}
+func AMDGetGPUInfo(resp *GpuInfo) {
 	hl, err := NewHipLib()
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Debug(err.Error())
-		return nil
+		return
 	}
 	defer hl.Release()
+	skip := map[int]interface{}{}
+	ids := []int{}
+	resp.memInfo.DeviceCount = 0
+	resp.memInfo.TotalMemory = 0
+	resp.memInfo.FreeMemory = 0

 	ver, err := hl.AMDDriverVersion()
 	if err == nil {
 		slog.Info("AMD Driver: " + ver)
 	} else {
 		// For now this is benign, but we may eventually need to fail compatibility checks
-		slog.Debug("error looking up amd driver version", "error", err)
+		slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("error looking up amd driver version: %s", err))
 	}

-	// Note: the HIP library automatically handles subsetting to any HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES the user specified
+	// Note: the HIP library automatically handles HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES
 	count := hl.HipGetDeviceCount()
 	if count == 0 {
-		return nil
+		return
 	}
 	libDir, err := AMDValidateLibDir()
 	if err != nil {
-		slog.Warn("unable to verify rocm library, will use cpu", "error", err)
-		return nil
+		slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("unable to verify rocm library, will use cpu: %s", err))
+		return
 	}

 	var supported []string
@@ -58,120 +59,95 @@ func AMDGetGPUInfo() []GpuInfo {
 	if gfxOverride == "" {
 		supported, err = GetSupportedGFX(libDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("failed to lookup supported GFX types, falling back to CPU mode", "error", err)
-			return nil
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("failed to lookup supported GFX types, falling back to CPU mode: %s", err))
+			return
 		}
 	} else {
 		slog.Debug("skipping rocm gfx compatibility check with HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION=" + gfxOverride)
 	}

-	slog.Info("detected hip devices", "count", count)
-	// TODO how to determine the underlying device ID when visible devices is causing this to subset?
+	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("detected %d hip devices", count))
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		ids = append(ids, i)
 		err = hl.HipSetDevice(i)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("set device", "id", i, "error", err)
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s", i, err))
+			skip[i] = struct{}{}
 			continue
 		}

 		props, err := hl.HipGetDeviceProperties(i)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("get properties", "id", i, "error", err)
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s", i, err))
+			skip[i] = struct{}{}
 			continue
 		}
 		n := bytes.IndexByte(props.Name[:], 0)
 		name := string(props.Name[:n])
-		// TODO is UUID actually populated on windows?
-		// Can luid be used on windows for setting visible devices (and is it actually set?)
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] Name: %s", i, name))
 		n = bytes.IndexByte(props.GcnArchName[:], 0)
 		gfx := string(props.GcnArchName[:n])
-		slog.Info("hip device", "id", i, "name", name, "gfx", gfx)
-		var major, minor, patch string
-		switch len(gfx) {
-		case 6:
-			major, minor, patch = gfx[3:4], gfx[4:5], gfx[5:]
-		case 7:
-			major, minor, patch = gfx[3:5], gfx[5:6], gfx[6:]
-		}
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] GcnArchName: %s", i, gfx))
 		//slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] Integrated: %d", i, props.iGPU)) // DOESN'T REPORT CORRECTLY!  Always 0
 		// TODO  Why isn't props.iGPU accurate!?
 		if strings.EqualFold(name, iGPUName) {
-			slog.Info("iGPU detected skipping", "id", i)
+			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("iGPU detected [%d] skipping", i))
+			skip[i] = struct{}{}
 			continue
 		}
 		if gfxOverride == "" {
 			if !slices.Contains[[]string, string](supported, gfx) {
-				slog.Warn("amdgpu is not supported", "gpu", i, "gpu_type", gfx, "library", libDir, "supported_types", supported)
+				slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] %s is not supported by %s %v", i, gfx, libDir, supported))
 				// TODO - consider discrete markdown just for ROCM troubleshooting?
 				slog.Warn("See https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/troubleshooting.md for HSA_OVERRIDE_GFX_VERSION usage")
+				skip[i] = struct{}{}
 				continue
 			} else {
-				slog.Info("amdgpu is supported", "gpu", i, "gpu_type", gfx)
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%d] %s is supported", i, gfx))
 			}
 		}

-		freeMemory, totalMemory, err := hl.HipMemGetInfo()
+		totalMemory, freeMemory, err := hl.HipMemGetInfo()
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Warn("get mem info", "id", i, "error", err)
+			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] %s", i, err))
 			continue
 		}

-		// iGPU detection, remove this check once we can support an iGPU variant of the rocm library
-		if totalMemory < IGPUMemLimit {
-			slog.Info("amdgpu appears to be an iGPU, skipping", "gpu", i, "total", format.HumanBytes2(totalMemory))
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// TODO revisit this once ROCm v6 is available on windows.
-		// v5.7 only reports VRAM used by this process, so it's completely wrong and unusable
-		slog.Info("amdgpu memory", "gpu", i, "total", format.HumanBytes2(totalMemory))
-		slog.Info("amdgpu memory", "gpu", i, "available", format.HumanBytes2(freeMemory))
-		gpuInfo := GpuInfo{
-			Library: "rocm",
-			memInfo: memInfo{
-				TotalMemory: totalMemory,
-				FreeMemory:  freeMemory,
-			},
-			ID:             fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), // TODO this is probably wrong if we specify visible devices
-			DependencyPath: libDir,
-			MinimumMemory:  rocmMinimumMemory,
-		}
-		if major != "" {
-			gpuInfo.Major, err = strconv.Atoi(major)
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Info("failed to parse version", "version", gfx, "error", err)
-			}
-		}
-		if minor != "" {
-			gpuInfo.Minor, err = strconv.Atoi(minor)
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Info("failed to parse version", "version", gfx, "error", err)
-			}
-		}
-		if patch != "" {
-			// Patch rev is hex; e.g. gfx90a
-			p, err := strconv.ParseInt(patch, 16, 0)
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Info("failed to parse version", "version", gfx, "error", err)
-			} else {
-				gpuInfo.Patch = int(p)
-			}
-		}
-		if gpuInfo.Major < RocmComputeMin {
-			slog.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("amdgpu [%s] too old gfx%d%d%x", gpuInfo.ID, gpuInfo.Major, gpuInfo.Minor, gpuInfo.Patch))
-			continue
-		}
-
-		resp = append(resp, gpuInfo)
+		// TODO according to docs, freeMem may lie on windows!
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] Total Mem: %d", i, totalMemory))
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] Free Mem:  %d", i, freeMemory))
+		resp.memInfo.DeviceCount++
+		resp.memInfo.TotalMemory += totalMemory
+		resp.memInfo.FreeMemory += freeMemory
 	}
-
-	return resp
+	if resp.memInfo.DeviceCount > 0 {
+		resp.Library = "rocm"
+	}
+	// Abort if all GPUs are skipped
+	if len(skip) >= count {
+		slog.Info("all detected amdgpus are skipped, falling back to CPU")
+		return
+	}
+	if len(skip) > 0 {
+		amdSetVisibleDevices(ids, skip)
+	}
+	UpdatePath(libDir)
 }

 func AMDValidateLibDir() (string, error) {
-	libDir, err := commonAMDValidateLibDir()
+	// On windows non-admins typically can't create links
+	// so instead of trying to rely on rpath and a link in
+	// $LibDir/rocm, we instead rely on setting PATH to point
+	// to the location of the ROCm library
+
+	// Installer payload location if we're running the installed binary
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
 	if err == nil {
-		return libDir, nil
+		rocmTargetDir := filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(exe), "rocm")
+		if rocmLibUsable(rocmTargetDir) {
+			slog.Debug("detected ROCM next to ollama executable " + rocmTargetDir)
+			return rocmTargetDir, nil
+		}
 	}

 	// Installer payload (if we're running from some other location)
@@ -183,6 +159,21 @@ func AMDValidateLibDir() (string, error) {
 		return rocmTargetDir, nil
 	}

+	// Prefer explicit HIP env var
+	hipPath := os.Getenv("HIP_PATH")
+	if hipPath != "" {
+		hipLibDir := filepath.Join(hipPath, "bin")
+		if rocmLibUsable(hipLibDir) {
+			slog.Debug("detected ROCM via HIP_PATH=" + hipPath)
+			return hipLibDir, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Well known location(s)
+	if rocmLibUsable(RocmStandardLocation) {
+		return RocmStandardLocation, nil
+	}
+
 	// Should not happen on windows since we include it in the installer, but stand-alone binary might hit this
 	slog.Warn("amdgpu detected, but no compatible rocm library found.  Please install ROCm")
 	return "", fmt.Errorf("no suitable rocm found, falling back to CPU")
--- a/gpu/assets.go
+++ b/gpu/assets.go
@@ -24,51 +24,6 @@ func PayloadsDir() (string, error) {
 	defer lock.Unlock()
 	var err error
 	if payloadsDir == "" {
-		runnersDir := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_RUNNERS_DIR")
-		// On Windows we do not carry the payloads inside the main executable
-		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" && runnersDir == "" {
-			appExe, err := os.Executable()
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Error("failed to lookup executable path", "error", err)
-				return "", err
-			}
-
-			cwd, err := os.Getwd()
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Error("failed to lookup working directory", "error", err)
-				return "", err
-			}
-
-			var paths []string
-			for _, root := range []string{appExe, cwd} {
-				paths = append(paths,
-					filepath.Join(root),
-					filepath.Join(root, "windows-"+runtime.GOARCH),
-					filepath.Join(root, "dist", "windows-"+runtime.GOARCH),
-				)
-			}
-
-			// Try a few variations to improve developer experience when building from source in the local tree
-			for _, p := range paths {
-				candidate := filepath.Join(p, "ollama_runners")
-				_, err := os.Stat(candidate)
-				if err == nil {
-					runnersDir = candidate
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if runnersDir == "" {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("unable to locate llm runner directory.  Set OLLAMA_RUNNERS_DIR to the location of 'ollama_runners'")
-				slog.Error("incomplete distribution", "error", err)
-				return "", err
-			}
-		}
-		if runnersDir != "" {
-			payloadsDir = runnersDir
-			return payloadsDir, nil
-		}
-
-		// The remainder only applies on non-windows where we still carry payloads in the main executable
 		cleanupTmpDirs()
 		tmpDir := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TMPDIR")
 		if tmpDir == "" {
@@ -125,7 +80,7 @@ func cleanupTmpDirs() {
 		}
 		err = os.RemoveAll(d)
 		if err != nil {
-			slog.Debug("unable to cleanup stale tmpdir", "path", d, "error", err)
+			slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("unable to cleanup stale tmpdir %s: %s", d, err))
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -133,8 +88,7 @@ func cleanupTmpDirs() {
 func Cleanup() {
 	lock.Lock()
 	defer lock.Unlock()
-	runnersDir := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_RUNNERS_DIR")
-	if payloadsDir != "" && runnersDir == "" && runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
+	if payloadsDir != "" {
 		// We want to fully clean up the tmpdir parent of the payloads dir
 		tmpDir := filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(payloadsDir, ".."))
 		slog.Debug("cleaning up", "dir", tmpDir)
@@ -166,7 +120,7 @@ func UpdatePath(dir string) {
 			}
 		}
 		newPath := strings.Join(append([]string{dir}, pathComponents...), ";")
-		slog.Info("updating", "PATH", newPath)
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Updating PATH to %s", newPath))
 		os.Setenv("PATH", newPath)
 	}
 	// linux and darwin rely on rpath
--- a/gpu/cuda_common.go
+++ b/gpu/cuda_common.go
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-//go:build linux || windows
-
-package gpu
-
-import (
-	"log/slog"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-func cudaGetVisibleDevicesEnv(gpuInfo []GpuInfo) (string, string) {
-	ids := []string{}
-	for _, info := range gpuInfo {
-		if info.Library != "cuda" {
-			// TODO shouldn't happen if things are wired correctly...
-			slog.Debug("cudaGetVisibleDevicesEnv skipping over non-cuda device", "library", info.Library)
-			continue
-		}
-		ids = append(ids, info.ID)
-	}
-	return "CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES", strings.Join(ids, ",")
-
-}
--- a/gpu/gpu.go
+++ b/gpu/gpu.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ import (
 )

 type handles struct {
-	deviceCount int
-	cudart      *C.cudart_handle_t
+	nvml   *C.nvml_handle_t
+	cudart *C.cudart_handle_t
 }

 const (
@@ -38,10 +39,26 @@ var gpuMutex sync.Mutex
 // With our current CUDA compile flags, older than 5.0 will not work properly
 var CudaComputeMin = [2]C.int{5, 0}

-var RocmComputeMin = 9
+// Possible locations for the nvidia-ml library
+var NvmlLinuxGlobs = []string{
+	"/usr/local/cuda/lib64/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib/wsl/lib/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib/wsl/drivers/*/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/opt/cuda/lib64/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib*/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/nvidia/current/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+	"/usr/local/lib*/libnvidia-ml.so*",

-// TODO find a better way to detect iGPU instead of minimum memory
-const IGPUMemLimit = 1 * format.GibiByte // 512G is what they typically report, so anything less than 1G must be iGPU
+	// TODO: are these stubs ever valid?
+	"/opt/cuda/targets/x86_64-linux/lib/stubs/libnvidia-ml.so*",
+}
+
+var NvmlWindowsGlobs = []string{
+	"c:\\Windows\\System32\\nvml.dll",
+}

 var CudartLinuxGlobs = []string{
 	"/usr/local/cuda/lib64/libcudart.so*",
@@ -71,18 +88,26 @@ func initGPUHandles() *handles {

 	// TODO - if the ollama build is CPU only, don't do these checks as they're irrelevant and confusing

-	gpuHandles := &handles{}
+	gpuHandles := &handles{nil, nil}
+	var nvmlMgmtName string
+	var nvmlMgmtPatterns []string
 	var cudartMgmtName string
 	var cudartMgmtPatterns []string

 	tmpDir, _ := PayloadsDir()
 	switch runtime.GOOS {
 	case "windows":
+		nvmlMgmtName = "nvml.dll"
+		nvmlMgmtPatterns = make([]string, len(NvmlWindowsGlobs))
+		copy(nvmlMgmtPatterns, NvmlWindowsGlobs)
 		cudartMgmtName = "cudart64_*.dll"
 		localAppData := os.Getenv("LOCALAPPDATA")
 		cudartMgmtPatterns = []string{filepath.Join(localAppData, "Programs", "Ollama", cudartMgmtName)}
 		cudartMgmtPatterns = append(cudartMgmtPatterns, CudartWindowsGlobs...)
 	case "linux":
+		nvmlMgmtName = "libnvidia-ml.so"
+		nvmlMgmtPatterns = make([]string, len(NvmlLinuxGlobs))
+		copy(nvmlMgmtPatterns, NvmlLinuxGlobs)
 		cudartMgmtName = "libcudart.so*"
 		if tmpDir != "" {
 			// TODO - add "payloads" for subprocess
@@ -93,21 +118,31 @@ func initGPUHandles() *handles {
 		return gpuHandles
 	}

-	slog.Info("Detecting GPUs")
+	slog.Info("Detecting GPU type")
 	cudartLibPaths := FindGPULibs(cudartMgmtName, cudartMgmtPatterns)
 	if len(cudartLibPaths) > 0 {
-		deviceCount, cudart, libPath := LoadCUDARTMgmt(cudartLibPaths)
+		cudart := LoadCUDARTMgmt(cudartLibPaths)
 		if cudart != nil {
-			slog.Info("detected GPUs", "library", libPath, "count", deviceCount)
+			slog.Info("Nvidia GPU detected via cudart")
 			gpuHandles.cudart = cudart
-			gpuHandles.deviceCount = deviceCount
+			return gpuHandles
+		}
+	}
+
+	// TODO once we build confidence, remove this and the gpu_info_nvml.[ch] files
+	nvmlLibPaths := FindGPULibs(nvmlMgmtName, nvmlMgmtPatterns)
+	if len(nvmlLibPaths) > 0 {
+		nvml := LoadNVMLMgmt(nvmlLibPaths)
+		if nvml != nil {
+			slog.Info("Nvidia GPU detected via nvidia-ml")
+			gpuHandles.nvml = nvml
 			return gpuHandles
 		}
 	}
 	return gpuHandles
 }

-func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
+func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfo {
 	// TODO - consider exploring lspci (and equivalent on windows) to check for
 	// GPUs so we can report warnings if we see Nvidia/AMD but fail to load the libraries
 	gpuMutex.Lock()
@@ -115,6 +150,9 @@ func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {

 	gpuHandles := initGPUHandles()
 	defer func() {
+		if gpuHandles.nvml != nil {
+			C.nvml_release(*gpuHandles.nvml)
+		}
 		if gpuHandles.cudart != nil {
 			C.cudart_release(*gpuHandles.cudart)
 		}
@@ -127,63 +165,72 @@ func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
 	}

 	var memInfo C.mem_info_t
-	resp := []GpuInfo{}
-
-	// NVIDIA first
-	for i := 0; i < gpuHandles.deviceCount; i++ {
-		// TODO once we support CPU compilation variants of GPU libraries refine this...
-		if cpuVariant == "" && runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" {
-			continue
-		}
-		gpuInfo := GpuInfo{
-			Library: "cuda",
-		}
-		C.cudart_check_vram(*gpuHandles.cudart, C.int(i), &memInfo)
+	resp := GpuInfo{}
+	if gpuHandles.nvml != nil && (cpuVariant != "" || runtime.GOARCH != "amd64") {
+		C.nvml_check_vram(*gpuHandles.nvml, &memInfo)
 		if memInfo.err != nil {
-			slog.Info("error looking up nvidia GPU memory", "error", C.GoString(memInfo.err))
+			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[nvidia-ml] error looking up NVML GPU memory: %s", C.GoString(memInfo.err)))
 			C.free(unsafe.Pointer(memInfo.err))
-			continue
+		} else if memInfo.count > 0 {
+			// Verify minimum compute capability
+			var cc C.nvml_compute_capability_t
+			C.nvml_compute_capability(*gpuHandles.nvml, &cc)
+			if cc.err != nil {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[nvidia-ml] error looking up NVML GPU compute capability: %s", C.GoString(cc.err)))
+				C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cc.err))
+			} else if cc.major > CudaComputeMin[0] || (cc.major == CudaComputeMin[0] && cc.minor >= CudaComputeMin[1]) {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[nvidia-ml] NVML CUDA Compute Capability detected: %d.%d", cc.major, cc.minor))
+				resp.Library = "cuda"
+				resp.MinimumMemory = cudaMinimumMemory
+			} else {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[nvidia-ml] CUDA GPU is too old. Falling back to CPU mode. Compute Capability detected: %d.%d", cc.major, cc.minor))
+			}
 		}
-		if memInfo.major < CudaComputeMin[0] || (memInfo.major == CudaComputeMin[0] && memInfo.minor < CudaComputeMin[1]) {
-			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[%d] CUDA GPU is too old. Compute Capability detected: %d.%d", i, memInfo.major, memInfo.minor))
-			continue
-		}
-		gpuInfo.TotalMemory = uint64(memInfo.total)
-		gpuInfo.FreeMemory = uint64(memInfo.free)
-		gpuInfo.ID = C.GoString(&memInfo.gpu_id[0])
-		gpuInfo.Major = int(memInfo.major)
-		gpuInfo.Minor = int(memInfo.minor)
-		gpuInfo.MinimumMemory = cudaMinimumMemory
-
-		// TODO potentially sort on our own algorithm instead of what the underlying GPU library does...
-		resp = append(resp, gpuInfo)
-	}
-
-	// Then AMD
-	resp = append(resp, AMDGetGPUInfo()...)
-
-	if len(resp) == 0 {
-		C.cpu_check_ram(&memInfo)
+	} else if gpuHandles.cudart != nil && (cpuVariant != "" || runtime.GOARCH != "amd64") {
+		C.cudart_check_vram(*gpuHandles.cudart, &memInfo)
 		if memInfo.err != nil {
-			slog.Info("error looking up CPU memory", "error", C.GoString(memInfo.err))
+			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[cudart] error looking up CUDART GPU memory: %s", C.GoString(memInfo.err)))
 			C.free(unsafe.Pointer(memInfo.err))
+		} else if memInfo.count > 0 {
+			// Verify minimum compute capability
+			var cc C.cudart_compute_capability_t
+			C.cudart_compute_capability(*gpuHandles.cudart, &cc)
+			if cc.err != nil {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[cudart] error looking up CUDA compute capability: %s", C.GoString(cc.err)))
+				C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cc.err))
+			} else if cc.major > CudaComputeMin[0] || (cc.major == CudaComputeMin[0] && cc.minor >= CudaComputeMin[1]) {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[cudart] CUDART CUDA Compute Capability detected: %d.%d", cc.major, cc.minor))
+				resp.Library = "cuda"
+				resp.MinimumMemory = cudaMinimumMemory
+			} else {
+				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("[cudart] CUDA GPU is too old. Falling back to CPU mode. Compute Capability detected: %d.%d", cc.major, cc.minor))
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		AMDGetGPUInfo(&resp)
+		if resp.Library != "" {
+			resp.MinimumMemory = rocmMinimumMemory
 			return resp
 		}
-		gpuInfo := GpuInfo{
-			Library: "cpu",
-			Variant: cpuVariant,
-		}
-		gpuInfo.TotalMemory = uint64(memInfo.total)
-		gpuInfo.FreeMemory = uint64(memInfo.free)
-		gpuInfo.ID = C.GoString(&memInfo.gpu_id[0])
-
-		resp = append(resp, gpuInfo)
+	}
+	if resp.Library == "" {
+		C.cpu_check_ram(&memInfo)
+		resp.Library = "cpu"
+		resp.Variant = cpuVariant
+	}
+	if memInfo.err != nil {
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("error looking up CPU memory: %s", C.GoString(memInfo.err)))
+		C.free(unsafe.Pointer(memInfo.err))
+		return resp
 	}

+	resp.DeviceCount = uint32(memInfo.count)
+	resp.FreeMemory = uint64(memInfo.free)
+	resp.TotalMemory = uint64(memInfo.total)
 	return resp
 }

-func GetCPUMem() (memInfo, error) {
+func getCPUMem() (memInfo, error) {
 	var ret memInfo
 	var info C.mem_info_t
 	C.cpu_check_ram(&info)
@@ -196,11 +243,29 @@ func GetCPUMem() (memInfo, error) {
 	return ret, nil
 }

+func CheckVRAM() (int64, error) {
+	userLimit := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM")
+	if userLimit != "" {
+		avail, err := strconv.ParseInt(userLimit, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("Invalid OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM setting %s: %s", userLimit, err)
+		}
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("user override OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM=%d", avail))
+		return avail, nil
+	}
+	gpuInfo := GetGPUInfo()
+	if gpuInfo.FreeMemory > 0 && (gpuInfo.Library == "cuda" || gpuInfo.Library == "rocm") {
+		return int64(gpuInfo.FreeMemory), nil
+	}
+
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("no GPU detected") // TODO - better handling of CPU based memory determiniation
+}
+
 func FindGPULibs(baseLibName string, patterns []string) []string {
 	// Multiple GPU libraries may exist, and some may not work, so keep trying until we exhaust them
 	var ldPaths []string
 	gpuLibPaths := []string{}
-	slog.Debug("Searching for GPU library", "name", baseLibName)
+	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Searching for GPU management library %s", baseLibName))

 	switch runtime.GOOS {
 	case "windows":
@@ -218,7 +283,7 @@ func FindGPULibs(baseLibName string, patterns []string) []string {
 		}
 		patterns = append(patterns, filepath.Join(d, baseLibName+"*"))
 	}
-	slog.Debug("gpu library search", "globs", patterns)
+	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("gpu management search paths: %v", patterns))
 	for _, pattern := range patterns {
 		// Ignore glob discovery errors
 		matches, _ := filepath.Glob(pattern)
@@ -246,11 +311,28 @@ func FindGPULibs(baseLibName string, patterns []string) []string {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	slog.Debug("discovered GPU libraries", "paths", gpuLibPaths)
+	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Discovered GPU libraries: %v", gpuLibPaths))
 	return gpuLibPaths
 }

-func LoadCUDARTMgmt(cudartLibPaths []string) (int, *C.cudart_handle_t, string) {
+func LoadNVMLMgmt(nvmlLibPaths []string) *C.nvml_handle_t {
+	var resp C.nvml_init_resp_t
+	resp.ch.verbose = getVerboseState()
+	for _, libPath := range nvmlLibPaths {
+		lib := C.CString(libPath)
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(lib))
+		C.nvml_init(lib, &resp)
+		if resp.err != nil {
+			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Unable to load NVML management library %s: %s", libPath, C.GoString(resp.err)))
+			C.free(unsafe.Pointer(resp.err))
+		} else {
+			return &resp.ch
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func LoadCUDARTMgmt(cudartLibPaths []string) *C.cudart_handle_t {
 	var resp C.cudart_init_resp_t
 	resp.ch.verbose = getVerboseState()
 	for _, libPath := range cudartLibPaths {
@@ -258,13 +340,13 @@ func LoadCUDARTMgmt(cudartLibPaths []string) (int, *C.cudart_handle_t, string) {
 		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(lib))
 		C.cudart_init(lib, &resp)
 		if resp.err != nil {
-			slog.Debug("Unable to load cudart", "library", libPath, "error", C.GoString(resp.err))
+			slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Unable to load cudart CUDA management library %s: %s", libPath, C.GoString(resp.err)))
 			C.free(unsafe.Pointer(resp.err))
 		} else {
-			return int(resp.num_devices), &resp.ch, libPath
+			return &resp.ch
 		}
 	}
-	return 0, nil, ""
+	return nil
 }

 func getVerboseState() C.uint16_t {
@@ -273,22 +355,3 @@ func getVerboseState() C.uint16_t {
 	}
 	return C.uint16_t(0)
 }
-
-// Given the list of GPUs this instantiation is targeted for,
-// figure out the visible devices environment variable
-//
-// If different libraries are detected, the first one is what we use
-func (l GpuInfoList) GetVisibleDevicesEnv() (string, string) {
-	if len(l) == 0 {
-		return "", ""
-	}
-	switch l[0].Library {
-	case "cuda":
-		return cudaGetVisibleDevicesEnv(l)
-	case "rocm":
-		return rocmGetVisibleDevicesEnv(l)
-	default:
-		slog.Debug("no filter required for library " + l[0].Library)
-		return "", ""
-	}
-}
--- a/gpu/gpu_darwin.go
+++ b/gpu/gpu_darwin.go
@@ -9,41 +9,52 @@ package gpu
 */
 import "C"
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
 	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
 )

-func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
-	mem, _ := GetCPUMem()
+// CheckVRAM returns the free VRAM in bytes on Linux machines with NVIDIA GPUs
+func CheckVRAM() (int64, error) {
+	userLimit := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM")
+	if userLimit != "" {
+		avail, err := strconv.ParseInt(userLimit, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("Invalid OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM setting %s: %s", userLimit, err)
+		}
+		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("user override OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM=%d", avail))
+		return avail, nil
+	}
+
 	if runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" {
-		return []GpuInfo{
-			{
-				Library: "cpu",
-				Variant: GetCPUVariant(),
-				memInfo: mem,
-			},
+		// gpu not supported, this may not be metal
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	recommendedMaxVRAM := int64(C.getRecommendedMaxVRAM())
+	return recommendedMaxVRAM, nil
+}
+
+func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfo {
+	mem, _ := getCPUMem()
+	if runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" {
+		return GpuInfo{
+			Library: "cpu",
+			Variant: GetCPUVariant(),
+			memInfo: mem,
 		}
 	}
-	info := GpuInfo{
+	return GpuInfo{
 		Library: "metal",
-		ID:      "0",
+		memInfo: mem,
 	}
-	info.TotalMemory = uint64(C.getRecommendedMaxVRAM())
-
-	// TODO is there a way to gather actual allocated video memory? (currentAllocatedSize doesn't work)
-	info.FreeMemory = info.TotalMemory
-
-	info.MinimumMemory = 0
-	return []GpuInfo{info}
 }

-func GetCPUMem() (memInfo, error) {
+func getCPUMem() (memInfo, error) {
 	return memInfo{
-		TotalMemory: uint64(C.getPhysicalMemory()),
+		TotalMemory: 0,
 		FreeMemory:  0,
+		DeviceCount: 0,
 	}, nil
 }
-
-func (l GpuInfoList) GetVisibleDevicesEnv() (string, string) {
-	// No-op on darwin
-	return "", ""
-}
--- a/gpu/gpu_info.h
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info.h
@@ -38,17 +38,12 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif

-#define GPU_ID_LEN 64
-
 typedef struct mem_info {
-  char *err;  // If non-nill, caller responsible for freeing
-  char gpu_id[GPU_ID_LEN];
  uint64_t total;
  uint64_t free;
-
-  // Compute Capability
-  int major; 
-  int minor;
+  unsigned int count;
+  int igpu_index; // If >= 0, we detected an integrated GPU to ignore
+  char *err;  // If non-nill, caller responsible for freeing
 } mem_info_t;

 void cpu_check_ram(mem_info_t *resp);
@@ -57,6 +52,7 @@ void cpu_check_ram(mem_info_t *resp);
 }
 #endif

+#include "gpu_info_nvml.h"
 #include "gpu_info_cudart.h"

 #endif  // __GPU_INFO_H__
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_cpu.c
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_cpu.c
@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@ void cpu_check_ram(mem_info_t *resp) {
  MEMORYSTATUSEX info;
  info.dwLength = sizeof(info);
  if (GlobalMemoryStatusEx(&info) != 0) {
+    resp->count = 1;
    resp->total = info.ullTotalPhys;
    resp->free = info.ullAvailPhys;
-    resp->major = 0;
-    resp->minor = 0;
-    snprintf(&resp->gpu_id[0], GPU_ID_LEN, "0");
  } else {
    resp->err = LOAD_ERR();
  }
@@ -29,11 +27,9 @@ void cpu_check_ram(mem_info_t *resp) {
  if (sysinfo(&info) != 0) {
    resp->err = strdup(strerror(errno));
  } else {
+    resp->count = 1;
    resp->total = info.totalram * info.mem_unit;
    resp->free = info.freeram * info.mem_unit;
-    resp->major = 0;
-    resp->minor = 0;
-    snprintf(&resp->gpu_id[0], GPU_ID_LEN, "0");
  }
  return;
 }
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_cudart.c
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_cudart.c
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 void cudart_init(char *cudart_lib_path, cudart_init_resp_t *resp) {
  cudartReturn_t ret;
  resp->err = NULL;
-  resp->num_devices = 0;
  const int buflen = 256;
  char buf[buflen + 1];
  int i;
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ void cudart_init(char *cudart_lib_path, cudart_init_resp_t *resp) {
      {"cudaGetDeviceCount", (void *)&resp->ch.cudaGetDeviceCount},
      {"cudaDeviceGetAttribute", (void *)&resp->ch.cudaDeviceGetAttribute},
      {"cudaDriverGetVersion", (void *)&resp->ch.cudaDriverGetVersion},
-      {"cudaGetDeviceProperties", (void *)&resp->ch.cudaGetDeviceProperties},
      {NULL, NULL},
  };

@@ -38,7 +36,13 @@ void cudart_init(char *cudart_lib_path, cudart_init_resp_t *resp) {
    return;
  }

+  // TODO once we've squashed the remaining corner cases remove this log
+  LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "wiring cudart library functions in %s\n", cudart_lib_path);
+  
  for (i = 0; l[i].s != NULL; i++) {
+    // TODO once we've squashed the remaining corner cases remove this log
+    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "dlsym: %s\n", l[i].s);
+
    *l[i].p = LOAD_SYMBOL(resp->ch.handle, l[i].s);
    if (!l[i].p) {
      char *msg = LOAD_ERR();
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ void cudart_init(char *cudart_lib_path, cudart_init_resp_t *resp) {
    UNLOAD_LIBRARY(resp->ch.handle);
    resp->ch.handle = NULL;
    if (ret == CUDA_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_DRIVER) {
-      resp->err = strdup("your nvidia driver is too old or missing.  If you have a CUDA GPU please upgrade to run ollama");
+      resp->err = strdup("your nvidia driver is too old or missing, please upgrade to run ollama");
      return;
    }
    snprintf(buf, buflen, "cudart init failure: %d", ret);
@@ -81,95 +85,110 @@ void cudart_init(char *cudart_lib_path, cudart_init_resp_t *resp) {
    driverVersion.minor = (version - (driverVersion.major * 1000)) / 10;
    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "CUDA driver version: %d-%d\n", driverVersion.major, driverVersion.minor);
  }
-
-  ret = (*resp->ch.cudaGetDeviceCount)(&resp->num_devices);
-  if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
-    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "cudaGetDeviceCount err: %d\n", ret);
-    UNLOAD_LIBRARY(resp->ch.handle);
-    resp->ch.handle = NULL;
-    snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get device count: %d", ret);
-    resp->err = strdup(buf);
-    return;
-  }
 }


-void cudart_check_vram(cudart_handle_t h, int i, mem_info_t *resp) {
+void cudart_check_vram(cudart_handle_t h, mem_info_t *resp) {
  resp->err = NULL;
  cudartMemory_t memInfo = {0,0,0};
  cudartReturn_t ret;
  const int buflen = 256;
  char buf[buflen + 1];
+  int i;

  if (h.handle == NULL) {
    resp->err = strdup("cudart handle isn't initialized");
    return;
  }

-  ret = (*h.cudaSetDevice)(i);
+  // cudaGetDeviceCount takes int type, resp-> count is uint
+  int deviceCount;
+  ret = (*h.cudaGetDeviceCount)(&deviceCount);
  if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
-    snprintf(buf, buflen, "cudart device failed to initialize");
+    snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get device count: %d", ret);
    resp->err = strdup(buf);
    return;
-  }
-
-  cudaDeviceProp_t props;
-  ret = (*h.cudaGetDeviceProperties)(&props, i);
-  if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
-    LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] device properties lookup failure: %d\n", i, ret);
-    snprintf(&resp->gpu_id[0], GPU_ID_LEN, "%d", i);
-    resp->major = 0;
-    resp->minor = 0;
  } else {
-    int allNull = 1;
-    for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
-      if (props.uuid.bytes[j] != 0) {
-        allNull = 0;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (allNull != 0) {
-      snprintf(&resp->gpu_id[0], GPU_ID_LEN, "%d", i);
-    } else {
-      // GPU-d110a105-ac29-1d54-7b49-9c90440f215b
-      snprintf(&resp->gpu_id[0], GPU_ID_LEN,
-          "GPU-%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
-          props.uuid.bytes[0],
-          props.uuid.bytes[1],
-          props.uuid.bytes[2],
-          props.uuid.bytes[3],
-          props.uuid.bytes[4],
-          props.uuid.bytes[5],
-          props.uuid.bytes[6],
-          props.uuid.bytes[7],
-          props.uuid.bytes[8],
-          props.uuid.bytes[9],
-          props.uuid.bytes[10],
-          props.uuid.bytes[11],
-          props.uuid.bytes[12],
-          props.uuid.bytes[13],
-          props.uuid.bytes[14],
-          props.uuid.bytes[15]
-        );
-    }
-    resp->major = props.major;
-    resp->minor = props.minor;
-
-    // TODO add other useful properties from props
+    resp->count = (unsigned int)deviceCount;
  }
-  ret = (*h.cudaMemGetInfo)(&memInfo.free, &memInfo.total);
+
+  resp->total = 0;
+  resp->free = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < resp-> count; i++) {  
+    ret = (*h.cudaSetDevice)(i);
+    if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "cudart device failed to initialize");
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+    ret = (*h.cudaMemGetInfo)(&memInfo.free, &memInfo.total);
+    if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "cudart device memory info lookup failure %d", ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA totalMem %lu\n", i, memInfo.total);
+    LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA freeMem %lu\n", i, memInfo.free);
+
+    resp->total += memInfo.total;
+    resp->free += memInfo.free;
+  }
+}
+
+void cudart_compute_capability(cudart_handle_t h, cudart_compute_capability_t *resp) {
+  resp->err = NULL;
+  resp->major = 0;
+  resp->minor = 0;
+  int major = 0;
+  int minor = 0;
+  cudartReturn_t ret;
+  const int buflen = 256;
+  char buf[buflen + 1];
+  int i;
+
+  if (h.handle == NULL) {
+    resp->err = strdup("cudart handle not initialized");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int devices;
+  ret = (*h.cudaGetDeviceCount)(&devices);
  if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
-    snprintf(buf, buflen, "cudart device memory info lookup failure %d", ret);
+    snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get cudart device count: %d", ret);
    resp->err = strdup(buf);
    return;
  }

-  resp->total = memInfo.total;
-  resp->free = memInfo.free;
+  for (i = 0; i < devices; i++) {
+    ret = (*h.cudaSetDevice)(i);
+    if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "cudart device failed to initialize");
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }

-  LOG(h.verbose, "[%s] CUDA totalMem %lu\n", resp->gpu_id, resp->total);
-  LOG(h.verbose, "[%s] CUDA freeMem %lu\n", resp->gpu_id, resp->free);
-  LOG(h.verbose, "[%s] Compute Capability %d.%d\n", resp->gpu_id, resp->major, resp->minor);
+    ret = (*h.cudaDeviceGetAttribute)(&major, cudartDevAttrComputeCapabilityMajor, i);
+    if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "device compute capability lookup failure %d: %d", i, ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+    ret = (*h.cudaDeviceGetAttribute)(&minor, cudartDevAttrComputeCapabilityMinor, i);
+    if (ret != CUDART_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "device compute capability lookup failure %d: %d", i, ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+      
+    // Report the lowest major.minor we detect as that limits our compatibility
+    if (resp->major == 0 || resp->major > major ) {
+      resp->major = major;
+      resp->minor = minor;
+    } else if ( resp->major == major && resp->minor > minor ) {
+      resp->minor = minor;
+    }
+  }
 }

 void cudart_release(cudart_handle_t h) {
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_cudart.h
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_cudart.h
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 // Just enough typedef's to dlopen/dlsym for memory information
 typedef enum cudartReturn_enum {
  CUDART_SUCCESS = 0,
-  CUDA_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE = 1,
-  CUDA_ERROR_MEMORY_ALLOCATION = 2,
+  CUDART_UNSUPPORTED = 1,
  CUDA_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_DRIVER = 35,
  // Other values omitted for now...
 } cudartReturn_t;
@@ -15,11 +14,6 @@ typedef enum cudartReturn_enum {
 typedef enum cudartDeviceAttr_enum {
  cudartDevAttrComputeCapabilityMajor = 75,
  cudartDevAttrComputeCapabilityMinor = 76,
-
-  // TODO - not yet wired up but may be useful for Jetson or other
-  // integrated GPU scenarios with shared memory
-  cudaDevAttrIntegrated = 18
-
 } cudartDeviceAttr_t;

 typedef void *cudartDevice_t;  // Opaque is sufficient
@@ -34,92 +28,6 @@ typedef struct cudartDriverVersion {
  int minor;
 } cudartDriverVersion_t;

-typedef struct cudaUUID {
-    unsigned char bytes[16];
-} cudaUUID_t;
-typedef struct cudaDeviceProp {
-    char         name[256];                  /**< ASCII string identifying device */
-    cudaUUID_t   uuid;                       /**< 16-byte unique identifier */
-    char         luid[8];                    /**< 8-byte locally unique identifier. Value is undefined on TCC and non-Windows platforms */
-    unsigned int luidDeviceNodeMask;         /**< LUID device node mask. Value is undefined on TCC and non-Windows platforms */
-    size_t       totalGlobalMem;             /**< Global memory available on device in bytes */
-    size_t       sharedMemPerBlock;          /**< Shared memory available per block in bytes */
-    int          regsPerBlock;               /**< 32-bit registers available per block */
-    int          warpSize;                   /**< Warp size in threads */
-    size_t       memPitch;                   /**< Maximum pitch in bytes allowed by memory copies */
-    int          maxThreadsPerBlock;         /**< Maximum number of threads per block */
-    int          maxThreadsDim[3];           /**< Maximum size of each dimension of a block */
-    int          maxGridSize[3];             /**< Maximum size of each dimension of a grid */
-    int          clockRate;                  /**< Clock frequency in kilohertz */
-    size_t       totalConstMem;              /**< Constant memory available on device in bytes */
-    int          major;                      /**< Major compute capability */
-    int          minor;                      /**< Minor compute capability */
-    size_t       textureAlignment;           /**< Alignment requirement for textures */
-    size_t       texturePitchAlignment;      /**< Pitch alignment requirement for texture references bound to pitched memory */
-    int          deviceOverlap;              /**< Device can concurrently copy memory and execute a kernel. Deprecated. Use instead asyncEngineCount. */
-    int          multiProcessorCount;        /**< Number of multiprocessors on device */
-    int          kernelExecTimeoutEnabled;   /**< Specified whether there is a run time limit on kernels */
-    int          integrated;                 /**< Device is integrated as opposed to discrete */
-    int          canMapHostMemory;           /**< Device can map host memory with cudaHostAlloc/cudaHostGetDevicePointer */
-    int          computeMode;                /**< Compute mode (See ::cudaComputeMode) */
-    int          maxTexture1D;               /**< Maximum 1D texture size */
-    int          maxTexture1DMipmap;         /**< Maximum 1D mipmapped texture size */
-    int          maxTexture1DLinear;         /**< Deprecated, do not use. Use cudaDeviceGetTexture1DLinearMaxWidth() or cuDeviceGetTexture1DLinearMaxWidth() instead. */
-    int          maxTexture2D[2];            /**< Maximum 2D texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTexture2DMipmap[2];      /**< Maximum 2D mipmapped texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTexture2DLinear[3];      /**< Maximum dimensions (width, height, pitch) for 2D textures bound to pitched memory */
-    int          maxTexture2DGather[2];      /**< Maximum 2D texture dimensions if texture gather operations have to be performed */
-    int          maxTexture3D[3];            /**< Maximum 3D texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTexture3DAlt[3];         /**< Maximum alternate 3D texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTextureCubemap;          /**< Maximum Cubemap texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTexture1DLayered[2];     /**< Maximum 1D layered texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTexture2DLayered[3];     /**< Maximum 2D layered texture dimensions */
-    int          maxTextureCubemapLayered[2];/**< Maximum Cubemap layered texture dimensions */
-    int          maxSurface1D;               /**< Maximum 1D surface size */
-    int          maxSurface2D[2];            /**< Maximum 2D surface dimensions */
-    int          maxSurface3D[3];            /**< Maximum 3D surface dimensions */
-    int          maxSurface1DLayered[2];     /**< Maximum 1D layered surface dimensions */
-    int          maxSurface2DLayered[3];     /**< Maximum 2D layered surface dimensions */
-    int          maxSurfaceCubemap;          /**< Maximum Cubemap surface dimensions */
-    int          maxSurfaceCubemapLayered[2];/**< Maximum Cubemap layered surface dimensions */
-    size_t       surfaceAlignment;           /**< Alignment requirements for surfaces */
-    int          concurrentKernels;          /**< Device can possibly execute multiple kernels concurrently */
-    int          ECCEnabled;                 /**< Device has ECC support enabled */
-    int          pciBusID;                   /**< PCI bus ID of the device */
-    int          pciDeviceID;                /**< PCI device ID of the device */
-    int          pciDomainID;                /**< PCI domain ID of the device */
-    int          tccDriver;                  /**< 1 if device is a Tesla device using TCC driver, 0 otherwise */
-    int          asyncEngineCount;           /**< Number of asynchronous engines */
-    int          unifiedAddressing;          /**< Device shares a unified address space with the host */
-    int          memoryClockRate;            /**< Peak memory clock frequency in kilohertz */
-    int          memoryBusWidth;             /**< Global memory bus width in bits */
-    int          l2CacheSize;                /**< Size of L2 cache in bytes */
-    int          persistingL2CacheMaxSize;   /**< Device's maximum l2 persisting lines capacity setting in bytes */
-    int          maxThreadsPerMultiProcessor;/**< Maximum resident threads per multiprocessor */
-    int          streamPrioritiesSupported;  /**< Device supports stream priorities */
-    int          globalL1CacheSupported;     /**< Device supports caching globals in L1 */
-    int          localL1CacheSupported;      /**< Device supports caching locals in L1 */
-    size_t       sharedMemPerMultiprocessor; /**< Shared memory available per multiprocessor in bytes */
-    int          regsPerMultiprocessor;      /**< 32-bit registers available per multiprocessor */
-    int          managedMemory;              /**< Device supports allocating managed memory on this system */
-    int          isMultiGpuBoard;            /**< Device is on a multi-GPU board */
-    int          multiGpuBoardGroupID;       /**< Unique identifier for a group of devices on the same multi-GPU board */
-    int          hostNativeAtomicSupported;  /**< Link between the device and the host supports native atomic operations */
-    int          singleToDoublePrecisionPerfRatio; /**< Ratio of single precision performance (in floating-point operations per second) to double precision performance */
-    int          pageableMemoryAccess;       /**< Device supports coherently accessing pageable memory without calling cudaHostRegister on it */
-    int          concurrentManagedAccess;    /**< Device can coherently access managed memory concurrently with the CPU */
-    int          computePreemptionSupported; /**< Device supports Compute Preemption */
-    int          canUseHostPointerForRegisteredMem; /**< Device can access host registered memory at the same virtual address as the CPU */
-    int          cooperativeLaunch;          /**< Device supports launching cooperative kernels via ::cudaLaunchCooperativeKernel */
-    int          cooperativeMultiDeviceLaunch; /**< Deprecated, cudaLaunchCooperativeKernelMultiDevice is deprecated. */
-    size_t       sharedMemPerBlockOptin;     /**< Per device maximum shared memory per block usable by special opt in */
-    int          pageableMemoryAccessUsesHostPageTables; /**< Device accesses pageable memory via the host's page tables */
-    int          directManagedMemAccessFromHost; /**< Host can directly access managed memory on the device without migration. */
-    int          maxBlocksPerMultiProcessor; /**< Maximum number of resident blocks per multiprocessor */
-    int          accessPolicyMaxWindowSize;  /**< The maximum value of ::cudaAccessPolicyWindow::num_bytes. */
-    size_t       reservedSharedMemPerBlock;  /**< Shared memory reserved by CUDA driver per block in bytes */
-  } cudaDeviceProp_t;
-
 typedef struct cudart_handle {
  void *handle;
  uint16_t verbose;
@@ -130,17 +38,23 @@ typedef struct cudart_handle {
  cudartReturn_t (*cudaGetDeviceCount)(int *);
  cudartReturn_t (*cudaDeviceGetAttribute)(int* value, cudartDeviceAttr_t attr, int device);
  cudartReturn_t (*cudaDriverGetVersion) (int *driverVersion);
-  cudartReturn_t (*cudaGetDeviceProperties) (cudaDeviceProp_t* prop, int device);
 } cudart_handle_t;

 typedef struct cudart_init_resp {
  char *err;  // If err is non-null handle is invalid
  cudart_handle_t ch;
-  int num_devices;
 } cudart_init_resp_t;

+typedef struct cudart_compute_capability {
+  char *err;
+  int major;
+  int minor;
+} cudart_compute_capability_t;
+
+
 void cudart_init(char *cudart_lib_path, cudart_init_resp_t *resp);
-void cudart_check_vram(cudart_handle_t ch, int device_id, mem_info_t *resp);
+void cudart_check_vram(cudart_handle_t ch, mem_info_t *resp);
+void cudart_compute_capability(cudart_handle_t th, cudart_compute_capability_t *cc);
 void cudart_release(cudart_handle_t ch);

 #endif  // __GPU_INFO_CUDART_H__
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_darwin.h
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_darwin.h
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 #import <Metal/Metal.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 uint64_t getRecommendedMaxVRAM();
-uint64_t getPhysicalMemory();
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_darwin.m
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_darwin.m
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-// go:build darwin
+//go:build darwin
 #include "gpu_info_darwin.h"

-uint64_t getRecommendedMaxVRAM() {
-  id<MTLDevice> device = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
-  uint64_t result = device.recommendedMaxWorkingSetSize;
-  CFRelease(device);
-  return result;
+uint64_t getRecommendedMaxVRAM()
+{
+	id<MTLDevice> device = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
+	uint64_t result = device.recommendedMaxWorkingSetSize;
+	CFRelease(device);
+	return result;
 }

-uint64_t getPhysicalMemory() {
-  return [[NSProcessInfo processInfo] physicalMemory];
-}
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_nvml.c
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_nvml.c
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#ifndef __APPLE__  // TODO - maybe consider nvidia support on intel macs?
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "gpu_info_nvml.h"
+
+void nvml_init(char *nvml_lib_path, nvml_init_resp_t *resp) {
+  nvmlReturn_t ret;
+  resp->err = NULL;
+  const int buflen = 256;
+  char buf[buflen + 1];
+  int i;
+
+  struct lookup {
+    char *s;
+    void **p;
+  } l[] = {
+      {"nvmlInit_v2", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlInit_v2},
+      {"nvmlShutdown", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlShutdown},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetCudaComputeCapability", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetCudaComputeCapability},
+      {"nvmlSystemGetDriverVersion", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlSystemGetDriverVersion},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetName", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetName},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetSerial", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetSerial},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetVbiosVersion", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetVbiosVersion},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetBoardPartNumber", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetBoardPartNumber},
+      {"nvmlDeviceGetBrand", (void *)&resp->ch.nvmlDeviceGetBrand},
+      {NULL, NULL},
+  };
+
+  resp->ch.handle = LOAD_LIBRARY(nvml_lib_path, RTLD_LAZY);
+  if (!resp->ch.handle) {
+    char *msg = LOAD_ERR();
+    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "library %s load err: %s\n", nvml_lib_path, msg);
+    snprintf(buf, buflen,
+             "Unable to load %s library to query for Nvidia GPUs: %s",
+             nvml_lib_path, msg);
+    free(msg);
+    resp->err = strdup(buf);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // TODO once we've squashed the remaining corner cases remove this log
+  LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "wiring nvidia management library functions in %s\n", nvml_lib_path);
+  
+  for (i = 0; l[i].s != NULL; i++) {
+    // TODO once we've squashed the remaining corner cases remove this log
+    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "dlsym: %s\n", l[i].s);
+
+    *l[i].p = LOAD_SYMBOL(resp->ch.handle, l[i].s);
+    if (!l[i].p) {
+      resp->ch.handle = NULL;
+      char *msg = LOAD_ERR();
+      LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "dlerr: %s\n", msg);
+      UNLOAD_LIBRARY(resp->ch.handle);
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "symbol lookup for %s failed: %s", l[i].s,
+               msg);
+      free(msg);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ret = (*resp->ch.nvmlInit_v2)();
+  if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "nvmlInit_v2 err: %d\n", ret);
+    UNLOAD_LIBRARY(resp->ch.handle);
+    resp->ch.handle = NULL;
+    snprintf(buf, buflen, "nvml vram init failure: %d", ret);
+    resp->err = strdup(buf);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Report driver version if we're in verbose mode, ignore errors
+  ret = (*resp->ch.nvmlSystemGetDriverVersion)(buf, buflen);
+  if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "nvmlSystemGetDriverVersion failed: %d\n", ret);
+  } else {
+    LOG(resp->ch.verbose, "CUDA driver version: %s\n", buf);
+  }
+}
+
+void nvml_check_vram(nvml_handle_t h, mem_info_t *resp) {
+  resp->err = NULL;
+  nvmlDevice_t device;
+  nvmlMemory_t memInfo = {0};
+  nvmlReturn_t ret;
+  const int buflen = 256;
+  char buf[buflen + 1];
+  int i;
+
+  if (h.handle == NULL) {
+    resp->err = strdup("nvml handle isn't initialized");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2)(&resp->count);
+  if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+    snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get device count: %d", ret);
+    resp->err = strdup(buf);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  resp->total = 0;
+  resp->free = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < resp->count; i++) {
+    ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex)(i, &device);
+    if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get device handle %d: %d", i, ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo)(device, &memInfo);
+    if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "device memory info lookup failure %d: %d", i, ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (h.verbose) {
+      nvmlBrandType_t brand = 0;
+      // When in verbose mode, report more information about
+      // the card we discover, but don't fail on error
+      ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetName)(device, buf, buflen);
+      if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "nvmlDeviceGetName failed: %d\n", ret);
+      } else {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA device name: %s\n", i, buf);
+      }
+      ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetBoardPartNumber)(device, buf, buflen);
+      if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "nvmlDeviceGetBoardPartNumber failed: %d\n", ret);
+      } else {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA part number: %s\n", i, buf);
+      }
+      ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetSerial)(device, buf, buflen);
+      if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "nvmlDeviceGetSerial failed: %d\n", ret);
+      } else {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA S/N: %s\n", i, buf);
+      }
+      ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetVbiosVersion)(device, buf, buflen);
+      if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "nvmlDeviceGetVbiosVersion failed: %d\n", ret);
+      } else {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA vbios version: %s\n", i, buf);
+      }
+      ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetBrand)(device, &brand);
+      if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "nvmlDeviceGetBrand failed: %d\n", ret);
+      } else {
+        LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA brand: %d\n", i, brand);
+      }
+    }
+
+    LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA totalMem %ld\n", i, memInfo.total);
+    LOG(h.verbose, "[%d] CUDA freeMem %ld\n", i, memInfo.free);
+
+    resp->total += memInfo.total;
+    resp->free += memInfo.free;
+  }
+}
+
+void nvml_compute_capability(nvml_handle_t h, nvml_compute_capability_t *resp) {
+  resp->err = NULL;
+  resp->major = 0;
+  resp->minor = 0;
+  nvmlDevice_t device;
+  int major = 0;
+  int minor = 0;
+  nvmlReturn_t ret;
+  const int buflen = 256;
+  char buf[buflen + 1];
+  int i;
+
+  if (h.handle == NULL) {
+    resp->err = strdup("nvml handle not initialized");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  unsigned int devices;
+  ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2)(&devices);
+  if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+    snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get device count: %d", ret);
+    resp->err = strdup(buf);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < devices; i++) {
+    ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex)(i, &device);
+    if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "unable to get device handle %d: %d", i, ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ret = (*h.nvmlDeviceGetCudaComputeCapability)(device, &major, &minor);
+    if (ret != NVML_SUCCESS) {
+      snprintf(buf, buflen, "device compute capability lookup failure %d: %d", i, ret);
+      resp->err = strdup(buf);
+      return;
+    }
+    // Report the lowest major.minor we detect as that limits our compatibility
+    if (resp->major == 0 || resp->major > major ) {
+      resp->major = major;
+      resp->minor = minor;
+    } else if ( resp->major == major && resp->minor > minor ) {
+      resp->minor = minor;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void nvml_release(nvml_handle_t h) {
+  LOG(h.verbose, "releasing nvml library\n");
+  UNLOAD_LIBRARY(h.handle);
+  h.handle = NULL;
+}
+
+#endif  // __APPLE__
--- a/gpu/gpu_info_nvml.h
+++ b/gpu/gpu_info_nvml.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef __APPLE__
+#ifndef __GPU_INFO_NVML_H__
+#define __GPU_INFO_NVML_H__
+#include "gpu_info.h"
+
+// Just enough typedef's to dlopen/dlsym for memory information
+typedef enum nvmlReturn_enum {
+  NVML_SUCCESS = 0,
+  // Other values omitted for now...
+} nvmlReturn_t;
+typedef void *nvmlDevice_t;  // Opaque is sufficient
+typedef struct nvmlMemory_st {
+  unsigned long long total;
+  unsigned long long free;
+  unsigned long long used;
+} nvmlMemory_t;
+
+typedef enum nvmlBrandType_enum
+{
+    NVML_BRAND_UNKNOWN          = 0,
+} nvmlBrandType_t;
+
+typedef struct nvml_handle {
+  void *handle;
+  uint16_t verbose;
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlInit_v2)(void);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlShutdown)(void);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetHandleByIndex)(unsigned int, nvmlDevice_t *);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetMemoryInfo)(nvmlDevice_t, nvmlMemory_t *);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetCount_v2)(unsigned int *);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetCudaComputeCapability)(nvmlDevice_t, int* major, int* minor);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlSystemGetDriverVersion) (char* version, unsigned int  length);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetName) (nvmlDevice_t device, char* name, unsigned int  length);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetSerial) (nvmlDevice_t device, char* serial, unsigned int  length);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetVbiosVersion) (nvmlDevice_t device, char* version, unsigned int  length);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetBoardPartNumber) (nvmlDevice_t device, char* partNumber, unsigned int  length);
+  nvmlReturn_t (*nvmlDeviceGetBrand) (nvmlDevice_t device, nvmlBrandType_t* type);
+} nvml_handle_t;
+
+typedef struct nvml_init_resp {
+  char *err;  // If err is non-null handle is invalid
+  nvml_handle_t ch;
+} nvml_init_resp_t;
+
+typedef struct nvml_compute_capability {
+  char *err;
+  int major;
+  int minor;
+} nvml_compute_capability_t;
+
+void nvml_init(char *nvml_lib_path, nvml_init_resp_t *resp);
+void nvml_check_vram(nvml_handle_t ch, mem_info_t *resp);
+void nvml_compute_capability(nvml_handle_t ch, nvml_compute_capability_t *cc);
+void nvml_release(nvml_handle_t ch);
+
+#endif  // __GPU_INFO_NVML_H__
+#endif  // __APPLE__
--- a/gpu/gpu_test.go
+++ b/gpu/gpu_test.go
@@ -9,16 +9,23 @@ import (

 func TestBasicGetGPUInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	info := GetGPUInfo()
-	assert.Greater(t, len(info), 0)
-	assert.Contains(t, "cuda rocm cpu metal", info[0].Library)
-	if info[0].Library != "cpu" {
-		assert.Greater(t, info[0].TotalMemory, uint64(0))
-		assert.Greater(t, info[0].FreeMemory, uint64(0))
+	assert.Contains(t, "cuda rocm cpu metal", info.Library)
+
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "darwin":
+		// TODO - remove this once MacOS returns some size for CPU
+		return
+	case "linux", "windows":
+		assert.Greater(t, info.TotalMemory, uint64(0))
+		assert.Greater(t, info.FreeMemory, uint64(0))
+		assert.Greater(t, info.DeviceCount, uint32(0))
+	default:
+		return
 	}
 }

 func TestCPUMemInfo(t *testing.T) {
-	info, err := GetCPUMem()
+	info, err := getCPUMem()
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	switch runtime.GOOS {
 	case "darwin":
--- a/gpu/types.go
+++ b/gpu/types.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package gpu
 type memInfo struct {
 	TotalMemory uint64 `json:"total_memory,omitempty"`
 	FreeMemory  uint64 `json:"free_memory,omitempty"`
+	DeviceCount uint32 `json:"device_count,omitempty"`
 }

 // Beginning of an `ollama info` command
@@ -14,51 +15,13 @@ type GpuInfo struct {
 	Variant string `json:"variant,omitempty"`

 	// MinimumMemory represents the minimum memory required to use the GPU
-	MinimumMemory uint64 `json:"-"`
+	MinimumMemory int64 `json:"-"`

-	// Any extra PATH/LD_LIBRARY_PATH dependencies required for the Library to operate properly
-	DependencyPath string `json:"lib_path,omitempty"`
-
-	// GPU information
-	ID    string `json:"gpu_id"`          // string to use for selection of this specific GPU
-	Name  string `json:"name"`            // user friendly name if available
-	Major int    `json:"major,omitempty"` // Major compatibility version (CC or gfx)
-	Minor int    `json:"minor,omitempty"` // Minor compatibility version (CC or gfx)
-	Patch int    `json:"patch,omitempty"` // Patch compatibility only matters on AMD
-
-	// TODO other performance capability info to help in scheduling decisions
+	// TODO add other useful attributes about the card here for discovery information
 }

-type GpuInfoList []GpuInfo
-
-// Split up the set of gpu info's by Library and variant
-func (l GpuInfoList) ByLibrary() []GpuInfoList {
-	resp := []GpuInfoList{}
-	libs := []string{}
-	for _, info := range l {
-		found := false
-		requested := info.Library
-		if info.Variant != "" {
-			requested += "_" + info.Variant
-		}
-		for i, lib := range libs {
-			if lib == requested {
-				resp[i] = append(resp[i], info)
-				found = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if !found {
-			libs = append(libs, info.Library)
-			resp = append(resp, []GpuInfo{info})
-		}
-	}
-	return resp
+type Version struct {
+	Major uint
+	Minor uint
+	Patch uint
 }
-
-// Sort by Free Space
-type ByFreeMemory []GpuInfo
-
-func (a ByFreeMemory) Len() int           { return len(a) }
-func (a ByFreeMemory) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
-func (a ByFreeMemory) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].FreeMemory < a[j].FreeMemory }
--- a/integration/basic_test.go
+++ b/integration/basic_test.go
@@ -4,14 +4,11 @@ package integration

 import (
 	"context"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"runtime"
+	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestOrcaMiniBlueSky(t *testing.T) {
@@ -27,44 +24,5 @@ func TestOrcaMiniBlueSky(t *testing.T) {
 			"seed":        123,
 		},
 	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
-}
-
-func TestUnicodeModelDir(t *testing.T) {
-	// This is only useful for Windows with utf-16 characters, so skip this test for other platforms
-	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
-		t.Skip("Unicode test only applicable to windows")
-	}
-	// Only works for local testing
-	if os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_EXISTING") != "" {
-		t.Skip("TestUnicodeModelDir only works for local testing, skipping")
-	}
-
-	modelDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "ollama_埃")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer os.RemoveAll(modelDir)
-	slog.Info("unicode", "OLLAMA_MODELS", modelDir)
-
-	oldModelsDir := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MODELS")
-	if oldModelsDir == "" {
-		defer os.Unsetenv("OLLAMA_MODELS")
-	} else {
-		defer os.Setenv("OLLAMA_MODELS", oldModelsDir)
-	}
-	err = os.Setenv("OLLAMA_MODELS", modelDir)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Minute)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	req := api.GenerateRequest{
-		Model:  "orca-mini",
-		Prompt: "why is the sky blue?",
-		Stream: &stream,
-		Options: map[string]interface{}{
-			"temperature": 0,
-			"seed":        123,
-		},
-	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, &http.Client{}, req, []string{"rayleigh", "scattering"})
 }
--- a/integration/concurrency_test.go
+++ b/integration/concurrency_test.go
@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-//go:build integration
-
-package integration
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestMultiModelConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		req = [2]api.GenerateRequest{
-			{
-				Model:  "orca-mini",
-				Prompt: "why is the ocean blue?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			}, {
-				Model:  "tinydolphin",
-				Prompt: "what is the origin of the us thanksgiving holiday?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			},
-		}
-		resp = [2][]string{
-			[]string{"sunlight"},
-			[]string{"england", "english", "massachusetts", "pilgrims"},
-		}
-	)
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(len(req))
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*120)
-	defer cancel()
-	for i := 0; i < len(req); i++ {
-		go func(i int) {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req[i], resp[i])
-		}(i)
-	}
-	wg.Wait()
-}
-
-func TestIntegrationConcurrentPredictOrcaMini(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Minute) // GTX 750 2G card takes ~9 minutes
-	defer cancel()
-	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	req, resp := GenerateRequests()
-	// Get the server running (if applicable) warm the model up with a single initial request
-	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req[0], resp[0], 60*time.Second, 5*time.Second)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(len(req))
-	for i := 0; i < len(req); i++ {
-		go func(i int) {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 5; j++ {
-				slog.Info("Starting", "req", i, "iter", j)
-				// On slower GPUs it can take a while to process the 4 concurrent requests
-				// so we allow a much longer initial timeout
-				DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req[i], resp[i], 90*time.Second, 5*time.Second)
-			}
-		}(i)
-	}
-	wg.Wait()
-}
-
-// Stress the system if we know how much VRAM it has, and attempt to load more models than will fit
-func TestMultiModelStress(t *testing.T) {
-	vram := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM")
-	if vram == "" {
-		t.Skip("OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM not specified, can't pick the right models for the stress test")
-	}
-	max, err := strconv.ParseUint(vram, 10, 64)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	const MB = uint64(1024 * 1024)
-	type model struct {
-		name string
-		size uint64 // Approximate amount of VRAM they typically use when fully loaded in VRAM
-	}
-
-	smallModels := []model{
-		{
-			name: "orca-mini",
-			size: 2992 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "phi",
-			size: 2616 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "gemma:2b",
-			size: 2364 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "stable-code:3b",
-			size: 2608 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "starcoder2:3b",
-			size: 2166 * MB,
-		},
-	}
-	mediumModels := []model{
-		{
-			name: "llama2",
-			size: 5118 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "mistral",
-			size: 4620 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "orca-mini:7b",
-			size: 5118 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "dolphin-mistral",
-			size: 4620 * MB,
-		},
-		{
-			name: "gemma:7b",
-			size: 5000 * MB,
-		},
-		// TODO - uncomment this once #3565 is merged and this is rebased on it
-		// {
-		// 	name: "codellama:7b",
-		// 	size: 5118 * MB,
-		// },
-	}
-
-	// These seem to be too slow to be useful...
-	// largeModels := []model{
-	// 	{
-	// 		name: "llama2:13b",
-	// 		size: 7400 * MB,
-	// 	},
-	// 	{
-	// 		name: "codellama:13b",
-	// 		size: 7400 * MB,
-	// 	},
-	// 	{
-	// 		name: "orca-mini:13b",
-	// 		size: 7400 * MB,
-	// 	},
-	// 	{
-	// 		name: "gemma:7b",
-	// 		size: 5000 * MB,
-	// 	},
-	// 	{
-	// 		name: "starcoder2:15b",
-	// 		size: 9100 * MB,
-	// 	},
-	// }
-
-	var chosenModels []model
-	switch {
-	case max < 10000*MB:
-		slog.Info("selecting small models")
-		chosenModels = smallModels
-	// case max < 30000*MB:
-	default:
-		slog.Info("selecting medium models")
-		chosenModels = mediumModels
-		// default:
-		// 	slog.Info("selecting large models")
-		// 	chosenModels = largModels
-	}
-
-	req, resp := GenerateRequests()
-
-	for i := range req {
-		if i > len(chosenModels) {
-			break
-		}
-		req[i].Model = chosenModels[i].name
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Minute) // TODO baseline -- 10m too short
-	defer cancel()
-	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
-	defer cleanup()
-
-	// Make sure all the models are pulled before we get started
-	for _, r := range req {
-		require.NoError(t, PullIfMissing(ctx, client, r.Model))
-	}
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	consumed := uint64(256 * MB) // Assume some baseline usage
-	for i := 0; i < len(req); i++ {
-		// Always get at least 2 models, but dont' overshoot VRAM too much or we'll take too long
-		if i > 1 && consumed > max {
-			slog.Info("achieved target vram exhaustion", "count", i, "vramMB", max/1024/1024, "modelsMB", consumed/1024/1024)
-			break
-		}
-		consumed += chosenModels[i].size
-		slog.Info("target vram", "count", i, "vramMB", max/1024/1024, "modelsMB", consumed/1024/1024)
-
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func(i int) {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
-				slog.Info("Starting", "req", i, "iter", j, "model", req[i].Model)
-				DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, req[i], resp[i], 90*time.Second, 5*time.Second)
-			}
-		}(i)
-	}
-	wg.Wait()
-}
--- a/integration/context_test.go
+++ b/integration/context_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ package integration

 import (
 	"context"
+	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -24,5 +25,5 @@ func TestContextExhaustion(t *testing.T) {
 			"num_ctx":     128,
 		},
 	}
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{"once", "upon", "lived"})
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, &http.Client{}, req, []string{"once", "upon", "lived"})
 }
--- a/integration/llm_image_test.go
+++ b/integration/llm_image_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package integration
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/base64"
+	"net/http"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -28,11 +29,10 @@ func TestIntegrationMultimodal(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}

-	// Note: sometimes it returns "the ollamas" sometimes "the ollams"
-	resp := "the ollam"
+	resp := "the ollamas"
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 3*time.Minute)
 	defer cancel()
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req, []string{resp})
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, &http.Client{}, req, []string{resp})
 }

 const imageEncoding = `iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAANIAAAB4CAYAAACHHqzKAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAIRlWElmTU0AKgAAAAgABQESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEaAAUAAAABAAAASgEb
--- a/integration/llm_test.go
+++ b/integration/llm_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ package integration

 import (
 	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -43,5 +45,25 @@ var (
 func TestIntegrationSimpleOrcaMini(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*120)
 	defer cancel()
-	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, req[0], resp[0])
+	GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, &http.Client{}, req[0], resp[0])
 }
+
+// TODO
+// The server always loads a new runner and closes the old one, which forces serial execution
+// At present this test case fails with concurrency problems.  Eventually we should try to
+// get true concurrency working with n_parallel support in the backend
+func TestIntegrationConcurrentPredictOrcaMini(t *testing.T) {
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(len(req))
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*120)
+	defer cancel()
+	for i := 0; i < len(req); i++ {
+		go func(i int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			GenerateTestHelper(ctx, t, &http.Client{}, req[i], resp[i])
+		}(i)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+// TODO - create a parallel test with 2 different models once we support concurrency
--- a/integration/utils_test.go
+++ b/integration/utils_test.go
@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@ package integration
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"errors"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
-	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
@@ -24,13 +23,9 @@ import (

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/app/lifecycle"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )

-func Init() {
-	lifecycle.InitLogging()
-}
-
 func FindPort() string {
 	port := 0
 	if a, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr("tcp", "localhost:0"); err == nil {
@@ -46,7 +41,7 @@ func FindPort() string {
 	return strconv.Itoa(port)
 }

-func GetTestEndpoint() (*api.Client, string) {
+func GetTestEndpoint() (string, string) {
 	defaultPort := "11434"
 	ollamaHost := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_HOST")

@@ -72,20 +67,16 @@ func GetTestEndpoint() (*api.Client, string) {
 		port = FindPort()
 	}

-	slog.Info("server connection", "host", host, "port", port)
-
-	return api.NewClient(
-		&url.URL{
-			Scheme: scheme,
-			Host:   net.JoinHostPort(host, port),
-		},
-		http.DefaultClient), fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", host, port)
+	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", host, port)
+	slog.Info("server connection", "url", url)
+	return scheme, url
 }

+// TODO make fanicier, grab logs, etc.
 var serverMutex sync.Mutex
 var serverReady bool

-func startServer(ctx context.Context, ollamaHost string) error {
+func StartServer(ctx context.Context, ollamaHost string) error {
 	// Make sure the server has been built
 	CLIName, err := filepath.Abs("../ollama")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -134,76 +125,67 @@ func startServer(ctx context.Context, ollamaHost string) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func PullIfMissing(ctx context.Context, client *api.Client, modelName string) error {
+func PullIfMissing(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client, scheme, testEndpoint, modelName string) error {
 	slog.Info("checking status of model", "model", modelName)
 	showReq := &api.ShowRequest{Name: modelName}
-
-	showCtx, cancel := context.WithDeadlineCause(
-		ctx,
-		time.Now().Add(5*time.Second),
-		fmt.Errorf("show for existing model %s took too long", modelName),
-	)
-	defer cancel()
-	_, err := client.Show(showCtx, showReq)
-	var statusError api.StatusError
-	switch {
-	case errors.As(err, &statusError) && statusError.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound:
-		break
-	case err != nil:
+	requestJSON, err := json.Marshal(showReq)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
-	default:
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", scheme+"://"+testEndpoint+"/api/show", bytes.NewReader(requestJSON))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Make the request with the HTTP client
+	response, err := client.Do(req.WithContext(ctx))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+	if response.StatusCode == 200 {
 		slog.Info("model already present", "model", modelName)
 		return nil
 	}
-	slog.Info("model missing", "model", modelName)
+	slog.Info("model missing", "status", response.StatusCode)

-	stallDuration := 30 * time.Second // This includes checksum verification, which can take a while on larger models
-	stallTimer := time.NewTimer(stallDuration)
-	fn := func(resp api.ProgressResponse) error {
-		// fmt.Print(".")
-		if !stallTimer.Reset(stallDuration) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("stall was detected, aborting status reporting")
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	stream := true
 	pullReq := &api.PullRequest{Name: modelName, Stream: &stream}
-
-	var pullError error
-
-	done := make(chan int)
-	go func() {
-		pullError = client.Pull(ctx, pullReq, fn)
-		done <- 0
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case <-stallTimer.C:
-		return fmt.Errorf("download stalled")
-	case <-done:
-		return pullError
+	requestJSON, err = json.Marshal(pullReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+
+	req, err = http.NewRequest("POST", scheme+"://"+testEndpoint+"/api/pull", bytes.NewReader(requestJSON))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	slog.Info("pulling", "model", modelName)
+
+	response, err = client.Do(req.WithContext(ctx))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+	if response.StatusCode != 200 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to pull model") // TODO more details perhaps
+	}
+	slog.Info("model pulled", "model", modelName)
+	return nil
 }

 var serverProcMutex sync.Mutex

-// Returns an Client, the testEndpoint, and a cleanup function, fails the test on errors
-// Starts the server if needed
-func InitServerConnection(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T) (*api.Client, string, func()) {
-	client, testEndpoint := GetTestEndpoint()
-	if os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_EXISTING") == "" {
-		serverProcMutex.Lock()
-		fp, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-server-*.log")
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("failed to generate log file: %s", err)
-		}
-		lifecycle.ServerLogFile = fp.Name()
-		fp.Close()
-		require.NoError(t, startServer(ctx, testEndpoint))
-	}
+func GenerateTestHelper(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, client *http.Client, genReq api.GenerateRequest, anyResp []string) {

-	return client, testEndpoint, func() {
+	// TODO maybe stuff in an init routine?
+	lifecycle.InitLogging()
+
+	requestJSON, err := json.Marshal(genReq)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Error serializing request: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
 		if os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_EXISTING") == "" {
 			defer serverProcMutex.Unlock()
 			if t.Failed() {
@@ -221,118 +203,63 @@ func InitServerConnection(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T) (*api.Client, strin
 				os.Stderr.Write(data)
 				slog.Warn("END OF SERVER")
 			}
-			err := os.Remove(lifecycle.ServerLogFile)
+			err = os.Remove(lifecycle.ServerLogFile)
 			if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 				slog.Warn("failed to cleanup", "logfile", lifecycle.ServerLogFile, "error", err)
 			}
 		}
-	}
-}
-
-func GenerateTestHelper(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, genReq api.GenerateRequest, anyResp []string) {
-	client, _, cleanup := InitServerConnection(ctx, t)
-	defer cleanup()
-	require.NoError(t, PullIfMissing(ctx, client, genReq.Model))
-	DoGenerate(ctx, t, client, genReq, anyResp, 30*time.Second, 10*time.Second)
-}
-
-func DoGenerate(ctx context.Context, t *testing.T, client *api.Client, genReq api.GenerateRequest, anyResp []string, initialTimeout, streamTimeout time.Duration) {
-	stallTimer := time.NewTimer(initialTimeout)
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	fn := func(response api.GenerateResponse) error {
-		// fmt.Print(".")
-		buf.Write([]byte(response.Response))
-		if !stallTimer.Reset(streamTimeout) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("stall was detected while streaming response, aborting")
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	stream := true
-	genReq.Stream = &stream
-	done := make(chan int)
-	var genErr error
-	go func() {
-		genErr = client.Generate(ctx, &genReq, fn)
-		done <- 0
 	}()
+	scheme, testEndpoint := GetTestEndpoint()

-	select {
-	case <-stallTimer.C:
-		if buf.Len() == 0 {
-			t.Errorf("generate never started.  Timed out after :%s", initialTimeout.String())
-		} else {
-			t.Errorf("generate stalled.  Response so far:%s", buf.String())
+	if os.Getenv("OLLAMA_TEST_EXISTING") == "" {
+		serverProcMutex.Lock()
+		fp, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-server-*.log")
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to generate log file: %s", err)
 		}
-	case <-done:
-		require.NoError(t, genErr, "failed with %s request prompt %s ", genReq.Model, genReq.Prompt)
-		// Verify the response contains the expected data
-		response := buf.String()
-		atLeastOne := false
-		for _, resp := range anyResp {
-			if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(response), resp) {
-				atLeastOne = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		require.True(t, atLeastOne, "none of %v found in %s", anyResp, response)
-		slog.Info("test pass", "model", genReq.Model, "prompt", genReq.Prompt, "contains", anyResp, "response", response)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Error("outer test context done while waiting for generate")
+		lifecycle.ServerLogFile = fp.Name()
+		fp.Close()
+		assert.NoError(t, StartServer(ctx, testEndpoint))
 	}
-}

-// Generate a set of requests
-// By default each request uses orca-mini as the model
-func GenerateRequests() ([]api.GenerateRequest, [][]string) {
-	return []api.GenerateRequest{
-			{
-				Model:  "orca-mini",
-				Prompt: "why is the ocean blue?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			}, {
-				Model:  "orca-mini",
-				Prompt: "why is the color of dirt brown?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			}, {
-				Model:  "orca-mini",
-				Prompt: "what is the origin of the us thanksgiving holiday?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			}, {
-				Model:  "orca-mini",
-				Prompt: "what is the origin of independence day?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			}, {
-				Model:  "orca-mini",
-				Prompt: "what is the composition of air?",
-				Stream: &stream,
-				Options: map[string]interface{}{
-					"seed":        42,
-					"temperature": 0.0,
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		[][]string{
-			[]string{"sunlight"},
-			[]string{"soil", "organic", "earth", "black", "tan"},
-			[]string{"england", "english", "massachusetts", "pilgrims"},
-			[]string{"fourth", "july", "declaration", "independence"},
-			[]string{"nitrogen", "oxygen", "carbon", "dioxide"},
+	err = PullIfMissing(ctx, client, scheme, testEndpoint, genReq.Model)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Error pulling model: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Make the request and get the response
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", scheme+"://"+testEndpoint+"/api/generate", bytes.NewReader(requestJSON))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Error creating request: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set the content type for the request
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+
+	// Make the request with the HTTP client
+	response, err := client.Do(req.WithContext(ctx))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Error making request: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, response.StatusCode, 200, string(body))
+
+	// Verify the response is valid JSON
+	var payload api.GenerateResponse
+	err = json.Unmarshal(body, &payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		assert.NoError(t, err, body)
+	}
+
+	// Verify the response contains the expected data
+	atLeastOne := false
+	for _, resp := range anyResp {
+		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(payload.Response), resp) {
+			atLeastOne = true
+			break
 		}
+	}
+	assert.True(t, atLeastOne, "none of %v found in %s", anyResp, payload.Response)
 }
--- a/llm/ext_server/server.cpp
+++ b/llm/ext_server/server.cpp
@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@
 #include "httplib.h"
 #include "json.hpp"

-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-#endif
-
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <thread>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -2774,28 +2770,8 @@ inline void signal_handler(int signal) {
    shutdown_handler(signal);
 }

-#if defined(_WIN32)
-char* wchar_to_char(const wchar_t* wstr) {
-    if (wstr == nullptr) return nullptr;
-
-    // Determine the number of bytes needed for the UTF-8 string
-    int bytes = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wstr, -1, nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
-    char* str = new char[bytes];
-
-    // Convert the wide-character string to a UTF-8 string
-    WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, wstr, -1, str, bytes, nullptr, nullptr);
-    return str;
-}
-
-int wmain(int argc, wchar_t **wargv) {
-    char** argv = new char*[argc];
-    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-        argv[i] = wchar_to_char(wargv[i]);
-    }
-#else
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-#endif
-
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
 #if SERVER_VERBOSE != 1
    log_disable();
 #endif
@@ -3306,11 +3282,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
        return (ctrl_type == CTRL_C_EVENT) ? (signal_handler(SIGINT), true) : false;
    };
    SetConsoleCtrlHandler(reinterpret_cast<PHANDLER_ROUTINE>(console_ctrl_handler), true);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-        delete[] argv[i];
-    }
-    delete[] argv;
 #endif
    llama.queue_tasks.start_loop();
    svr.stop();
--- a/llm/generate/gen_common.sh
+++ b/llm/generate/gen_common.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ init_vars() {
        # TODO - add additional optimization flags...
        CMAKE_DEFS="-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLLAMA_SERVER_VERBOSE=off ${CMAKE_DEFS}"
    fi
-    case $(uname -s) in
+    case $(uname -s) in 
    "Darwin")
        LIB_EXT="dylib"
        WHOLE_ARCHIVE="-Wl,-force_load"
--- a/llm/generate/gen_darwin.sh
+++ b/llm/generate/gen_darwin.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
-# This script is intended to run inside the go generate
-# working directory must be ./llm/generate/
+# This script is intended to run inside the `go run build.go` script, which
+# sets the working directory to the correct location: ./llm/generate/.

 # TODO - add hardening to detect missing tools (cmake, etc.)

@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ case "${GOARCH}" in
    ;;
 *)
    echo "GOARCH must be set"
-    echo "this script is meant to be run from within go generate"
+    echo "this script is meant to be run from within 'go run build.go'"
    exit 1
    ;;
 esac

 cleanup
-echo "go generate completed.  LLM runners: $(cd ${BUILD_DIR}/..; echo *)"
+echo "code generation completed.  LLM runners: $(cd ${BUILD_DIR}/..; echo *)"
--- a/llm/generate/gen_linux.sh
+++ b/llm/generate/gen_linux.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
-# This script is intended to run inside the go generate
-# working directory must be llm/generate/
+# This script is intended to run with the `go run build.go` script, which
+# sets the working directory to the correct location: ./llm/generate/.

 # First we build one or more CPU based LLM libraries
 #
@@ -57,21 +57,21 @@ init_vars
 git_module_setup
 apply_patches

-init_vars
-if [ -z "${OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE}" -o "${OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" = "static" ]; then
-    # Builds by default, allows skipping, forces build if OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET="static"
-    # Enables optimized Dockerfile builds using a blanket skip and targeted overrides
-    # Static build for linking into the Go binary
-    init_vars
-    CMAKE_TARGETS="--target llama --target ggml"
-    CMAKE_DEFS="-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=off -DLLAMA_NATIVE=off -DLLAMA_AVX=off -DLLAMA_AVX2=off -DLLAMA_AVX512=off -DLLAMA_FMA=off -DLLAMA_F16C=off ${CMAKE_DEFS}"
-    BUILD_DIR="../build/linux/${ARCH}_static"
-    echo "Building static library"
-    build
-fi

 init_vars
 if [ -z "${OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE}" ]; then
+
+    if [ -z "${OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" -o "${OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" = "static" ]; then
+        # Static build for linking into the Go binary
+        init_vars
+        CMAKE_TARGETS="--target llama --target ggml"
+        CMAKE_DEFS="-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=off -DLLAMA_NATIVE=off -DLLAMA_AVX=off -DLLAMA_AVX2=off -DLLAMA_AVX512=off -DLLAMA_FMA=off -DLLAMA_F16C=off ${CMAKE_DEFS}"
+        BUILD_DIR="../build/linux/${ARCH}_static"
+        echo "Building static library"
+        build
+    fi
+
+
    # Users building from source can tune the exact flags we pass to cmake for configuring
    # llama.cpp, and we'll build only 1 CPU variant in that case as the default.
    if [ -n "${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CPU_DEFS}" ]; then
@@ -165,22 +165,14 @@ if [ -d "${CUDA_LIB_DIR}" ]; then
    fi
    if [ "${ARCH}" == "arm64" ]; then
        echo "ARM CPU detected - disabling unsupported AVX instructions"
-
+        
        # ARM-based CPUs such as M1 and Tegra do not support AVX extensions.
        #
-        # CUDA compute < 6.0 lacks proper FP16 support on ARM.
-        # Disabling has minimal performance effect while maintaining compatibility.
+        # CUDA compute < 6.0 lacks proper FP16 support on ARM. 
+        # Disabling has minimal performance effect while maintaining compatibility. 
        ARM64_DEFS="-DLLAMA_AVX=off -DLLAMA_AVX2=off -DLLAMA_AVX512=off -DLLAMA_CUDA_F16=off"
    fi
-    # Users building from source can tune the exact flags we pass to cmake for configuring llama.cpp
-    if [ -n "${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS}" ]; then
-        echo "OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS=\"${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS}\""
-        CMAKE_CUDA_DEFS="-DLLAMA_CUDA=on -DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES} ${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS}"
-        echo "Building custom CUDA GPU"
-    else
-        CMAKE_CUDA_DEFS="-DLLAMA_CUDA=on -DLLAMA_CUDA_FORCE_MMQ=on -DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}"
-    fi
-    CMAKE_DEFS="${COMMON_CMAKE_DEFS} ${CMAKE_DEFS} ${ARM64_DEFS} ${CMAKE_CUDA_DEFS}"
+    CMAKE_DEFS="-DLLAMA_CUDA=on -DLLAMA_CUDA_FORCE_MMQ=on -DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES} ${COMMON_CMAKE_DEFS} ${CMAKE_DEFS} ${ARM64_DEFS}"
    BUILD_DIR="../build/linux/${ARCH}/cuda${CUDA_VARIANT}"
    EXTRA_LIBS="-L${CUDA_LIB_DIR} -lcudart -lcublas -lcublasLt -lcuda"
    build
@@ -225,12 +217,6 @@ if [ -d "${ROCM_PATH}" ]; then
    fi
    init_vars
    CMAKE_DEFS="${COMMON_CMAKE_DEFS} ${CMAKE_DEFS} -DLLAMA_HIPBLAS=on -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$ROCM_PATH/llvm/bin/clang -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$ROCM_PATH/llvm/bin/clang++ -DAMDGPU_TARGETS=$(amdGPUs) -DGPU_TARGETS=$(amdGPUs)"
-    # Users building from source can tune the exact flags we pass to cmake for configuring llama.cpp
-    if [ -n "${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS}" ]; then
-        echo "OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS=\"${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS}\""
-        CMAKE_DEFS="${CMAKE_DEFS} ${OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS}"
-        echo "Building custom ROCM GPU"
-    fi
    BUILD_DIR="../build/linux/${ARCH}/rocm${ROCM_VARIANT}"
    EXTRA_LIBS="-L${ROCM_PATH}/lib -L/opt/amdgpu/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ -Wl,-rpath,\$ORIGIN/../../rocm/ -lhipblas -lrocblas -lamdhip64 -lrocsolver -lamd_comgr -lhsa-runtime64 -lrocsparse -ldrm -ldrm_amdgpu"
    build
@@ -251,4 +237,4 @@ if [ -d "${ROCM_PATH}" ]; then
 fi

 cleanup
-echo "go generate completed.  LLM runners: $(cd ${BUILD_DIR}/..; echo *)"
+echo "code generation completed.  LLM runners: $(cd ${BUILD_DIR}/..; echo *)"
--- a/llm/generate/gen_windows.ps1
+++ b/llm/generate/gen_windows.ps1
@@ -26,25 +26,15 @@ function amdGPUs {
    $GPU_LIST -join ';'
 }

-
 function init_vars {
-    if (!$script:SRC_DIR) {
-        $script:SRC_DIR = $(resolve-path "..\..\")
-    }
-    if (!$script:llamacppDir) {
-        $script:llamacppDir = "../llama.cpp"
-    }
-    if (!$script:cmakeTargets) {
-        $script:cmakeTargets = @("ollama_llama_server")
-    }
+    $script:SRC_DIR = $(resolve-path "..\..\")
+    $script:llamacppDir = "../llama.cpp"
    $script:cmakeDefs = @(
        "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=on",
        "-DLLAMA_NATIVE=off"
        )
-    $script:commonCpuDefs = @("-DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=on")
+    $script:cmakeTargets = @("ollama_llama_server")
    $script:ARCH = "amd64" # arm not yet supported.
-    $script:DIST_BASE = "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\ollama_runners"
-    md "$script:DIST_BASE" -ea 0 > $null
    if ($env:CGO_CFLAGS -contains "-g") {
        $script:cmakeDefs += @("-DCMAKE_VERBOSE_MAKEFILE=on", "-DLLAMA_SERVER_VERBOSE=on", "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo")
        $script:config = "RelWithDebInfo"
@@ -65,6 +55,7 @@ function init_vars {
    } else {
        $script:CUDA_LIB_DIR=$env:CUDA_LIB_DIR
    }
+    $script:GZIP=(get-command -ea 'silentlycontinue' gzip).path
    $script:DUMPBIN=(get-command -ea 'silentlycontinue' dumpbin).path
    if ($null -eq $env:CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES) {
        $script:CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES="50;52;61;70;75;80"
@@ -143,18 +134,21 @@ function sign {
    }
 }

-function install {
-    write-host "Installing binaries to dist dir ${script:distDir}"
-    mkdir ${script:distDir} -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+function compress {
+    if ($script:GZIP -eq $null) {
+        write-host "gzip not installed, not compressing files"
+        return
+    }
+    write-host "Compressing binaries..."
    $binaries = dir "${script:buildDir}/bin/*.exe"
    foreach ($file in $binaries) {
-        copy-item -Path $file -Destination ${script:distDir} -Force
+        & "$script:GZIP" --best -f $file
    }

-    write-host "Installing dlls to dist dir ${script:distDir}"
+    write-host "Compressing dlls..."
    $dlls = dir "${script:buildDir}/bin/*.dll"
    foreach ($file in $dlls) {
-        copy-item -Path $file -Destination ${script:distDir} -Force
+        & "$script:GZIP" --best -f $file
    }
 }

@@ -175,191 +169,123 @@ function cleanup {
    }
 }

+init_vars
+git_module_setup
+apply_patches

 # -DLLAMA_AVX -- 2011 Intel Sandy Bridge & AMD Bulldozer
 # -DLLAMA_AVX2 -- 2013 Intel Haswell & 2015 AMD Excavator / 2017 AMD Zen
 # -DLLAMA_FMA (FMA3) -- 2013 Intel Haswell & 2012 AMD Piledriver

+$script:commonCpuDefs = @("-DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=on")

-function build_static() {
-    if ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_STATIC_GENERATE}") -and ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}") -or ("${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" -eq "static"))) {
-        # GCC build for direct linking into the Go binary
-        init_vars
-        # cmake will silently fallback to msvc compilers if mingw isn't in the path, so detect and fail fast
-        # as we need this to be compiled by gcc for golang to be able to link with itx
-        write-host "Checking for MinGW..."
-        # error action ensures we exit on failure
-        get-command gcc
-        get-command mingw32-make
-        $oldTargets = $script:cmakeTargets
-        $script:cmakeTargets = @("llama", "ggml")
-        $script:cmakeDefs = @(
-            "-G", "MinGW Makefiles"
-            "-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc.exe",
-            "-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++.exe",
-            "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=off",
-            "-DLLAMA_NATIVE=off",
-            "-DLLAMA_AVX=off",
-            "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off",
-            "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off",
-            "-DLLAMA_F16C=off",
-            "-DLLAMA_FMA=off")
-        $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}_static"
-        write-host "Building static library"
-        build
-        $script:cmakeTargets = $oldTargets
-    } else {
-        write-host "Skipping CPU generation step as requested"
-    }
-}
-
-function build_cpu() {
-    if ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE}" ) -and ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}") -or ("${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" -eq "cpu"))) {
-        # remaining llama.cpp builds use MSVC 
-        init_vars
-        $script:cmakeDefs = $script:commonCpuDefs + @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_AVX=off", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off", "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off", "-DLLAMA_FMA=off", "-DLLAMA_F16C=off") + $script:cmakeDefs
-        $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cpu"
-        $script:distDir="$script:DIST_BASE\cpu"
-        write-host "Building LCD CPU"
-        build
-        sign
-        install
-    } else {
-        write-host "Skipping CPU generation step as requested"
-    }
-}
-
-function build_cpu_avx() {
-    if ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE}" ) -and ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}") -or ("${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" -eq "cpu_avx"))) {
-        init_vars
-        $script:cmakeDefs = $script:commonCpuDefs + @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_AVX=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off", "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off", "-DLLAMA_FMA=off", "-DLLAMA_F16C=off") + $script:cmakeDefs
-        $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cpu_avx"
-        $script:distDir="$script:DIST_BASE\cpu_avx"
-        write-host "Building AVX CPU"
-        build
-        sign
-        install
-    } else {
-        write-host "Skipping CPU AVX generation step as requested"
-    }
-}
-
-function build_cpu_avx2() {
-    if ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE}" ) -and ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}") -or ("${env:OLLAMA_CPU_TARGET}" -eq "cpu_avx2"))) {
-        init_vars
-        $script:cmakeDefs = $script:commonCpuDefs + @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_AVX=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off", "-DLLAMA_FMA=on", "-DLLAMA_F16C=on") + $script:cmakeDefs
-        $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cpu_avx2"
-        $script:distDir="$script:DIST_BASE\cpu_avx2"
-        write-host "Building AVX2 CPU"
-        build
-        sign
-        install
-    } else {
-        write-host "Skipping CPU AVX2 generation step as requested"
-    }
-}
-
-function build_cuda() {
-    if ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CUDA_GENERATE}") -and ("${script:CUDA_LIB_DIR}")) {
-        # Then build cuda as a dynamically loaded library
-        $nvcc = "$script:CUDA_LIB_DIR\nvcc.exe"
-        $script:CUDA_VERSION=(get-item ($nvcc | split-path | split-path)).Basename
-        if ($null -ne $script:CUDA_VERSION) {
-            $script:CUDA_VARIANT="_"+$script:CUDA_VERSION
-        }
-        init_vars
-        $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cuda$script:CUDA_VARIANT"
-        $script:distDir="$script:DIST_BASE\cuda$script:CUDA_VARIANT"
-        $script:cmakeDefs += @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_CUDA=ON", "-DLLAMA_AVX=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off", "-DCUDAToolkit_INCLUDE_DIR=$script:CUDA_INCLUDE_DIR", "-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${script:CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")
-        if ($null -ne $env:OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS) {
-            write-host "OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS=`"${env:OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS}`""
-            $script:cmakeDefs +=@("${env:OLLAMA_CUSTOM_CUDA_DEFS}")
-            write-host "building custom CUDA GPU"
-        }
-        build
-        sign
-        install
-
-        write-host "copying CUDA dependencies to ${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\"
-        cp "${script:CUDA_LIB_DIR}\cudart64_*.dll" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\"
-        cp "${script:CUDA_LIB_DIR}\cublas64_*.dll" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\"
-        cp "${script:CUDA_LIB_DIR}\cublasLt64_*.dll" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\"
-    } else {
-        write-host "Skipping CUDA generation step"
-    }
-}
-
-function build_rocm() {
-    if ((-not "${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_ROCM_GENERATE}") -and ("${env:HIP_PATH}")) {
-        $script:ROCM_VERSION=(get-item $env:HIP_PATH).Basename
-        if ($null -ne $script:ROCM_VERSION) {
-            $script:ROCM_VARIANT="_v"+$script:ROCM_VERSION
-        }
-
-        init_vars
-        $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/rocm$script:ROCM_VARIANT"
-        $script:distDir="$script:DIST_BASE\rocm$script:ROCM_VARIANT"
-        $script:cmakeDefs += @(
-            "-G", "Ninja", 
-            "-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang.exe",
-            "-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++.exe",
-            "-DLLAMA_HIPBLAS=on",
-            "-DHIP_PLATFORM=amd",
-            "-DLLAMA_AVX=on",
-            "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off",
-            "-DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=on",
-            "-DAMDGPU_TARGETS=$(amdGPUs)",
-            "-DGPU_TARGETS=$(amdGPUs)"
-            )
-
-        # Make sure the ROCm binary dir is first in the path
-        $env:PATH="$env:HIP_PATH\bin;$env:PATH"
-
-        # We have to clobber the LIB var from the developer shell for clang to work properly
-        $env:LIB=""
-        if ($null -ne $env:OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS) {
-            write-host "OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS=`"${env:OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS}`""
-            $script:cmakeDefs += @("${env:OLLAMA_CUSTOM_ROCM_DEFS}")
-            write-host "building custom ROCM GPU"
-        }
-        write-host "Building ROCm"
-        build
-        # Ninja doesn't prefix with config name
-        ${script:config}=""
-        if ($null -ne $script:DUMPBIN) {
-            & "$script:DUMPBIN" /dependents "${script:buildDir}/bin/ollama_llama_server.exe" | select-string ".dll"
-        }
-        sign
-        install
-
-        # Assumes v5.7, may need adjustments for v6
-        rm -ea 0 -recurse -force -path "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\rocm\"
-        md "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\rocm\rocblas\library\" -ea 0 > $null
-        cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\hipblas.dll" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\rocm\"
-        cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\rocblas.dll" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\rocm\"
-        # amdhip64.dll dependency comes from the driver and must be installed on the host to use AMD GPUs
-        cp "${env:HIP_PATH}\bin\rocblas\library\*" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-${script:ARCH}\rocm\rocblas\library\"
-    } else {
-        write-host "Skipping ROCm generation step"
-    }
-}
+if ($null -eq ${env:OLLAMA_SKIP_CPU_GENERATE}) {

+# GCC build for direct linking into the Go binary
 init_vars
-if ($($args.count) -eq 0) {
-    git_module_setup
-    apply_patches
-    build_static
-    build_cpu
-    build_cpu_avx
-    build_cpu_avx2
-    build_cuda
-    build_rocm
+# cmake will silently fallback to msvc compilers if mingw isn't in the path, so detect and fail fast
+# as we need this to be compiled by gcc for golang to be able to link with itx
+write-host "Checking for MinGW..."
+# error action ensures we exit on failure
+get-command gcc
+get-command mingw32-make
+$script:cmakeTargets = @("llama", "ggml")
+$script:cmakeDefs = @(
+    "-G", "MinGW Makefiles"
+    "-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc.exe",
+    "-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++.exe",
+    "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=off",
+    "-DLLAMA_NATIVE=off",
+    "-DLLAMA_AVX=off",
+    "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off",
+    "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off",
+    "-DLLAMA_F16C=off",
+    "-DLLAMA_FMA=off")
+$script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}_static"
+write-host "Building static library"
+build

-    cleanup
-    write-host "`ngo generate completed.  LLM runners: $(get-childitem -path $script:DIST_BASE)"
+# remaining llama.cpp builds use MSVC 
+    init_vars
+    $script:cmakeDefs = $script:commonCpuDefs + @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_AVX=off", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off", "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off", "-DLLAMA_FMA=off", "-DLLAMA_F16C=off") + $script:cmakeDefs
+    $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cpu"
+    write-host "Building LCD CPU"
+    build
+    sign
+    compress
+
+    init_vars
+    $script:cmakeDefs = $script:commonCpuDefs + @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_AVX=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off", "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off", "-DLLAMA_FMA=off", "-DLLAMA_F16C=off") + $script:cmakeDefs
+    $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cpu_avx"
+    write-host "Building AVX CPU"
+    build
+    sign
+    compress
+
+    init_vars
+    $script:cmakeDefs = $script:commonCpuDefs + @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_AVX=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX512=off", "-DLLAMA_FMA=on", "-DLLAMA_F16C=on") + $script:cmakeDefs
+    $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cpu_avx2"
+    write-host "Building AVX2 CPU"
+    build
+    sign
+    compress
 } else {
-    for ( $i = 0; $i -lt $args.count; $i++ ) {
-        write-host "performing $($args[$i])"
-        & $($args[$i])
-    } 
-}
+    write-host "Skipping CPU generation step as requested"
+}
+
+if ($null -ne $script:CUDA_LIB_DIR) {
+    # Then build cuda as a dynamically loaded library
+    $nvcc = "$script:CUDA_LIB_DIR\nvcc.exe"
+    $script:CUDA_VERSION=(get-item ($nvcc | split-path | split-path)).Basename
+    if ($null -ne $script:CUDA_VERSION) {
+        $script:CUDA_VARIANT="_"+$script:CUDA_VERSION
+    }
+    init_vars
+    $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/cuda$script:CUDA_VARIANT"
+    $script:cmakeDefs += @("-A", "x64", "-DLLAMA_CUDA=ON", "-DLLAMA_AVX=on", "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off", "-DCUDAToolkit_INCLUDE_DIR=$script:CUDA_INCLUDE_DIR", "-DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=${script:CMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES}")
+    build
+    sign
+    compress
+}
+
+if ($null -ne $env:HIP_PATH) {
+    $script:ROCM_VERSION=(get-item $env:HIP_PATH).Basename
+    if ($null -ne $script:ROCM_VERSION) {
+        $script:ROCM_VARIANT="_v"+$script:ROCM_VERSION
+    }
+
+    init_vars
+    $script:buildDir="../build/windows/${script:ARCH}/rocm$script:ROCM_VARIANT"
+    $script:cmakeDefs += @(
+        "-G", "Ninja", 
+        "-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang.exe",
+        "-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++.exe",
+        "-DLLAMA_HIPBLAS=on",
+        "-DHIP_PLATFORM=amd",
+        "-DLLAMA_AVX=on",
+        "-DLLAMA_AVX2=off",
+        "-DCMAKE_POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE=on",
+        "-DAMDGPU_TARGETS=$(amdGPUs)",
+        "-DGPU_TARGETS=$(amdGPUs)"
+        )
+
+    # Make sure the ROCm binary dir is first in the path
+    $env:PATH="$env:HIP_PATH\bin;$env:PATH"
+
+    # We have to clobber the LIB var from the developer shell for clang to work properly
+    $env:LIB=""
+
+    write-host "Building ROCm"
+    build
+    # Ninja doesn't prefix with config name
+    ${script:config}=""
+    if ($null -ne $script:DUMPBIN) {
+        & "$script:DUMPBIN" /dependents "${script:buildDir}/bin/ollama_llama_server.exe" | select-string ".dll"
+    }
+    sign
+    compress
+}
+
+
+cleanup
+write-host "`ncode generation completed.  LLM runners: $(get-childitem -path ${script:SRC_DIR}\llm\build\windows\${script:ARCH})"
--- a/llm/generate/generate_darwin.go
+++ b/llm/generate/generate_darwin.go
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-package generate
-
-//go:generate bash ./gen_darwin.sh
--- a/llm/generate/generate_linux.go
+++ b/llm/generate/generate_linux.go
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-package generate
-
-//go:generate bash ./gen_linux.sh
--- a/llm/generate/generate_windows.go
+++ b/llm/generate/generate_windows.go
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-package generate
-
-//go:generate powershell -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -File ./gen_windows.ps1
--- a/llm/ggla.go
+++ b/llm/ggla.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (llm *ggla) KV() KV {
 	return llm.kv
 }

-func (llm *ggla) Tensors() Tensors {
+func (llm *ggla) Tensors() []*Tensor {
 	return llm.tensors
 }

--- a/llm/ggml.go
+++ b/llm/ggml.go
@@ -13,6 +13,16 @@ type GGML struct {
 	model
 }

+func (ggml *GGML) LayerSize(prefix string) (n int64) {
+	for _, t := range ggml.Tensors() {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(t.Name, prefix) {
+			n += int64(t.size())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
 const (
 	fileTypeF32 uint32 = iota
 	fileTypeF16
@@ -91,7 +101,7 @@ func fileType(fileType uint32) string {

 type model interface {
 	KV() KV
-	Tensors() Tensors
+	Tensors() []*Tensor
 }

 type KV map[string]any
@@ -157,37 +167,6 @@ func (kv KV) ContextLength() uint64 {
 	return kv.u64(fmt.Sprintf("%s.context_length", kv.Architecture()))
 }

-type Tensors []*Tensor
-
-func (ts Tensors) Layers() map[string]Layer {
-	layers := make(map[string]Layer)
-	for _, t := range ts {
-		parts := strings.Split(t.Name, ".")
-		if parts[0] == "blk" {
-			// join first and second part, e.g. blk.%d
-			parts = append([]string{fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", parts[0], parts[1])}, parts[2:]...)
-		}
-
-		if _, ok := layers[parts[0]]; !ok {
-			layers[parts[0]] = make(Layer)
-		}
-
-		layers[parts[0]][strings.Join(parts[1:], ".")] = t
-	}
-
-	return layers
-}
-
-type Layer map[string]*Tensor
-
-func (l Layer) size() (size uint64) {
-	for _, t := range l {
-		size += t.size()
-	}
-
-	return size
-}
-
 type Tensor struct {
 	Name   string `json:"name"`
 	Kind   uint32 `json:"kind"`
@@ -325,77 +304,49 @@ func DecodeGGML(rs io.ReadSeeker) (*GGML, int64, error) {
 	}, offset, nil
 }

-func (llm GGML) GraphSize(context, batch uint64) (partialOffload, fullOffload uint64) {
-	embedding := llm.KV().EmbeddingLength()
-	heads := llm.KV().HeadCount()
-	headsKV := llm.KV().HeadCountKV()
-	vocab := uint64(len(llm.KV()["tokenizer.ggml.tokens"].([]any)))
+func (llm GGML) GraphSize(context, batch int) (int64, bool) {
+	embeddingLength := llm.KV().EmbeddingLength()
+	headCount := llm.KV().HeadCount()
+	headCountKV := llm.KV().HeadCountKV()
+	vocabLength := len(llm.KV()["tokenizer.ggml.tokens"].([]any))

-	layers := llm.Tensors().Layers()
-
-	switch llm.KV().Architecture() {
-	case "llama":
-		fullOffload = 4 * batch * (1 + 4*embedding + context*(1+heads))
-
-		partialOffload = 4 * batch * embedding
-		partialOffload += max(
-			4*batch*(1+embedding+max(context, embedding))+embedding*embedding*9/16+4*context*(batch*heads+embedding/heads*headsKV),
-			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
-		)
-
-		if ffnGateExpsWeight, ok := layers["blk.0"]["ffn_gate_exps.weight"]; ok {
-			// mixtral 8x22b
-			ff := uint64(llm.KV()["llama.feed_forward_length"].(uint32))
-			partialOffload = max(
-				3*ffnGateExpsWeight.size()+4*batch*(2*ff+headsKV+embedding+context+embedding/heads*headsKV),
-				4*(context*batch*heads+context*embedding/heads*headsKV+batch*1024+embedding/heads*headsKV*batch),
-			)
-		} else if ffnGateWeight, ok := layers["blk.0"]["ffn_gate.0.weight"]; ok {
-			// mixtral 8x7b
-			ffnGateWeight1 := ffnGateWeight.Shape[1]
-			fullOffload = 4 * batch * (2 + 3*embedding + context*(1+heads) + 2*headsKV + ffnGateWeight1)
-			partialOffload = max(
-				4*batch*(3+embedding/heads*headsKV+embedding+context*(1+heads)+ffnGateWeight1)+(embedding*embedding+3*embedding*headsKV*ffnGateWeight1)*9/16,
-				4*batch*(1+2*embedding+context*(1+heads))+embedding*(6*context*headsKV/heads+embedding*9/16),
-			)
+	var attnQKVWeight1 uint64 = 0
+	for _, t := range llm.Tensors() {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(t.Name, ".attn_qkv.weight") && len(t.Shape) >= 2 {
+			attnQKVWeight1 = t.Shape[1]
+			break
 		}
-	case "gemma":
-		fullOffload = 4 * batch * (embedding + vocab)
-		partialOffload = 4*batch*(2*embedding+vocab+1) + embedding*vocab*105/128
-	case "command-r":
-		fullOffload = max(
-			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
-			4*batch*(2+4*embedding+context*(1+heads)),
-		)
-
-		partialOffload = max(
-			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
-			4*batch*(1+2*embedding+context*(1+heads))+4*embedding*context+embedding*embedding*9/16,
-		)
-	case "qwen2":
-		fullOffload = max(
-			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
-			4*batch*(1+2*embedding+context+context*heads),
-		)
-
-		partialOffload = max(
-			4*batch*(embedding+vocab)+embedding*vocab*105/128,
-			4*(batch*(1+2*embedding+context*(1+heads))+embedding*(1+context)),
-		)
-	case "phi2":
-		fullOffload = max(
-			4*batch*(embedding+vocab),
-			4*batch*(1+4*embedding+context+context*heads),
-		)
-
-		partialOffload = 4*batch*(2*embedding+vocab) + embedding*vocab*105/128
-	case "stablelm":
-		fullOffload = 4 * batch * (context*(1+heads) + 3*embedding + 2)
-		partialOffload = max(
-			4*batch*(vocab+2*embedding),
-			fullOffload,
-		)
 	}

-	return
+	var ffnGate1 uint64 = 0
+	for _, t := range llm.Tensors() {
+		if strings.Index(t.Name, ".ffn_gate") > 0 && len(t.Shape) >= 2 {
+			ffnGate1 = t.Shape[1]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch llm.KV().Architecture() {
+	case "gemma", "command-r":
+		return 4 * int64(batch) * int64(embeddingLength+uint64(vocabLength)), true
+	case "phi2":
+		return max(
+			4*int64(batch)*int64(embeddingLength+uint64(vocabLength)),
+			4*int64(batch)*int64(1+4*embeddingLength+uint64(context)+attnQKVWeight1+uint64(context)*headCount),
+		), true
+	case "qwen2":
+		return max(
+			4*int64(batch)*int64(embeddingLength+uint64(vocabLength)),
+			4*int64(batch)*int64(1+2*embeddingLength+uint64(context)+uint64(context)*headCount),
+		), true
+	case "llama":
+		if ffnGate1 > 0 {
+			// moe
+			return 4 * int64(batch) * int64(2+3*embeddingLength+uint64(context)+uint64(context)*headCount+2*headCountKV+ffnGate1), true
+		}
+	
+		return 4 * int64(batch) * int64(1+4*embeddingLength+uint64(context)+uint64(context)*headCount), true
+	}
+
+	return 0, false
 }
--- a/llm/gguf.go
+++ b/llm/gguf.go
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
-
-	"log/slog"
 )

 type containerGGUF struct {
@@ -54,7 +52,6 @@ func (c *containerGGUF) Decode(rs io.ReadSeeker) (model, error) {
 	}

 	model := newGGUF(c)
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("model = %#v", model))
 	if err := model.Decode(rs); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ func (llm *gguf) KV() KV {
 	return llm.kv
 }

-func (llm *gguf) Tensors() Tensors {
+func (llm *gguf) Tensors() []*Tensor {
 	return llm.tensors
 }

@@ -251,12 +248,8 @@ func (llm *gguf) Decode(rs io.ReadSeeker) error {
 	}

 	for _, tensor := range llm.tensors {
-		if _, err := rs.Seek(int64(tensor.size()), io.SeekCurrent); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		padding := llm.padding(int64(tensor.size()), int64(alignment))
-		if _, err := rs.Seek(padding, io.SeekCurrent); err != nil {
+		padded := (int64(tensor.size()) + int64(alignment) - 1) & ^(int64(alignment) - 1)
+		if _, err := rs.Seek(padded, io.SeekCurrent); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -458,18 +451,15 @@ var ggufKVOrder = map[string][]string{
 	"llama": {
 		"general.architecture",
 		"general.name",
-		"llama.vocab_size",
 		"llama.context_length",
 		"llama.embedding_length",
 		"llama.block_count",
 		"llama.feed_forward_length",
+		"llama.rope.dimension_count",
 		"llama.attention.head_count",
 		"llama.attention.head_count_kv",
 		"llama.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon",
 		"llama.rope.freq_base",
-		"llama.rope.dimension_count",
-		"llama.expert_count",
-		"llama.expert_used_count",
 		"gemma.context_length",
 		"gemma.embedding_length",
 		"gemma.block_count",
@@ -519,17 +509,11 @@ func (llm *gguf) Encode(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, tensors []Tensor) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	kvCheck := make(map[string]bool)
-	for k := range kv {
-		kvCheck[k] = false
-	}
-
 	for _, k := range ggufKVOrder["llama"] {
 		v, ok := kv[k]
 		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}
-		kvCheck[k] = true

 		if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, uint64(len(k))); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -577,20 +561,12 @@ func (llm *gguf) Encode(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, tensors []Tensor) error {
 					return err
 				}
 			}
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("improper type for '%s'", k)
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

-	for k, v := range kvCheck {
-		if !v {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Didn't know how to write kv %s", k)
-		}
-	}
-
 	for _, tensor := range tensors {
 		if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, uint64(len(tensor.Name))); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -600,11 +576,9 @@ func (llm *gguf) Encode(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, tensors []Tensor) error {
 			return err
 		}

-		dims := 0
-		for cnt := 0; cnt < len(tensor.Shape); cnt++ {
-			if tensor.Shape[cnt] > 0 {
-				dims++
-			}
+		dims := 1
+		if tensor.Shape[1] > 0 {
+			dims = 2
 		}

 		if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, uint32(dims)); err != nil {
@@ -631,9 +605,8 @@ func (llm *gguf) Encode(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, tensors []Tensor) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	var alignment int64 = 32
-	padding := llm.padding(offset, alignment)
-	if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, int(padding))); err != nil {
+	padding := llm.padding(offset, 32)
+	if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, int(padding-offset))); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -647,8 +620,8 @@ func (llm *gguf) Encode(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, tensors []Tensor) error {
 			return err
 		}

-		padding := llm.padding(offset, alignment)
-		if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, int(padding))); err != nil {
+		padding := llm.padding(offset, 32)
+		if err := binary.Write(ws, llm.ByteOrder, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0}, int(padding-offset))); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -657,5 +630,5 @@ func (llm *gguf) Encode(ws io.WriteSeeker, kv KV, tensors []Tensor) error {
 }

 func (gguf) padding(offset, align int64) int64 {
-	return (align - offset%align) % align
+	return (offset + align - 1) / align * align
 }
--- a/llm/llama.cpp
+++ b/llm/llama.cpp
--- a/llm/llm.go
+++ b/llm/llm.go
@@ -6,81 +6,10 @@ package llm
 // #cgo windows,amd64 LDFLAGS: ${SRCDIR}/build/windows/amd64_static/libllama.a -static -lstdc++
 // #cgo linux,amd64 LDFLAGS: ${SRCDIR}/build/linux/x86_64_static/libllama.a -lstdc++
 // #cgo linux,arm64 LDFLAGS: ${SRCDIR}/build/linux/arm64_static/libllama.a -lstdc++
-// #include <stdlib.h>
 // #include "llama.h"
 import "C"
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"unsafe"
-)

 // SystemInfo is an unused example of calling llama.cpp functions using CGo
 func SystemInfo() string {
 	return C.GoString(C.llama_print_system_info())
 }
-
-func Quantize(infile, outfile, filetype string) error {
-	cinfile := C.CString(infile)
-	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cinfile))
-
-	coutfile := C.CString(outfile)
-	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(coutfile))
-
-	params := C.llama_model_quantize_default_params()
-	params.nthread = -1
-
-	switch filetype {
-	case "F32":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeF32
-	case "F16":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeF16
-	case "Q4_0":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_0
-	case "Q4_1":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_1
-	case "Q4_1_F16":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_1_F16
-	case "Q8_0":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ8_0
-	case "Q5_0":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_0
-	case "Q5_1":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_1
-	case "Q2_K":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ2_K
-	case "Q3_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_S
-	case "Q3_K_M":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_M
-	case "Q3_K_L":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_L
-	case "Q4_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_K_S
-	case "Q4_K_M":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_K_M
-	case "Q5_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_K_S
-	case "Q5_K_M":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_K_M
-	case "Q6_K":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ6_K
-	case "IQ2_XXS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeIQ2_XXS
-	case "IQ2_XS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeIQ2_XS
-	case "Q2_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ2_K_S
-	case "Q3_K_XS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_XS
-	case "IQ3_XXS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeIQ3_XXS
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown filetype: %s", filetype)
-	}
-
-	if retval := C.llama_model_quantize(cinfile, coutfile, &params); retval != 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("llama_model_quantize: %d", retval)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/llm/llm_windows.go
+++ b/llm/llm_windows.go
@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ package llm

 import "embed"

-// unused on windows
+//go:embed build/windows/*/*/bin/*
 var libEmbed embed.FS
--- a/llm/memory.go
+++ b/llm/memory.go
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-package llm
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"strconv"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/gpu"
-)
-
-// This algorithm looks for a complete fit to determine if we need to unload other models
-func PredictServerFit(allGpus gpu.GpuInfoList, ggml *GGML, adapters, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (bool, uint64) {
-	var estimatedVRAM uint64
-	if opts.NumCtx > int(ggml.KV().ContextLength()) {
-		slog.Warn("requested context length is greater than model max context length", "requested", opts.NumCtx, "model", ggml.KV().ContextLength())
-		opts.NumCtx = int(ggml.KV().ContextLength())
-	}
-
-	if opts.NumCtx < 4 {
-		opts.NumCtx = 4
-	}
-
-	// Split up the GPUs by type and try them
-	for _, gpus := range allGpus.ByLibrary() {
-		var layerCount int
-		layerCount, estimatedVRAM = EstimateGPULayers(gpus, ggml, projectors, opts)
-		if opts.NumGPU < 0 {
-			if layerCount > 0 && layerCount >= int(ggml.KV().BlockCount()+1) {
-				return true, estimatedVRAM
-			}
-		} else {
-			if layerCount > 0 && layerCount >= opts.NumGPU {
-				return true, estimatedVRAM
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return false, estimatedVRAM
-}
-
-// Given a model and one or more GPU targets, predict how many layers and bytes we can load
-// The GPUs provided must all be the same Library
-func EstimateGPULayers(gpus []gpu.GpuInfo, ggml *GGML, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (int, uint64) {
-	if gpus[0].Library == "cpu" {
-		return 0, 0
-	}
-	var memoryAvailable uint64
-	for _, info := range gpus {
-		memoryAvailable += info.FreeMemory
-	}
-	userLimit := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM")
-	if userLimit != "" {
-		avail, err := strconv.ParseUint(userLimit, 10, 64)
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Error("invalid setting, ignoring", "OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM", userLimit, "error", err)
-		} else {
-			slog.Info("user override memory limit", "OLLAMA_MAX_VRAM", avail, "actual", memoryAvailable)
-			memoryAvailable = avail
-		}
-	}
-
-	slog.Debug("evaluating", "library", gpus[0].Library, "gpu_count", len(gpus), "available", format.HumanBytes2(memoryAvailable))
-
-	// TODO - this is probably wrong, first GPU vs secondaries will have different overheads
-	memoryMinimum := gpus[0].MinimumMemory
-
-	for _, projector := range projectors {
-		memoryMinimum += projectorMemoryRequirements(projector)
-
-		// multimodal models require at least 2048 context
-		opts.NumCtx = max(opts.NumCtx, 2048)
-	}
-
-	// fp16 k,v = (1 (k) + 1 (v)) * sizeof(float16) * n_ctx * n_layer * n_embd / n_head * n_head_kv
-	var kv uint64 = 2 * 2 * uint64(opts.NumCtx) * ggml.KV().BlockCount() * ggml.KV().EmbeddingLength() / ggml.KV().HeadCount() * ggml.KV().HeadCountKV()
-
-	graphPartialOffload, graphFullOffload := ggml.GraphSize(uint64(opts.NumCtx), uint64(min(opts.NumCtx, opts.NumBatch)))
-	if graphPartialOffload == 0 {
-		graphPartialOffload = ggml.KV().GQA() * kv / 6
-	}
-
-	if graphFullOffload == 0 {
-		graphFullOffload = graphPartialOffload
-	}
-
-	graphFullOffload *= uint64(len(gpus))
-	graphPartialOffload *= uint64(len(gpus))
-
-	// memoryRequiredTotal represents the memory required for full GPU offloading (all layers)
-	memoryRequiredTotal := memoryMinimum + graphFullOffload
-
-	// memoryRequiredPartial represents the memory required for partial GPU offloading (n > 0, n < layers)
-	memoryRequiredPartial := memoryMinimum + graphPartialOffload
-
-	if memoryRequiredPartial > memoryAvailable {
-		slog.Debug("insufficient VRAM to load any model layers")
-		return 0, 0
-	}
-
-	layers := ggml.Tensors().Layers()
-
-	var memoryLayerOutput uint64
-	if layer, ok := layers["output_norm"]; ok {
-		memoryLayerOutput += layer.size()
-	}
-
-	if layer, ok := layers["output"]; ok {
-		memoryLayerOutput += layer.size()
-	} else if layer, ok := layers["token_embd"]; ok {
-		memoryLayerOutput += layer.size()
-	}
-
-	if gpus[0].Library == "metal" && opts.UseMMap {
-		// memory is preallocated for output tensors
-		memoryRequiredTotal += memoryLayerOutput
-		memoryRequiredPartial += memoryLayerOutput
-	}
-
-	var layerCount int
-	for i := 0; i < int(ggml.KV().BlockCount()); i++ {
-		memoryLayer := layers[fmt.Sprintf("blk.%d", i)].size()
-
-		// KV is proportional to the number of layers
-		memoryLayer += kv / ggml.KV().BlockCount()
-
-		memoryRequiredTotal += memoryLayer
-		if memoryAvailable > memoryRequiredPartial+memoryLayer {
-			memoryRequiredPartial += memoryLayer
-			layerCount++
-		}
-	}
-
-	if gpus[0].Library != "metal" || !opts.UseMMap {
-		// memory was not preallocated for output tensors
-		memoryRequiredTotal += memoryLayerOutput
-	}
-
-	if memoryAvailable > memoryRequiredTotal {
-		layerCount = int(ggml.KV().BlockCount()) + 1
-		memoryRequiredPartial = memoryRequiredTotal
-	}
-
-	memoryWeights := memoryRequiredTotal - memoryMinimum - graphFullOffload - kv
-
-	slog.Info(
-		"offload to gpu",
-		slog.Group(
-			"layers",
-			// actual number of layers offloaded
-			"real", opts.NumGPU,
-			// estimated number of layers that can be offloaded
-			"estimate", layerCount,
-		),
-		slog.Group(
-			"memory",
-			// memory available for offloading
-			"available", format.HumanBytes2(memoryAvailable),
-			slog.Group(
-				"required",
-				// memory required for full offloading
-				"full", format.HumanBytes2(memoryRequiredTotal),
-				// memory required to offload layers.estimate layers
-				"partial", format.HumanBytes2(memoryRequiredPartial),
-				// memory of KV cache
-				"kv", format.HumanBytes2(kv),
-			),
-			slog.Group(
-				"weights",
-				// memory of the weights
-				"total", format.HumanBytes2(memoryWeights),
-				// memory of repeating layers
-				"repeating", format.HumanBytes2(memoryWeights-memoryLayerOutput),
-				// memory of non-repeating layers
-				"nonrepeating", format.HumanBytes2(memoryLayerOutput),
-			),
-			slog.Group(
-				"graph",
-				// memory of graph when fully offloaded
-				"full", format.HumanBytes2(graphFullOffload),
-				// memory of graph when not fully offloaded
-				"partial", format.HumanBytes2(graphPartialOffload),
-			),
-		),
-	)
-	return layerCount, uint64(memoryRequiredPartial)
-}
--- a/llm/patches/02-clip-log.diff
+++ b/llm/patches/02-clip-log.diff
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/examples/llava/clip.cpp b/examples/llava/clip.cpp
-index e431c7f7..f077e688 100644
--- a/examples/llava/clip.cpp
-+++ b/examples/llava/clip.cpp
-@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
- // I'll gradually clean and extend it
- // Note: Even when using identical normalized image inputs (see normalize_image_u8_to_f32()) we have a significant difference in resulting embeddings compared to pytorch
- #include "clip.h"
-+#include "common.h"
- #include "log.h"
- #include "ggml.h"
- #include "ggml-alloc.h"
--- a/llm/patches/04-metal.diff
+++ b/llm/patches/04-metal.diff
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-diff --git a/ggml-metal.m b/ggml-metal.m
-index 0207b787..b5e9884b 100644
--- a/ggml-metal.m
-+++ b/ggml-metal.m
-@@ -1396,27 +1396,23 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
-                         // to the matrix-vector kernel
-                         int ne11_mm_min = 1;
- 
-#if 0
-                         // the numbers below are measured on M2 Ultra for 7B and 13B models
-                         // these numbers do not translate to other devices or model sizes
-                         // TODO: need to find a better approach
-                        if ([ctx->device.name isEqualToString:@"Apple M2 Ultra"]) {
-                            switch (src0t) {
-                                case GGML_TYPE_F16:  ne11_mm_min = 2;  break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q2_K: ne11_mm_min = 15; break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q3_K: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1: ne11_mm_min = 15; break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q4_K: ne11_mm_min = 11; break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:                          // not tested yet
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1: ne11_mm_min = 13; break; // not tested yet
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q5_K: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-                                case GGML_TYPE_Q6_K: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-                                default:             ne11_mm_min = 1;  break;
-                            }
-+                        switch (src0t) {
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_F16:  ne11_mm_min = 2;  break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q2_K: ne11_mm_min = 15; break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q3_K: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1: ne11_mm_min = 15; break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_K: ne11_mm_min = 11; break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:                          // not tested yet
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1: ne11_mm_min = 13; break; // not tested yet
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q5_K: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-+                            case GGML_TYPE_Q6_K: ne11_mm_min = 7;  break;
-+                            default:             ne11_mm_min = 1;  break;
-                         }
-#endif
- 
-                         // for now the matrix-matrix multiplication kernel only works on A14+/M1+ SoCs
-                         // AMD GPU and older A-chips will reuse matrix-vector multiplication kernel
--- a/llm/payload.go
+++ b/llm/payload.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
 	"strings"

 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/gpu"
 )

-var errPayloadMissing = errors.New("expected payloads not included in this build of ollama")
+var errPayloadMissing = fmt.Errorf("expected payloads not included in this build of ollama")

 func Init() error {
 	payloadsDir, err := gpu.PayloadsDir()
@@ -26,15 +25,13 @@ func Init() error {
 		return err
 	}

-	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
-		slog.Info("extracting embedded files", "dir", payloadsDir)
-		binGlob := "build/*/*/*/bin/*"
+	slog.Info("extracting embedded files", "dir", payloadsDir)
+	binGlob := "build/*/*/*/bin/*"

-		// extract server libraries
-		err = extractFiles(payloadsDir, binGlob)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("extract binaries: %v", err)
-		}
+	// extract server libraries
+	err = extractFiles(payloadsDir, binGlob)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("extract binaries: %v", err)
 	}

 	var variants []string
@@ -141,23 +138,6 @@ func serversForGpu(info gpu.GpuInfo) []string {
 	return servers
 }

-// Return the optimal server for this CPU architecture
-func serverForCpu() string {
-	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" && runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" {
-		return "metal"
-	}
-	variant := gpu.GetCPUVariant()
-	availableServers := availableServers()
-	if variant != "" {
-		for cmp := range availableServers {
-			if cmp == "cpu_"+variant {
-				return cmp
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return "cpu"
-}
-
 // extract extracts the embedded files to the target directory
 func extractFiles(targetDir string, glob string) error {
 	files, err := fs.Glob(libEmbed, glob)
--- a/llm/server.go
+++ b/llm/server.go
@@ -17,43 +17,30 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
-
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/gpu"
 )

-type LlamaServer interface {
-	Ping(ctx context.Context) error
-	WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error
-	Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn func(CompletionResponse)) error
-	Embedding(ctx context.Context, prompt string) ([]float64, error)
-	Tokenize(ctx context.Context, content string) ([]int, error)
-	Detokenize(ctx context.Context, tokens []int) (string, error)
-	Close() error
-	EstimatedVRAM() uint64
-}
-
-// llmServer is an instance of the llama.cpp server
-type llmServer struct {
+// LlamaServer is an instance of the llama.cpp server
+type LlamaServer struct {
 	port    int
 	cmd     *exec.Cmd
 	done    chan error // Channel to signal when the process exits
 	status  *StatusWriter
 	options api.Options
-
-	// TODO - this should be broken down by GPU
-	estimatedVRAM uint64 // Estimated usage of VRAM by the loaded model
-
-	sem *semaphore.Weighted
 }

-func LoadModel(model string) (*GGML, error) {
+var cpuOnlyFamilies = []string{
+	"mamba",
+}
+
+func NewLlamaServer(model string, adapters, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (*LlamaServer, error) {
 	if _, err := os.Stat(model); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -65,13 +52,10 @@ func LoadModel(model string) (*GGML, error) {
 	defer f.Close()

 	ggml, _, err := DecodeGGML(f)
-	return ggml, err
-}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}

-// NewLlamaServer will run a server for the given GPUs
-// The gpu list must be a single family.
-func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (LlamaServer, error) {
-	var err error
 	if opts.NumCtx > int(ggml.KV().ContextLength()) {
 		slog.Warn("requested context length is greater than model max context length", "requested", opts.NumCtx, "model", ggml.KV().ContextLength())
 		opts.NumCtx = int(ggml.KV().ContextLength())
@@ -81,51 +65,75 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, pr
 		opts.NumCtx = 4
 	}

-	cpuRunner := ""
-	var estimatedVRAM uint64
-	var systemMemory uint64
-	if (len(gpus) == 1 && gpus[0].Library == "cpu") || opts.NumGPU == 0 {
+	availableMemory, _ := gpu.CheckVRAM()
+	info := gpu.GetGPUInfo()

-		// TODO evaluate system memory to see if we should block the load, or force an unload of another CPU runner
+	usedMemory := info.MinimumMemory
+	for _, projector := range projectors {
+		usedMemory += projectorMemoryRequirements(projector)

-		cpuRunner = serverForCpu()
-	} else {
-		if gpus[0].Library == "metal" {
-			memInfo, err := gpu.GetCPUMem()
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Error("failed to lookup system memory", "error", err)
-			} else {
-				systemMemory = memInfo.TotalMemory
-				slog.Debug("system memory", "total", format.HumanBytes2(systemMemory))
-			}
-		}
-		var layers int
-		layers, estimatedVRAM = EstimateGPULayers(gpus, ggml, projectors, opts)
+		// multimodal models require at least 2048 context
+		opts.NumCtx = max(opts.NumCtx, 2048)
+	}

-		if gpus[0].Library == "metal" && estimatedVRAM > systemMemory {
-			// disable partial offloading when model is greater than total system memory as this
-			// can lead to locking up the system
-			opts.NumGPU = 0
-		} else if opts.NumGPU < 0 && layers > 0 && gpus[0].Library != "cpu" {
-			opts.NumGPU = layers
+	// fp16 k,v = (1 (k) + 1 (v)) * sizeof(float16) * n_ctx * n_layer * n_embd / n_head * n_head_kv
+	kv := 2 * 2 * int64(opts.NumCtx) * int64(ggml.KV().BlockCount()) * int64(ggml.KV().EmbeddingLength()) / int64(ggml.KV().HeadCount()) * int64(ggml.KV().HeadCountKV())
+
+	graph, ok := ggml.GraphSize(opts.NumCtx, min(opts.NumCtx, opts.NumBatch))
+	if !ok {
+		graph = int64(ggml.KV().GQA()) * kv / 6
+	}
+
+	usedMemory += graph
+
+	if (usedMemory > availableMemory || slices.Contains(cpuOnlyFamilies, ggml.KV().Architecture())) && info.Library != "metal" {
+		info.Library = "cpu"
+	}
+
+	requiredMemory := usedMemory
+
+	var layers int
+	for i := 0; i < int(ggml.KV().BlockCount()); i++ {
+		layerMemory := ggml.LayerSize(fmt.Sprintf("blk.%d.", i)) + kv/int64(ggml.KV().BlockCount())
+		requiredMemory += layerMemory
+
+		if availableMemory > usedMemory+layerMemory && (opts.NumGPU < 0 || layers < opts.NumGPU) {
+			usedMemory += layerMemory
+			layers++
 		}
 	}

-	// Loop through potential servers
-	finalErr := fmt.Errorf("no suitable llama servers found")
+	memOutputLayer := ggml.LayerSize("output.")
+	requiredMemory += memOutputLayer
+
+	// only offload output layer if all repeating layers are offloaded
+	if layers >= int(ggml.KV().BlockCount()) && availableMemory > usedMemory+memOutputLayer {
+		usedMemory += memOutputLayer
+		layers++
+	}
+
+	slog.Info(
+		"offload to gpu",
+		"layers", layers,
+		"required", format.HumanBytes2(requiredMemory),
+		"used", format.HumanBytes2(usedMemory),
+		"available", format.HumanBytes2(availableMemory),
+		"kv", format.HumanBytes2(kv),
+		"graph", format.HumanBytes2(graph),
+	)
+
+	if opts.NumGPU < 0 && info.Library != "cpu" {
+		opts.NumGPU = layers
+	}

 	if len(adapters) > 1 {
 		return nil, errors.New("ollama supports only one lora adapter, but multiple were provided")
 	}

 	availableServers := availableServers()
-	var servers []string
-	if cpuRunner != "" {
-		servers = []string{cpuRunner}
-	} else {
-		servers = serversForGpu(gpus[0]) // All GPUs in the list are matching Library and Variant
-	}
-	demandLib := strings.Trim(os.Getenv("OLLAMA_LLM_LIBRARY"), "\"' ")
+	servers := serversForGpu(info)
+
+	demandLib := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_LLM_LIBRARY")
 	if demandLib != "" {
 		serverPath := availableServers[demandLib]
 		if serverPath == "" {
@@ -137,7 +145,7 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, pr
 	}

 	if len(servers) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no servers found for %v", gpus)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no servers found for %v", info)
 	}

 	params := []string{
@@ -194,26 +202,10 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, pr
 		params = append(params, "--numa")
 	}

-	// "--cont-batching", // TODO - doesn't seem to have any noticeable perf change for multiple requests
-	numParallel := 1
-	if onp := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_NUM_PARALLEL"); onp != "" {
-		numParallel, err = strconv.Atoi(onp)
-		if err != nil || numParallel <= 0 {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("invalid OLLAMA_NUM_PARALLEL=%s must be greater than zero - %w", onp, err)
-			slog.Error("misconfiguration", "error", err)
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	params = append(params, "--parallel", fmt.Sprintf("%d", numParallel))
-
+	// Loop through potential servers
+	var finalErr error
 	for i := 0; i < len(servers); i++ {
 		dir := availableServers[servers[i]]
-		if dir == "" {
-			// Shouldn't happen
-			finalErr = fmt.Errorf("[%d] server %s not listed in available servers %v", i, servers[i], availableServers)
-			slog.Error("sever list inconsistent", "error", finalErr)
-			continue
-		}

 		// Find an availableServers  port, retry on each iterration in case the failure was a port conflict race
 		port := 0
@@ -236,60 +228,30 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, pr
 		}
 		// append the server directory to LD_LIBRARY_PATH/PATH
 		libraryPaths := []string{dir}
-
 		if libraryPath, ok := os.LookupEnv(pathEnv); ok {
 			// Append our runner directory to the path
 			// This will favor system libraries over our bundled library dependencies
 			libraryPaths = append(filepath.SplitList(libraryPath), libraryPaths...)
 		}

-		// Note: we always put the dependency path first
-		// since this was the exact version we verified for AMD GPUs
-		// and we favor what the user had in their path
-		if gpus[0].DependencyPath != "" {
-			// TODO refine for multi-gpu support
-			libraryPaths = append([]string{gpus[0].DependencyPath}, libraryPaths...)
-		}
-
 		server := filepath.Join(dir, "ollama_llama_server")
 		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 			server = server + ".exe"
 		}

-		// Detect tmp cleaners wiping out the file
-		_, err := os.Stat(server)
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			slog.Warn("llama server disappeared, reinitializing payloads", "path", server, "error", err)
-			err = Init()
-			if err != nil {
-				slog.Warn("failed to reinitialize payloads", "error", err)
-				return nil, err
-			}
+		s := &LlamaServer{
+			port:    port,
+			cmd:     exec.Command(server, finalParams...),
+			status:  NewStatusWriter(os.Stderr),
+			options: opts,
 		}
-
-		s := &llmServer{
-			port:          port,
-			cmd:           exec.Command(server, finalParams...),
-			status:        NewStatusWriter(os.Stderr),
-			options:       opts,
-			estimatedVRAM: estimatedVRAM,
-			sem:           semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(numParallel)),
-		}
-
 		libEnv := fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", pathEnv, strings.Join(libraryPaths, string(filepath.ListSeparator)))
+		slog.Debug(libEnv)
 		s.cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), libEnv)
 		s.cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
 		s.cmd.Stderr = s.status

-		// TODO - multiple GPU selection logic...
-		key, val := gpu.GpuInfoList(gpus).GetVisibleDevicesEnv()
-		if key != "" {
-			s.cmd.Env = append(s.cmd.Env, key+"="+val)
-		}
-
 		slog.Info("starting llama server", "cmd", s.cmd.String())
-		// Log at debug as the environment is inherited and might contain sensitive information
-		slog.Debug("subprocess", "environment", s.cmd.Env)

 		if err = s.cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 			msg := ""
@@ -307,13 +269,12 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, pr
 			_ = s.cmd.Wait()
 		}()

-		// TODO - make sure this is all wired up correctly
-		// if err = s.WaitUntilRunning(); err != nil {
-		// 	slog.Error("error starting llama server", "server", servers[i], "error", err)
-		// 	s.Close()
-		// 	finalErr = err
-		// 	continue
-		// }
+		if err = s.waitUntilRunning(); err != nil {
+			slog.Error("error starting llama server", "server", servers[i], "error", err)
+			s.Close()
+			finalErr = err
+			continue
+		}
 		return s, nil
 	}

@@ -321,7 +282,7 @@ func NewLlamaServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *GGML, adapters, pr
 	return nil, finalErr
 }

-func projectorMemoryRequirements(filename string) uint64 {
+func projectorMemoryRequirements(filename string) int64 {
 	file, err := os.Open(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0
@@ -333,12 +294,18 @@ func projectorMemoryRequirements(filename string) uint64 {
 		return 0
 	}

-	var mem uint64
-	for _, layer := range ggml.Tensors().Layers() {
-		mem += layer.size()
+	prefixes := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, layer := range ggml.Tensors() {
+		parts := strings.Split(layer.Name, ".")
+		prefixes[strings.Join(parts[:2], ".")] = struct{}{}
 	}

-	return mem
+	var ask int64
+	for prefix := range prefixes {
+		ask += ggml.LayerSize(prefix)
+	}
+
+	return ask
 }

 type ServerStatus int
@@ -351,21 +318,6 @@ const ( // iota is reset to 0
 	ServerStatusError
 )

-func (s ServerStatus) ToString() string {
-	switch s {
-	case ServerStatusReady:
-		return "llm server ready"
-	case ServerStatusNoSlotsAvaialble:
-		return "llm busy - no slots available"
-	case ServerStatusLoadingModel:
-		return "llm server loading model"
-	case ServerStatusNotResponding:
-		return "llm server not responding"
-	default:
-		return "llm server error"
-	}
-}
-
 type ServerStatusResp struct {
 	Status          string `json:"status"`
 	SlotsIdle       int    `json:"slots_idle"`
@@ -373,7 +325,7 @@ type ServerStatusResp struct {
 	Error           string `json:"error"`
 }

-func (s *llmServer) getServerStatus(ctx context.Context) (ServerStatus, error) {
+func (s *LlamaServer) getServerStatus(ctx context.Context) (ServerStatus, error) {
 	// Fail fast if its exited
 	if s.cmd.ProcessState != nil {
 		msg := ""
@@ -420,7 +372,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) getServerStatus(ctx context.Context) (ServerStatus, error) {
 	}
 }

-func (s *llmServer) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (s *LlamaServer) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
 	_, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Debug("server unhealthy", "error", err)
@@ -429,10 +381,9 @@ func (s *llmServer) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (s *llmServer) WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (s *LlamaServer) waitUntilRunning() error {
 	start := time.Now()
-	// TODO we need to wire up a better way to detect hangs during model load and startup of the server
-	expiresAt := time.Now().Add(10 * time.Minute) // be generous with timeout, large models can take a while to load
+	expiresAt := time.Now().Add(3 * time.Minute) // be generous with timeout, large models can take a while to load
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(50 * time.Millisecond)
 	defer ticker.Stop()

@@ -440,9 +391,6 @@ func (s *llmServer) WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error {
 	var lastStatus ServerStatus = -1
 	for {
 		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			slog.Info("context expired before server started")
-			return fmt.Errorf("timed out waiting for llama runner to start: %w", ctx.Err())
 		case err := <-s.done:
 			msg := ""
 			if s.status != nil && s.status.LastErrMsg != "" {
@@ -466,9 +414,9 @@ func (s *llmServer) WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf("llama runner process no longer running: %d %s", s.cmd.ProcessState.ExitCode(), msg)
 			}

-			c, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 200*time.Millisecond)
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 200*time.Millisecond)
 			defer cancel()
-			status, err := s.getServerStatus(c)
+			status, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
 			if err != nil && lastStatus != status {
 				slog.Debug("server not yet available", "error", err)
 				lastStatus = status
@@ -554,19 +502,7 @@ type CompletionResponse struct {
 	EvalDuration       time.Duration
 }

-func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn func(CompletionResponse)) error {
-	if err := s.sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
-		slog.Error("Failed to acquire semaphore", "error", err)
-		return err
-	}
-	defer s.sem.Release(1)
-
-	// only allow maximum 10 "context shifts" to avoid infinite generation
-	if req.Options.NumPredict < 0 || req.Options.NumPredict > 10*s.options.NumCtx {
-		req.Options.NumPredict = 10 * s.options.NumCtx
-		slog.Debug("setting token limit to 10x num_ctx", "num_ctx", s.options.NumCtx, "num_predict", req.Options.NumPredict)
-	}
-
+func (s *LlamaServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn func(CompletionResponse)) error {
 	request := map[string]any{
 		"prompt":            req.Prompt,
 		"stream":            true,
@@ -597,7 +533,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Completion(ctx context.Context, req CompletionRequest, fn fu
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if status != ServerStatusReady {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %d", status)
 	}

 	if req.Format == "json" {
@@ -744,18 +680,13 @@ type EmbeddingResponse struct {
 	Embedding []float64 `json:"embedding"`
 }

-func (s *llmServer) Embedding(ctx context.Context, prompt string) ([]float64, error) {
-	if err := s.sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
-		slog.Error("Failed to acquire semaphore", "error", err)
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer s.sem.Release(1)
+func (s *LlamaServer) Embedding(ctx context.Context, prompt string) ([]float64, error) {
 	// Make sure the server is ready
 	status, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if status != ServerStatusReady {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %d", status)
 	}

 	data, err := json.Marshal(TokenizeRequest{Content: prompt})
@@ -801,13 +732,13 @@ type TokenizeResponse struct {
 	Tokens []int `json:"tokens"`
 }

-func (s *llmServer) Tokenize(ctx context.Context, content string) ([]int, error) {
+func (s *LlamaServer) Tokenize(ctx context.Context, content string) ([]int, error) {
 	// Make sure the server is ready
 	status, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
-	} else if status != ServerStatusReady && status != ServerStatusNoSlotsAvaialble {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+	} else if status != ServerStatusReady {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %d", status)
 	}

 	data, err := json.Marshal(TokenizeRequest{Content: content})
@@ -853,13 +784,13 @@ type DetokenizeResponse struct {
 	Content string `json:"content"`
 }

-func (s *llmServer) Detokenize(ctx context.Context, tokens []int) (string, error) {
+func (s *LlamaServer) Detokenize(ctx context.Context, tokens []int) (string, error) {
 	// Make sure the server is ready
 	status, err := s.getServerStatus(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
-	} else if status != ServerStatusReady && status != ServerStatusNoSlotsAvaialble {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %s", status.ToString())
+	} else if status != ServerStatusReady {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unexpected server status: %d", status)
 	}

 	data, err := json.Marshal(DetokenizeRequest{Tokens: tokens})
@@ -897,7 +828,7 @@ func (s *llmServer) Detokenize(ctx context.Context, tokens []int) (string, error
 	return decoded.Content, nil
 }

-func (s *llmServer) Close() error {
+func (s *LlamaServer) Close() error {
 	if s.cmd != nil {
 		slog.Debug("stopping llama server")
 		return s.cmd.Process.Kill()
@@ -906,10 +837,6 @@ func (s *llmServer) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (s *llmServer) EstimatedVRAM() uint64 {
-	return s.estimatedVRAM
-}
-
 func parseDurationMs(ms float64) time.Duration {
 	dur, err := time.ParseDuration(fmt.Sprintf("%fms", ms))
 	if err != nil {
--- a/macapp/README.md
+++ b/macapp/README.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ go build .
 Then run the desktop app with `npm start`:

 ```
-cd macapp
+cd app
 npm install
 npm start
 ```
--- a/scripts/build_windows.ps1
+++ b/scripts/build_windows.ps1
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function checkEnv() {
    
    $script:INNO_SETUP_DIR=(get-item "C:\Program Files*\Inno Setup*\")[0]

-    $script:DEPS_DIR="${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-amd64"
+    $script:DEPS_DIR="${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windeps"
    $env:CGO_ENABLED="1"
    echo "Checking version"
    if (!$env:VERSION) {
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ function buildOllama() {
            /csp "Google Cloud KMS Provider" /kc ${env:KEY_CONTAINER} ollama.exe
        if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
    }
-    New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path .\dist\windows-amd64\ -Force
-    cp .\ollama.exe .\dist\windows-amd64\
+    New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path .\dist -Force
+    cp .\ollama.exe .\dist\ollama-windows-amd64.exe
 }

 function buildApp() {
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ function buildApp() {
 function gatherDependencies() {
    write-host "Gathering runtime dependencies"
    cd "${script:SRC_DIR}"
+    rm -ea 0 -recurse -force -path "${script:DEPS_DIR}"
    md "${script:DEPS_DIR}" -ea 0 > $null

    # TODO - this varies based on host build system and MSVC version - drive from dumpbin output
@@ -109,6 +110,9 @@ function gatherDependencies() {
    cp "${env:VCToolsRedistDir}\x64\Microsoft.VC*.CRT\vcruntime140.dll" "${script:DEPS_DIR}\"
    cp "${env:VCToolsRedistDir}\x64\Microsoft.VC*.CRT\vcruntime140_1.dll" "${script:DEPS_DIR}\"

+    cp "${script:NVIDIA_DIR}\cudart64_*.dll" "${script:DEPS_DIR}\"
+    cp "${script:NVIDIA_DIR}\cublas64_*.dll" "${script:DEPS_DIR}\"
+    cp "${script:NVIDIA_DIR}\cublasLt64_*.dll" "${script:DEPS_DIR}\"

    cp "${script:SRC_DIR}\app\ollama_welcome.ps1" "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\"
    if ("${env:KEY_CONTAINER}") {
@@ -120,6 +124,7 @@ function gatherDependencies() {
            if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
        }
    }
+
 }

 function buildInstaller() {
@@ -134,18 +139,12 @@ function buildInstaller() {
    if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { exit($LASTEXITCODE)}
 }

-function distZip() {
-    write-host "Generating stand-alone distribution zip file ${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\ollama-windows-amd64.zip"
-    Compress-Archive -Path "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\windows-amd64\*" -DestinationPath "${script:SRC_DIR}\dist\ollama-windows-amd64.zip" -Force
-}
-
 try {
    checkEnv
    buildOllama
    buildApp
    gatherDependencies
    buildInstaller
-    distZip
 } catch {
    write-host "Build Failed"
    write-host $_
--- a/server/download.go
+++ b/server/download.go
@@ -247,8 +247,7 @@ func (b *blobDownload) downloadChunk(ctx context.Context, requestURL *url.URL, w
 				}

 				if !part.lastUpdated.IsZero() && time.Since(part.lastUpdated) > 5*time.Second {
-					const msg = "%s part %d stalled; retrying. If this persists, press ctrl-c to exit, then 'ollama pull' to find a faster connection."
-					slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf(msg, b.Digest[7:19], part.N))
+					slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("%s part %d stalled; retrying", b.Digest[7:19], part.N))
 					// reset last updated
 					part.lastUpdated = time.Time{}
 					return errPartStalled
--- a/server/images.go
+++ b/server/images.go
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )

@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ func realpath(mfDir, from string) string {
 	return abspath
 }

-func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, commands []parser.Command, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) error {
+func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir string, commands []parser.Command, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) error {
 	deleteMap := make(map[string]struct{})
 	if manifest, _, err := GetManifest(ParseModelPath(name)); err == nil {
 		for _, layer := range append(manifest.Layers, manifest.Config) {
@@ -323,7 +322,7 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, c

 			pathName := realpath(modelFileDir, c.Args)

-			ggufName, err := convertModel(name, pathName, fn)
+			ggufName, err := convertSafetensors(name, pathName, fn)
 			if err != nil {
 				var pathErr *fs.PathError
 				switch {
@@ -338,27 +337,8 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, c

 			if ggufName != "" {
 				pathName = ggufName
+				slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("new image layer path: %s", pathName))
 				defer os.RemoveAll(ggufName)
-
-				if quantization != "" {
-					quantization = strings.ToUpper(quantization)
-					fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: fmt.Sprintf("quantizing %s model to %s", "F16", quantization)})
-					tempfile, err := os.CreateTemp(filepath.Dir(ggufName), quantization)
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					defer os.RemoveAll(tempfile.Name())
-
-					if err := llm.Quantize(ggufName, tempfile.Name(), quantization); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					if err := tempfile.Close(); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					pathName = tempfile.Name()
-				}
 			}

 			bin, err := os.Open(pathName)
@@ -634,7 +614,7 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, c
 	return nil
 }

-func convertModel(name, path string, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (string, error) {
+func convertSafetensors(name, path string, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (string, error) {
 	r, err := zip.OpenReader(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
@@ -669,22 +649,17 @@ func convertModel(name, path string, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (string
 		rc.Close()
 	}

-	mf, err := convert.GetModelFormat(tempDir)
+	params, err := convert.GetParams(tempDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

-	params, err := mf.GetParams(tempDir)
+	mArch, err := convert.GetModelArchFromParams(name, tempDir, params)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}

-	mArch, err := mf.GetModelArch(name, tempDir, params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "processing tensors"})
+	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "processing safetensors"})
 	if err := mArch.GetTensors(); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
@@ -702,39 +677,36 @@ func convertModel(name, path string, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (string
 	return path, nil
 }

-func CopyModel(src, dst model.Name) error {
-	if !dst.IsFullyQualified() {
-		return model.Unqualified(dst)
-	}
-	if !src.IsFullyQualified() {
-		return model.Unqualified(src)
-	}
-
-	manifests, err := GetManifestPath()
+func CopyModel(src, dest string) error {
+	srcModelPath := ParseModelPath(src)
+	srcPath, err := srcModelPath.GetManifestPath()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	dstpath := filepath.Join(manifests, dst.Filepath())
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(dstpath), 0o755); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	srcpath := filepath.Join(manifests, src.Filepath())
-	srcfile, err := os.Open(srcpath)
+	destModelPath := ParseModelPath(dest)
+	destPath, err := destModelPath.GetManifestPath()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer srcfile.Close()
-
-	dstfile, err := os.Create(dstpath)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(destPath), 0o755); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer dstfile.Close()

-	_, err = io.Copy(dstfile, srcfile)
-	return err
+	// copy the file
+	input, err := os.ReadFile(srcPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("Error reading file:", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = os.WriteFile(destPath, input, 0o644)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("Error reading file:", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

 func deleteUnusedLayers(skipModelPath *ModelPath, deleteMap map[string]struct{}, dryRun bool) error {
@@ -1141,7 +1113,7 @@ func GetSHA256Digest(r io.Reader) (string, int64) {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", h.Sum(nil)), n
 }

-var errUnauthorized = errors.New("unauthorized")
+var errUnauthorized = fmt.Errorf("unauthorized")

 func makeRequestWithRetry(ctx context.Context, method string, requestURL *url.URL, headers http.Header, body io.ReadSeeker, regOpts *registryOptions) (*http.Response, error) {
 	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
@@ -1259,7 +1231,7 @@ func parseRegistryChallenge(authStr string) registryChallenge {
 	}
 }

-var errDigestMismatch = errors.New("digest mismatch, file must be downloaded again")
+var errDigestMismatch = fmt.Errorf("digest mismatch, file must be downloaded again")

 func verifyBlob(digest string) error {
 	fp, err := GetBlobsPath(digest)
--- a/server/routes.go
+++ b/server/routes.go
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"reflect"
+	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

@@ -29,15 +32,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/openai"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/parser"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 )

 var mode string = gin.DebugMode

 type Server struct {
-	addr  net.Addr
-	sched *Scheduler
+	addr net.Addr
 }

 func init() {
@@ -52,8 +53,84 @@ func init() {
 	gin.SetMode(mode)
 }

+var loaded struct {
+	mu sync.Mutex
+
+	llama *llm.LlamaServer
+
+	expireTimer *time.Timer
+
+	model      string
+	adapters   []string
+	projectors []string
+	*api.Options
+}
+
 var defaultSessionDuration = 5 * time.Minute

+// load a model into memory if it is not already loaded, it is up to the caller to lock loaded.mu before calling this function
+func load(c *gin.Context, model *Model, opts api.Options, sessionDuration time.Duration) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c, 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	needLoad := loaded.llama == nil || // is there a model loaded?
+		loaded.model != model.ModelPath || // has the base model changed?
+		!reflect.DeepEqual(loaded.adapters, model.AdapterPaths) || // have the adapters changed?
+		!reflect.DeepEqual(loaded.projectors, model.ProjectorPaths) || // have the adapters changed?
+		!reflect.DeepEqual(loaded.Options.Runner, opts.Runner) || // have the runner options changed?
+		loaded.llama.Ping(ctx) != nil
+
+	if needLoad {
+		if loaded.llama != nil {
+			slog.Info("changing loaded model")
+			loaded.llama.Close()
+			loaded.llama = nil
+			loaded.model = ""
+			loaded.adapters = nil
+			loaded.projectors = nil
+			loaded.Options = nil
+		}
+
+		llama, err := llm.NewLlamaServer(model.ModelPath, model.AdapterPaths, model.ProjectorPaths, opts)
+		if err != nil {
+			// some older models are not compatible with newer versions of llama.cpp
+			// show a generalized compatibility error until there is a better way to
+			// check for model compatibility
+			if errors.Is(llm.ErrUnsupportedFormat, err) || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to load model") {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("%v: this model may be incompatible with your version of Ollama. If you previously pulled this model, try updating it by running `ollama pull %s`", err, model.ShortName)
+			}
+
+			return err
+		}
+
+		loaded.model = model.ModelPath
+		loaded.adapters = model.AdapterPaths
+		loaded.projectors = model.ProjectorPaths
+		loaded.llama = llama
+		loaded.Options = &opts
+	}
+
+	if loaded.expireTimer == nil {
+		loaded.expireTimer = time.AfterFunc(sessionDuration, func() {
+			loaded.mu.Lock()
+			defer loaded.mu.Unlock()
+
+			if loaded.llama != nil {
+				loaded.llama.Close()
+			}
+
+			loaded.llama = nil
+			loaded.model = ""
+			loaded.adapters = nil
+			loaded.projectors = nil
+			loaded.Options = nil
+		})
+	}
+
+	loaded.expireTimer.Reset(sessionDuration)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func modelOptions(model *Model, requestOpts map[string]interface{}) (api.Options, error) {
 	opts := api.DefaultOptions()
 	if err := opts.FromMap(model.Options); err != nil {
@@ -73,7 +150,9 @@ func isSupportedImageType(image []byte) bool {
 	return slices.Contains(allowedTypes, contentType)
 }

-func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	loaded.mu.Lock()
+	defer loaded.mu.Unlock()

 	checkpointStart := time.Now()
 	var req api.GenerateRequest
@@ -141,16 +220,7 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		sessionDuration = req.KeepAlive.Duration
 	}

-	rCh, eCh := s.sched.GetRunner(c.Request.Context(), model, opts, sessionDuration)
-	var runner *runnerRef
-	select {
-	case runner = <-rCh:
-	case err = <-eCh:
-		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
-			c.JSON(499, gin.H{"error": "request canceled"})
-			return
-		}
-
+	if err := load(c, model, opts, sessionDuration); err != nil {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}
@@ -201,7 +271,7 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 		sb.Reset()
 		if req.Context != nil {
-			prev, err := runner.llama.Detokenize(c.Request.Context(), req.Context)
+			prev, err := loaded.llama.Detokenize(c.Request.Context(), req.Context)
 			if err != nil {
 				c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 				return
@@ -223,6 +293,9 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		defer close(ch)

 		fn := func(r llm.CompletionResponse) {
+			// Update model expiration
+			loaded.expireTimer.Reset(sessionDuration)
+
 			// Build up the full response
 			if _, err := generated.WriteString(r.Content); err != nil {
 				ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
@@ -254,7 +327,7 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 					}

 					// TODO (jmorganca): encode() should not strip special tokens
-					tokens, err := runner.llama.Tokenize(c.Request.Context(), p)
+					tokens, err := loaded.llama.Tokenize(c.Request.Context(), p)
 					if err != nil {
 						ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
 						return
@@ -282,7 +355,7 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			Images:  images,
 			Options: opts,
 		}
-		if err := runner.llama.Completion(c.Request.Context(), req, fn); err != nil {
+		if err := loaded.llama.Completion(c.Request.Context(), req, fn); err != nil {
 			ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
 		}
 	}()
@@ -344,7 +417,10 @@ func getDefaultSessionDuration() time.Duration {
 	return defaultSessionDuration
 }

-func (s *Server) EmbeddingsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func EmbeddingsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	loaded.mu.Lock()
+	defer loaded.mu.Unlock()
+
 	var req api.EmbeddingRequest
 	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
 	switch {
@@ -389,16 +465,7 @@ func (s *Server) EmbeddingsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		sessionDuration = req.KeepAlive.Duration
 	}

-	rCh, eCh := s.sched.GetRunner(c.Request.Context(), model, opts, sessionDuration)
-	var runner *runnerRef
-	select {
-	case runner = <-rCh:
-	case err = <-eCh:
-		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
-			c.JSON(499, gin.H{"error": "request canceled"})
-			return
-		}
-
+	if err := load(c, model, opts, sessionDuration); err != nil {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}
@@ -409,7 +476,7 @@ func (s *Server) EmbeddingsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	embedding, err := runner.llama.Embedding(c.Request.Context(), req.Prompt)
+	embedding, err := loaded.llama.Embedding(c.Request.Context(), req.Prompt)
 	if err != nil {
 		slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("embedding generation failed: %v", err))
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": "failed to generate embedding"})
@@ -422,7 +489,7 @@ func (s *Server) EmbeddingsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, resp)
 }

-func (s *Server) PullModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func PullModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var req api.PullRequest
 	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
 	switch {
@@ -471,7 +538,7 @@ func (s *Server) PullModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	streamResponse(c, ch)
 }

-func (s *Server) PushModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func PushModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var req api.PushRequest
 	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
 	switch {
@@ -520,7 +587,7 @@ func (s *Server) PushModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	streamResponse(c, ch)
 }

-func (s *Server) CreateModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func CreateModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var req api.CreateRequest
 	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
 	switch {
@@ -580,7 +647,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c.Request.Context())
 		defer cancel()

-		if err := CreateModel(ctx, model, filepath.Dir(req.Path), req.Quantization, commands, fn); err != nil {
+		if err := CreateModel(ctx, model, filepath.Dir(req.Path), commands, fn); err != nil {
 			ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
 		}
 	}()
@@ -593,7 +660,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	streamResponse(c, ch)
 }

-func (s *Server) DeleteModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func DeleteModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var req api.DeleteRequest
 	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
 	switch {
@@ -638,7 +705,7 @@ func (s *Server) DeleteModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, nil)
 }

-func (s *Server) ShowModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func ShowModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	var req api.ShowRequest
 	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
 	switch {
@@ -738,7 +805,7 @@ func GetModelInfo(req api.ShowRequest) (*api.ShowResponse, error) {
 	return resp, nil
 }

-func (s *Server) ListModelsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func ListModelsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	models := make([]api.ModelResponse, 0)
 	manifestsPath, err := GetManifestPath()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -798,39 +865,39 @@ func (s *Server) ListModelsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.ListResponse{Models: models})
 }

-func (s *Server) CopyModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	var r api.CopyRequest
-	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&r); errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+func CopyModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	var req api.CopyRequest
+	err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&req)
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, io.EOF):
 		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "missing request body"})
 		return
-	} else if err != nil {
+	case err != nil:
 		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}

-	src := model.ParseName(r.Source)
-	if !src.IsValid() {
-		_ = c.Error(fmt.Errorf("source %q is invalid", r.Source))
-	}
-
-	dst := model.ParseName(r.Destination)
-	if !dst.IsValid() {
-		_ = c.Error(fmt.Errorf("destination %q is invalid", r.Destination))
-	}
-
-	if len(c.Errors) > 0 {
-		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": c.Errors.Errors()})
+	if req.Source == "" || req.Destination == "" {
+		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": "source add destination are required"})
 		return
 	}

-	if err := CopyModel(src, dst); errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("model %q not found", r.Source)})
-	} else if err != nil {
-		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+	if err := ParseModelPath(req.Destination).Validate(); err != nil {
+		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := CopyModel(req.Source, req.Destination); err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusNotFound, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("model '%s' not found", req.Source)})
+		} else {
+			c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
+		}
+		return
 	}
 }

-func (s *Server) HeadBlobHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func HeadBlobHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	path, err := GetBlobsPath(c.Param("digest"))
 	if err != nil {
 		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
@@ -845,25 +912,7 @@ func (s *Server) HeadBlobHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.Status(http.StatusOK)
 }

-func (s *Server) CreateBlobHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	path, err := GetBlobsPath(c.Param("digest"))
-	if err != nil {
-		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-		return
-	}
-
-	_, err = os.Stat(path)
-	switch {
-	case errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist):
-		// noop
-	case err != nil:
-		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-		return
-	default:
-		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
-		return
-	}
-
+func CreateBlobHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 	layer, err := NewLayer(c.Request.Body, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
@@ -992,27 +1041,27 @@ func (s *Server) GenerateRoutes() http.Handler {
 		allowedHostsMiddleware(s.addr),
 	)

-	r.POST("/api/pull", s.PullModelHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/generate", s.GenerateHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/chat", s.ChatHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/embeddings", s.EmbeddingsHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/create", s.CreateModelHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/push", s.PushModelHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/copy", s.CopyModelHandler)
-	r.DELETE("/api/delete", s.DeleteModelHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/show", s.ShowModelHandler)
-	r.POST("/api/blobs/:digest", s.CreateBlobHandler)
-	r.HEAD("/api/blobs/:digest", s.HeadBlobHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/pull", PullModelHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/generate", GenerateHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/chat", ChatHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/embeddings", EmbeddingsHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/create", CreateModelHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/push", PushModelHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/copy", CopyModelHandler)
+	r.DELETE("/api/delete", DeleteModelHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/show", ShowModelHandler)
+	r.POST("/api/blobs/:digest", CreateBlobHandler)
+	r.HEAD("/api/blobs/:digest", HeadBlobHandler)

 	// Compatibility endpoints
-	r.POST("/v1/chat/completions", openai.Middleware(), s.ChatHandler)
+	r.POST("/v1/chat/completions", openai.Middleware(), ChatHandler)

 	for _, method := range []string{http.MethodGet, http.MethodHead} {
 		r.Handle(method, "/", func(c *gin.Context) {
 			c.String(http.StatusOK, "Ollama is running")
 		})

-		r.Handle(method, "/api/tags", s.ListModelsHandler)
+		r.Handle(method, "/api/tags", ListModelsHandler)
 		r.Handle(method, "/api/version", func(c *gin.Context) {
 			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"version": version.Version})
 		})
@@ -1066,9 +1115,7 @@ func Serve(ln net.Listener) error {
 		}
 	}

-	ctx, done := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	sched := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s := &Server{addr: ln.Addr(), sched: sched}
+	s := &Server{addr: ln.Addr()}
 	r := s.GenerateRoutes()

 	slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Listening on %s (version %s)", ln.Addr(), version.Version))
@@ -1081,8 +1128,9 @@ func Serve(ln net.Listener) error {
 	signal.Notify(signals, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
 	go func() {
 		<-signals
-		done()
-		sched.unloadAllRunners()
+		if loaded.llama != nil {
+			loaded.llama.Close()
+		}
 		gpu.Cleanup()
 		os.Exit(0)
 	}()
@@ -1090,12 +1138,12 @@ func Serve(ln net.Listener) error {
 	if err := llm.Init(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to initialize llm library %w", err)
 	}
-
-	s.sched.Run(ctx)
-
-	// At startup we retrieve GPU information so we can get log messages before loading a model
-	// This will log warnings to the log in case we have problems with detected GPUs
-	_ = gpu.GetGPUInfo()
+	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" { // TODO - windows too
+		// check compatibility to log warnings
+		if _, err := gpu.CheckVRAM(); err != nil {
+			slog.Info(err.Error())
+		}
+	}

 	return srvr.Serve(ln)
 }
@@ -1151,9 +1199,9 @@ func streamResponse(c *gin.Context, ch chan any) {
 }

 // ChatPrompt builds up a prompt from a series of messages for the currently `loaded` model
-func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, runner *runnerRef, template string, messages []api.Message, numCtx int) (string, error) {
+func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, template string, messages []api.Message, numCtx int) (string, error) {
 	encode := func(s string) ([]int, error) {
-		return runner.llama.Tokenize(ctx, s)
+		return loaded.llama.Tokenize(ctx, s)
 	}

 	prompt, err := ChatPrompt(template, messages, numCtx, encode)
@@ -1164,7 +1212,10 @@ func chatPrompt(ctx context.Context, runner *runnerRef, template string, message
 	return prompt, nil
 }

-func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+func ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
+	loaded.mu.Lock()
+	defer loaded.mu.Unlock()
+
 	checkpointStart := time.Now()

 	var req api.ChatRequest
@@ -1221,16 +1272,7 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		sessionDuration = req.KeepAlive.Duration
 	}

-	rCh, eCh := s.sched.GetRunner(c.Request.Context(), model, opts, sessionDuration)
-	var runner *runnerRef
-	select {
-	case runner = <-rCh:
-	case err = <-eCh:
-		if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
-			c.JSON(499, gin.H{"error": "request canceled"})
-			return
-		}
-
+	if err := load(c, model, opts, sessionDuration); err != nil {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}
@@ -1247,7 +1289,7 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		}, req.Messages...)
 	}

-	prompt, err := chatPrompt(c.Request.Context(), runner, model.Template, req.Messages, opts.NumCtx)
+	prompt, err := chatPrompt(c.Request.Context(), model.Template, req.Messages, opts.NumCtx)
 	if err != nil {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
@@ -1290,6 +1332,8 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		defer close(ch)

 		fn := func(r llm.CompletionResponse) {
+			// Update model expiration
+			loaded.expireTimer.Reset(sessionDuration)

 			resp := api.ChatResponse{
 				Model:     req.Model,
@@ -1312,7 +1356,7 @@ func (s *Server) ChatHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 			ch <- resp
 		}

-		if err := runner.llama.Completion(c.Request.Context(), llm.CompletionRequest{
+		if err := loaded.llama.Completion(c.Request.Context(), llm.CompletionRequest{
 			Prompt:  prompt,
 			Format:  req.Format,
 			Images:  images,
--- a/server/routes_test.go
+++ b/server/routes_test.go
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func Test_Routes(t *testing.T) {
 		fn := func(resp api.ProgressResponse) {
 			t.Logf("Status: %s", resp.Status)
 		}
-		err = CreateModel(context.TODO(), name, "", "", commands, fn)
+		err = CreateModel(context.TODO(), name, "", commands, fn)
 		assert.Nil(t, err)
 	}

--- a/server/sched.go
+++ b/server/sched.go
@@ -1,546 +0,0 @@
-package server
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"reflect"
-	"sort"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/gpu"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
-)
-
-type LlmRequest struct {
-	ctx             context.Context //nolint:containedctx
-	model           *Model
-	opts            api.Options
-	sessionDuration time.Duration
-	successCh       chan *runnerRef
-	errCh           chan error
-}
-
-type Scheduler struct {
-	pendingReqCh  chan *LlmRequest
-	finishedReqCh chan *LlmRequest
-	expiredCh     chan *runnerRef
-	unloadedCh    chan interface{}
-
-	loaded   map[string]*runnerRef
-	loadedMu sync.Mutex
-
-	loadFn      func(req *LlmRequest, ggml *llm.GGML, gpus gpu.GpuInfoList)
-	newServerFn func(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *llm.GGML, adapters []string, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (llm.LlamaServer, error)
-	getGpuFn    func() gpu.GpuInfoList
-}
-
-// TODO set this to zero after a release or two, to enable multiple models by default
-var loadedMax = 1          // Maximum runners; < 1 maps to as many as will fit in VRAM (unlimited for CPU runners)
-var maxQueuedRequests = 10 // TODO configurable
-var numParallel = 1
-
-func InitScheduler(ctx context.Context) *Scheduler {
-	maxRunners := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_MAX_LOADED_MODELS")
-	if maxRunners != "" {
-		m, err := strconv.Atoi(maxRunners)
-		if err != nil {
-			slog.Error("invalid setting", "OLLAMA_MAX_LOADED_MODELS", maxRunners, "error", err)
-		} else {
-			loadedMax = m
-		}
-	}
-	if onp := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_NUM_PARALLEL"); onp != "" {
-		p, err := strconv.Atoi(onp)
-		if err != nil || p <= 0 {
-			slog.Error("invalid parallel setting, must be greater than zero", "OLLAMA_NUM_PARALLEL", onp, "error", err)
-		} else {
-			numParallel = p
-		}
-	}
-
-	sched := &Scheduler{
-		pendingReqCh:  make(chan *LlmRequest, maxQueuedRequests),
-		finishedReqCh: make(chan *LlmRequest, maxQueuedRequests),
-		expiredCh:     make(chan *runnerRef, maxQueuedRequests),
-		unloadedCh:    make(chan interface{}, maxQueuedRequests),
-		loaded:        make(map[string]*runnerRef),
-		newServerFn:   llm.NewLlamaServer,
-		getGpuFn:      gpu.GetGPUInfo,
-	}
-	sched.loadFn = sched.load
-	return sched
-}
-
-// context must be canceled to decrement ref count and release the runner
-func (s *Scheduler) GetRunner(c context.Context, model *Model, opts api.Options, sessionDuration time.Duration) (chan *runnerRef, chan error) {
-	req := &LlmRequest{
-		ctx:             c,
-		model:           model,
-		opts:            opts,
-		sessionDuration: sessionDuration,
-		successCh:       make(chan *runnerRef),
-		errCh:           make(chan error, 1),
-	}
-	// context split across parallel threads
-	opts.NumCtx = opts.NumCtx * numParallel
-	select {
-	case s.pendingReqCh <- req:
-	default:
-		req.errCh <- fmt.Errorf("server busy, please try again.  maximum pending requests exceeded")
-	}
-	return req.successCh, req.errCh
-}
-
-// Returns immediately, spawns go routines for the scheduler which will shutdown when ctx is done
-func (s *Scheduler) Run(ctx context.Context) {
-	slog.Debug("starting llm scheduler")
-	go func() {
-		s.processPending(ctx)
-	}()
-
-	go func() {
-		s.processCompleted(ctx)
-	}()
-}
-
-func (s *Scheduler) processPending(ctx context.Context) {
-	for {
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			slog.Debug("shutting down scheduler pending loop")
-			return
-		case pending := <-s.pendingReqCh:
-			// Block other requests until we get this pending request running
-			for {
-				var runnerToExpire *runnerRef
-				s.loadedMu.Lock()
-				runner := s.loaded[pending.model.ModelPath]
-				loadedCount := len(s.loaded)
-				s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-				if runner != nil {
-					if runner.needsReload(ctx, pending) {
-						runnerToExpire = runner
-					} else {
-						// Runner is usable, return it
-						pending.useLoadedRunner(runner, s.finishedReqCh)
-						break
-					}
-				} else if loadedMax > 0 && loadedCount >= loadedMax {
-					slog.Debug("max runners achieved, unloading one to make room", "runner_count", loadedCount)
-					runnerToExpire = s.findRunnerToUnload(pending)
-				} else {
-					// Either no models are loaded or below loadedMax
-					// Get a refreshed GPU list
-					gpus := s.getGpuFn()
-
-					// Load model for fitting
-					ggml, err := llm.LoadModel(pending.model.ModelPath)
-					if err != nil {
-						pending.errCh <- err
-						break
-					}
-
-					// No models loaded. Load the model but prefer the best fit.
-					if loadedCount == 0 {
-						slog.Debug("loading first model", "model", pending.model.ModelPath)
-						g := pickBestFitGPUs(pending, ggml, gpus)
-						if g != nil {
-							gpus = g
-						}
-						s.loadFn(pending, ggml, gpus)
-						break
-					}
-
-					// More than one loaded model, so we have to see if the new one fits
-					// Update free memory from currently loaded models
-					s.updateFreeSpace(gpus)
-					gpus = pickBestFitGPUs(pending, ggml, gpus)
-					if gpus != nil {
-						slog.Debug("new model fits with existing models, loading")
-						s.loadFn(pending, ggml, gpus)
-						break
-					}
-					runnerToExpire = s.findRunnerToUnload(pending)
-				}
-
-				if runnerToExpire == nil {
-					// Shouildn't happen
-					slog.Error("runner to expire was nil!")
-					continue
-				}
-				// Trigger an expiration to unload once it's done
-				runnerToExpire.refMu.Lock()
-				slog.Debug("resetting model to expire immediately to make room", "model", runnerToExpire.model, "refCount", runnerToExpire.refCount)
-				if runnerToExpire.expireTimer != nil {
-					runnerToExpire.expireTimer.Stop()
-					runnerToExpire.expireTimer = nil
-				}
-				runnerToExpire.sessionDuration = 0
-				if runnerToExpire.refCount <= 0 {
-					s.expiredCh <- runnerToExpire
-				}
-				runnerToExpire.refMu.Unlock()
-				// Wait for the unload to happen
-				// Note: at this point we're queueing up all incoming requests, even if they were for
-				// a different model that's loaded and not scheduled to be removed.
-				slog.Debug("waiting for pending requests to complete and unload to occur", "model", runnerToExpire.model)
-				select {
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					slog.Debug("shutting down scheduler pending loop")
-					return
-				case <-s.unloadedCh:
-					slog.Debug("unload completed", "model", runnerToExpire.model)
-					continue
-				}
-			}
-		case <-s.unloadedCh:
-			// An unload request when there are no pending request can be ignored
-			slog.Debug("ignoring unload event with no pending requests")
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *Scheduler) processCompleted(ctx context.Context) {
-	// Process completed requests, expired timers, and unloading models
-	for {
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			slog.Debug("shutting down scheduler completed loop")
-			return
-		case finished := <-s.finishedReqCh:
-			s.loadedMu.Lock()
-			runner := s.loaded[finished.model.ModelPath]
-			s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-			if runner == nil {
-				slog.Error("finished requeset signal received after model unloaded", "model", finished.model.ModelPath)
-				continue
-			}
-			runner.refMu.Lock()
-			runner.refCount--
-			if runner.refCount <= 0 {
-				if runner.sessionDuration <= 0 {
-					slog.Debug("runner with zero duration has gone idle, expiring to unload", "model", runner.model)
-					if runner.expireTimer != nil {
-						runner.expireTimer.Stop()
-						runner.expireTimer = nil
-					}
-					s.expiredCh <- runner
-				} else if runner.expireTimer == nil {
-					slog.Debug("runner with non-zero duration has gone idle, adding timer", "model", runner.model, "duration", runner.sessionDuration)
-					runner.expireTimer = time.AfterFunc(runner.sessionDuration, func() {
-						slog.Debug("timer expired, expiring to unload", "model", runner.model)
-						runner.refMu.Lock()
-						defer runner.refMu.Unlock()
-						if runner.expireTimer != nil {
-							runner.expireTimer.Stop()
-						}
-						s.expiredCh <- runner
-					})
-				} else {
-					slog.Debug("runner with non-zero duration has gone idle, resetting timer", "model", runner.model, "duration", runner.sessionDuration)
-					runner.expireTimer.Reset(runner.sessionDuration)
-				}
-			}
-			slog.Debug("after processing request finished event", "model", runner.model, "refCount", runner.refCount)
-			runner.refMu.Unlock()
-		case runner := <-s.expiredCh:
-			slog.Debug("runner expired event received", "model", runner.model)
-			runner.refMu.Lock()
-			if runner.refCount > 0 {
-				// Shouldn't happen, but safeguard to ensure no leaked runners
-				slog.Debug("expired event with positive ref count, retrying", "model", runner.model, "refCount", runner.refCount)
-				go func(runner *runnerRef) {
-					// We can't unload yet, but want to as soon as the current request completes
-					// So queue up another expired event
-					time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-					s.expiredCh <- runner
-				}(runner)
-				runner.refMu.Unlock()
-				continue
-			}
-
-			slog.Debug("got lock to unload", "model", runner.model)
-			runner.unload()
-			s.loadedMu.Lock()
-			delete(s.loaded, runner.model)
-			s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-			slog.Debug("runner released", "model", runner.model)
-			runner.refMu.Unlock()
-			slog.Debug("sending an unloaded event", "model", runner.model)
-			s.unloadedCh <- struct{}{}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Complete the pending request and send the runner back to the requester
-// Wires up a finished event after the request context is completed
-// Updates session duration, and resets expiration timer
-func (pending *LlmRequest) useLoadedRunner(runner *runnerRef, finished chan *LlmRequest) {
-	runner.refMu.Lock()
-	defer runner.refMu.Unlock()
-	runner.refCount++
-	runner.sessionDuration = pending.sessionDuration
-	pending.successCh <- runner
-	go func() {
-		<-pending.ctx.Done()
-		slog.Debug("context for request finished")
-		finished <- pending
-	}()
-}
-
-func (s *Scheduler) load(req *LlmRequest, ggml *llm.GGML, gpus gpu.GpuInfoList) {
-	llama, err := s.newServerFn(gpus, req.model.ModelPath, ggml, req.model.AdapterPaths, req.model.ProjectorPaths, req.opts)
-	if err != nil {
-		// some older models are not compatible with newer versions of llama.cpp
-		// show a generalized compatibility error until there is a better way to
-		// check for model compatibility
-		if errors.Is(llm.ErrUnsupportedFormat, err) || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "failed to load model") {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("%v: this model may be incompatible with your version of Ollama. If you previously pulled this model, try updating it by running `ollama pull %s`", err, req.model.ShortName)
-		}
-		slog.Info("NewLlamaServer failed", "model", req.model.ModelPath, "error", err)
-		req.errCh <- err
-		return
-	}
-	runner := &runnerRef{}
-	runner.model = req.model.ModelPath
-	runner.adapters = req.model.AdapterPaths
-	runner.projectors = req.model.ProjectorPaths
-	runner.llama = llama
-	runner.Options = &req.opts
-	runner.sessionDuration = req.sessionDuration
-	runner.gpus = gpus
-	runner.estimatedVRAM = llama.EstimatedVRAM()
-	runner.loading = true
-	runner.refCount = 1
-	runner.refMu.Lock()
-	s.loadedMu.Lock()
-	s.loaded[req.model.ModelPath] = runner
-	slog.Info("loaded runners", "count", len(s.loaded))
-	s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-
-	go func() {
-		defer runner.refMu.Unlock()
-		if err = llama.WaitUntilRunning(req.ctx); err != nil {
-			slog.Error("error loading llama server", "error", err)
-			runner.refCount--
-			req.errCh <- err
-			slog.Debug("triggering expiration for failed load", "model", runner.model)
-			s.expiredCh <- runner
-			return
-		}
-		slog.Debug("finished setting up runner", "model", req.model.ModelPath)
-		runner.loading = false
-		go func() {
-			<-req.ctx.Done()
-			slog.Debug("context for request finished")
-			s.finishedReqCh <- req
-		}()
-		req.successCh <- runner
-	}()
-}
-
-func (s *Scheduler) updateFreeSpace(allGpus gpu.GpuInfoList) {
-	type predKey struct {
-		Library string
-		ID      string
-	}
-	predMap := map[predKey]uint64{} // Sum up the total predicted usage per GPU for all runners
-	s.loadedMu.Lock()
-	for _, r := range s.loaded {
-		r.refMu.Lock()
-		gpuIDs := make([]string, 0, len(r.gpus))
-		if r.llama != nil {
-
-			// TODO this should be broken down by GPU instead of assuming uniform spread
-			estimatedVRAMPerGPU := r.llama.EstimatedVRAM() / uint64(len(r.gpus))
-			for _, gpu := range r.gpus {
-				gpuIDs = append(gpuIDs, gpu.ID)
-			}
-			for _, gpu := range allGpus {
-				if slices.Contains(gpuIDs, gpu.ID) {
-					predMap[predKey{gpu.Library, gpu.ID}] += estimatedVRAMPerGPU
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			slog.Warn("unexpected nil runner reference, memory prediction may be incorrect")
-		}
-		r.refMu.Unlock()
-	}
-	s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-
-	// Now that we've summed up all the GPU usage predictions across all the loaded runners, update the gpu list
-	for i := range allGpus {
-		if p, ok := predMap[predKey{allGpus[i].Library, allGpus[i].ID}]; ok {
-			slog.Debug("gpu reported", "gpu", allGpus[i].ID, "library", allGpus[i].Library, "available", format.HumanBytes2(allGpus[i].FreeMemory))
-			if p > allGpus[i].TotalMemory {
-				// Shouldn't happen
-				slog.Warn("predicted usage exceeds VRAM", "gpu", allGpus[i].ID, "totalMemory", allGpus[i].TotalMemory, "predicted", p)
-				allGpus[i].FreeMemory = 0
-			} else if (allGpus[i].TotalMemory - p) < allGpus[i].FreeMemory { // predicted free is smaller than reported free, use it
-				// TODO maybe we should just always trust our numbers, since cuda's free memory reporting is laggy
-				// and we might unload models we didn't actually need to.  The risk is if some other GPU intensive app is loaded
-				// after we start our first runner, then we'll never acount for that, so picking the smallest free value seems prudent.
-				allGpus[i].FreeMemory = allGpus[i].TotalMemory - p
-			}
-			slog.Info("updated VRAM", "gpu", allGpus[i].ID, "library", allGpus[i].Library, "total", format.HumanBytes2(allGpus[i].TotalMemory), "available", format.HumanBytes2(allGpus[i].FreeMemory))
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-type runnerRef struct {
-	refMu sync.Mutex
-	// refCond   sync.Cond // Signaled on transition from 1 -> 0 refCount
-	refCount uint // prevent unloading if > 0
-	// unloading bool      // set to true when we are trying to unload the runner
-
-	llama         llm.LlamaServer
-	loading       bool            // True only during initial load, then false forever
-	gpus          gpu.GpuInfoList // Recorded at time of provisioning
-	estimatedVRAM uint64
-
-	sessionDuration time.Duration
-	expireTimer     *time.Timer
-
-	model      string
-	adapters   []string
-	projectors []string
-	*api.Options
-}
-
-// The refMu must already be held when calling unload
-func (runner *runnerRef) unload() {
-	if runner.llama != nil {
-		runner.llama.Close()
-	}
-	runner.llama = nil
-	runner.adapters = nil
-	runner.projectors = nil
-	runner.Options = nil
-	runner.gpus = nil
-}
-
-func (runner *runnerRef) needsReload(ctx context.Context, req *LlmRequest) bool {
-	slog.Debug("evaluating already loaded", "model", req.model.ModelPath)
-	runner.refMu.Lock()
-	defer runner.refMu.Unlock()
-
-	timeout := 10 * time.Second
-	if runner.loading {
-		timeout = 2 * time.Minute // Initial load can take a long time for big models on slow systems...
-	}
-
-	// Don't reload runner if num_gpu=-1 was provided
-	optsExisting := runner.Options.Runner
-	optsNew := req.opts.Runner
-	if optsNew.NumGPU < 0 {
-		optsExisting.NumGPU = -1
-		optsNew.NumGPU = -1
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
-	defer cancel()
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(runner.adapters, req.model.AdapterPaths) || // have the adapters changed?
-		!reflect.DeepEqual(runner.projectors, req.model.ProjectorPaths) || // have the projectors changed?
-		!reflect.DeepEqual(optsExisting, optsNew) || // have the runner options changed?
-		runner.llama.Ping(ctx) != nil {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
-type ByDuration []*runnerRef
-
-func (a ByDuration) Len() int      { return len(a) }
-func (a ByDuration) Swap(i, j int) { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
-func (a ByDuration) Less(i, j int) bool {
-	// uint64 to turn negative time (never unload) to largest
-	return uint64(a[i].sessionDuration) < uint64(a[j].sessionDuration)
-}
-
-// TODO - future consideration to pick runners based on size
-// type BySize []*runnerRef
-// func (a BySize) Len() int           { return len(a) }
-// func (a BySize) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
-// func (a BySize) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].estimatedVRAM < a[j].estimatedVRAM }
-
-// pickBestFitGPUs will try to find the optimal placement of the model in the available GPUs where the model fully fits
-// If the model can not be fit fully within the available GPU(s) nil is returned
-func pickBestFitGPUs(req *LlmRequest, ggml *llm.GGML, gpus gpu.GpuInfoList) gpu.GpuInfoList {
-	var estimatedVRAM uint64
-	for _, gl := range gpus.ByLibrary() {
-		var ok bool
-		sgl := append(make(gpu.GpuInfoList, 0, len(gl)), gl...)
-
-		// TODO - potentially sort by performance capability, existing models loaded, etc.
-		// Note: at present, this will favor more VRAM over faster GPU speed in mixed setups
-		sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(gpu.ByFreeMemory(sgl)))
-
-		// First attempt to fit the model into a single GPU
-		for _, g := range sgl {
-			if ok, estimatedVRAM = llm.PredictServerFit([]gpu.GpuInfo{g}, ggml, req.model.AdapterPaths, req.model.ProjectorPaths, req.opts); ok {
-				slog.Debug("new model will fit in available VRAM in single GPU, loading", "model", req.model.ModelPath, "gpu", g.ID, "available", g.FreeMemory, "required", format.HumanBytes2(estimatedVRAM))
-				return []gpu.GpuInfo{g}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// TODO future refinements
-		// - if multiple Libraries, see if any single GPU in any Library will fit
-		// - try subsets of GPUs instead of just falling back to 1 or all in a family
-
-		// Now try all the GPUs
-		if ok, estimatedVRAM = llm.PredictServerFit(gl, ggml, req.model.AdapterPaths, req.model.ProjectorPaths, req.opts); ok {
-			slog.Debug("new model will fit in available VRAM, loading", "model", req.model.ModelPath, "library", gl[0].Library, "required", format.HumanBytes2(estimatedVRAM))
-			return gl
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// findRunnerToUnload finds a runner to unload to make room for a new model
-func (s *Scheduler) findRunnerToUnload(req *LlmRequest) *runnerRef {
-	s.loadedMu.Lock()
-	runnerList := make([]*runnerRef, 0, len(s.loaded))
-	for _, r := range s.loaded {
-		runnerList = append(runnerList, r)
-	}
-	s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-
-	// In the future we can enhance the algorithm to be smarter about picking the optimal runner to unload
-	// e.g., if we have multiple options, will one make room for the request?
-	sort.Sort(ByDuration(runnerList))
-
-	// First try to find a runner that's already idle
-	for _, runner := range runnerList {
-		runner.refMu.Lock()
-		rc := runner.refCount
-		runner.refMu.Unlock()
-		if rc == 0 {
-			slog.Debug("found an idle runner to unload")
-			return runner
-		}
-	}
-	// None appear idle, just wait for the one with the shortest duration
-	slog.Debug("no idle runners, picking the shortest duration", "count", len(runnerList))
-	return runnerList[0]
-}
-
-func (s *Scheduler) unloadAllRunners() {
-	s.loadedMu.Lock()
-	defer s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-	for model, runner := range s.loaded {
-		if runner.llama != nil {
-			slog.Debug("shutting down runner", "model", model)
-			runner.llama.Close()
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/server/sched_test.go
+++ b/server/sched_test.go
@@ -1,562 +0,0 @@
-package server
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/app/lifecycle"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/gpu"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func init() {
-	os.Setenv("OLLAMA_DEBUG", "1")
-	lifecycle.InitLogging()
-}
-
-func TestInitScheduler(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer done()
-	initialMax := loadedMax
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	require.Equal(t, initialMax, loadedMax)
-	require.NotNil(t, s.loaded)
-
-	os.Setenv("OLLAMA_MAX_LOADED_MODELS", "blue")
-	s = InitScheduler(ctx)
-	require.Equal(t, initialMax, loadedMax)
-	require.NotNil(t, s.loaded)
-
-	os.Setenv("OLLAMA_MAX_LOADED_MODELS", "0")
-	s = InitScheduler(ctx)
-	require.Equal(t, 0, loadedMax)
-	require.NotNil(t, s.loaded)
-}
-
-func TestLoad(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	var ggml *llm.GGML // value not used in tests
-	req := &LlmRequest{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		model:           &Model{ModelPath: "foo"},
-		successCh:       make(chan *runnerRef, 1),
-		errCh:           make(chan error, 1),
-		sessionDuration: 2,
-	}
-	// Fail to load model first
-	s.newServerFn = func(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *llm.GGML, adapters []string, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (llm.LlamaServer, error) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("something failed to load model blah")
-	}
-	gpus := gpu.GpuInfoList{}
-	s.load(req, ggml, gpus)
-	require.Len(t, req.successCh, 0)
-	require.Len(t, req.errCh, 1)
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 0)
-	err := <-req.errCh
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "this model may be incompatible")
-
-	server := &mockLlm{estimatedVRAM: 10}
-	s.newServerFn = func(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *llm.GGML, adapters []string, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (llm.LlamaServer, error) {
-		return server, nil
-	}
-	s.load(req, ggml, gpus)
-	select {
-	case err := <-req.errCh:
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-	case resp := <-req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, uint64(10), resp.estimatedVRAM)
-		require.Equal(t, uint(1), resp.refCount)
-		require.Len(t, s.loaded, 1)
-	}
-
-	req.model.ModelPath = "dummy_model_path"
-	server.waitResp = fmt.Errorf("wait failure")
-	s.load(req, ggml, gpus)
-	select {
-	case err := <-req.errCh:
-		require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "wait failure")
-	case resp := <-req.successCh:
-		t.Errorf("unexpected success %v", resp)
-	}
-	runner := s.loaded["dummy_model_path"]
-	require.NotNil(t, runner)
-	require.Equal(t, uint(0), runner.refCount)
-	time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
-	require.Len(t, s.expiredCh, 1)
-}
-
-type bundle struct {
-	ctx     context.Context //nolint:containedctx
-	ctxDone func()
-	srv     *mockLlm
-	req     *LlmRequest
-	ggml    *llm.GGML
-}
-
-func (scenario *bundle) newServer(gpus gpu.GpuInfoList, model string, ggml *llm.GGML, adapters []string, projectors []string, opts api.Options) (llm.LlamaServer, error) {
-	return scenario.srv, nil
-}
-
-func newScenario(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, modelName string, estimatedVRAM uint64) *bundle {
-	scenario := &bundle{}
-	scenario.ctx, scenario.ctxDone = context.WithCancel(ctx)
-	t.Helper()
-
-	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), modelName)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	gguf := llm.NewGGUFV3(binary.LittleEndian)
-	err = gguf.Encode(f, llm.KV{
-		"general.architecture":          "llama",
-		"general.name":                  "name",
-		"llama.context_length":          uint32(32),
-		"llama.embedding_length":        uint32(4096),
-		"llama.block_count":             uint32(1),
-		"llama.attention.head_count":    uint32(32),
-		"llama.attention.head_count_kv": uint32(32),
-		"tokenizer.ggml.tokens":         []string{" "},
-		"tokenizer.ggml.scores":         []float32{0},
-		"tokenizer.ggml.token_type":     []int32{0},
-	}, []llm.Tensor{
-		{Name: "blk.0.attn.weight", Kind: uint32(0), Offset: uint64(0), Shape: []uint64{1, 1, 1, 1}, WriterTo: &bytes.Reader{}},
-	})
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-
-	fname := f.Name()
-	model := &Model{Name: modelName, ModelPath: fname}
-	scenario.ggml, err = llm.LoadModel(model.ModelPath)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	scenario.req = &LlmRequest{
-		ctx:             scenario.ctx,
-		model:           model,
-		sessionDuration: 5 * time.Millisecond,
-		successCh:       make(chan *runnerRef, 1),
-		errCh:           make(chan error, 1),
-	}
-	scenario.srv = &mockLlm{estimatedVRAM: estimatedVRAM}
-	return scenario
-}
-
-func TestRequests(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-
-	// Same model, same request
-	scenario1a := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1", 10)
-	scenario1a.req.sessionDuration = 0
-	scenario1b := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1", 11)
-	scenario1b.req.model = scenario1a.req.model
-	scenario1b.ggml = scenario1a.ggml
-	scenario1b.req.sessionDuration = 0
-
-	// simple reload of same model
-	scenario2a := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1", 20)
-	scenario2a.req.model = scenario1a.req.model
-	scenario2a.ggml = scenario1a.ggml
-
-	// Multiple loaded models
-	scenario3a := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-3a", 1*format.GigaByte)
-	scenario3b := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-3b", 24*format.GigaByte)
-	scenario3c := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-3c", 30) // Needs prior unloaded
-
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s.getGpuFn = func() gpu.GpuInfoList {
-		g := gpu.GpuInfo{Library: "metal"}
-		g.TotalMemory = 24 * format.GigaByte
-		g.FreeMemory = 12 * format.GigaByte
-		return []gpu.GpuInfo{g}
-	}
-	s.newServerFn = scenario1a.newServer
-	slog.Info("scenario1a")
-	s.pendingReqCh <- scenario1a.req
-	require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 1)
-	s.Run(ctx)
-	select {
-	case resp := <-scenario1a.req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario1a.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, scenario1a.req.errCh, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-
-	// Same runner as first request due to not needing a reload
-	s.newServerFn = scenario1b.newServer
-	slog.Info("scenario1b")
-	s.pendingReqCh <- scenario1b.req
-	select {
-	case resp := <-scenario1b.req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario1a.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, scenario1b.req.errCh, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-
-	// Trigger a reload
-	s.newServerFn = scenario2a.newServer
-	scenario2a.req.model.AdapterPaths = []string{"new"}
-	slog.Info("scenario2a")
-	s.pendingReqCh <- scenario2a.req
-	// finish first two requests, so model can reload
-	time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
-	scenario1a.ctxDone()
-	scenario1b.ctxDone()
-	select {
-	case resp := <-scenario2a.req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario2a.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, scenario2a.req.errCh, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-
-	loadedMax = 1
-	s.newServerFn = scenario3a.newServer
-	slog.Info("scenario3a")
-	s.pendingReqCh <- scenario3a.req
-	// finish prior request, so new model can load
-	time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
-	scenario2a.ctxDone()
-	select {
-	case resp := <-scenario3a.req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario3a.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, scenario3a.req.errCh, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 1)
-
-	loadedMax = 0
-	s.newServerFn = scenario3b.newServer
-	slog.Info("scenario3b")
-	s.pendingReqCh <- scenario3b.req
-	select {
-	case resp := <-scenario3b.req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario3b.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, scenario3b.req.errCh, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 2)
-
-	// Try to load a model that wont fit
-	s.newServerFn = scenario3c.newServer
-	slog.Info("scenario3c")
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 2)
-	scenario3a.ctxDone() // Won't help since this one isn't big enough to make room
-	time.Sleep(2 * time.Millisecond)
-	s.pendingReqCh <- scenario3c.req
-	// finish prior request, so new model can load
-	time.Sleep(6 * time.Millisecond)
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 1)
-	scenario3b.ctxDone()
-	select {
-	case resp := <-scenario3c.req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario3c.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, scenario3c.req.errCh, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 1)
-}
-
-func TestGetRunner(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 20*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-
-	// Same model, same request
-	scenario1a := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1a", 10)
-	scenario1a.req.sessionDuration = 0
-	scenario1b := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1b", 10)
-	scenario1b.req.sessionDuration = 0
-	scenario1c := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1c", 10)
-	scenario1c.req.sessionDuration = 0
-	maxQueuedRequests = 1
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s.getGpuFn = func() gpu.GpuInfoList {
-		g := gpu.GpuInfo{Library: "metal"}
-		g.TotalMemory = 24 * format.GigaByte
-		g.FreeMemory = 12 * format.GigaByte
-		return []gpu.GpuInfo{g}
-	}
-	s.newServerFn = scenario1a.newServer
-	slog.Info("scenario1a")
-	successCh1a, errCh1a := s.GetRunner(scenario1a.ctx, scenario1a.req.model, scenario1a.req.opts, scenario1a.req.sessionDuration)
-	require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 1)
-	slog.Info("scenario1b")
-	successCh1b, errCh1b := s.GetRunner(scenario1b.ctx, scenario1b.req.model, scenario1b.req.opts, scenario1b.req.sessionDuration)
-	require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 1)
-	require.Len(t, successCh1b, 0)
-	require.Len(t, errCh1b, 1)
-	err := <-errCh1b
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "server busy")
-	s.Run(ctx)
-	select {
-	case resp := <-successCh1a:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario1a.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, errCh1a, 0)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-	scenario1a.ctxDone()
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 1)
-
-	scenario1c.req.model.ModelPath = "bad path"
-	slog.Info("scenario1c")
-	successCh1c, errCh1c := s.GetRunner(scenario1c.ctx, scenario1c.req.model, scenario1c.req.opts, scenario1c.req.sessionDuration)
-	require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-	require.Len(t, successCh1c, 0)
-	require.Len(t, errCh1c, 0)
-
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 0)
-	require.Len(t, errCh1c, 1)
-	err = <-errCh1c
-	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "bad path")
-	scenario1b.ctxDone()
-}
-
-// TODO - add one scenario that triggers the bogus finished event with positive ref count
-func TestPrematureExpired(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-
-	// Same model, same request
-	scenario1a := newScenario(t, ctx, "ollama-model-1a", 10)
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s.getGpuFn = func() gpu.GpuInfoList {
-		g := gpu.GpuInfo{Library: "metal"}
-		g.TotalMemory = 24 * format.GigaByte
-		g.FreeMemory = 12 * format.GigaByte
-		return []gpu.GpuInfo{g}
-	}
-	s.newServerFn = scenario1a.newServer
-	successCh1a, errCh1a := s.GetRunner(scenario1a.ctx, scenario1a.req.model, scenario1a.req.opts, scenario1a.req.sessionDuration)
-	require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 1)
-	s.Run(ctx)
-	select {
-	case resp := <-successCh1a:
-		require.Equal(t, resp.llama, scenario1a.srv)
-		require.Len(t, s.pendingReqCh, 0)
-		require.Len(t, errCh1a, 0)
-		require.Len(t, s.loaded, 1)
-		slog.Info("sending premature expired event now")
-		s.expiredCh <- resp // Shouldn't happen in real life, but make sure its safe
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-	time.Sleep(scenario1a.req.sessionDuration)
-	scenario1a.ctxDone()
-	time.Sleep(20 * time.Millisecond)
-	require.LessOrEqual(t, len(s.finishedReqCh), 1)
-	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
-	require.Len(t, s.finishedReqCh, 0)
-	s.loadedMu.Lock()
-	require.Len(t, s.loaded, 0)
-	s.loadedMu.Unlock()
-
-	// also shouldn't happen in real life
-	s.finishedReqCh <- scenario1a.req
-	time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
-}
-
-func TestUseLoadedRunner(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Millisecond)
-	req := &LlmRequest{
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		successCh:       make(chan *runnerRef, 1),
-		sessionDuration: 2,
-	}
-	finished := make(chan *LlmRequest)
-	llm1 := &mockLlm{}
-	r1 := &runnerRef{llama: llm1, sessionDuration: 1}
-	req.useLoadedRunner(r1, finished)
-	require.Equal(t, uint(1), r1.refCount)
-	require.Equal(t, time.Duration(2), r1.sessionDuration)
-	select {
-	case success := <-req.successCh:
-		require.Equal(t, r1, success)
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.Errorf("timeout")
-	}
-	done()
-	fin := <-finished
-	require.Equal(t, req, fin)
-}
-
-func TestUpdateFreeSpace(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-	gpus := gpu.GpuInfoList{
-		{
-			Library: "a",
-			ID:      "1",
-		},
-		{
-			Library: "a",
-			ID:      "2",
-		},
-	}
-	gpus[0].TotalMemory = 1000
-	gpus[0].FreeMemory = 900
-	gpus[1].TotalMemory = 2000
-	gpus[1].FreeMemory = 1900
-	llm1 := &mockLlm{estimatedVRAM: 100}
-	llm2 := &mockLlm{estimatedVRAM: 200}
-	r1 := &runnerRef{llama: llm1, gpus: gpus}
-	r2 := &runnerRef{llama: llm2, gpus: gpus}
-
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s.loaded["a"] = r1
-	s.loaded["b"] = r2
-
-	s.updateFreeSpace(gpus)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(850), gpus[0].FreeMemory)
-	require.Equal(t, uint64(1850), gpus[1].FreeMemory)
-}
-
-func TestFindRunnerToUnload(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-	req := &LlmRequest{ctx: ctx}
-	r1 := &runnerRef{refCount: 1, sessionDuration: 1}
-	r2 := &runnerRef{sessionDuration: 2}
-
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s.loaded["a"] = r1
-	s.loaded["b"] = r2
-
-	resp := s.findRunnerToUnload(req)
-	require.Equal(t, r2, resp)
-	r2.refCount = 1
-	resp = s.findRunnerToUnload(req)
-	require.Equal(t, r1, resp)
-
-}
-
-func TestNeedsReload(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-
-	llm := &mockLlm{}
-	runner := &runnerRef{
-		adapters:   []string{"adapter1"},
-		projectors: []string{"projector1"},
-		Options:    &api.Options{},
-		llama:      llm,
-	}
-	req := &LlmRequest{
-		model: &Model{
-			AdapterPaths:   []string{"adapter2"},
-			ProjectorPaths: []string{"projector2"},
-		},
-		opts: api.Options{},
-	}
-	resp := runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.True(t, resp)
-	req.model.AdapterPaths = runner.adapters
-	resp = runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.True(t, resp)
-	req.model.ProjectorPaths = runner.projectors
-	runner.loading = true
-	req.opts.NumBatch = 1234
-	resp = runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.True(t, resp)
-	req.opts.NumBatch = runner.Options.NumBatch
-	llm.pingResp = fmt.Errorf("foo")
-	resp = runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.True(t, resp)
-	llm.pingResp = nil
-	resp = runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.False(t, resp)
-	req.opts.NumGPU = 99
-	resp = runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.True(t, resp)
-	req.opts.NumGPU = -1
-	resp = runner.needsReload(ctx, req)
-	require.False(t, resp)
-}
-
-func TestUnloadAllRunners(t *testing.T) {
-	ctx, done := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Millisecond)
-	defer done()
-
-	llm1 := &mockLlm{}
-	llm2 := &mockLlm{}
-	s := InitScheduler(ctx)
-	s.unloadAllRunners()
-
-	r1 := &runnerRef{llama: llm1}
-	r2 := &runnerRef{llama: llm2}
-
-	s.loaded["a"] = r1
-	s.loaded["b"] = r2
-	s.unloadAllRunners()
-
-	require.True(t, llm1.closeCalled)
-	require.True(t, llm2.closeCalled)
-}
-
-func TestUnload(t *testing.T) {
-	llm1 := &mockLlm{}
-	r1 := &runnerRef{llama: llm1}
-	r2 := &runnerRef{adapters: []string{"A"}}
-	r1.unload()
-	require.True(t, llm1.closeCalled)
-	r2.unload()
-	require.Nil(t, r2.adapters)
-}
-
-type mockLlm struct {
-	pingResp          error
-	waitResp          error
-	completionResp    error
-	embeddingResp     []float64
-	embeddingRespErr  error
-	tokenizeResp      []int
-	tokenizeRespErr   error
-	detokenizeResp    string
-	detonekizeRespErr error
-	closeResp         error
-	closeCalled       bool
-	estimatedVRAM     uint64
-}
-
-func (s *mockLlm) Ping(ctx context.Context) error             { return s.pingResp }
-func (s *mockLlm) WaitUntilRunning(ctx context.Context) error { return s.waitResp }
-func (s *mockLlm) Completion(ctx context.Context, req llm.CompletionRequest, fn func(llm.CompletionResponse)) error {
-	return s.completionResp
-}
-func (s *mockLlm) Embedding(ctx context.Context, prompt string) ([]float64, error) {
-	return s.embeddingResp, s.embeddingRespErr
-}
-func (s *mockLlm) Tokenize(ctx context.Context, content string) ([]int, error) {
-	return s.tokenizeResp, s.tokenizeRespErr
-}
-func (s *mockLlm) Detokenize(ctx context.Context, tokens []int) (string, error) {
-	return s.detokenizeResp, s.detonekizeRespErr
-}
-func (s *mockLlm) Close() error {
-	s.closeCalled = true
-	return s.closeResp
-}
-func (s *mockLlm) EstimatedVRAM() uint64 { return s.estimatedVRAM }
--- a/types/model/name.go
+++ b/types/model/name.go
@@ -1,313 +0,0 @@
-// Package model contains types and utilities for parsing, validating, and
-// working with model names and digests.
-package model
-
-import (
-	"cmp"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-// Errors
-var (
-	// ErrUnqualifiedName represents an error where a name is not fully
-	// qualified. It is not used directly in this package, but is here
-	// to avoid other packages inventing their own error type.
-	// Additionally, it can be conveniently used via [Unqualified].
-	ErrUnqualifiedName = errors.New("unqualified name")
-)
-
-// Unqualified is a helper function that returns an error with
-// ErrUnqualifiedName as the cause and the name as the message.
-func Unqualified(n Name) error {
-	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUnqualifiedName, n)
-}
-
-// MissingPart is used to indicate any part of a name that was "promised" by
-// the presence of a separator, but is missing.
-//
-// The value was chosen because it is deemed unlikely to be set by a user,
-// not a valid part name valid when checked by [Name.IsValid], and easy to
-// spot in logs.
-const MissingPart = "!MISSING!"
-
-// DefaultName returns a name with the default values for the host, namespace,
-// and tag parts. The model and digest parts are empty.
-//
-//   - The default host is ("registry.ollama.ai")
-//   - The default namespace is ("library")
-//   - The default tag is ("latest")
-func DefaultName() Name {
-	return Name{
-		Host:      "registry.ollama.ai",
-		Namespace: "library",
-		Tag:       "latest",
-	}
-}
-
-type partKind int
-
-const (
-	kindHost partKind = iota
-	kindNamespace
-	kindModel
-	kindTag
-	kindDigest
-)
-
-func (k partKind) String() string {
-	switch k {
-	case kindHost:
-		return "host"
-	case kindNamespace:
-		return "namespace"
-	case kindModel:
-		return "model"
-	case kindTag:
-		return "tag"
-	case kindDigest:
-		return "digest"
-	default:
-		return "unknown"
-	}
-}
-
-// Name is a structured representation of a model name string, as defined by
-// [ParseNameNoDefaults].
-//
-// It is not guaranteed to be valid. Use [Name.IsValid] to check if the name
-// is valid.
-//
-// It is not directly comparable with other Names. Use [Name.Equal] and
-// [Name.MapHash] for determining equality and using as a map key.
-type Name struct {
-	Host      string
-	Namespace string
-	Model     string
-	Tag       string
-	RawDigest string
-}
-
-// ParseName parses and assembles a Name from a name string. The
-// format of a valid name string is:
-//
-//	  s:
-//		  { host } "/" { namespace } "/" { model } ":" { tag } "@" { digest }
-//		  { host } "/" { namespace } "/" { model } ":" { tag }
-//		  { host } "/" { namespace } "/" { model } "@" { digest }
-//		  { host } "/" { namespace } "/" { model }
-//		  { namespace } "/" { model } ":" { tag } "@" { digest }
-//		  { namespace } "/" { model } ":" { tag }
-//		  { namespace } "/" { model } "@" { digest }
-//		  { namespace } "/" { model }
-//		  { model } ":" { tag } "@" { digest }
-//		  { model } ":" { tag }
-//		  { model } "@" { digest }
-//		  { model }
-//		  "@" { digest }
-//	  host:
-//	      pattern: alphanum { alphanum | "-" | "_" | "." | ":" }*
-//	      length:  [1, 350]
-//	  namespace:
-//	      pattern: alphanum { alphanum | "-" | "_" }*
-//	      length:  [2, 80]
-//	  model:
-//	      pattern: alphanum { alphanum | "-" | "_" | "." }*
-//	      length:  [2, 80]
-//	  tag:
-//	      pattern: alphanum { alphanum | "-" | "_" | "." }*
-//	      length:  [1, 80]
-//	  digest:
-//	      pattern: alphanum { alphanum | "-" | ":" }*
-//	      length:  [2, 80]
-//
-// Most users should use [ParseName] instead, unless need to support
-// different defaults than DefaultName.
-//
-// The name returned is not guaranteed to be valid. If it is not valid, the
-// field values are left in an undefined state. Use [Name.IsValid] to check
-// if the name is valid.
-func ParseName(s string) Name {
-	return Merge(ParseNameBare(s), DefaultName())
-}
-
-// ParseNameBare parses s as a name string and returns a Name. No merge with
-// [DefaultName] is performed.
-func ParseNameBare(s string) Name {
-	var n Name
-	var promised bool
-
-	s, n.RawDigest, promised = cutLast(s, "@")
-	if promised && n.RawDigest == "" {
-		n.RawDigest = MissingPart
-	}
-
-	s, n.Tag, _ = cutPromised(s, ":")
-	s, n.Model, promised = cutPromised(s, "/")
-	if !promised {
-		n.Model = s
-		return n
-	}
-	s, n.Namespace, promised = cutPromised(s, "/")
-	if !promised {
-		n.Namespace = s
-		return n
-	}
-	n.Host = s
-
-	return n
-}
-
-// Merge merges the host, namespace, and tag parts of the two names,
-// preferring the non-empty parts of a.
-func Merge(a, b Name) Name {
-	a.Host = cmp.Or(a.Host, b.Host)
-	a.Namespace = cmp.Or(a.Namespace, b.Namespace)
-	a.Tag = cmp.Or(a.Tag, b.Tag)
-	return a
-}
-
-// String returns the name string, in the format that [ParseNameNoDefaults]
-// accepts as valid, if [Name.IsValid] reports true; otherwise the empty
-// string is returned.
-func (n Name) String() string {
-	var b strings.Builder
-	if n.Host != "" {
-		b.WriteString(n.Host)
-		b.WriteByte('/')
-	}
-	if n.Namespace != "" {
-		b.WriteString(n.Namespace)
-		b.WriteByte('/')
-	}
-	b.WriteString(n.Model)
-	if n.Tag != "" {
-		b.WriteByte(':')
-		b.WriteString(n.Tag)
-	}
-	if n.RawDigest != "" {
-		b.WriteByte('@')
-		b.WriteString(n.RawDigest)
-	}
-	return b.String()
-}
-
-// IsValid reports whether all parts of the name are present and valid. The
-// digest is a special case, and is checked for validity only if present.
-func (n Name) IsValid() bool {
-	if n.RawDigest != "" && !isValidPart(kindDigest, n.RawDigest) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return n.IsFullyQualified()
-}
-
-// IsFullyQualified returns true if all parts of the name are present and
-// valid without the digest.
-func (n Name) IsFullyQualified() bool {
-	var parts = []string{
-		n.Host,
-		n.Namespace,
-		n.Model,
-		n.Tag,
-	}
-	for i, part := range parts {
-		if !isValidPart(partKind(i), part) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// Filepath returns a canonical filepath that represents the name with each part from
-// host to tag as a directory in the form:
-//
-//	{host}/{namespace}/{model}/{tag}
-//
-// It uses the system's filepath separator and ensures the path is clean.
-//
-// It panics if the name is not fully qualified. Use [Name.IsFullyQualified]
-// to check if the name is fully qualified.
-func (n Name) Filepath() string {
-	if !n.IsFullyQualified() {
-		panic("illegal attempt to get filepath of invalid name")
-	}
-	return filepath.Join(
-		strings.ToLower(n.Host),
-		strings.ToLower(n.Namespace),
-		strings.ToLower(n.Model),
-		strings.ToLower(n.Tag),
-	)
-}
-
-// LogValue returns a slog.Value that represents the name as a string.
-func (n Name) LogValue() slog.Value {
-	return slog.StringValue(n.String())
-}
-
-func isValidLen(kind partKind, s string) bool {
-	switch kind {
-	case kindHost:
-		return len(s) >= 1 && len(s) <= 350
-	case kindTag:
-		return len(s) >= 1 && len(s) <= 80
-	default:
-		return len(s) >= 2 && len(s) <= 80
-	}
-}
-
-func isValidPart(kind partKind, s string) bool {
-	if !isValidLen(kind, s) {
-		return false
-	}
-	for i := range s {
-		if i == 0 {
-			if !isAlphanumeric(s[i]) {
-				return false
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		switch s[i] {
-		case '_', '-':
-		case '.':
-			if kind == kindNamespace {
-				return false
-			}
-		case ':':
-			if kind != kindHost && kind != kindDigest {
-				return false
-			}
-		default:
-			if !isAlphanumeric(s[i]) {
-				return false
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func isAlphanumeric(c byte) bool {
-	return c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' || c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' || c >= '0' && c <= '9'
-}
-
-func cutLast(s, sep string) (before, after string, ok bool) {
-	i := strings.LastIndex(s, sep)
-	if i >= 0 {
-		return s[:i], s[i+len(sep):], true
-	}
-	return s, "", false
-}
-
-// cutPromised cuts the last part of s at the last occurrence of sep. If sep is
-// found, the part before and after sep are returned as-is unless empty, in
-// which case they are returned as MissingPart, which will cause
-// [Name.IsValid] to return false.
-func cutPromised(s, sep string) (before, after string, ok bool) {
-	before, after, ok = cutLast(s, sep)
-	if !ok {
-		return before, after, false
-	}
-	return cmp.Or(before, MissingPart), cmp.Or(after, MissingPart), true
-}
--- a/types/model/name_test.go
+++ b/types/model/name_test.go
@@ -1,237 +0,0 @@
-package model
-
-import (
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-const (
-	part80  = "88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888"
-	part350 = "33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333"
-)
-
-func TestParseNameParts(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		in              string
-		want            Name
-		wantValidDigest bool
-	}{
-		{
-			in: "host/namespace/model:tag",
-			want: Name{
-				Host:      "host",
-				Namespace: "namespace",
-				Model:     "model",
-				Tag:       "tag",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: "host/namespace/model",
-			want: Name{
-				Host:      "host",
-				Namespace: "namespace",
-				Model:     "model",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: "namespace/model",
-			want: Name{
-				Namespace: "namespace",
-				Model:     "model",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: "model",
-			want: Name{
-				Model: "model",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: "h/nn/mm:t",
-			want: Name{
-				Host:      "h",
-				Namespace: "nn",
-				Model:     "mm",
-				Tag:       "t",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: part80 + "/" + part80 + "/" + part80 + ":" + part80,
-			want: Name{
-				Host:      part80,
-				Namespace: part80,
-				Model:     part80,
-				Tag:       part80,
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: part350 + "/" + part80 + "/" + part80 + ":" + part80,
-			want: Name{
-				Host:      part350,
-				Namespace: part80,
-				Model:     part80,
-				Tag:       part80,
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			in: "@digest",
-			want: Name{
-				RawDigest: "digest",
-			},
-			wantValidDigest: false,
-		},
-		{
-			in: "model@sha256:123",
-			want: Name{
-				Model:     "model",
-				RawDigest: "sha256:123",
-			},
-			wantValidDigest: true,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		t.Run(tt.in, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := ParseNameBare(tt.in)
-			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
-				t.Errorf("parseName(%q) = %v; want %v", tt.in, got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-var testCases = map[string]bool{ // name -> valid
-	"host/namespace/model:tag": true,
-	"host/namespace/model":     false,
-	"namespace/model":          false,
-	"model":                    false,
-	"@sha256-1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000":      false,
-	"model@sha256-1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": false,
-	"model@sha256:1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": false,
-
-	// long (but valid)
-	part80 + "/" + part80 + "/" + part80 + ":" + part80:  true,
-	part350 + "/" + part80 + "/" + part80 + ":" + part80: true,
-
-	"h/nn/mm:t@sha256-1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": true, // bare minimum part sizes
-	"h/nn/mm:t@sha256:1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": true, // bare minimum part sizes
-
-	"m":        false, // model too short
-	"n/mm:":    false, // namespace too short
-	"h/n/mm:t": false, // namespace too short
-	"@t":       false, // digest too short
-	"mm@d":     false, // digest too short
-
-	// invalids
-	"^":      false,
-	"mm:":    false,
-	"/nn/mm": false,
-	"//":     false,
-	"//mm":   false,
-	"hh//":   false,
-	"//mm:@": false,
-	"00@":    false,
-	"@":      false,
-
-	// not starting with alphanum
-	"-hh/nn/mm:tt@dd": false,
-	"hh/-nn/mm:tt@dd": false,
-	"hh/nn/-mm:tt@dd": false,
-	"hh/nn/mm:-tt@dd": false,
-	"hh/nn/mm:tt@-dd": false,
-
-	"": false,
-
-	// hosts
-	"host:https/namespace/model:tag": true,
-
-	// colon in non-host part before tag
-	"host/name:space/model:tag": false,
-}
-
-func TestNameparseNameDefault(t *testing.T) {
-	const name = "xx"
-	n := ParseName(name)
-	got := n.String()
-	want := "registry.ollama.ai/library/xx:latest"
-	if got != want {
-		t.Errorf("parseName(%q).String() = %q; want %q", name, got, want)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNameIsValid(t *testing.T) {
-	var numStringTests int
-	for s, want := range testCases {
-		n := ParseNameBare(s)
-		t.Logf("n: %#v", n)
-		got := n.IsValid()
-		if got != want {
-			t.Errorf("parseName(%q).IsValid() = %v; want %v", s, got, want)
-		}
-
-		// Test roundtrip with String
-		if got {
-			got := ParseNameBare(s).String()
-			if got != s {
-				t.Errorf("parseName(%q).String() = %q; want %q", s, got, s)
-			}
-			numStringTests++
-		}
-	}
-
-	if numStringTests == 0 {
-		t.Errorf("no tests for Name.String")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestNameIsValidPart(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		kind partKind
-		s    string
-		want bool
-	}{
-		{kind: kindHost, s: "", want: false},
-		{kind: kindHost, s: "a", want: true},
-		{kind: kindHost, s: "a.", want: true},
-		{kind: kindHost, s: "a.b", want: true},
-		{kind: kindHost, s: "a:123", want: true},
-		{kind: kindHost, s: "a:123/aa/bb", want: false},
-		{kind: kindNamespace, s: "bb", want: true},
-		{kind: kindNamespace, s: "a.", want: false},
-		{kind: kindModel, s: "-h", want: false},
-		{kind: kindDigest, s: "sha256-1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", want: true},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range cases {
-		t.Run(tt.s, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := isValidPart(tt.kind, tt.s)
-			if got != tt.want {
-				t.Errorf("isValidPart(%s, %q) = %v; want %v", tt.kind, tt.s, got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-
-}
-
-func FuzzName(f *testing.F) {
-	for s := range testCases {
-		f.Add(s)
-	}
-	f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, s string) {
-		n := ParseNameBare(s)
-		if n.IsValid() {
-			parts := [...]string{n.Host, n.Namespace, n.Model, n.Tag, n.RawDigest}
-			for _, part := range parts {
-				if part == ".." {
-					t.Errorf("unexpected .. as valid part")
-				}
-				if len(part) > 350 {
-					t.Errorf("part too long: %q", part)
-				}
-			}
-			if n.String() != s {
-				t.Errorf("String() = %q; want %q", n.String(), s)
-			}
-		}
-
-	})
-}
--- a/types/model/testdata/fuzz/FuzzName/d37463aa416f6bab
+++ b/types/model/testdata/fuzz/FuzzName/d37463aa416f6bab
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-go test fuzz v1
-string("00@")
--- a/types/structs/structs.go
+++ b/types/structs/structs.go
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
-
-// Package structs contains the Incomparable type.
-package structs
-
-// Incomparable is a zero-width incomparable type. If added as the
-// first field in a struct, it marks that struct as not comparable
-// (can't do == or be a map key) and usually doesn't add any width to
-// the struct (unless the struct has only small fields).
-//
-// By making a struct incomparable, you can prevent misuse (prevent
-// people from using ==), but also you can shrink generated binaries,
-// as the compiler can omit equality funcs from the binary.
-type Incomparable [0]func()